_J. W. Monette,
Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi,
book 5, chapter 15 (volume 2)._
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1813-1814.
The Creek War.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1813-1814 (AUGUST-APRIL).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1815.
Jackson's defense of New Orleans.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1815 (JANUARY).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1861 (January).
Secession from the Union.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1862 (April).
Farragut's capture of New Orleans.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (APRIL: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).
LOUISIANA: A. D.1862 (May-December).
New Orleans under General Butler.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MAY-DECEMBER: LOUISIANA).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1862 (June).
Appointment of a Military Governor.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MARCH-JUNE).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1864.
Reconstruction of the state under President Lincoln's plan.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863-1864 (DECEMBER-JULY).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1864.
The Red River Expedition.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MARCH-MAY: LOUISIANA).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1865.
President Johnson's recognition of the reconstructed state
government.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (MAY-JULY).
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1865-1867.
The first Reconstruction experiment.
The Riot at New Orleans.
Establishment of military rule.
"In 1865 the returned Confederates, restored to citizenship by
the President's amnesty proclamation soon got control of
almost all the State [as reorganized under the constitution
framed and adopted in 1864].
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (MAY-JULY).
The Legislature was in their hands, as well as most of the
State and municipal offices; so, when the President, on the
20th of August, 1866, by proclamation, extended his previous
instructions regarding civil affairs in Texas so as to have
them apply to all the seceded States, there at once began in
Louisiana a system of discriminative legislation directed
against the freedmen, that led to flagrant wrongs in the
enforcement of labor contracts, and in the remote parishes to
numbers of outrages and murders. To remedy this deplorable
condition of things, it was proposed, by those who had
established the government of 1864, to remodel the
constitution of the State; and they sought to do this by
reassembling the convention, that body before its adjournment
having provided for reconvening under certain conditions, in
obedience to the call of its president. Therefore, early in
the summer of 1866, many members of this convention met in
conference at New Orleans, and decided that a necessity
existed for reconvening the delegates, and a proclamation was
issued accordingly by B. K. Howell, President pro tempore.
{2052}
Mayor John T. Monroe and the other officials of New Orleans
looked upon this proposed action as revolutionary, and by the
time the convention assembled (July 30) such bitterness of
feeling prevailed that efforts were made by the mayor and city
police to suppress the meeting. A bloody riot followed,
resulting in the killing and wounding of about 160 persons. I
happened [the writer is General Sheridan, then in command of
the Military Division of the Gulf] to be absent from the city
at the time, returning from Texas, where I had been called by
affairs on the Rio Grande. On my way up from the mouth of the
Mississippi I was met on the night of July 30 by one of my
staff, who reported what had occurred, giving the details of
the massacre—no milder term is fitting—and informing me
that, to prevent further slaughter, General Baird, the senior
military officer present, had assumed control of the municipal
government. On reaching the city I made an investigation, and
that night sent [a brief report, which was followed, on the
6th of August, by an extended account of the facts of the
riot, containing the following statements]: … 'The
convention assembled at 12 M. on the 30th, the timid members
absenting themselves because the tone of the general public
was ominous of trouble. … About 1 P. M. a procession of say
from 60 to 130 colored men marched up Burgundy Street and
across Canal Street toward the convention, carrying an
American flag. These men had about one pistol to every ten
men, and canes and clubs in addition. While crossing Canal
Street a row occurred. … On arrival at the front of the
Institute [where the convention was held] there was some
throwing of brickbats by both sides. The police, who had been
held well in hand, were vigorously marched to the scene of
disorder. The procession entered the Institute with the flag,
about 6 or 8 remaining outside. A row occurred between a
policeman and one of these colored mob, and a shot was again
fired by one of the parties, which led to an indiscriminate
fire on the building through the windows by the policemen.
This had been going on for a short time, when a white flag was
displayed from the windows of the Institute, whereupon the
firing ceased, and the police rushed into the building. From
the testimony of wounded men, and others who were inside the
building, the policemen opened an indiscriminate fire upon the
audience until they had emptied their revolvers, when they
retired, and those inside barricaded the doors. The door was
broken in, and the firing again commenced, when many of the
colored and white people either escaped throughout the door or
were passed out by the policemen inside; but as they came out
the policemen who formed the circle nearest the building fired
upon them, and they were again fired upon by the citizens that
formed the outer circle. Many of those wounded and taken
prisoners, and others who were prisoners and not wounded, were
fired upon by their captors and by citizens. The wounded were
stabbed while lying on the ground, and their heads beaten with
brickbats. … Some were killed and wounded several squares
from the scene.' … Subsequently a military commission
investigated the subject of the riot, taking a great deal of
testimony. The commission substantially confirmed the
conclusions given in my despatches, and still later there as
an investigation by a select committee of the House of
Representatives. … A list of the killed and wounded was
embraced in the committee's report, and among other
conclusions reached were the following: … 'This riotous
attack upon the convention, with its terrible results of
massacre and murder, was not an accident. It was the
determined purpose of the mayor of the city of New Orleans to
break up this convention by armed force.' … The committee
held that no legal government existed in Louisiana, and
recommended the temporary establishment of a provisional
government therein." In the following March the Military
Reconstruction Acts were passed by Congress.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1867 (MARCH).
General Sheridan was assigned to the command of the fifth
military district therein defined, consisting of Louisiana and
Texas.
_P. H. Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs,
volume 2, chapters 10-11._
ALSO IN:
_Report of Select Committee on New Orleans Riot,
39th Congress, 2d Session, H. R. Report, Number 16._
LOUISIANA: A. D. 1868.
Reconstruction complete.
Restored representation in Congress.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1868-1870.
----------LOUISIANA: End----------
LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY:
Threatened by the Rebel Army under Bragg.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-OCTOBER: TENNESSEE-KENTUCKY).
----------LOUVAIN: Start--------
LOUVAIN: A. D. 1635.
Unsuccessful siege by the French.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1635-1638.
LOUVAIN: A. D. 1706.
Taken by Marlborough and the Allies.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1706-1707.
----------LOUVAIN: End--------
LOUVAIN, Battle of.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (FEBRUARY-APRIL).
LOUVRE, The.
"The early history of the Louvre is involved in great
obscurity. The name of its founder and the period of its
erection are alike unknown; the first notice of it we meet
with upon record is in the 7th century, when Dagobert kept
here his horses and hounds. The kings [Merovingeans] called
'fainéans' often visited it, when after dinner they rode in a
sort of coach through the forest, which covered this side of
the river, and in the evening returned in a boat, fishing by
the way, to the city, where they supped and slept. There is no
mention of this royal dwelling under the second, nor even
under the third race of kings, till the reign of Philip
Augustus. About the year 1204, that prince converted it into a
kind of citadel, surrounded with wide ditches and flanked with
towers. … The walls erected by Philip Augustus did not take
in the Louvre, but after having remained outside of Paris more
than six centuries, it was enclosed by the walls begun in
1367, under Charles V., and finished in 1383, under Charles
VI. … Charles IX., Henry III., Henry IV., and Louis XIII.,
inhabited the Louvre and added to its buildings. Nothing
remains of the old château of Philip Augustus, which Charles
V. repaired; the most ancient part now in existence is that
called 'le Vieux Louvre,' begun by Francis I. in 1539, and
finished by Henry II. in 1548."
_History of Paris
(London, 1827), chapter 2 (volume 2)._
{2053}
The origin of the word Louvre is believed to be a Saxon word,
'Leowar' or 'Lower,' which meant a fortified camp. … Francis
I. did little more than decide the fate of the old Louvre by
introducing the new fashion. His successors went on with the
work; and the progress of it may be followed, reign after
reign, till the last visible fragment of the Gothic castle had
been ruthlessly carted away. … Vast as is the Louvre that we
know, it is as nothing in comparison with the prodigious
scheme imagined by Richelieu and Louis XIII.; a scheme which,
though never carried out, gave a very strong impulse to the
works, and ensured the completion of the present building, at
least in a subsequent reign. … Happily for the Louvre Louis
XIV. interested himself in it before he engulfed his millions
at Marly and Versailles. … The sums of money expended on the
Louvre and Tuileries defy all calculation. … The greatest
spender on these palaces was Napoleon III."
_P. G. Hamerton.
Paris in Old and Present Times,
chapter 6. _
LOVERS, War of the.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1578-1580.