See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1803-1848.
----------LANDAU: Start--------
LANDAU: A. D. 1648.
Cession to France.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.
LANDAU: A. D. 1702-1703.
Taken by the Imperialists and retaken by the French.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1702; and 1703.
LANDAU: A. D. 1704.
Taken by the Allies.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1704.
LANDAU: A. D. 1713.
Taken and retained by France.
See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
----------LANDAU: End--------
LANDEN, OR NEERWINDEN, Battle of.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1693 (JULY).
LANDFRIEDE.
FEHDERECHT.
THE SWABIAN LEAGUE.
"Landfriede—Peace of the Land.
The expression, Public Peace, which, in deference to numerous
and high authorities I have generally used in the text, is
liable to important objections. 'A breach of the public peace'
means, in England, any open disorder or outrage. But [in
mediæval Germany] the Landfriede (Pax publica) was a special
act or provision directed against the abuse of an ancient and
established institution,—the Fehderecht (jus diffidationis,
or right of private warfare). The attempts to restrain this
abuse were, for a long time, local and temporary. … The
first energetic measure of the general government to put down
private wars was that of the diet of Nürnberg (1466). … The
Fehde is a middle term between duel and war. Every affront or
injury led, after certain formalities, to the declaration,
addressed to the offending party, that the aggrieved party
would be his foe, and that of his helpers and
helpers'-helpers. … I shall not go into an elaborate
description of the evils attendant on the right of diffidation
or private warfare (Fehderecht); they were probably not so
great as is commonly imagined."
_L. Ranke,
History of the Reformation in Germany,
volume 1, pages 77 (foot-note), 71, and 81._
"The right of diffidation, or of private warfare, had been the
immemorial privilege of the Germanic nobles—a privilege as
clear as it was ancient, which no diet attempted to abolish,
but which, from the mischiefs attending its exercise, almost
everyone had endeavoured to restrain. … Not only state,
could declare war against state, prince against prince, noble
against noble, but any noble could legally defy the emperor
himself." In the reign of Frederick III. (1440-1493) efforts
were made to institute a tribunal—an imperial chamber—which
should have powers that would operate to restrain these
private wars; but the emperor and the college of princes could
not agree as to the constitution of the court proposed. To
attain somewhat the same end, the emperor then "established a
league both of the princes and of the imperial cities, which
was destined to be better observed than most preceding
confederations. Its object was to punish all who, during ten
years, should, by the right of diffidation, violate the public
tranquillity. He commenced with Swabia, which had ever been
regarded as the imperial domain; and which, having no elector,
no governing duke, no actual head other than the emperor
himself, and, consequently, no other acknowledged protector,
was sufficiently disposed to his views. In its origin the
Swabian league consisted only of six cities, four prelates,
three counts, sixteen knights; but by promises, or reasoning,
or threats, Frederic soon augmented it. The number of towns
was raised to 22, of prelates to 13, of counts to 12, of
knights or inferior nobles to 350. It derived additional
strength from the adhesion of princes and cities beyond the
confines of Swabia; and additional splendour from the names of
two electors, three margraves, and other reigning princes. It
maintained constantly on foot 10,000 infantry and 1,000
cavalry,—a force generally sufficient for the preservation of
tranquillity. Of its salutary effects some notion may be
formed from the fact that, in a very short period,
one-and-forty bandit dens were stormed, and that two powerful
offenders, George duke of Bavaria, and duke Albert of Munich,
were compelled by an armed force to make satisfaction for
their infraction of the public peace."
_S. A. Dunham,
History of the Germanic Empire,
volume 2, pages 281-283._
The final suppression of the Fehderecht was brought about in
the succeeding reign, of Maximilian, by the institution of the
Imperial Chamber and the organization of the Circles to
enforce its decrees.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1493-1519.
LANDO, Pope, A. D. 913-914.
----------LANDRECIES: Start--------
LANDRECIES: A. D. 1647.
Spanish siege and capture.
See NETHERLANDS (SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1647-1648.
LANDRECIES: A. D. 1655.
Siege and capture by Turenne.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1653-1656.
LANDRECIES: A. D. 1659.
Ceded to France.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661.
LANDRECIES: A. D. 1794.
Siege and capture by the Allies.
Recovery by the French.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY).
----------LANDRECIES: End--------
LANDRIANO, Battle of (1529).
See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.
LANDSHUT, Battle of (1760).
See GERMANY: A. D. 1760.