After the [Roman] Censors had concluded the various duties
committed to their charge, they proceeded in the last place to
offer up, on behalf of the whole Roman people, the great
expiatory sacrifice called Lustrum, and this being offered up
once only in the space of five years, the term Lustrum is
frequently employed to denote that space of time. … On the
day fixed, the whole body of the people were summoned to
assemble in the Campus Martius in martial order (exercitus)
ranked according to their Classes and Centuries, horse and
foot. The victims, consisting of a sow, a sheep, and a bull,
whence the sacrifice was termed Suovetaurilia, before being
led to the altar, were carried thrice round the multitude, who
were then held to be purified and absolved from sin, and while
the immolation took place the Censor recited a set form of
prayer for the preservation and aggrandizement of the Roman
State."
_W. Ramsay,
Manual of Roman Antiquity,
chapter 5._
LUTETIA,
LUKETIA,
LUCOTECIA.
The beginning of the great city of Paris was represented by a
small town named as above—the stronghold of the Gallic people
called the Parisii—built on one of the islands in the Seine
which Paris now covers and surrounds.
See PARIS, BEGINNING OF.
LUTHER, Martin, and the Reformation.
See PAPACY: A. D. 1516-1517, 1517, 1517-1521,
1521-1522, 1522-1525, 1525-1529, 1530-1531;
also, GERMANY: A. D. 1530-1532.
LUTHER: On Education.
See EDUCATION, RENAISSANCE: GERMANY.
LUTTER, Battle of (1626).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1624-1626.
LÜTZEN, Battle of (1632).
Death of Gustavus Adolphus.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1631-1632.
LÜTZEN, OR GROSS GÖRSCHEN, Battle of (1813).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (APRIL-MAY).
LUXEMBURG, The House of:
Its aggrandizement in the Empire, in Bohemia, Hungary,
and Brandenburg.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1308-1313, and 1347-1493;
also, HUNGARY: A. D. 1301-1442;
and BRANDENBURG: A. D. 1168=1417.
----------LUXEMBURG: Start--------
{2055}
LUXEMBURG: A. D. 1713.
Ceded to Holland.
See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
LUXEMBURG: A. D. 1795.
Siege and capture by the French.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1795 (JUNE-DECEMBER).
LUXEMBURG: A. D. 1867.
Separated from Germany and formed into a neutral state.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1866-1870.
----------LUXEMBURG: End--------
LUZZARA, Battle of (1702).
See ITALY: A. D. 1701-1713.
LYCEUM, The Athenian.
See ACADEMY, THE ATHENIAN;
and GYMNASIA, GREEK;
also, relative to the suppression of the Lyceum,
see ATHENS: A. D. 529.
LYCIAN LEAGUE, The.
"Probably the best constructed Federal Government that the
ancient world beheld. The account given by Strabo, our sole
authority, is so full, clear, and brief, that I cannot do
better than translate it. The 'ancestral constitution of the
Lykian League' is described by the great geographer in these
words: 'There are three and twenty cities which have a share
in the suffrage, and they come together from each city in the
common Federal Assembly, choosing for their place of meeting
any city which they think best. And, among the cities, the
greatest are possessed of three votes apiece, the middle ones
of two, and the rest of one; and in the same proportion they
pay taxes, and take their share of other public burthens. …
And, in the Federal Assembly, first the Lykiarch is chosen and
then the other Magistrates of the League, and bodies of
Federal Judges are appointed; and formerly they used to
consult about war, and peace, and alliance; this now, of
course, they cannot do, but these things must needs rest with
the Romans.' … On the practical working of this constitution
Strabo bestows the highest praise. Lykia was, in his day, a
Roman dependency, but it retained its own laws and internal
government."
_E. A. Freeman,
History of Federal Government,
chapter 4, section 4._
LYCIANS, The.
The people who occupied in ancient times the extreme southern
peninsula of Asia Minor. "The ancients knew of no unmixed
population in this district. The Phœnicians explored the
Lycian Taurus as well as the Cilician; and by land also
Semitic tribes seem to have immigrated out of Syria and
Cilicia; and these tribes formed the tribe of the Solymi.
Another influx of population was conducted to this coast by
means of the Rhodian chain of islands: men of Crete came
across, who called themselves Termili or Trameli, and
venerated Sarpedon as their Hero. After an arduous struggle,
they gradually made themselves masters of the land encircled
by sea and rock. … From the mouth of the Xanthus the Cretans
entered the land. There Leto had first found a hospitable
reception; in Patara, near by, arose the first great temple of
Apollo, the god of light, or Lycius, with the worship of whom
the inhabitants of the land became subsequently to such a
degree identified as to receive themselves from the Greeks on
whose coasts they landed the same name as the god, viz.,
Lycians. … We know that the Lycians, in courage and
knowledge of the sea fully the equals of the most seafaring
nation of the Archipelago, from a desire of an orderly
political life, renounced at an early period the public
practice of piracy, which their neighbours in Pisidia and
Cilicia never relinquished. Their patriotism they proved in
heroic struggles, and in the quiet of home developed a greater
refinement of manners, to which the special honour in which
they held the female sex bears marked testimony."
_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 1, chapter 3 (volume 1)._
LYCURGUS, Constitution of.
See SPARTA: THE CONSTITUTION.
LYDIANS, The.
"On the western coast of Asia Minor the nation of the Lydians,
which possessed the vallies of the Hermus and Mæander, had
early arrived at a monarchy and a point of civilization far in
advance of the stages of primitive life. … When the Greeks
forced the Phenicians from the islands of the Ægean sea, and
then, about the end of the eleventh and beginning of the tenth
century, B. C., landed on the western coast of Asia Minor, the
Lydians were not able any more than the Teucrians and Mysians
in the North, or the Carians in the South, to prevent the
establishment of the Greeks on their coasts, the loss of the
ancient native sanctuaries at Smyrna, Colophon, Ephesus, and
the founding of Greek cities in their land on the mouths of
the Lydian rivers, the Hermus and the Cayster, though the
Greek emigrants came in isolated expeditions over the sea. It
was on the Lydian coasts that the most important Greek cities
rose: Cyme, Phocæa, Smyrna, Colophon, Ephesus. Priene, Myus,
and Miletus were on the land of the Carians."
_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 4, chapter 17._
"On the basis of a population related to the Phrygians and
Armenians arose the nation of the Lydians, which through its
original ancestor, Lud, would appear in Eastern tradition also
to be reckoned as a member of the Semitic family. As long as
we remain unacquainted with the spoken and written language of
the Lydians, it will be impossible to define with any accuracy
the mixture of peoples which here took place. But, speaking
generally, there is no doubt of the double relationship of
this people, and of its consequent important place in
civilization among the groups of the nations of Asia Minor.
The Lydians became on land, as the Phœnicians by sea, the
mediators between Hellas and Anterior Asia. … The Lydians
are the first among the nations of Asia Minor of whom we have
any intimate knowledge as a political community."
_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 1, chapter 3 (volume 1)._
The first, perhaps legendary, dynasty of Lydia, called the
Atyadæ, was followed by one called the Herakleidæ by the
Greeks, which is said to have ruled over 500 years. The last
king of that family, Kandaules, was murdered, about B. C. 715,
by Gyges, who founded the dynasty of the Mermnadæ, under whom
the Lydian dominion was extended over most of Asia Minor, and
its kings contended on fairly equal terms with the power of
the Medes. But their monarchy was overthrown by Cyrus, B. C.
546, and the famous Crœsus, last of their line, ended his days
as an attendant and counselor of the Persian king.
_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapters 17 and 32._
Recent discoveries tend to the conclusion that the primitive
inhabitants of Lydia were of a race to which the Hittites
belonged.
_A. H. Sayce,
editor, Ancient Empires of the East,
appendix 4._
See, also,
ASIA MINOR: B. C. 724-539;
and PERSIA: B. C. 549-521.
{2056}
LYGIANS, The.
"Of all the invaders of Gaul [in the reign of Probus, A.
D.277] the most formidable were the Lygians, a distant people
who reigned over a wide domain on the frontiers of Poland and
Silesia. In the Lygian nation the Arii held the first rank by
their numbers and fierceness. 'The Arii' (it is thus that they
are described by the energy of Tacitus) 'study to improve by
art and circumstances the innate terrors of their barbarism.
Their shields are black, their bodies are painted black. They
choose for the combat the darkest hour of the night.' … Yet
the arms and discipline of the Romans easily discomfited these
horrid phantoms. The Lygii were defeated in a general
engagement, and Semno, the most renowned of their chiefs, fell
alive into the hands of Probus. That prudent emperor,
unwilling to reduce a brave people to despair, granted them an
honourable capitulation and permitted them to return in safety
to their native country. But the losses which they suffered in
the march, the battle, and the retreat, broke the power of the
nation; nor is the Lygian name ever repeated in the history
either of Germany or of the empire."
_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 12._
"Lygii appears to have been the generic name of the Slavonians
on the Vistula. They are the same people as those called Lekhs
by Nestor, the Russian chronicler of the twelfth century.
These Lekhs are the ancestors of the Poles."
See
_Latham,
The Germania of Tacitus,
page 158._
_W. Smith,
Note to above, from Gibbon_.
"The Ligii were a widely-spread tribe, comprehending several
clans. Tacitus names the Harii [or Arii], Helvecones, Manimi,
Elisii, and Nahanarvali. Their territory was between the Oder
and Vistula, and would include the greater part of Poland, and
probably a portion of Silesia."
_Church and Brodribb,
Geographical Notes to the Germany of Tacitus._
"The Elysii are supposed to have given name to Silesia."
_Note to the Oxford Translation of Tacitus: Germany,
chapter 43._
LYKIANS, The.
See LYCIANS.
LYMNE, in Roman times.
See PORTUS LEMANIS.
LYON, General Nathaniel:
Campaign in Missouri, and death.
See MISSOURI; A. D. 1861 (FEBRUARY-JULY);
and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JULY-SEPTEMBER; MISSOURI).
----------LYONS: Start--------
LYONS:
Under the Romans.
Minutius Plancus, Roman governor of Gallia Comata, or the Gaul
of Cæsar's conquest, founded, B. C. 43, a city called
Lugdunum, at the confluence of the Rhone and the Saone. A few
years later, under Augustus, it was made the capital of a
province to which it gave its name—Lugdunensis—and which
comprised the whole of central Gaul, between the Loire and the
Seine with the Armorican peninsula. In time the name Lugdunum
became softened and shorn to Lyons. "Lyons, which stood on the
west side of the Rhone, not so near the confluence of the
Sâone as now, appears to have been settled by fugitive Romans
driven out of Vienne by another party. It grew with as
marvelous a rapidity as some of our western cities, for in
fifteen years it swelled from a simple colony into a
metropolis of considerable splendor. … Lugdun appears to
have been a Keltic designation, and, as the 'g' in that speech
took the sound of 'y' and 'd' was silent, we can easily see
how the name became Lyon."
_P. Godwin,
History of France: Ancient Gaul,
book 2, chapter 5, with foot-note._
"Not having originated out of a Celtic canton, and hence
always with a territory of narrow limits, but from the outset
composed of Italians and in possession of the full Roman
franchise, it [Lyons] stood forth unique in its kind among the
communities of the three Gauls—as respects its legal
relations, in some measure resembling Washington in the North
American federation. … Only the governor of the middle or
Lugudunensian province had his seat there; but when emperors
or princes stayed in Gaul they as a rule resided in Lyons.
Lyons was, alongside of Carthage, the only city of the Latin
half of the empire which obtained a standing garrison, after
the model of that of the capital. The only mint for imperial
money which we can point to with certainty, for the earlier
period of the empire, is that of Lyons. Here was the
headquarters of the transit-dues which embraced all Gaul; and
to this as a centre the Gallic network of roads converged. …
Thus Lugudunum rapidly rose into prosperity. … In the later
period of the empire, no doubt, it fell behind Treves."
_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 8, chapter 3._
LYONS: A. D. 500.
Under the Burgundians.
See BURGUNDIANS: A. D. 500.
LYONS: 10th Century.
In the kingdom of Aries.
See BURGUNDY: A. D. 843—933.
LYONS: 12th Century.
The Poor Men of Lyons."
See WALDENSES.
LYONS: A. D. 1685-1698.
Loss in the silk weaving industry by the Huguenot exodus.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1681-1698.
LYONS: A. D. 1793-1794.
Revolt against the Revolutionary government at Paris.
Siege and capture and fearful vengeance by the Terrorists.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JUNE), (JULY-DECEMBER);
and 1793—1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).
LYONS: A. D. 1795.
Reaction against the Reign of Terror.
The White Terror.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).
----------LYONS: End----------
LYONS, Battle of (A. D. 197).
See ROME: A. D. 192-284.
LYSIMACHUS, and the wars of the Diadochi.
See MACEDONIA: B. C. 323-316, to 297-280.
LYTTON, Lord, The Indian administration of.
See INDIA: A. D. 1876, 1877;
and AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1869-1881.