See SARDINIA, THE ISLAND: NAME AND EARLY HISTORY.
NAUSETS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.
NAUVOO, The Mormon city of.
See MORMONISM: A. D. 1830-1846, and 1846-1848.
NAVAJOS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
ATHAPASCAN FAMILY and APACHE GROUP.
NAVARETTE
NAJARA, Battle of.
Won, April 3, 1367, by the English Black Prince over a Spanish
and French army, in a campaign undertaken to restore Peter the
Cruel to the throne of Castile.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1366-1369,
and FRANCE: A. D. 1360-1380.
----------NAVARINO: Start--------
NAVARINO: B. C. 425.
An ancient episode in the harbor.
See GREECE: B. C. 425.
NAVARINO: A. D. 1686.
Taken by the Venetians.
See TURKS: A. D. 1684-1696.
NAVARINO: A. D. 1827.
Battle and destruction of the Turkish fleet.
See GREECE: A. D. 1821-1829.
----------NAVARINO: End--------
----------NAVARRE: Start--------
NAVARRE:
Aboriginal inhabitants.
See BASQUES.
NAVARRE:
Origin of the kingdom.
"No historical subject is wrapt in greater obscurity than the
origin and early history of the kingdom of Navarre. Whether,
during a great portion of the eighth and ninth centuries, the
country was independent or tributary; and, if dependent,
whether it obeyed the Franks, the Asturians, or the Arabs, or
successively all three, are speculations which have long
exercised the pens of the peninsular writers. … It seems
undoubted that, in just dread of the Mohammedan domination,
the inhabitants of these regions, as well as those of
Catalonia, applied for aid to the renowned emperor of the
Franks [Charlemagne]; and that he, in consequence, in 778,
poured his legions into Navarre, and seized Pamplona. It seems
no less certain that, from this period, he considered the
country as a fief of his crown; and that his pretensions,
whether founded in violence or in the voluntary submission of
the natives, gave the highest umbrage to the Asturian kings:
the feudal supremacy thenceforth became an apple of discord
between the two courts, each striving to gain the homage of
the local governors. … Thus things remained until the time
of Alfonso III., who … endeavoured to secure peace both with
Navarre and France by marrying a princess related to both
Sancho Iñigo, count of Bigorre, and to the Frank sovereign,
and by consenting that the province should be held as an
immovable fief by that count. This Sancho Iñigo, besides his
lordship of Bigorre, for which he was the vassal of the French
king, had domains in Navarre, and is believed, on apparently
good foundation, to have been of Spanish descent. He is said,
however, not to have been the first count of Navarre; that his
brother Aznar held the fief before him, nominally dependent on
king Pepin, but successfully laying the foundation of
Navarrese independence. If the chronology which makes Sancho
succeed Aznar in 836, and the event itself, be correct,
Alfonso only confirmed the count in the lordship. In this
case, the only remaining difficulty is to determine whether
the fief was held from Charles or Alfonso. … But whichever
of the princes was acknowledged for the time the lord
paramount of the province, there can be little doubt that both
governor and people were averse to the sway of either; both
had long aspired to independence, and that independence was at
hand. The son of this Sancho Iñigo was Garcia, father of
Sancho Garces, and the first king of Navarre [assuming the
crown about 885-891]; the first, at least, whom … historic
criticism can admit."
_S. A. Dunham,
History of Spain and Portugal,
book 3, section 2, chapter 2._
See, also, SPAIN: A. D. 713-910.
NAVARRE: A. D. 1026.
Acquisition of the crown of Castile by King Sancho el Mayor.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1026-1230.
NAVARRE: A. D. 1234.
Succession of Thibalt, Count of Champagne, to the throne.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1212-1238.
NAVARRE: A. D. 1284-1328.
Union with France, and separation.
In 1284, the marriage of Jeanne, heiress of the kingdom of
Navarre and of the counties of Champagne and Brie, to Philip
IV. of France, united the crown of Navarre to that of France.
They were separated in 1328, on the death of her last
surviving son, Charles IV., without male issue. Philip of
Valois secured the French crown, under the so called Salic
law, but that of Navarre passed to Jeanne's grand-daughter, of
her own name.
NAVARRE: A. D. 1442-1521.
Usurpation of John II. of Aragon.
The House of Foix and the D'Albrets.
Conquest by Ferdinand.
Incorporation in the kingdom of Castile.
Blanche, daughter of Charles III. of Navarre and heiress of
the kingdom, married John II. of Aragon, to whom she gave
three children, namely, Don Carlos, or Charles, "who, as heir
apparent, bore the title of Prince of Viana, and two
daughters, Blanche and Eleanor. Don Carlos is known by his
virtues and misfortunes. At the death of his mother Blanche
[1442], he should have succeeded to the throne of Navarre; but
John II. was by no means disposed to relinquish the title
which he had acquired by marriage, and Carlos consented to be
his father's viceroy. But even this dignity he was not
permitted to enjoy unmolested." Persecuted through life,
sometimes imprisoned, sometimes in exile, he died at the age
of forty, in 1461.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1368-1479.
{2244}
"By the death of Don Carlos, the succession to the crown of
Navarre devolved to his sister Blanche, the divorced wife of
Henry IV. of Castile; and that amiable princess now became an
object of jealousy not only to her father but also to her
younger sister, Eleanor, married to the Count of Foix, to whom
John II. had promised the reversion of Navarre after his own
death. Gaston de Foix, the offspring of this union, had
married a sister of Louis XI.; and it had been provided in a
treaty between that monarch and John II., that in order to
secure the succession of the House of Foix to Navarre, Blanche
should be delivered into the custody of her sister. John
executed this stipulation without remorse. Blanche was
conducted to the Castle of Orthès in Bearn (April 1462),
where, after a confinement of nearly two years, she was
poisoned by order of her sister Eleanor." After committing
this crime, the latter waited nearly fifteen years for the
crown which it was expected to win, and then enjoyed it but
three weeks. Her father reigned until the 20th of January,
1479, when he died; the guilty daughter soon followed him.
"After Eleanor's brief reign … the blood-stained sceptre of
Navarre passed to her grandson Phœbus, 1479, who, however,
lived only four years, and was succeeded by his sister
Catherine. Ferdinand and Isabella [now occupying the thrones
of Aragon and Castile] endeavoured to effect a marriage
between Catherine and their own heir; but this scheme was
frustrated by Magdalen, the queen-mother, a sister of Louis
XI. of France, who brought about a match between her daughter
and John d'Albret, a French nobleman who had large possessions
on the borders of Navarre (1485). Nevertheless the Kings of
Spain supported Catherine and her husband against her uncle,
John de Foix, viscount of Narbonne, who pretended to the
Navarese crown on the ground that it was limited to male
heirs; and after the death of John, the alliance with Spain
was drawn still closer by the avowed purpose of Louis XII. to
support his nephew, Gaston de Foix, in the claims of his
father. After the fall of that young hero at Ravenna [see
ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513], his pretensions to the throne of
Navarre devolved to his sister, Germaine de Foix, the second
wife of King Ferdinand [see SPAIN: A. D. 1496-1517], an event
which entirely altered the relations between the courts of
Spain and Navarre. Ferdinand had now an interest in supporting
the claims of the house of Foix-Narbonne; and Catherine, who
distrusted him, despatched in May 1512, plenipotentiaries to
the French court to negotiate a treaty of alliance." But it
was too late. Ferdinand had already succeeded in diverting to
Navarre an expedition which his son-in-law, Henry VIII. of
England, acting in the Holy League against Louis XII., which
Ferdinand now joined (see ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513), had sent
against Guienne. With this aid he took possession of Upper
Navarre. "In the following year, he effected at Orthès a
year's truce with Louis XII. (April 1st 1513), by which Louis
sacrificed his ally, the King of Navarre, and afterwards, by
renewing the truce, allowed Ferdinand permanently to settle
himself in his new conquest. The States of Navarre had
previously taken the oath of allegiance to Ferdinand as their
King, and on the 15th of June 1515, Navarre was incorporated
into the kingdom of Castile by the solemn act of the Cortès.
The dominions of John d'Albret and Catherine were now reduced
to the little territory of Bearn, but they still retained the
title of sovereigns of Navarre." Six years later, in 1521, the
French invaded Navarre and overran the whole kingdom.
"Pampeluna alone, animated by the courage of Ignatius Loyola,
made a short resistance. To this siege, the world owes the
Order of the Jesuits. Loyola, whose leg had been shattered by
a cannon ball, found consolation and amusement during his
convalescence in reading the lives of the saints, and was thus
thrown into that state of fanatical exaltation which led him
to devote his future life to the service of the Papacy."
Attempting to extend their invasion beyond Navarre, the French
were defeated at Esquiros and driven back, losing the whole of
their conquests.
_T. H. Dyer,
History of Modern Europe,
book 1, chapters 4 and 7,
and book 2, chapter 3 (volume 1)._
ALSO IN:
_W. H. Prescott,
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella,
chapters 2 and 23 (volumes 1 and 3)._
NAVARRE: A. D. 1528-1563.
The kingdom remaining on the French side of the Pyrenees.
Jeanne d'Albret's Bourbon marriage and the issue of it.
Establishment of Protestantism in Béarn.
Besides the Spanish province which Ferdinand the Catholic
appropriated and joined to Castile, and which gave its name to
the Kingdom of Navarre, "that kingdom embraced a large tract
of country lying on the French side of the Pyrenees, including
the principality of Béarn and the counties of Foix, Armagnac,
Albret, Bigorre, and Comminges. Catherine de Foix, the heiress
of this kingdom, had in 1491 carried it by marriage into the
house of D'Albret. Henry, the second king of Navarre belonging
to this house, was in 1528 united to Marguerite d'Angoulême,
the favourite and devoted sister of Francis I. of France.
Pampeluna, the ancient capital of their kingdom, being in the
hands of the King of Spain, Henry and Marguerite held their
Court at Nérac, the chief town of the duchy belonging to the
family of D'Albret. It was at Nérac that Marguerite, herself
more than half a Huguenot, opened an asylum to her persecuted
fellow-countrymen [see PAPACY: A. D. 1521-1535]. Farel,
Calvin, Beza sought temporary refuge and found glad welcome
there, while to Lefevre, Clement Marot, and Gerard Roussel it
became a second home. Marguerite died in 1549, leaving only
one child, a daughter, who, in the event of her father having
no issue by any second marriage, became heiress to the crown
of Navarre. Born in 1528, Jeanne d'Albret had early and bitter
experience of what heirship to such a crown involved. The
Emperor Charles V. was believed to have early fixed his eye on
her as a fit consort for Philip, his son and successor." To
prevent this marriage, she was shut up for years, by her
uncle, the French king, Francis I., in the gloomy castle of
Plessis-les-Tours. When she was twelve years old he affianced
her to the Duke of Cleves, notwithstanding her vigorous
protests; but the alliance was subsequently broken off. "The
next hand offered to Jeanne, and which she accepted, was that
of Antoine, elder brother of the Prince of Condé, and head of
the Bourbon family. They were married in 1548, a year after
the death of Francis I., and a year before that of his sister
Marguerite, Jeanne's mother. The marriage was an unfortunate
one. Ambitious, yet weak and vain; frivolous and vacillating,
yet headstrong and impetuous, faithless to his wife, faithless
to his principles, faithless to his party, Antoine became the
butt and victim of the policy of the Court. But though
unfortunate in so many respects, this marriage gave to France,
if not the greatest, the most fortunate, the most popular, the
most beloved of all her monarchs"—namely, Henry IV.—Henry of
Navarre—the first of the Bourbon dynasty of French kings.
{2245}
"Antoine of Navarre died at the siege of Rouen in 1562. The
first use that the Queen made of the increased measure of
freedom she thus acquired was to publish an edict establishing
the Protestant and interdicting the exercise of the Roman
Catholic worship in Béarn. So bold an act by so weak a
sovereign—by one whose political position was so perilous and
insecure—drew down upon her the instant and severe
displeasure of the Pope," who issued against her a Bull of
excommunication, in October, 1563, and assumed the right to
dispose of her kingdom. This assumption was more than the
French Court could permit. "The Pope had to give way, and the
Bull was expunged from the ecclesiastical ordinances of the
Pontificate."
_W. Hanna,
The Wars of the Huguenots,
chapter 4._
NAVARRE: A. D. 1568-1569.
The queen joins the Huguenots in France, with Prince Henry.
Invasion by the French.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1563-1570.
NAVARRE: A. D. 1620-1622.
Protestant intolerance.
Enforcement of Catholic rights.
The kingdom incorporated and absorbed in France.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1620-1622.
NAVARRE: A. D. 1876.
Disappearance of the last municipal and provincial
privileges of the old kingdom.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1873-1885.
----------NAVARRE: End--------
NAVE.
NAVIO.
See CARAVELS.
----------NAVIGATION LAWS: Start--------
NAVIGATION LAWS: A. D. 1651.
The first English Act.
"After the triumph of the parliamentary cause [in the English
Civil War], great numbers of the royalists had sought refuge
in Virginia, Barbadoes, and the other West India settlements;
so that the white population of these dependencies was in
general fiercely opposed to the new government, and they might
be said to be in a state of rebellion after all the rest of
the empire had been reduced to submission and quiet.
Barbadoes, indeed, had actually received Lord Willoughby as
governor under a commission from Charles II., then in Holland,
and had proclaimed Charles as king. It was in these
circumstances that the English parliament in 1651, with the
view of punishing at once the people of the colonies and the
Dutch, who had hitherto enjoyed the greater part of the
carrying-trade between the West Indies and Europe, passed
their famous Navigation Act, declaring that no merchandise
either of Asia, Africa, or America, except only such as should
be imported directly from the place of its growth or
manufacture in Europe, should be imported into England,
Ireland, or any of the plantations, in any but English-built
ships, belonging either to English or English-plantation
subjects, navigated by English commanders, and having at least
three-fourths of the sailors Englishmen. It was also further
enacted that no goods of the growth, production, or
manufacture of any country in Europe should be imported into
Great Britain except in British ships, or in such ships as
were the real property of the people of the country or place
in which the goods were produced, or from which they could
only be, or most usually were, exported. Upon this law, which
was re-enacted after the Restoration, and which down to our
own day has been generally regarded and upheld as the
palladium of our commerce, and the maritime Magna Charta of
England, we shall only at present observe that one of its
first consequences was undoubtedly the war with Holland which
broke out the year after it was passed."
_G. L. Craik,
History of British Commerce,
chapter 7 (volume 2). _
ALSO IN:
_Adam Smith,
Wealth of Nations,
book 4, chapter 2._
_J. A. Blanqui,
History of Political Economy,
chapter 29._
NAVIGATION LAWS: A. D. 1660-1672.
Effect upon the American colonies,
and their relation to Great Britain.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1651-1672.
NAVIGATION LAWS: A. D. 1849.
Complete repeal of the British restrictive Acts.
"The question of the navigation laws was … brought forward
[in the British Parliament, at the commencement of the session
of 1849] … with a fair prospect of being settled!" The
stringency of the original act of 1651 had been "slightly
mitigated by another act passed in the reign of Charles II.;
but the modifications thus introduced were of slight
importance. A farther relaxation, made at the conclusion of
the war of independence, allowed the produce of the United
States to be imported in ships belonging to citizens of those
states. The last amendment of the original law was obtained in
the year 1825 by Mr. Huskisson, who made some important
changes in it. The law, then, which the legislature had to
reconsider in the year 1849 stood thus: the produce of Asia,
Africa, and America might be imported from places out of
Europe into the United Kingdom, if to be used therein, in
foreign as well us in British ships, provided that such ships
were the ships of the country of which the goods were the
produce, and from which they were imported. Goods which were
the produce of Europe, and which were not enumerated in the
act, might be brought thence in the ships of any country.
Goods sent to or from the United Kingdom to any of its
possessions, or from one colony to another, must be carried in
British ships, or in ships of the country in which they were
produced and from which they were imported. Then followed some
stringent definitions of the conditions which constituted a
vessel a British ship in the sense of the act. These
restrictions were not without their defenders. Even the great
founder of economic science, Adam Smith, while admitting that
the navigation laws were inconsistent with that perfect
freedom of trade which he contended for, sanctioned their
continuance on the ground that defence is much more important
than opulence. But as it was more and more strongly felt that
these laws were part and parcel of that baneful system of
monopoly which, under the name of protection, had so long been
maintained and was now so completely exploded, it began also
to be seriously doubted whether they were necessary to the
defence of the nation. … Therefore, on the 14th of February
in this year, Mr. Labouchere, as president of the board of
trade, proposed a resolution on the subject couched in the
following terms: 'That it is expedient to remove the
restrictions which prevent the free carriage of goods by sea
to and from the United Kingdom and the British possessions
abroad, and to amend the laws regulating the coasting trade of
the United Kingdom, subject nevertheless to such control by
her Majesty in council as may be necessary; and also to amend
the laws for the registration of ships and seamen.'
{2246}
A long debate took place on the question of the second reading
of the government measure. … 214 members followed Mr.
Disraeli into the lobby, while 275 voted with the government,
which therefore had a majority of 61. In the upper house Lord
Brougham astonished friend and foe by coming forward as the
strenuous and uncompromising opponent of the ministerial
measure. … The second reading was carried by a majority of
10. The smallness of this majority caused some anxiety to the
supporters of the measure with regard to its ultimate fate;
but this anxiety was relieved by the withdrawal of the most
conspicuous opponents of the bill, which consequently passed
without farther opposition."
_W. N. Molesworth,
History of England, 1830-1874,
volume 2, chapter 5._
ALSO IN:
_J. D. J. Kelley,
The Question of Ships,
chapter 4._
_S. Walpole,
History of England from 1815,
chapter 20 (volume 4)._
----------NAVIGATION LAWS: End----------
NAWAB-VIZIER,
NEWAB-WU-ZEER, of Oude.
See OUDE; also NABOB.
----------NAXOS: Start--------
NAXOS: B. C. 490.
Destruction by the Persians.
See GREECE: B. C. 490.
NAXOS: B. C. 466.
Revolt from the Delian Confederacy.
Subjugation by Athens.
See ATHENS: B. C. 470-466.
NAXOS: B. C. 376.
Battle between the Spartans and Athenians.
A battle was fought in September, B. C. 376, off Naxos,
between a Lacedæmonian fleet of 60 triremes and an Athenian
fleet of 80. Forty-nine of the former were disabled or
captured. "This was the first great victory … which the
Athenians had gained at sea since the Peloponnesian war."
_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 77._
NAXOS: A. D. 1204-1567.
The mediæval dukedom.
"In the partition of the [Byzantine] empire [after the
conquest of Constantinople, in 1204, by the Crusaders and the
Venetians], the twelve islands of the Archipelago, which had
formed the theme of the Egean sea in the provincial division
of the Byzantine empire, fell to the share of the crusading
barons; but Mark Sanudo, one of the most influential of the
Venetian nobles in the expedition, obtained possession of the
principal part of the ancient theme—though whether by
purchase from the Frank barons to whom it had been allotted,
or by grant to himself from the emperor, is not known. Sanudo,
however, made his appearance at the parliament of Ravenika as
one of the great feudatories of the empire of Romania, and was
invested by the emperor Henry with the title of Duke of the
Archipelago, or Naxos. It is difficult to say on what precise
footing Sanudo placed his relations with the republic. His
conduct in the war of Crete shows that he ventured to act as a
baron of Romania, or an independent prince, when he thought
his personal interests at variance with his born allegiance to
Venice. … The new duke and his successors were compelled by
their position to acknowledge themselves, in some degree,
vassals both of the empire of Romania and of the republic of
Venice; yet they acted as sovereign princes." Nearly at the
close of the fourteenth century the dukedom passed from the
Sanudo family to the Crispo family, who reigned under the
protection of Venice until 1537, when the Duke of Naxos was
reduced to vassalage by the Turkish sultan Suleiman. Thirty
years later, his title and authority were extinguished by the
sultan, on the petition of the Greek inhabitants, who could
not endure his oppressive and disgraceful government.
_G. Finlay,
History of Greece from its Conquest by the Crusaders,
chapter 10, sections 1-3._
ALSO IN:
_Sir J. E. Tennent,
History of Modern Greece,
chapter 3._
_H. F. Tozer,
The Islands of the Aegean,
chapter 4._
----------NAXOS: End----------
NAZARETH, Battle of (1799).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-AUGUST).