IN TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA, AND HARASSING SHERMAN.
On reaching Lebanon, I came up with a squadron or more of the Fourth
Georgia. They had been sent out on detached duty, and were trying to
overtake the command. General Dibrell came in from White County with
four or five hundred men, mostly recruits and returning absentees.
We learned definitely that General Wheeler had passed over the
Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis Railway near Nashville, and
that in passing Franklin he had a fight with the enemy and had gone
farther south. General Kelly, a well and favorably known officer of
his command, and others had been killed. Dibrell assumed command and
marched down the Murfreesboro Pike, expecting to cross the railroad
near Smyrna, in order that he might hear something of General
Wheeler; but being informed here that Gen. “Cerro Gordo” Williams was
at Sparta with a command of about fifteen hundred men and he being
the ranking officer, General Dibrell concluded that he would go to
Sparta and unite with him. There were not more than three hundred
guns in Dibrell’s little command at that time.
Upon reaching Blackshop, about eight miles from Murfreesboro, we
marched over to the Woodbury Pike, near Readyville, and went into
camp for the night on the first high ground from the bridge. We
had been informed by a citizen that a few hours before the Seventh
Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment had passed down the pike toward
Murfreesboro. Before lying down on the grass for the night a picket
was placed at the bridge. At daylight the next morning this Federal
regiment came charging into our camp. It is said that they were
eleven hundred strong; for they had just returned from the North,
where they had been recruited to the highest limit. Many of the
Confederates had not arisen from their pallets. A general mix-up
fight was had, our men using their navy pistols and outfighting the
Yankees with sabers. General Dibrell rallied the men at the other
end of the line and gave the enemy a volley which rather staggered
them. After some hard fighting, General Dibrell withdrew his men. No
pursuit was made, except that their advance guard attacked our rear
guard at the bridge this side of Woodbury and were repulsed. Quite
a number of men were killed and wounded on both sides. The Federals
captured about one hundred of our disarmed men. With their numerical
strength and advantage, they should have captured the entire command
of General Dibrell.
We then pursued our way to Sparta. We met General Williams at Sparta
with his force of about fifteen hundred men. We went from there
over to a place called Sinking Cave, where we remained two days,
feeding our horses and having them shod. General Williams concluded
to return to the army at Atlanta. We passed on through Crossville
and up through Upper East Tennessee. Gen. John H. Morgan had just
been killed at Greeneville, Tenn., where he was stationed. The
circumstances attending this unnecessary murder greatly exasperated
the men. After killing him, it is said that a soldier lifted his dead
body up on his horse and paraded the streets of Greeneville with it,
amid the cheers of the Federal soldiers. Federal bushwhackers were
thick along our line of march and occasionally killed some of our
men. This, with the killing of General Morgan, caused our men to
retaliate, and they were guilty of some outrageous conduct. General
Williams tried to stop it, and had three privates and a lieutenant
arrested and regularly tried by court-martial. The facts alleged
against them were proved to be true, but the court-martial left it
to the commanding general, Williams, to fix the penalty, when he
ordered the severest punishment to be enforced--death by hanging.
As soon as it was known, four members of the court (one refusing to
sign) and the Judge Advocate petitioned General Williams to change
his order, claiming that the offense was not at all commensurate with
the penalty he imposed. This he refused to do, saying that it was
necessary to make an example in order to stop it. His orders were
executed the next morning.
When in the neighborhood of Rogersville, Tenn., General Williams
received an order from General Breckenridge, at Saltville, Va., to
hasten there with his command, as General Burbridge was marching
on the place with a view of destroying it. This was the chief
salt supply for the Southern States. We passed through Bristol and
Abingdon, Va., and reached Saltville in the nick of time, for General
Giltner, with his brigade, was skirmishing with the Federals when we
came upon the field.
General Breckenridge’s force at Saltville consisted of Giltner’s
small brigade of cavalry, some cadets from the Military Institute
in Virginia, workmen about the salt works, and the cavalry command
of Gen. “Cerro Gordo” Williams, numbering altogether about three
thousand men. Burbridge had a well-equipped command that considerably
outnumbered the Confederates. The Fourth and Eighth Tennessee were
assigned to a position on a somewhat elevated knoll, in rather an
advanced position in the line, and received the first onset of the
enemy. They were slow in approaching the line, and our men went
forward to meet them. The cry was raised that we were fighting
negroes. They were the first we had ever met. Many of them were
killed and wounded. There was fighting all along the line, continuing
for three hours or more, when Burbridge was driven off and commenced
to retreat. About six hundred on both sides were killed and wounded.
This field presented a scene that was never witnessed before. There
were more dead men than wounded. We lost some of our best soldiers.
That night we pursued the enemy, passing over the mountain to a gap
with the view of cutting them off. They had to travel over a distance
of forty miles on a well-built macadamized road. The mountain path to
the gap was only twelve miles in length, and the men had to dismount
and lead their horses. The night was very dark, and it was hard
to discern the path. Occasionally a horse would make a misstep and
tumble down the steep mountain side, when you could hear the noise
of falling stones for minutes afterwards as they rolled down and down
the precipitate mountain side. There was nothing for the soldiers
to do but sit down till daylight near the track the column made. We
were told afterwards by some of these soldiers that they found their
horses miles below where they fell. I have occasionally met an old
soldier who was at Saltville, and about the first thing he would
speak of would be: “Did you ever experience anything like that dark
night ride at Saltville, Va.? And the wonder is that a number of men
were not dashed to pieces down the steep mountain side.” We reached
the gap at daylight. Burbridge’s rear guard was passing through,
and we killed and wounded a few of them. We asked an old citizen
if any one had ever traveled over the pathway before. He replied:
“Occasionally I have seen citizens going over it and coming back with
a bag of salt on a lead horse, but nobody that I have ever heard of
would dare to do so at nighttime. It is a wonder that half of you
were not killed.”
When General Williams left Sparta for the Army of Tennessee, at
Atlanta, all of the independents and bushwhackers in that part of the
State went out with him. It got so hot thereabout, and the Federals
were swarming so in Tennessee (like bees), that they concluded the
better part of valor was to get away. Champ Ferguson, of the one
side, and Dave Beatty, of the other, both, I believe, from Fentress
County, were the respective leaders. A warfare had been raging in
this part of the State and Southern Kentucky since the beginning
of the war, and some outrageous murders had been perpetrated upon
citizens as well as soldiers. The name of each was a terror to one
side or the other. Champ Ferguson and his followers participated
actively at Saltville. After the battle was over a Lieutenant
Smith, of the Federal army, was left with others wounded. He was
taken to Emory and Henry College, which was made a hospital for
both armies. When Ferguson heard the fact, he went over there and
killed Lieutenant Smith. It was said that Smith had during the war
killed a Colonel Hamilton, who was a comrade, neighbor, and personal
friend of Ferguson; that Smith had captured Hamilton after a fight
between members of the two clans, and had been ordered with a squad
of soldiers to take him to headquarters over in Kentucky; but that,
after starting with his prisoner and going a short distance, he
ordered his men to take Hamilton to the side of the public road,
where he was stood up by a tree and shot to death.
A short time after the Confederates had returned from the surrender,
in May, 1865, Ferguson, who had surrendered to the Federals, was
undergoing trial by court-martial at Nashville. He had been arrested
at Saltville, Va., by order of General Williams for the alleged
killing of Smith and sent to Richmond, as we understood it, and we
saw him no more afterwards. The war terminated a short time after
this. I presume in the confusion of things he was permitted to return
to his home in Tennessee. I was told that frequent attempts had been
made to capture him; but finally, after being advised and on being
assured by Federal authority that if he would surrender he would be
given the same terms that had been extended to other Confederates,
he gave up. After this he was placed on trial by a military
court-martial on various charges of murder. Among others was the
charge of the murder of Lieutenant Smith at Emory and Henry College,
in Virginia. He was convicted and executed by hanging at Nashville.
I do not approve of the murder of Lieutenant Smith, nor do I approve
of the promises made Ferguson to induce him to surrender; for if
half is true that I have heard about Ferguson, he certainly had his
grievances.
Before leaving Saltville for the army, General Williams was ordered
under arrest and directed to report at the headquarters of the corps
to answer the charge of his failure to join General Wheeler while
in Middle Tennessee. We moved through Bristol and down to Jonesboro,
Tenn., where we turned and passed over the mountains dividing
Tennessee and North Carolina to Asheville, thence to Greenville,
S. C., thence to Athens, Ga., and across to Atlanta.
General Hood fought battles on the 22d and 28th of July at Atlanta
and then at Lovejoy’s Station and Jonesboro, Ga. They were large and
hotly contested battles, with heavy losses on both sides, but without
material effect. He and General Sherman agreed and exchanged what
prisoners either had of the other.
After this General Hood began his campaign into Middle Tennessee.
General Dibrell was in command of the forces lately commanded by
General Williams. He started at once to overtake General Hood; but
after about two days’ marching we met General Wheeler with his
command returning to Atlanta, with instructions to remain there and
watch the movements of General Sherman and follow him in whatever
direction he might take. Dibrell also returned to Atlanta with
Wheeler, making their joint commands about 3,000 cavalry. As soon
as he had ascertained that Hood was moving into Middle Tennessee,
Sherman began his march to Savannah, Ga. His army was composed of
64,000 infantry, a large artillery corps, and 5,000 cavalry under
General Kilpatrick.
The distance from Atlanta to Savannah is about two hundred
miles--about the distance that Nashville is from Memphis. Sherman’s
line of march was along the Savannah River, giving full protection
to his left (for it is a large, deep river). Along the river a strip
of rich country extends forty miles out into the State of Georgia.
The large crops of rice, cotton, corn, and potatoes were ripened and
ready to be gathered into houses. No one ever saw a more enchanting
country, and the despoiler had never left his track upon the soil
before. The section was thickly settled at the time by old men,
women, and children, happy in the enjoyment of peace and plenty, with
no means of defense, for the men and boys of legal age were all away
from home in the army. Sherman marched through a country forty miles
in breadth with his great army, with nothing to hinder his burning
and pillaging but about 3,000 cavalry, as we have stated. He left
it, when he reached Savannah, a long, black, charred waste of country
that a bird could hardly have subsisted upon. Sherman spoke from
experience and observation when he said: “War is hell.”
When Sherman with his large army of over 70,000 marched out of
Atlanta, Wheeler’s small force of cavalry commenced at once to
skirmish with his advance guard, and did so until he reached
Savannah, with an occasional battle with Kilpatrick’s cavalry,
invariably driving him back upon the infantry support and
circumscribing as much as possible the pillaging of Sherman’s
army. It is said that Sherman deliberately prepared for all of this
before commencing his march by mounting a considerable number of
his infantry upon horseback, under officers and in companies, to do
the pillaging and burning, his cavalry protecting and covering their
front while so engaged. It certainly was evident that his men were
systematically organized beforehand for this purpose.
After a few days’ march, Kilpatrick with his cavalry made a dash
for Macon, Ga., with the view of destroying the public works of
the Confederates, which had been extensively established in that
city. Wheeler at once pursued, heading him off at the village of
Griswoldville, some seven miles from Macon. A portion of the Georgia
militia was occupying the place when we came up; and when Kilpatrick
appeared, a fight ensued lasting some hours. The militia fought like
veterans, which convinced us that if Johnston had been permitted to
place them in the fortifications around Atlanta when he proposed to
lead his entire army against Sherman’s flank, he would never have
been removed; for they would have held the forts and breastworks
as a safe retreat for his infantry, had they failed upon the flank
of the enemy. After a fight lasting some hours, Kilpatrick was
driven off with loss. Wheeler’s, as well as the militia’s, loss was
considerable. I know that the Fourth Tennessee lost a number of their
best soldiers. Kilpatrick soon afterwards made a move toward Augusta,
presumably for the same purpose as at Macon; but General Wheeler,
ever on the alert, headed him off by a night ride and saved the city.
After this we came up with Kilpatrick at Waynesboro, Ga. It was
a dense, foggy morning, so much so that you could hardly discern
the form of a man fifty feet ahead. We at once attacked them in a
large field near the town in a very mixed-up fight, in which we
killed and wounded many and took many prisoners, losing quite a
number ourselves. In the midst of the battle, with balls whizzing
in every direction, I came across a squad of our men who had taken
as prisoners four of the enemy. They were threatening to kill them,
when I remonstrated and told them to turn them over to the rear guard
near by. Just then an officer of higher rank rode up. I appealed to
him, telling him that the soldiers proposed killing them. His only
reply was: “They know best what to do with them.” As I rode off into
the fight, I heard the popping of the pistols, and I could see the
prisoners tumbling over into the high sage. I had not proceeded far
when I noticed this officer reel from his saddle with a shot in his
arm. I could not help saying to myself: “I wish it had been your head
shot off.” It would be proper here to say that many most outrageous
transactions were done by the Federals as they passed through
Waynesboro, and these were told to the men. It was enough to excite
to vengeance; but nothing can excuse the killing of prisoners after
capture, as was done in this case.
Later in the day we came upon Kilpatrick at or near Buckhead Church,
where he had intrenched his command behind a long line of fence that
(we afterwards ascertained) extended from swamp to swamp, covering
his entire front. General Wheeler ordered General Dibrell to proceed
to the left flank of the enemy and to attack them, saying that the
firing of his guns would be a signal for him to charge the line
of fence with the remainder of his force. The signal was given by
Dibrell, but probably before the exact situation was observed by him,
and Wheeler charged with his entire force mounted. In fifteen minutes
Wheeler had many of his men killed and wounded, losing more horses
than in any battle during the war. Of course this created confusion
for a little while when we went over the works, but the enemy had
mounted their horses and were making for their infantry force, which
was but a short distance off. This was one battle in which there
could be no doubt that our loss was greater than that of the enemy.
There could be no controversy over this. There was picked up on the
field an officer’s military cap indicating high rank. It was supposed
to be Kilpatrick’s, and General Wheeler returned it to him with his
compliments.
It would be a difficult undertaking to relate anything like the
destruction of property accomplished in the “march to the sea” by
Sherman’s men. Every rice and grist mill was burned, as well as
cotton gins, barns of corn, and fields of potatoes destroyed; and in
some instances dwelling houses, if not burned, were stripped of their
contents, which were removed or burned. Fine carpets were torn from
the floors, and men were permitted to take them for saddle blankets.
Provisions of all kinds--hay, corn, etc.--were destroyed. I have seen
smokehouses with the meat all appropriated and barrels of molasses
poured out on the floor and mixed with salt and ashes to destroy its
use. I have seen, time and again, long rows of dead horses numbering
from thirty to one hundred and fifty. Upon taking every mule and
horse that the citizens had, they would kill their own, not leaving
the citizens as much as a half-dead mule. At night you could tell
exactly the position of their army by the light of burning houses,
and during the day by the black smoke that hung over their line of
march. It was as if there had been a great spring cleaning, and the
whole atmosphere was thick with it. Sherman’s line of march was well
defined by cinders and burning débris. In his report of this march he
says:
We consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country
thirty miles on each side of a line from Atlanta to
Savannah; also the sweet potatoes, hogs, sheep, and poultry,
and carried off more than ten thousand horses and mules.
I estimate the damage done to the State of Georgia at _one
hundred million dollars_ at least, twenty millions of which
inured to our benefit, and the remainder was just simply
waste and destruction.
Henry Grady, then a resident of Atlanta, in his great speech before
the New England Society, of New York City, in speaking of General
Sherman a few years after the war, said: “You people up here think
he is a great general, but down our way we think he is too fond of
meddling with fire.” The speaker doubtless thought of saying: “Not
till the chapter on his march to the sea is eliminated from his
record as a soldier and its black and dark criminality is eradicated
from the minds and hearts of the Southern people can we agree to
this.”
The first and greatest object of a general is to crush and destroy
all armed opposition to constituted authority. Why, then, was it that
Sherman did not turn and follow Hood into Middle Tennessee when he
and Thomas, who had a large army at Nashville, could have crushed
the little army of General Hood, as it were, between the upper and
nether millstones and thus end the war--anyhow in the Middle West?
There was nothing of the strategic in the movement. Was it not a
wanton and unnecessary destruction of the property of an unarmed and
helpless community and the making homeless and breadless the families
of old men, women, and children? Will not the student of the truth
of history in after years so conclude as he reads with surprise the
report of an American general who has had the temerity to confirm the
facts under his own signature?
We continued skirmishing with the enemy, circumscribing their burning
and pillaging until we reached the vicinity of Savannah. Shifting
to the front of Sherman, we reached Savannah before he did. His
march was slow, taking about four or five weeks, giving full time
to his soldiers for the work they had set out to accomplish. General
Hardee was occupying a line of intrenchment in the front, his force
consisting of detachments (including seamen, workmen from the public
shops, etc.) numbering altogether a few thousand. General Wheeler
with his command took position in the outer breastworks. About this
time Fort McAllister, on the coast below there, had fallen. A large
force of the enemy were marching up to join Sherman, but before
they reached there General Hardee very wisely concluded to abandon
the place, which he did by crossing the Savannah River into South
Carolina.