ATTACK OF RAWLINSON's FOURTH ARMY
The Battle of Amiens, August 8-22
Great British victory--Advance of the Canadians--Of the
Australians--Of the Third Corps--Hard struggle at Chipilly--American
assistance--Continuance of the operations--Great importance of the
battle.
[Sidenote: August 8.]
In the tremendous and decisive operations which we are now about to
examine, it is very necessary to have some fixed scheme in the method
of description lest the reader be inextricably lost in the long line
of advancing corps and armies. A chapter will be devoted, therefore,
to the attack made by Rawlinson's Fourth Army whilst it was operating
alone from August 8 to August 22. At that date Byng's Third Army
joined in the fray, and subsequently, on August 28, Horne's First
Army came into action. For the present, however, we can devote
ourselves whole-heartedly to the record of Rawlinson's Army, all the
rest being inactive. When the others come in, that is, after August
22, a definite system of narrative will be adopted.
[Illustration: Advance of Fourth Army, August 8, showing Gains up to
August 12, and Final Position after the Fall of Peronne]
Before describing the great battle some reference should be made to
the action of Le Hamel fought on July 4, noticeable as having been
the first Allied offensive since the early spring. Its complete
success, {25} after the long series of troubles which had plunged all
friends of freedom into gloom, made it more important than the
numbers engaged or the gain of ground would indicate. It was carried
out by the Australian Corps, acting as part of the Fourth Army, and
is noticeable because a unit from the Thirty-third American Division
took part in the operations. Le Hamel was taken and the Vaire Wood
to the immediate south of the Somme. The gain of ground was about a
mile in depth on a front of several miles, and the advance was so
swift that a considerable number of prisoners, 1500 in all, were
taken, many of them still encumbered by their gas-masks. Some sixty
tanks took part in the advance, and did splendid work in rolling out
the machine-gun nests of the Germans. Sir John Monash has attributed
some of the splendid efficiency of the Australian arrangements and
their cunning in the mutual support of guns, tanks, and infantry, so
often to be shown in the next four months, to the experience gained
in this small battle.
The front of the new and most important attack, which began in the
early morning of August 8, was fifteen miles in length, and extended
from near Morlancourt in the north to Braches upon the Avre River to
the south. The right of the attack from Hangard onwards was formed
by General Debeney's First French Army, while General Rawlinson's
Fourth Army formed the left, the British portion being roughly
three-fourths of the whole. The entire battle was under the command
of Marshal Haig.
The preparations had been made with the skill which the British
Command has so often shown in such operations, so that the Germans
were swept off {26} their feet by an attack which came upon them as a
complete surprise. It was half-past four on a misty morning when the
enemy's advanced line heard the sudden crash of the gun-fire, and a
moment later saw the monstrous forms of the tanks looming up through
the grey light of dawn. Behind the tanks and almost in touch of them
came the grim war-worn infantry. Everything went down before that
united rush. The battle was won as soon as begun. The only question
was how great the success would be.
Taking a bird's-eye view of the advance, before examining the
operations more closely, one may say that the Canadian Corps, now
under a Canadian commander, General Currie, was on the extreme right
of the British line, in touch with the French. Next to them, in the
Morlancourt district, where they had never ceased for the last four
months to improve their position and to elbow the invaders away from
Amiens, were the indomitable and tireless Australians under General
Monash. On their left, just south of Albert, was Butler's Third
Corps, burning to avenge itself for the hustling which it had endured
during that perilous and heroic week in March. These were the three
units concerned in the new advance.
The opening barrage, though only a few minutes in length, was of a
shattering severity, and was directed against very different defences
from those which had defied the Army two years before upon the Somme.
Everything flattened out before it, and even the German guns seemed
to have been overwhelmed, for their reply was slow and ineffective.
Only the machine-guns remained noxious, but the tanks rolled them
down. Nowhere at first was there any check or delay. The French on
the right of {27} the line had done equally well, and by midday were
storming forward upon the north bank of the Avre, their victory being
the more difficult and honourable because the river prevented the use
of tanks at the first attack.
The Canadians were on the top of their form that day, and their
magnificent condition gave promise of the splendid work which they
were to do from that hour until almost the last day of the war. They
were probably the most powerful and efficient corps at that moment in
the whole Army, for they had lain in front of Lens with few losses,
while nearly every other corps had been desperately engaged and
sustained heavy casualties, hastily made good by recruits. They had
also kept their brigades up to a four battalion standard, and their
divisions had that advantage of permanence denied to all British
corps. When to these favouring points are added the great hardihood
and valour of the men, proved in so many battles, it is probable that
in the whole world no finer body could on that day have been let
loose behind a barrage. They were weary from long marches before the
battle began, but none the less their great spirit rose high above
all physical weakness as they pushed forward against the German line.
They were faced at the outset by a problem which might well have
taxed the brains of any staff and the valour of any soldiers. This
was the crossing of the River Luce, which was covered upon the
farther bank by several scattered woods, ideal haunts of
machine-guns. So difficult was this operation that the French to the
south had to pause for an hour after the capture of the front German
line, to give time for it to be carried out. At the end of that
period the {28} very complex operation had been carried through, and
the whole Allied front was ready to advance. The Canadians had three
divisions in the line, the Third (Lipsett) next to the French, the
First (Macdonell) in the middle, and the Second (Benstall) on the
left. The 2nd and 3rd British Cavalry Brigades with the Fourth
Canadian Infantry Division (Watson) were in reserve. There was also
a mobile force, called the Canadian Independent Force, which was kept
ready to take advantage of any opening. This consisted of the 1st
and 2nd Canadian Motor Machine-gun Brigades, with the Corps Cyclists,
and some movable trench mortars on lorries.
The width of the Canadian attack was some 5000 yards from the
Amiens-Roye Road to the Villers-Bretonneux Railway. Once across the
river the whole line came away with a grand rush and every objective
was soon attained, each division sweeping forward without a check.
The prisoners reported that an attack had indeed been expected, but
not so soon, and we can readily believe that the German Army, which
had been so repeatedly assured that the British were finally dead and
out of the war, must have been greatly amazed by this vigorous
resurrection. By 10.40, Caix, which is a good five miles to the
eastward, was reported by contact aeroplanes to be surrounded by
tanks. The Cavalry and the Independent Force were both pushing to
the front, and the latter deviated to the right in order to help the
French, who were temporarily in difficulties near Mezières. In the
afternoon the Cavalry Division had passed through the victorious and
cheering lines of the Second Canadians, and were carrying out a
number of spirited enterprises upon the {29} German supporting lines.
About the same time the Fourth Canadian Infantry Division pushed
forward and was reported to the east of Beaufort and Cayeux. By
evening all along the line the full objectives had been reached save
at one point near Le Quesnel. In their splendid day's work men of
the Dominion had taken some 5000 prisoners and great quantities of
booty. Many of the prisoners and guns were taken by the cavalry, who
had their best day in the war. "The best hunt we ever had, forty
minutes and a kill in the open," was the characteristic description
of one hard-riding dragoon.
We shall now turn to the advance of Monash's Australians in the
centre of the British line. Fate owed Monash a great victory in this
sector, for, during months of quiet but ceaseless work, he had been
improving his position as the keen runner ensures his foothold and
crouches his body while he awaits the crack of the pistol. For once
Fate paid its debts, and with such a corps under his hand it would
have been strange had it not been so. All those advantages already
described in the case of the Canadians applied equally to the
Australians, and if the former outlasted the others, it must be
remembered that the Australians had been in the line for four months
before the fighting began--months which included the severe action of
Villers-Bretonneux. They were a grand corps, and they did grand work
for the Empire--work which we can never forget so long as our common
history endures.
The order of battle of the Australian Corps on August 8 was that the
Second Division (Smyth) was on the right in touch with the Canadians,
while the Third Division (Gillibrand) was on the left in touch {30}
with the Fifty-eighth British Division, the Somme being the dividing
line between them. Behind the Second Australians was the Fifth
(Hobbs), and behind the Third the Fourth (Maclagan), with orders in
each case to leapfrog over their leaders when the first objectives
were carried. The First Division (Glasgow) was in the immediate
rear. Thus at least 50,000 glorious infantry marched to battle under
the Southern Cross Union Jack upon this most historic day--a day
which, as Ludendorff has since confessed, gave the first fatal shock
to the military power of Germany.
All depended upon surprise, and the crouching troops waited most
impatiently for the zero hour, expecting every instant to hear the
crash of the enemy's guns and the whine of the shrapnel above the
assembly trenches. Every precaution had been taken the day before,
the roads had been deserted by all traffic, and aeroplanes had flown
low during the night, so that their droning might cover the noise of
the assembling tanks. Some misgiving was caused by the fact that a
sergeant who knew all about it had been captured several days before.
By a curious chance the minutes of his cross-examination by the
German intelligence officer were captured during the battle. He had
faced his ordeal like a Spartan, and had said no word. It is not
often that the success of a world-shaking battle depends upon the
nerve and the tongue of a single soldier.
Zero hour arrived without a sign, and in an instant barrage, tanks,
and infantry all burst forth together, though the morning mist was so
thick that one could only see twenty or thirty yards. Everywhere the
enemy front posts went down with hardly a struggle. It was an
absolute surprise. Now and then, as the {31} long, loose lines of
men pushed through the mist, there would come the flash of a
field-piece, or the sudden burst of a machine-gun from their front;
but in an instant, with the coolness born of long practice, the men
would run crouching forward, and then quickly close in from every
side, shooting or bayoneting the gun crew. Everything went
splendidly from the first, and the tanks did excellent service,
especially in the capture of Warfusee.
The task of the two relieving divisions, the Fourth on the left and
the Fifth on the right, was rather more difficult, as the Germans had
begun to rally and the fog to lift. The Fourth Australians on the
south bank of the Somme were especially troubled, as it soon became
evident that the British attack on the north bank had been held up,
with the result that the German guns on Chipilly Spur were all free
to fire across from their high position upon the Australians in the
plain to the south. Tank after tank and gun after gun were knocked
out by direct hits, but the infantry was not to be stopped and
continued to skirmish forward as best they might under so deadly a
fire, finishing by the capture of Cerisy and of Morcourt. The Fifth
Division on the right, with the 8th and 15th Brigades in front, made
an equally fine advance, covering a good stretch of ground.
Having considered the Canadians and the Australians, we turn now to
the Third Corps on the north of the line. They were extended from
Morlancourt to the north bank of the Somme, which is a broad
canalised river over all this portion of its course. On the right
was the Fifty-eighth London Division (Ramsay), with Lee's Eighteenth
Division to the north of it, extending close to the Ancre, where
Higginson's {32} Twelfth Division lay astride of that marshy stream.
North of this again was the Forty-seventh Division (Gorringe),
together with a brigade of the Thirty-third American Division. Two
days before the great advance, on August 6, the Twenty-seventh
Wurtemburg Division had made a sudden strong local attack astride of
the Bray-Corbie Road, and had driven in the Eighteenth Divisional
front, taking some hundreds of prisoners, though the British
counter-attack regained most of the lost ground on the same and the
following days. This unexpected episode somewhat deranged the
details of the great attack, but the Eighteenth played its part
manfully none the less, substituting the 36th Brigade of the Twelfth
Division for the 54th Brigade, which had been considerably knocked
about. None of the British prisoners taken seem to have given away
the news of the coming advance, but it is probable that the sudden
attack of the Wurtemburgers showed that it was suspected, and was
intended to anticipate and to derange it.
In the first phase of the attack the little village of
Sailly-Laurette on the north bank of the Somme was carried by assault
by the 2/10th Londons. At the same moment the 174th Brigade attacked
Malard Wood to the left of the village. There was a difficulty in
mopping up the wood, for small German posts held on with great
tenacity, but by 9 o'clock the position was cleared. The 173rd
Brigade now went forward upon the really terrible task of getting up
the slopes of Chipilly Hill under the German fire. The present
chronicler has looked down upon the line of advance from the position
of the German machine-guns and can testify that the affair was indeed
as {33} arduous as could be imagined. The village of Chipilly was
not cleared, and the attack, after several very gallant attempts, was
at a stand. Meantime the 53rd Brigade on the left had got about
half-way to its objective and held the ground gained, but could get
no farther in face of the withering fire. Farther north, however,
the Twelfth Division, moving forward upon the northern slopes of the
Ancre, had gained its full objectives, the idea being that a similar
advance to the south would pinch out the village of Morlancourt.
There was a time in the attack when it appeared as if the hold-up of
the Eighteenth Division would prevent Vincent's 35th Brigade, on the
right of the Twelfth Division, from getting forward, but the
situation was restored by a fine bit of work by the 1st
Cambridgeshires, who, under Colonel Saint, renewed the attack in a
most determined way and finally were left with only 200 men standing,
but with 316 German prisoners as well as their objective. A
wandering tank contributed greatly to this success.
The partial nature of the local victory was due not only to the
excellent German dispositions and resistance, but to some want of
liaison between tanks and infantry, as well as to the total
disability of the flying service to furnish any reports before 12
o'clock. This want was partly made good by the excellent scouting of
the Northumberland Hussars. The remainder of the day was spent in
clearing the ground gained and holding a series of counter-attacks,
one of which drove back an advanced line of the 53rd Brigade.
Summing up, then, the result of the first day's fighting, it may be
briefly said that seven German Divisions had been cut to pieces, that
10,000 prisoners {34} and 200 guns had been counted, and that an
advance had been made which in the French sector reached Beaufort,
and laid the British line well up to Caix, Framerville, and Chipilly.
To those who associated those village names with the dark days when
the Fifth Army, exhausted and decimated, was compelled to retreat
through them, it was indeed an added joy that they should be the
milestones of victory. The whole penetration, though not more than
three miles north of the Somme, was seven or eight miles at the
deepest point, which is the greatest ever yet attained on the first
day of any Allied attack.
[Sidenote: August 9.]
The battle was vigorously renewed on the morning of August 9, and
once more the tide flowed eastwards, carrying the average depth of
progress two or three miles farther. In the south the French
directed their general advance rather to the right and reached
Arvillers as their final point. Their take of prisoners had amounted
altogether to 4000, and their depth of advance was over eight miles.
To their north the Canadians had reached Rosières, and the
Australians Rainecourt and Morcourt. To the north of the Somme the
Third Corps had been temporarily hung up by the very vigorous German
resistance in a strong position between Chipilly and Morlancourt.
Before evening General Rawlinson was able to report the capture of a
total for the two days of 17,000 prisoners and 250 guns.
To take the events of this second day of battle in closer detail, the
Canadians resumed their attack at 10 A.M. with the same order of
divisions in the line, but with their Fourth Division acting with the
Independent Force upon the right, where in the early morning it
captured Le Quesnel. There was heavy {35} fighting all day along the
Corps front, but the advance was pushed forward for another 2500
yards. Many villages were contained in this area, the Third
Canadians on the right getting Folies and Bouchoir, the Second
Canadians on the left Vrely, Rosières, and Meharicourt, while the
First Canadians in the centre got Warvillers, Beaufort, and Rouvroy.
The Germans had rushed up their anti-tank guns, and the casualties
were heavy that day, especially near Le Quesnel, where many tanks
were destroyed by direct hits from concealed batteries. To make a
complete and connected narrative of the doings upon this front it may
here be added that on August 10 the resistance thickened and the
advance slowed. Le Quesnel[1] was taken early by the Third
Canadians, upon which the Thirty-second British Division passed
through their ranks and carried the advance on to the outskirts of
Parvillers and Damery. The Fourth Canadian Division in turn had very
stubborn fighting and considerable losses, but it ended the day in
possession of Fouquescourt, Maucourt, Chilly, and Hallu. At night,
great fires reddening the whole eastern sky gave promise of a further
German retreat. On August 11 it was clear, however, that no further
important advance could be made without fresh preparation, and orders
were given for consolidation. A French attack on the right on Bois
en Z had no success, nor was the Thirty-second Division able to take
Damery. Instead of advance it was rather a day of strong
counter-attacks, against which the attenuated lines, after three days
of battle, were hard put to it to hold their own, a flank fire from
Lihons helping the German attack at Hallu and Chilly. The line was
in the main held, however, and {36} a total take of 8000 prisoners
was in the Canadian cages that evening, while 167 guns had been taken
by the one Corps. We shall now turn back and follow the fortunes of
the Australians on the second and third days of the battle.
[1] There are two villages of that name.
Upon August 9 General Monash's Corps still carried forward its
victorious career, though a halt was called for the Fourth Division
on the left which awaited developments upon the north bank of the
river. On the right the Second Division passed through the Fifth in
order to continue the advance, while the First Division thrust itself
in upon the right flank, next to the Canadians. Progress was slower
everywhere, but none the less it was substantial, Framerville being
taken by the 7th Brigade. There was a misunderstanding about time,
with the result that the First Division advanced some hours before
their Canadian neighbours, with tragic consequences to their own
right flank, formed by the 2nd Brigade. The advance was over open
country, with the Lihons ridge and village in front, from which heavy
gun-fire played upon the attack and caused considerable losses, while
on the right a deadly fire was maintained from Rosières Station. So
heavy were the casualties in the First and Second Divisions that
reinforcements had to be sent up when the advance was resumed. In
the evening some relief was obtained, for the region of the old
French trenches was reached and the men were at last able to get some
cover. Many of the Australians who fought through this long hot day
had marched for five hours in order to reach the field of battle, so
that it was a remarkable test of endurance. Finally Crepy and Crepy
Wood were taken and held against three severe counter-attacks which
{37} broke upon them next day. On August 11 Lihons Ridge fell and
the village was occupied by the 2nd Brigade, which again had to face
determined attacks. The Germans fully appreciated the vital worth of
this position, which commanded the plain both to west and east, so
they strained every nerve first to hold and afterwards to recover it,
but it was in stronger hands than theirs. The 3rd Brigade on the
left of Lihons was particularly heavily attacked but threw back its
assailants in confusion. Every yard gained was held. A final very
serious German counter-attack in successive waves, with 400 in a
wave, drove down from Lihu Wood in the north-east and actually
penetrated the front Australian lines, but the 8th Battalion in
support threw itself into the fight and soon the position had been
completely restored.
In the meantime, the Fourth Australian Division had been released by
the fact that the remains of the Fifty-eighth Division and the 131st
American Infantry Eegiment had, as will be told, cleared the Chipilly
Ridge north of the river. Part of the Fourth Australians had crossed
the river, fraternising greatly with the Americans, so that the
officers on both sides had some trouble in sorting out their men--the
more so as the comradeship had often taken the form of an exchange of
hats and coats. On the night of August 10 the whole of the Fourth
Australians had crossed to the north bank of the Somme near
Sailly-le-Sec, and their commander, General Maclagan, had taken under
him the Americans and also the 173rd and 174th Brigades of the
British Fifty-eighth Division, much the worse for wear.
[Sidenote: August 11.]
The Third Australian Division had taken the place south of the Somme
vacated by their {38} fellow-countrymen, and on the morning of August
11 they continued the attack in the direction of Proyart, that
village being eventually carried by the 10th Brigade. It is needless
to say that books might, and probably will, be written as to
individual adventures and deeds of heroism, which in their aggregate
supplied the driving force which carried the line ever more and more
to the eastward. In giving a condensed account of the effects one
can hardly get down to the more human story of the causes. Yet few
greater deeds of valour can have been anywhere done than that of
Sergeant Statton of the 40th Battalion, who in this engagement of
Proyart seeing a neighbouring battalion, the 37th, held up by a nest
of machine-guns, ran across to their aid, shot all the gunners at one
gun, captured three guns single-handed, and chased the crews from two
others. Many a battalion has spent itself in doing less.
We shall now turn to the British Third Corps on the north of the
Somme and so complete the account of the attack of the Fourth Army.
It will be remembered that on the evening of August 8 they had made
headway along the whole line but had been held up on the Chipilly
Spur.
[Sidenote: August 9.]
The attack upon Chipilly was renewed at 4.15 next afternoon, the
delay being caused by the need of assembling the reserves, which
consisted of the remainder of the Fifty-eighth Division and of the
131st Regiment of the Thirty-third Division (Bell) of the United
States Army. The assault was made by the 6th and 2/10th London
Battalions, but they were opportunely and very efficiently aided by
two companies of the Americans, who had lost their direction for the
main attack planned to the north, but who {39} seemed indifferent
which fight they were in so long as they were fighting. There was a
check at the outset, but the attack, while demonstrating from the
west, really materialised from the north, and both village and ridge
were captured with a number of prisoners. This was a very important
little victory from the point of view of the Australians to the south
who had been commanded by the German guns from this elevated position.
The main attack was north of the Chipilly Spur, and was planned to
gain Cressaire Wood and a line across from the Somme to the Ancre
corresponding with such an advance. The assault was made by two weak
brigades of the Fifty-eighth Londoners upon the right, the 131st
American Regiment in the centre, and the remains of the Fifty-eighth
upon the left. Farther north the Twelfth Division, with the 37th
Brigade in front, carried on the line. Both Londoners and Americans
advanced with equal valour, and after a stiff fight the main portion
of the objectives was won, though it took three hours of hard work to
win them. Much credit was due to all, but most to the American
infantry, who had their first experience of modern fighting and who
were naturally embarrassed by the disappearance of two of their
companies which had drifted into the Chipilly affair. For a time
there was a gap between divisions, but before evening the Twelfth
extended to the right and all was well. The correction was very
necessary, for at 3 A.M. on August 10 a German counter-attack broke
without effect upon this very point of junction. The Twelfth
Division had had a very good day on August 9, Incledon-Webber's 37th
Brigade especially distinguishing itself. The 6th Buffs and 6th West
{40} Kents had heavy losses, but took 350 prisoners, two field-guns,
and a number of machine-guns. Two of these were taken single-handed
by Sergeant Harris of the West Kents, who met his death in attacking
a third. The Victoria Cross was his posthumous reward.
[Sidenote: August 10.]
On August 10 the Third Corps front was pushed forward in the morning
by a system of infiltration, British and American patrols scouting
and fighting through the eastern portion of Cressaire Wood. Before
evening, without any serious fighting, they reached the old French
Amiens defence line, which was the original full objective upon this
front. Having entirely accomplished his arduous task General Butler,
who had been handicapped by an illness which he disregarded while his
work called for his presence, took a short spell of rest, his place
being taken by General Godley. The Forty-seventh Division (Gorringe)
came across to the right wing, relieving the Eighteenth Division,
while shortly after the Thirty-third American Division, to the great
regret of their British comrades, entrained for the south to join the
main American army, but not before their 133rd Eegiment, acting with
the 13th Australian Brigade, had taken Etinehem Spur, to the north of
the River Somme. The action now died down in this quarter. In the
three days of fighting General Butler's Corps had taken 90 guns and
3000 prisoners, while, in the words of General Rawlinson, "in
protecting the left flank of the Fourth Army they were given a
difficult task which was carried out with a determination and
gallantry beyond all praise." The losses had been 6500, 500 of which
were from the American Regiment. The general result of the battle
{41} by the night of August 11 was that the French had taken 8000 and
the British 21,000 prisoners with 400 guns, so that it was already
clear that the greatest victory which the British Army had yet won
was that which initiated the final advance. In spite of all this
success it is to be borne in mind, however, that the Allies had only
reached the old German front line trenches of 1916, which were now a
valuable barrier for the rear of the retreating army. There was a
pause now while the Fourth Army was waiting for their comrades of the
Third Army on the left to develop their extension of the attack.
Meanwhile many small actions and local advances on Rawlinson's front
kept his opponents from having time to reorganise. On August 13, as
already mentioned, Americans and Australians advanced the line to the
north of the river along the strip which is bounded upon the left by
the Bray-Corbie Road. On August 14 the Canadian 7th Brigade took
Parvillers after some very stiff local fighting. They were driven
out again that night by the heavy concentration of the German
artillery, but next morning, with the co-operation upon their flank
of their comrades of the 9th Brigade, they won it once more. In this
operation the 52nd Battalion took Damery, while the French carried
the wood to the south of the village. There was a strong
counter-attack in the afternoon by the German One hundred and
twenty-first Division, but it was beaten back, leaving a number of
prisoners. About August 20 the Canadians began to slip quietly out
of the line, and were conveyed, unknown to the Germans, to a new
front where they came under the command of General Horne of the First
Army. Their exploits upon this new stage will be described later.
{42} The French were now on the immediate right of the Australians
until the time came for the advent of the British Ninth Corps.
Amid the tremendous events which followed each other in a stupendous
historical procession during the latter half of 1918 it is hard to
select those which were decisive from those which were merely great.
It may safely be said, however, that three dates stand out as great
military crises--the turn of the tide on July 18, the British advance
on August 8, and the breaking of the Hindenburg Line on September 29.
It has been admitted by General Ludendorff that it was the second of
these which broke the confidence of the German Staff and finally
convinced them that the war must go against them. A very special
honour rests, therefore, with the three corps, British, Australian,
and Canadian, who brought about this victory, as well as to the
tanks, the cavalry, and the airmen who led or followed the victorious
infantry and the masterful guns during these days of doom.
{43}