The Roman city from which sprang the English city of Lincoln.
_T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5._
LINGONES, The.
A tribe in ancient Gaul whose territory embraced parts in the
modern French departments of the Haute-Marne, the Aube, the
Yonne and the Côte-d'Or.
_Napoleon III.,
History of Cæsar,
book 3, chapter 2, foot-note (volume 2)._
See, also, ROME: B. C. 390-347.
LINKÖPING, Battle of (1598).
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1523-1604.
LION AND THE SUN, The Order of the.
A Persian order, instituted in 1808.
LION OF ST. MARK, The Winged.
The standard of the Venetian republic. "Historians have failed
or omitted to fix the precise time when this ensign of the
lion was first adopted by the Republic. But when the two
granite columns ['trophies of a successful raid in the
Archipelago'], still the conspicuous ornaments of the Piazetta
of St. Mark, were erected, in or about 1172, a winged lion in
bronze was placed on one of them, and a statue of St.
Theodore, a patron of earlier standing, on the other."
_The Republic of Venice
(Quarterly Review, Oct., 1874),
page 423._
See, also, VENICE: A. D. 829.
LIPAN, Battle of (1434).
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.
----------LISBON: Start--------
LISBON:
Origin and early history.
See PORTUGAL: EARLY HISTORY.
LISBON: A. D. 1147.
Capture from the Moors.
Made the capital of Portugal.
See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.
LISBON: A. D. 1755.
The great Earthquake.
"On the morning of the 1st of November in this year, at the
same period, though in less or greater degree a far-spreading
earthquake ran through great part both of Europe and Barbary.
In the north its effects, as usual with earthquakes in that
region, were happily slight and few. Some gentle vibrations
were felt as far as Dantzick. … In Madrid a violent shock
was felt, but no buildings, and only two human beings,
perished. In Fez and in Morocco, on the contrary, great
numbers of houses fell down, and great multitudes of people
were buried beneath the ruins. But the widest and most fearful
destruction was reserved for Lisbon. Already, in the year
1531, that city had been laid half in ruins by an earthquake.
The 1st of November 1755 was All Saints' Day, a festival of
great solemnity; and at nine in the morning all the churches
of Lisbon were crowded with kneeling worshippers of each sex,
all classes, and all ages, when a sudden and most violent
shock made every church reel to its foundations. Within the
intervals of a few minutes two other shocks no less violent
ensued, and every church in Lisbon—tall column and towering
spire—was hurled to the ground. Thousands and thousands of
people were crushed to death, and thousands more grievously
maimed, unable to crawl away, and left to expire in lingering
agony. The more stately and magnificent had been the fabric,
the wider and more grievous was the havoc made by its ruin.
About one fourth, as was vaguely computed, of all the houses
in the city toppled down. The encumbered streets could scarce
afford an outlet to the fugitives; 'friends,' says an
eye-witness, 'running from their friends, fathers from their
children, husbands from their wives, because every one fled
away from their habitations full of terror, confusion, and
distraction.' The earth seemed to heave and quiver like an
animated being. The sun was darkened with the clouds of lurid
dust that arose. Frantic with fear a headlong multitude rushed
for refuge to a large and newly built stone pier which jutted
out into the Tagus, when a sudden convulsion of the stream
turned this pier bottom uppermost, like a ship on its keel in
the tempest, and then engulphed it. And of all the living
creatures who had lately thronged it,—full 3,000, it is
said,—not one, even as a corpse, ever rose again. From the
banks of the river other crowds were looking on in speechless
affright, when the river itself came rushing in upon them like
a torrent, though against wind and tide. It rose at least
fifteen feet above the highest spring tides, and then again
subsided, drawing in or dashing to pieces every thing within
its reach, while the very ships in the harbour were violently
whirled around. Earth and water alike seemed let loose as
scourges on this devoted city. 'Indeed every clement,' says a
person present, 'seemed to conspire to our destruction … for
in about two hours after the shock fires broke out in three
different parts of the city, occasioned from the goods and the
kitchen fires being all jumbled together.' At this time also
the wind grew into a fresh gale, which made the fires spread
in extent and rage with fury during three days, until there
remained but little for them to devour. Many of the maimed and
wounded are believed to have perished unseen and unheeded in
the flames; some few were almost miraculously rescued after
being for whole days buried where they fell, without light or
food or hope. The total number of deaths was computed at the
time as not less than 30,000."
_Lord Mahon (Earl Stanhope),
History of England, 1713-1783,
chapter 32 (volume 4)._
LISBON: A. D. 1807.
Occupied by the French.
Departure of the Royal Family for Brazil.
See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1807.
----------LISBON: End--------
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