A Spanish word signifying council, assembly, association.
JUNTA, The Apostolic.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
JURISFIRMA, The process of.
See CORTES, THE EARLY SPANISH.
JUROIPACH, Fortress of.
A fortress in the pass of Derbend, between the last spurs of
the Caucasus and the Caspian, which the Persians and the
Romans undertook at one time to maintain jointly. "This
fortress, known as Juroipach or Biraparach, commanded the
usual passage by which the hordes of the north were accustomed
to issue from their vast arid steppes upon the rich and
populous regions of the south for the purpose of plundering
raids, if not of actual conquests. Their incursions threatened
almost equally Roman and Persian territory, and it was felt
that the two nations were alike interested in preventing them."
_G. Rawlinson,
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 19._
JURY, Trial by.
"The fabric of our judicial legislation commences with the
Assize of Clarendon.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1162-1170.
… In the provisions of this assize for the repression of
crime we find the origin of trial by jury, so often attributed
to earlier times. Twelve lawful men of each hundred, with four
from each township, were sworn to present those who were known
or reputed as criminals within their district for trial by
ordeal. The jurors were thus not merely witnesses, but sworn
to act as judges also in determining the value of the charge;
and it is this double character of Henry's [Henry II.] jurors
that has descended to our 'grand jury.' … Two later steps
brought the jury to its modern condition. Under Edward I.
witnesses acquainted with the particular fact in question were
added in each case to the general jury, and by the separation
of these two classes of jurors at a later time the last became
simply 'witnesses,' without any judicial power, while the
first ceased to be witnesses at all, and became our modern
jurors, who are only judges of the testimony given."
_J. R. Green,
Short History of English People,
chapter 2, section 8._
See LAW.
ALSO IN:
_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 13, section 164._
_W. Forsyth,
History of Trial by Jury._