On the final conquest of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans, about
220 B. C. the Senate planted the colonies of Mutina (Modena)
and Parma on the line of the Æmilian Road and assigned the
territory of the Apuans to the new colony of Luca (Lucca).
_H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
book 5, chapter 41 (volume 2)._
MUTINY ACTS, The English.
In 1689 the Parliament (called a Convention at first) which
settled the English crown upon William of Orange and Mary,
"passed the first Act for governing the army as a separate and
distinct body under its own peculiar laws, called 'The Mutiny
Act.' … The origin of the first Mutiny Act was this. France
had declared war against Holland, who applied under the treaty
of Nimeguen to England for troops. Some English regiments
refused to go, and it was felt that the common law could not
be employed to meet the exigency. The mutineers were for the
time by military force compelled to submit, happily without
bloodshed; but the necessity for soldiers to be governed by
their own code and regulations became manifest. Thereupon the
aid of Parliament was invoked, but cautiously.
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The first Mutiny Act was very short in enactments and to
continue only six months. It recited that standing armies and
courts martial were unknown to English law, and enacted that
no soldier should on pain of death desert his colours, or
mutiny. At the expiration of the six months another similar
Act was passed, also only for six months: and so on until the
present practice was established of regulating and governing
the army, now a national institution, by an annual Mutiny Act,
which is requisite for the legal existence of a recognised
force, whereby frequent meeting of Parliament is indirectly
secured, if only to preserve the army in existence."
_W. H. Torriano,
William the Third,
chapter 7._
"These are the two effectual securities against military
power: that no pay can be issued to the troops without a
previous authorisation by the commons in a committee of
supply, and by both houses in an act of appropriation; and
that no officer or soldier can be punished for disobedience,
nor any court-martial held, without the annual re-enactment of
the mutiny bill."
_H. Hallam,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 15 (volume 3)._
ALSO IN:
_Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter 11 (volume 3)._