i, p. 71, No. 72. ‘ ... diligenter et vigilanter inquiras heretica
pravitate infectos in partibus memoratis, ut per illos, ad quos
pertinet, zizania valeat de agro Domini extirpari.’ Douais on this
comments (_op. cit._, p. 53 n.), ‘Si Conrad eut été inquisiteur, c’est
à lui que ce soin eût d’abord incombé comme juge.’ The argument is
invalid. The appeal to the assistance of the secular arm is normal and
certainly does not prove Conrad not to have been an inquisitor. See
Lea, vol. ii, p. 319, ‘This was in effect an informal commission as
inquisitor-general for Germany’; and De Cauzons, vol. i, p. 449.
[302] For text of the bull, _Ille humani generis_, see Mansi, vol.
xxiii, pp. 74-5; Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, No. 83, pp. 82-3. The
Friars are urged to demolish the heretics who ‘sicut cancer serperent
in occulto, & velut vulpes latentes niterentur vineam Domini Sabaoth
demoliri.’
[303] Lea, vol. i, p. 328. _Cf._ Tanon, _op. cit._, p. 175, who
considers that Lea does not attach sufficient importance to these bulls.
[304] The first bull delegating inquisitorial powers to the Brothers
Minor in collective fashion is apparently one issued by Innocent IV,
Jan. 13, 1246. See Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, No. 122.
[305] See De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 446 n. ‘La transformation
des Inquisitions épiscopaux en juges pontificaux, a été la vraie
fondation de l’Inquisition; telle qu’elle est connue et louée par
certains, abhorrée par d’autres. Or, cette transformation s’est faite
progressivement, par tâtonnements autour des années 1230-1233, non par
édit général, plutôt par rescrits spéciaux. Les dominicains ont été
l’occasion d’un bon nombre de ces rescrits, mais non de tous.’
[306] See Lea, vol. i, p. 330.
[307] _Ibid._, p. 339.
[308] _Ibid._
[309] Tanon, _op. cit._, pp. 177-80.
[310] _Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi_, Huillard-Bréholles
(Paris, 1852-61), vol. ii, pt. i, pp. 4-6; _Monumenta Germaniae
historica_, G. A. Pertz (Hanover and Berlin), vol. iv, pp. 242-5;
Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, pp. 70-1, No. 71.
[311] See Maillet, _op. cit._, ch. ii; Frédéricq in _Revue historique_,
p. 310. This edict was drawn up five days before the coronation
ceremony by the Curia and sent to receive the imperial signature, so
that it might be published in the Emperor’s name in St. Peter’s. For
Frederick’s promise to assist the Pope against heresy, see Frédéricq,
_Corpus_, vol. i, p. 70, No. 70.
[312] Huillard-Bréholles, vol. ii, pp. 421-3; G. A. Pertz, vol. iv,
p. 252. ‘Presenti edictuli constitutione nostra in tota Lombardia
inviolabiliter de cetero valitura duximus sanciendum ut quicumque
per civitatis antistitem vel diocesanum in qua degit post condignam
examinationem fuerit de haeresi manifeste convictus et hereticus
judicatus, per potestatem, consilium et catholicos viros civitatis
et diocesis earumdem ad requisitionem antistitis illico capiatur,
auctoritate nostra ignis judicio concremandus, ut vel ultricibus
flammis pereat, aut si miserabili vite ad coercitionem aliorum degerint
reservandum, eum lingue plectro deprivent, quo non est veritas contra
ecclesiasticam fidem invehi et nomen Domini blasphemari.’
[313] Huillard-Bréholles, vol. i, pp. 5-8; Pertz, vol. ii, p. 242;
Mansi, vol. xxiv. pp. 586-8.
[314] Havet, _op. cit._, pp. 169-70.
[315] For arguments ascribing the responsibility to Frederick,
see Havet (_passim_) and J. Ficker, _Die Gesetzliche Einführung
der Todesstrafe für Ketzerei_ in _Mittheilungen des Instituts für
oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung_ (1880), pp. 177-226, 430-1. See
also C. Moeller in _Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique_ (Louvain, vol.
xiv, 1913); _Les Bûchers et les Autos-da-fé de l’Inquisition depuis
le Moyen Age_ (pp. 720-51), esp. pp. 725-6; Maillet, _op. cit._, p.
87, and De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. i, pp. 293-7: ‘La théorie qui met
sur le dos de Frédéric II la responsabilité des mesures de répression
sanglante, du bûcher en particulier, est née de tendances apologétiques
mal comprises, car vouloir concilier l’Inquisition avec nos idées
modernes est une chimère.’ Also Tanon, _op. cit._, p. 462. These laws
‘n’en sont pas moins eu une grande importance pour le temps où elles
ont été rendues, en présence des difficultés que l’Église rencontrait,
en Italie aussi bien qu’en France, de la part des autorités laïques,
pour assurer la répression de l’hérésie, en donnant à cette répression
la sanction nouvelle de l’autorité impériale elles devaient aider
puissamment l’Église à vaincre ces résistances.’
[316] See Maillet, _op. cit._, in ch. ii; Douais, _L’Inquisition_, ch.
5, esp. pp. 141-2; also De Cauzons, vol. i, pp. 296-7 n., and Moeller,
_op. cit._, pp. 727-8.
[317] Lea, vol. i, pp. 227-8. ‘We can imagine the smile of amused
surprise with which Gregory IX or Gregory XI would have listened to
the dialectics with which the Comte Joseph de Maistre proves that it
is an error to suppose, and much more to assert, that Catholic priests
can in any manner be instrumental in compassing the death of a fellow
creature.’
[318] Havet, p. 174; Douais, _L’Inquisition_, p. 122.
[319] Havet, p. 176; Acton, _op. cit._, p. 555.
[320] Acton, _op. cit._, p. 557. ‘The five years of his abode in Rome
changed the face of the Church.... Very soon after Saint Raymond
appeared at the Papal court, the use of the stake became law, and the
inquisitorial machinery had been devised and the management given
to the priors of the order. When he departed he left behind him
instructions for the treatment of heresy, which the Pope adopted and
sent out whenever they were wanted.... Until he came, in spite of much
violence and many laws, the popes had imagined no permanent security
against religious error, and were not formally committed to death by
burning. Gregory himself, excelling all the priesthood in vigour and
experience, had for four years laboured, vaguely and in vain, with the
transmitted implements. Of a sudden, in these successive measures,
he finds his way, and builds up the institution which is to last for
centuries. That this mighty change in the conditions of religious
thought and life, and in the functions of the order was supported by
Dominicans, is probable. And it is reasonable to suppose that it was
the work of the foremost Dominican then living, who at that very moment
had risen to power and predominance at Rome.’
[321] See De Cauzons, vol. i, pp. 301-3.
[322] Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, pp. 78-80, No. 80, _Capitula
Senatoris Annibaldi et populi Romani edicta contra Patarenos_. See
Gregorovius, _City of Rome_, vol. vi, pt. 1, pp. 156-61. Heretics were
at this time numerous in the States of the Church, Viterbo, Perugia and
Orvieto; also in Lombardy. Some of these, the Arnoldists at any rate,
were also Ghibellines. ‘The Inquisition now became another instrument
in the hands of the Pope for the subjection of the people.’
[323] Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 586 _et seq._
[324] Council of Rheims, 1148, Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, No. 31;
Montpellier, 1162, _ibid._, No. 35; Lateran, 1179, _ibid._, No. 47.
[325] Verona, 1184, Frédéricq, _Corpus_, No. 56; Montpellier, 1195,
_ibid._, No. 58; Fourth Lateran, 1215, _ibid._, No. 68. See also Mansi,
vol. xxii, pp. 987-8; Eymeric, _Directorium_, pt. ii, question 46, p.
378.
[326] In Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 569 _et seq._
[327] § 1.
[328] §§ 3, 5, 12-15.
[329] §§ 24, 25, 31.
[330] § 37.
[331] _Summa_, 2, 2, qu. 11, arts. 3 and 4. ‘Multo enim gravius
corrumpere fidem, per quam est animae vita, quam falsare pecuniam, per
quam temporali vitae subvenitur. Unde si falsarii pecuniae vel alii
malefactores statim per saeculares principes juste morti traduntur,
multo magis haeretici statim ex quo de haeresi convincuntur, possunt
non solum excommunicari, sed et juste occidi.’ Vacandard (p. 176)
answers: ‘Such reasoning is not very convincing. Why should not the
life-imprisonment of the heretic safeguard the faithful as well as his
death? Will you answer that this penalty is too trivial to prevent
the faithful from falling into heresy? If that be so, why not at
once condemn all heretics to death, even when repentant? That would
terrorize the wavering ones all the more. But St. Thomas evidently was
not thinking of the logical consequences of his reasoning. His one aim
was to defend the criminal code in vogue at the time. That is his only
excuse. For we must admit that rarely has his reasoning been so faulty
and so weak as in his thesis upon the coercive power of the Church
and the punishment of heresy.’ St. Thomas’s logic is sounder than his
apologist’s, if his humanity is less! It is not St. Thomas’s logic that
is at fault, but the standpoint of mediæval Christianity, which it is
vain to seek to harmonize with modern humanitarianism.
[332] St. John, xv, 6. Vacandard, p. 177. ‘To regard our Saviour as the
precursor or rather the author of the criminal code of the Inquisition
evidences, one must admit, a very peculiar temper of mind.’ So judged,
again by modern humanitarianism.
[333] Tanon, pp. 52-3. To be carefully distinguished from Arnaud of
Citeaux, Archbishop of Narbonne, the former papal legate in Languedoc.
[334] Vaissete & Devic, _op. cit._, vol. iv, p. 118. ‘Clamor validus et
insinuatio luctuosa fidelium subditorum, processus suos inquisitionis
negotio a captionibus, quaestionibus, et excogitatis tormentis
incipiens personas quas pro libito asserit haeretica labe notatas,
abnegare Christum ... vi vel motu tormentorum fateri compellit.’
[335] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 303-27, for particulars of
this commission.
[336] The bull, _Multorum querela_, incorporated in the decrees of this
Council. See Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, No. 170.
[337] _Practica_, p. 188.
[338] Tanon, p. 116.
[339] See Tanon, p. 119. Also the case of the Sieur de Partenay, the
most powerful noble of Poitou. Lea, vol. ii, p. 124.
[340] Lea, vol. ii, p. 130.
[341] Lea, vol. ii, pp. 130-2.
[342] _Ibid._, p. 140.
[343] Lea, vol. ii. p. 341.
[344] Lea, vol. ii, p. 221. For Peter Martyr, see Ludovico à Paramo,
pp. 108-9.
[345] Lea, vol. ii, p. 236.
[346] Lea, vol. ii. p. 236. Notably Honorius III in 1286, who, in
consideration of the fidelity of the people of Tuscany, relieved them
of the penalties of heresy, save in the case of the relapsed, so that
the children of heretics could enjoy the property confiscated from
their parents.
[347] _Ibid._, p. 251.
[348] Ludovico à Paramo attributes the tranquillity of Spain to the
beneficent influence of the Inquisition, _op. cit._, p. 290.
[349] Llorente, vol. i, pp. 66-97.
[350] Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 553-8.
[351] See eulogy of Eymeric in Ludovico à Paramo, p. 110.
[352] See Lea, vol. ii, pp. 290-315. For Bohemia, see pp. 427-505.
[353] _Practica_, pp. 232-3, ‘Diligens ac fervens zelo veritatis
fidei et salubris animarum ad detestationem et extirpationem heretice
pravitatis.... Inquisitor sit constans: persistat inter pericula et
adversa usque ad mortem, pro justitia fidei agonizans, ut non temerarie
praesumat per audaciam que periculose precipiat.’ _Cf._ Eymeric,
_Directorium_, p. 575, ‘Inquisitor debet esse conversatione honestus,
prudentia circumspectus, constantia firmus, sacra doctrina fidei
eminenter eruditus et virtutibus circumfultus.’ See also Frédéricq,
_Corpus_, vol. i, Nos. 215, 243.
[354] _Ibid._, pp. 594, 602; Ludovico à Paramo, p. 106.
[355] Limborch, _Historia Inquisitionis_, p. 124, cap. ix;
_Directorium_, pp. 631-2.
[356] See Lea, vol. i, p. 379.
[357] See Vacandard, _op. cit._, p. 139.
[358] Douais, _L’Inquisition_, p. 246; De Cauzons, vol. ii, p. 134.
[359] Vacandard, p. 142; Lea, vol. i, pp. 388-9.
[360] In sentences the name of the bishop preceded that of the
inquisitor. Bernard Gui, _Practica_, p. 93.
[361] Arnaldo Albertini, _Tractatus de Agnoscendis Assertionibus
Catholicis et haereticis_, in F. Zilettus, _op. cit._, vol. xi, pt. ii,
pp. 52 _et seq._
[362] See Tanon, p. 218.
[363] Vacandard, p. 162.
[364] Simancas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, pp. 96-7, 104, 122.
[365] Moeller, _op. cit._, p. 740. ‘The spirit of the inquisitors is
another matter. There is room for distrust of their propensity to
discover heresies everywhere. Their _amour propre_ was engaged to
discover it under the most puzzling appearances.’
[366] See J. à Royas, _De Haereticis_, in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii,
pp. 212-24 (_passim_); Albertini, _op. cit._, p. 53; Ludovico à Paramo,
p. 544. See both Royas and Albertini _passim_ on the general question
of how to recognize a heretic, also Simancas in tit. xxxi.
[367] Simancas, p. 155.
[368] Eymeric, _Directorium_, p. 343. ‘Haeretici affirmativi dicti
sunt, qui habent eorum quae sunt fidei, errorem in mente, et verbo
vel facto ostendunt, se modis praedictis habere pertinaciam in
voluntate.’—‘Negativi vero haeretici dicti sunt, qui coram judice fidei
per testes legitimos de aliqua haeresi, vel errore, quos nolunt vel non
possunt repellere, rite sive juste convicti sunt, sed non confessi,
immo in negativa constanter perseverant; verbo fidem catholicam
profitentur et detestantur etiam verbo haereticam pravitatem.’ _Cf._ p.
561.
[369] Lea, vol. i, pp. 433-4. ‘That a man against whom nothing
substantial was proved should be punished merely because he was
suspected of guilt may seem to modern eyes a scant measure of justice;
but to the inquisitor it appeared a wrong to God and man that any one
should escape against whose orthodoxy there rested a shadow of doubt.
Like much else taught by the Inquisition, this found its way into
general criminal laws, which it perverted for centuries.’
[370] Simancas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, pp. 133-5. See Tanon, p.
334.
[371] See Douais, _L’Inquisition_, Appendix, p. 276, Raymond of
Peñaforte’s ruling.
[372] See Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 360. Council of Narbonne, 1235. ‘Quinam
existimandi fautores haereticorum.’ A sin in the eyes of the Church;
and, it should be added, highly improper and dangerous conduct probably
in the eyes of the average man in those days.
[373] Albertini in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 82.
[374] Ludovico à Paramo, _op. cit._, pp. 37, 45.
[375] _Cf._ De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 203.
[376] See Fournier, _op. cit._, pp. 235-7, 262-73. See also Esmein,
_op. cit._, pp. 66-134 (_passim_), English version, pp. 8-16, 78-94.
[377] _Practica_, p. 182.
[378] Fournier, _op. cit._, p. 265; Tanon, pp. 272-6.
[379] Fournier, pp. 266-7.
[380] For forms of citation, see Bernard Gui, _Practica_, pp. 3 _et
seq._; Tanon, pp. 339 _et seq._
[381] Fournier, p. 273. The inquisitor, or his delegate. _Supra_, p.
180.
[382] Bernard Gui, _Practica_, pp. 235 _et seq._; Eymeric, pp. 465
_et seq._ _Cautelae inquisitorum contra haereticorum cavillationes et
fraudes._
[383] B. Hauréau, _Bernard Délicieux et l’inquisition albigeoise_
(Paris, 1877), p. 89.
[384] _Cf._ Tanon, p. 357.
[385] On the ‘shock’ of accusation, see Langlois, _op. cit._, p. 56. On
methods of interrogatories generally, see Molinier, _op. cit._, pp. 328
_et seq._
[386] See Tanon, pp. 388-9.
[387] _Ibid._, pp. 390 _et seq._; Limborch (Eng. tr.), vol. i, p. 179.
[388] Bernard Gui’s _Practica_, pp. 189-90, 243. ‘Non ... expedit quod
omnes interrogationes scribantur, sed tantum ille que magis tangunt
substantiam vel naturam facti.’ _Cf._ Ludovico à Paramo, p. 523.
[389] See Molinier, pp. 155, 327.
[390] See Simancas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, pp. 103-8, 121-2, 202;
Lea, vol. i, pp. 441-2.
[391] Eymeric, _Directorium_, p. 662.
[392] _Ibid._, p. 663, Peña’s comment, No. 119. ‘Familiares &
domesticos non admitti in hoc crimine ad defendendum reum, & ratio
non inepta haec potest, nam quemadmodum nemo unquam carnem suam odio
habuit, eodem modo nemo putandus est consanguineos suos odio habere,
tum etiam quia cum ex hoc crimine infamia in filios descendat, si
filii ad testimonium dicendum pro parentibus admitterentur, facile ut
infamiam vitarent, mentirentur.’
[393] On the question of the confessional, see De Cauzons, vol. ii, pp.
214-7; Douais, _L’Inquisition_, p. 279, in treatise ascribed to Raymond
of Peñaforte; Lea, vol. i, p. 437 and note. For decree of Council of
Tarragona, see Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 555-6. See also E. Martène and U.
Durand, _Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum_ (Paris, 1717), vol. v, p. 1802.
_Doctrina de Modo Procedendi contra Haereticos_, the section _Qualiter
sacerdos debet inquirere in confessione de facto haeresis._ ‘Item,
injungitur sacerdotibus quod in poenitentiis diligenter inquirant de
haereticis & Insabbatis, credentibus, & fautoribus eorumdem, & si quid
invenerint, fideliter conscribant, & mox cum illo vel cum illis qui hoc
confessi fuerint, episcopo, vel ejus vicario, quid super hoc invenerint
manifestent. Si vero confessus noluerit consentire, ut quod dictum est
reveletur episcopo vel ejus vicario, Ipse nihilominus sacerdos requirat
consilium non specificando personam a peritis & Deum timentibus,
qualiter sit ulterius procedendum.’
[394] _Directorium_, p. 480.
[395] See Tanon, p. 401.
[396] Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 838.
[397] De Cauzons, vol. ii, p. 188.
[398] See Ludovico à Paramo, p. 550; Simancas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt.
ii, pp. 138-40.
[399] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, p. 136. ‘Arnaldus Pagesii, de
Mossoleux, comparuit apud Carcassonam coram domino episcopo Carcassone;
et requisitus si vult se deffendere de hiis qui in inquisitione inventa
sunt contra eum, respondit quod nullus pro vero potest aliquid dicere
de ipso. Requisitus si velit ea de scriptis recipere, dixit quod
non; et aliter non vult se deffendere. _Item_, requisitus si habet
inimicos, dixit quod sic, Ber. Gausbert et Martinum Montanerii, sed
nullam legitimam causam inimicitiarum assignavit; et alios inimicos
noluit nominare.’ Cf. _ibid._, p. 178. See also Lea, vol. i, pp. 578-9,
appendix.
[400] Tanon, p. 402.
[401] _Ibid._, p. 362.
[402] Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 573, § 23. ‘Teneatur praeterea Potestas,
seu rector, omnes haereticos quos captos habuerit, cogere, citra membri
diminutionem & mortis periculum, tanquam vere latrones & homicidas
animarum, & fures sacramentorum Dei & fidei Christianae, errores suos
expresse fateri, & accusare alios haereticos quos sciunt, & bona
eorum, & credentes & receptatores, & defensores eorum, sicut coguntur
fures & latrones bonorum temporalium accusare suos complices, & fateri
maleficia quae fecerunt.’ _Cf._ David of Augsburg, quoted by Douais,
_L’Inquisition_, pp. 171-2 note.
[403] By the time of the Spanish Inquisition of Ferdinand and Isabella
torture had come to be accepted as a most praiseworthy and Christian
institution. _Cf._ Simancas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 204.
[404] Potthast, _Regesta Pontificum Romanorum_ (Berlin, 1874 _et
seq._), No. 18057.
[405] _Ibid._, No. 18390.
[406] Tanon, p. 379.
[407] See _supra_, p. 161.
[408] Lea, vol. i, pp. 423-4, with reference to the infrequent mention
of torture in inquisitorial registers. ‘Apparently it was felt that
to record its use would in some way invalidate the force of the
testimony.’ _Cf._ Tanon, p. 377. ‘Cette particularité (silence) n’est
pas spéciale aux registres de l’Inquisition. La plupart des registres
criminels des juridictions laïques, pour les époques auxquelles
la “question” était d’une application constante, la présentent
pareillement. La question était un incident de procédure qui donnait
lieu d’abord à un interlocutoire, puis à un procès-verbal spécial, dont
la transcription dans les registres n’était nullement nécessaire. Le
greffier qui rédigeait la sentence, lorsqu’il relatait les aveux de
l’accusé, était beaucoup moins préoccupé de constater les moyens de
contrainte à l’aide desquels ils avaient été obtenus que la réitération
de ces mêmes aveux, réputés alors volontiers, hors de la chambre de
torture.’
[409] Eymeric, _Directorium_, p. 640; Peña’s comment, 110, p. 643.
[410] _Ibid._, comment 39, p. 520. ‘Cum reus fuit leviter et molliter
tortus, repeti potest in tormentis, ita ut sufficienter torqueatur, ...
et haec non tam dicitur repetitio torturae quam continuatio.’
[411] Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, No. 318.
[412] Eymeric, Peña’s comment, p. 521.
[413] _Ibid._, p. 519.
[414] _Ibid._, pp. 480, 592, 614.
[415] See Tanon, p. 433. Out of 200 cases before the Carcassonne
tribunal there was only one acquittal.
[416] Ludovico à Paramo, p. 269.
[417] They were also, of course, a warning. ‘The punishment of one
is the fear of many,’ remarks Simancas sententiously, Zilettus, vol.
xi, pt. ii, p. 179. But the main object is repentance and conversion.
_Ibid._, p. 181.
[418] Bernard Gui, _Practica_, p. 38.
[419] _Ibid._, pp. 94-8.
[420] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, p. 181.
[421] Bernard Gui, _Practica_, p. 95; _Liber Sententiarum_ in Limborch,
_Historia Inquisitionis_, pp. 218, 347. For an instance of this sort of
sentence, see Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 116-17. ‘Injunctum fuit
Ullixi in penitentia per inquisitores pro perjurio, quia non resumpsit
cruces sicut juraverat, quod dominica post instantem dominicam in lxxͣ
veniat Carcassonam visitaturus omnes ecclesias Burgi Carcassonensis
nudis pedibus in camesis et braceis, cum virgis in manu, eundo de una
ecclesia ad aliam; et idem faciet in prima dominica mensium singulorum
quousque transeat ultra mare. Et hoc fuit ei injunctum in virtute
praestiti juramenti.’
[422] Lea, vol. i, p. 464; De Cauzons, vol. ii, p. 303.
[423] Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 271, § iv. Bernard Gui’s sentences are full
of the infliction of this penance. Cf. _Liber Sententiarum_, pp. 40-5,
100-17, 185-91, 218-28.
[424] Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 693. ‘Cum peccatores sint ad poenitentiam
invitandi juxta Dominicam vocem, gaudere oportet si poenitentiam
impositam libenter suscipiunt et supportant. Quocirca statuimus,
& in virtute sancti Spiritus inhibemus, ne poenitentibus, quibus
cruces pro crimine haeresis imponuntur, irrisio ulla fiat, nec a
locis propriis seu communibus commerciis excludantur, ne retardetur
conversio peccatorum, & ne conversi propter scandalum abjecta
poenitentia relabantur. Et si moniti desistere noluerint, per censuram
ecclesiasticam compellantur.’ _Cf._ Bernard Gui, _Practica_, pp. 101-2.
[425] Eymeric, _Directorium_, pp. 702-4; Molinier, _op. cit._, pp. 23,
390.
[426] _Practica_, pp. 165, 169.
[427] Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 213, 237.
[428] ‘Filios haereticorum, etiam natos ante crimen commissum, sub
poenis, & prohibitionibus canonicis comprehendi.’ J. à Royas in
Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 231.
[429] See Lea, vol. i, pp. 471-81.
[430] While in France the Inquisition took no official record of
confiscation—it was automatically carried out by the State—in Italy the
tribunal gave a formal declaratory sentence of confiscation. Zanchino,
_Tractatus de Haereticis_, chs. xxiii, xxv, xxvi.
[431] See Lea, vol. i, pp. 520-1.
[432] Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 574-5.
[433] See Lea, vol. iii, p. 525. On whole question of confiscation, see
also Tanon, _op. cit._, pp. 523-38.
[434] Lea, vol. i, p. 529. Lea was the first historian to go into the
financial aspect of the Inquisition at all thoroughly. He devotes a
whole chapter, book i, ch. xiii, to the subject of confiscation. ‘It
was this,’ in his view, ‘which supplied the fuel which kept up the
fires of zeal, and when it was lacking, the business of defending the
faith languished lamentably.’
[435] _Cf._ Langlois, _op. cit._, p. 74.
[436] See De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. i, pp. 48-53. P. 53. ‘Ce n’est
pas ambition ni cupidité: c’est instinct de préservation.’ But see
Vacandard, _op. cit._, pp. 202-3. ‘But would the ecclesiastical and lay
princes, who, in varying proportion, shared with the Holy Office in
these confiscations, and who in some countries appropriated them all,
have accorded to the Inquisition that continual good-will and help,
which was the condition of its prosperity without what Lea calls “the
stimulant of pillage”? We may well doubt it.’
[437] _Directorium_, pp. 709-22.
[438] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 6, 7, 15, 18, 20, 23, 26,
29, 30, 34; Tanon, _op. cit._, p. 482; Vacandard, _op. cit._, p. 193.
Eymeric imposed this penance on the _violently_ suspect, _Directorium_,
pp. 530-1.
[439] See Lea, vol. i, p. 487.
[440] See _supra_, p. 161; Molinier, _op. cit._, p. 449.
[441] See Lea, vol. i, p. 492.
[442] See provisions of the decrees of the Council of Toulouse (1229),
in Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 196; and of the Council of Albi (1244),
_ibid._, p. 840.
[443] See Tanon, _op. cit._, p. 544.
[444] Tanon, p. 519; Simancas, _op. cit._, p. 133. For form of
sentence, _Practica_, p. 59. ‘.... Dirui ac moliri funditus ita quod de
cetero in loco seu solo ejus nulla humana habitatio seu reedificatio
aut clausio ibi fiat, seu locus inhabitabilis et incultus et inclausus
semper existat, et sicut fuit receptaculum perfidorum, sic deinceps ex
nunc perpetuo sordium locus fiat.’
[445] _Ibid._
[446] Lea, vol. i, p. 483.
[447] Tanon, _op. cit._, pp. 404-7.
[448] Bernard Gui, _Practica_, pp. 129, 144; _Liber Sententiarum_, pp.
93, 208; Douais, _L’Inquisition_, pp. 297, 298, 324.
[449] _Directorium_, pp. 514-16.
[450] _Practica_, pp. 124, 127. ‘Cum ecclesia ultra non habet quod
faciat pro suis demeritis contra ipsum, idcirco eundem relinquimus
brachio et judicio curie secularis.’
[451] Lea, vol. i, pp. 544-6.
[452] The formula ran, ‘Eundem N. tanquam haereticum relinquimus
brachio et judicio curie saecularis, eandem affectuose rogantes
prout canonice sanctiones, quatenus citra mortem et membrorum ejus
mutilationem circa judicium et suam sententiam moderetur.’ _Practica_,
p. 127. Cf. _Directorium_, pp. 554, 559.
[453] Douais, _L’Inquisition_, pp. 264-8; Maillet, _op. cit._, ch. iv.
[454] _Supra_, pp. 152-6.
[455] Admitted candidly by Peña. See _Directorium_, p. 131, comm. 20.
[456] See Simancas, p. 147. See Vacandard, _op. cit._, on the Church’s
use of secular aid, pp. 27-8. ‘Nor were they content with merely
accepting it. They declared that the State had not only the right to
help the Church in suppressing heresy, but that she was in duty bound
to do so.’
[457] ‘A legal fiction,’ is Vacandard’s way of putting it; a
‘hypocrisy,’ Lea’s. Langlois calls it ‘a miserable equivocation.’ See
Vacandard, _op. cit._, pp. 178-9. ‘We regret to state, however, that
the civil judges were not supposed to take these words literally. If
they were at all inclined to do so, they would have been quickly called
to a sense of their duty by being excommunicated. The clause inserted
by the canonists was a mere legal fiction, which did not change matters
a particle.’
[458] J. à Royas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 231.
[459] Simancas, _ibid._, p. 181.
[460] Ludovico à Paramo, bk. i, p. 47.
[461] For description of _Sermo generalis_, see _Directorium_, pp.
437-42, 548-59; _Practica_, pp. 83-6.
[462] In 897 Pope Stephen VII had dug up the body of his predecessor,
Formosus, solemnly tried and condemned it, had it mutilated and thrown
into the Tiber. There is a case in 1022 of the body of a Manichæan of
Orleans, who had died three years before, being exhumed.
[463] See Lea, vol. i, pp. 231-2, 553; De Cauzons, vol. ii, pp. 354-61.
[464] For sentences against the dead, see _Practica_, pp. 58, 122-6;
_Liber Sententiarum_, pp. 32-4, 162-7, 333.
[465] _Ibid._, pp. 43, 48.
[466] _Ibid._, p. 54.
[467] _Liber Sententiarum_, pp. 50, 53.
[468] Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 128-36 (_passim_), 151-2.
[469] There is the case also of a man, condemned to life imprisonment,
being permitted to stay with his invalid father as long as the latter
survived. The father may have been seriously ill and his remaining
days likely to be few. The case is, however, interesting. Douais,
_L’Inquisition_, p. 232.
[470] In the bull, _Fraternitatem tuam_. See Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol.
i, No. 57.
[471] _Directorium_, p. 491. See De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. ii, p.
397.
[472] Ludovico à Paramo, _op. cit._, p. 124. See Tanon, _op. cit._, p.
437.
[473] As for example the Sire de Parthenay, see Lea, vol. i, p. 451;
and the towns of Albi and Carcassonne, see Tanon, pp. 439-40. It is
worth noticing that the notary, who drew up the appeal of the latter
city against Nicholas d’Abbeville, was prosecuted for heresy and
imprisoned.
[474] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. i, p. ccv., where the sentences are
classified.
[475] _Ibid._, vol. ii, pp. 1-87.
[476] Tanon, p. 479.
[477] Taylor, _op. cit._, pp. 283-4 n. ‘The philosophic ideas of such
seem gathered from the flotsam and jetsam of the later antique world;
their stock was not of the best, and bore little interesting fruit for
later times.’
[478] Mandell Creighton, _Persecution and Tolerance_ (1895), p. 55.
‘Leo X was tolerant of the philosophic doubts of Pomponazzo concerning
the immortality of the soul, because such speculations were not likely
to affect the position of the Papacy; but could not allow Luther to
discuss the dubious and complicated question of indulgences because it
might have disastrous effects upon the system of papal finance.’
[479] See Acton, _History of Freedom of Thought_, pp. 569-71.
[480] E. S. P. Haynes, _Religious Persecution_ (1904), p. 40. ‘A
Liberal has recently been defined as one who would never have taken the
chance of imposing silence on the deceivers of mankind. If we hold by
this definition, very few Liberals have ever existed, or do exist now.’
[481] D. G. Ritchie, _Natural Rights_ (1903), p. 160.
[482] _The Catholic Encyclopædia_ (1907-14), on Heresy, vol. vii, p.
261.
[483] Creighton, _Persecution and Tolerance_, pp. 9-10.
[484] Ludovico à Paramo, _op. cit._, pp. 281-2.
[485] _Ibid._, pp. 288-9.
[486] _Ibid._, pp. 333-4.
[487] Joseph de Maistre, _Considérations sur la France suivies ... des
lettres à un gentilhomme russe sur l’inquisition espagnole_ (Brussels,
1844), pp. 281 _et seq._ Cf. _Catholic Encyclopædia_, vol. vii, p. 261.
‘Toleration came in when faith went out.’
[488] De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 9.
[489] Pollock, _Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics_ (1882), on _The
Theory of Persecution_, pp. 144-5. ‘However eager the clergy might be
to stimulate and direct the anger of the faithful against heretics,
their efforts would have been in vain if the bulk of the laity had not
been predisposed to persecute heretics when duly pointed out. So far
from persecution being merely the creature of priestcraft, it would
be as near the truth to say that priestcraft was invented in order to
organize persecution.’
[490] Haynes, _op. cit._, pp. 52-9.
[491] _Ibid._, p. 3. ‘And the heretic—often lacking in tact and a sense
of proportion—is as offensive to the believer as one who should rudely
tell him that his doctor was a quack and his solicitor a swindler.’
_Cf._ p. 55.
[492] Mill, _On Liberty_; Lecky’s _Rationalism_, esp., chs. iv and v.
[493] _Op. cit._, pp. 5, 113-15.
[494] Pollock, _op. cit._, p. 175.
[495] J. B. Bury, _A History of Freedom of Thought_ (Home Univ.
Lib.), p. 14. ‘A long time was needed to arrive at the conclusion
that coercion of opinion is a mistake, and only a part of the world
is yet convinced. That conclusion, so far as I can judge, is the
most important ever reached by man. It was the issue of a continuous
struggle between reason and authority....’
[496] _Cf._ Langlois, _op. cit._, pp. 21-47.
[497] For the trial of the Templars, see H. Finke, _Papstum und
Untergang des Templerordens_ (Münster, 1907); M. Lavocat, _Procès des
Frères et de l’ordre du Temple_ (Paris, 1888); _Collection de Documents
inédits sur l’histoire de France—Procès des Templiers_, J. Michelet
(Paris, 1841); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 238-334. Lea’s treatment of this
complicated subject is masterly, and is conclusive against Philip IV
and Clement V. For the trial of Jeanne d’Arc, see J. Quicherat, _Procès
de Condamnation et de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc_ (Paris, 1841-9);
H. S. Denifle and E. Chatelain, _Le procès de J. d’Arc et l’Université
de Paris_ (Paris, 1897); A. France, _Vie de Jeanne d’Arc_ (Paris,
1908); A. Lang, _The Maid of France_ (1908); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 338-78,
etc. For trial of Savonarola, see P. Villart, _Life and Times of
Savonarola_ (Eng. trans.), 1899; Lea, vol. iii, pp. 209-37. For papal
use of the Inquisition for political purposes, see Lea, vol. iii, ch.
iv, generally.
INDEX
Abano, Peter of, as Averrhoïst, 69
as sorcerer, 109
Abelard, Peter, as rationalist, 7-8, 15, 57-8, 91, 233
Abubacer, Arabian philosopher, 60
_Accusatio_, system of, 141, 143-4
Achellini, Paduan Averrhoïst, 70
Advocates, use of, in Inquisition, 198-9, 240
Aegidius Romanus, vindicates Aristotle against Averrhoïsts, 67
_Affirmative_ heretics, 185
Albertus Magnus of Cologne, 39, 64-7, 75
Albi, Catharan stronghold, 136
Albigensian Crusade, 5, 77, 137-8, 159, 162, 231
Alexander III, Pope, 18, 132, 141, 211
Alexander IV, Pope, 41, 42, 64, 107, 109, 156, 167, 202, 218
Alexander VI, Pope, and witchcraft, 118 _n._
Alexander of Hales, 39, 56
Alfarabi, Arabian philosopher, 59
Alfonso II, King of Aragon, his edict against heretics, 132, 157, 172,
217
Amaury de Bène, his heresies condemned, 49, 53, 63, 165, 225
Amaury of Rheims, Rector of University of Paris, 67
Ambrose, Saint, on Priscillianism, 128
Anjou, Charles of, 168-9
Annibaldi, Senator in Rome, 154
Anselm of Bec, 7-8, 57
Antinomianism, Catharan, 31
of Amaury de Bène, 49
Antisacerdotalism in mediæval heresy, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 32-3, 53,
77, 80, 90, 136, 229-30, 234-5
Aphrodistias, Alexander of, 70
Apostolic Brethren, in Brittany, 15, 17
The followers of Segarelli, 47
Appeals from Inquisition, 226
Aquinas, St. Thomas, and Aristotelianism, 64
and Averrhoïsm, 64-5
and Realism, 91
on nature of heresy, 157-8, 183
otherwise mentioned, 39, 85, 223, 232
Aquitaine, Catharism in, 22
Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
Aragon, Inquisition in, 159, 172-3
Arc, Joan of, 109, 164, 241
Arianism, 125-6, 217
Aristotle and Arabian philosophy, 58-62, 232
and Scholasticism, 63, 66-7, 74
Arnaldo da Villanova, 41
Arnaud of Citeaux, Archbishop of Narbonne and papal legate, 137-8, 144,
146
Arnaud, Guillem, inquisitor, 159
Arnold of Brescia, 15, 18
Arnoldists, followers of Arnold of Brescia, 16, 230
Arras, witches of, 121, 203
Arzevedo, Diego de, Bishop of Osma, his work among Cathari, 137
Asceticism and profligacy, 3-5
Astrology, 108
Athanasius, Saint, on persecution, 126
Aubryot, _prévôt_ of Paris, 163
_Aucassin et Nicolette_, 5-7
Augustine, Saint, on persecution, 55, 96, 127
Augustinianism, in scholastic philosophy, 56, 66-7, 75, 232
_Auto-da-fé_, 163, 180, 223
Auxerre, Hugh, Bishop of, 133
Avempace, Arabian philosopher, 60
Averrhoës, or Ibn-Roschd, his career, 60 _n._
his philosophy, 58, 60-2
attitude to religion, 61-2
and _The Three Impostors_, 72
views of Gerson concerning, 72
views of Petrarch concerning, 71-2
Avicenna, Arabian philosopher, 59-60
Avignon, ‘Babylonish captivity’ of, 11, 71, 80, 86, 103
Bacon, Roger, 39, 53, 74, 107
Baghdad, Aristotelian philosophers in caliphate of, 59-60
Banishment, penalty for heresy, 217, 221
Basel, Council of, 12, 234
Beatific Vision, dogma of, 84-5, 233
Beghards or Beguines, 48, 50-1, 75, 165-6, 214
_Believers_, Catharan adherents, 29-31
Benedict XI, Pope, 162
Benedict XII, Pope, 175
Benedict XIV, Pope, 50-1
Berengar of Tours, 7, 57, 130, 140 _n._, 229
Bergamo, Dolcino’s crusade in, 47
Bernard de Caux, inquisitor in Languedoc, 148, 202, 215, 227
Bernard, Saint, and Abelard, 8, 57
and Henry of Lausanne, 17
otherwise mentioned, 3, 38, 85
Béziers, Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
fall of, in Albigensian Crusade, 138
Bishops, failure of their courts to deal with heresy, 141-5
their part in Inquisition, 182-3
Black Death, its influence on Flagellant mania, 51
Boccaccio, his tale of _The Three Rings_, 72-3
Boëthius of Dacia, Parisian Averrhoïst, 58, 66-9
Bogomiles, Manichæan sect, 22, 24, 26
Bohemia, Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51
Husitism in, 94-8 (_passim_), 175
Inquisition in, 159, 174-5
Bois, Peter du, 78
Bologna, University of, 6, 70, 95
Bonaventura, Saint, 39, 41, 53, 56
Boniface VIII, Pope, 42, 77-80, 107, 160, 174
Boniface IX, 50
Bosnia, Catharism in, 174
Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, 103, 164
Brescia, Dolcino in, 47
‘Brethren of the Free Spirit,’ 49, 51, 165-6, 175
British Isles, their immunity from Inquisition, 176-7
Brittany, _see_ Apostolic Brethren
Bruno of Cologne, founder of Carthusian order, 38
Bruys, Pierre de, 17
Bulgaria, Catharism in, 23 _n._, 174
Bulls, papal:
_Ad abolendam_ (Lucius III), 133
_Ad extirpanda_ (Innocent IV), 155-7, 167, 201, 213, 221
_Clericis laïcos_ (Boniface VIII), 77, 79
_Cum adversus haereticam pravitatem_ (Innocent IV), 154, 220
_Cum inter nonnullos_ (John XXII), 45
_Etsi de statu_ (Boniface VIII), 79
_Excommunicamus_ (Gregory IX), 153-4
_Exiit qui seminat_ (Nicholas III), 42, 44
_Licet Heli_ (Innocent III), 190
_Pastoralis Praeeminentiae_ (Clement V), 176
_Quod super nonnullis_ (Alexander IV), 107
_Quorundam_ (John XXII), 43-4
_Unam sanctam_ (Boniface VIII), 77
Burgundy, Inquisition in, 159
Robert le Bugre in, 163
Calabria, Joachim of Flora in, 34
Calomar, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia, 174
Cambrai, burning of heretics at, _anno_ 1076, 129-30
Robert le Bugre in, 162
Canon law, and clerical abuses, 12
and witchcraft, 112-13
and torture, 177, 201
and death-penalty, 131, 134, 143, 193, 222, 238
Carcassonne, Catharism in, 148
Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
Castelnau, Pierre de, papal legate in Languedoc, 137, 144-6
Cathari, 12, 22-34, 38, 46, 77, 84, 95, 128-38, 151, 159, 160, 170,
211, 214-18, 229, 236, 242
Celestine III, Pope, 34
Cesena, Michael de, 79, 81, 85
Châlons, Apostolic Brethren in diocese of, 15
_Chambre ardente_ in _Parlement de Paris_, 165
Champagne, Catharism in, 22
Robert le Bugre in, 162
Charles IV, Emperor, 165
Chrysostom, Saint, on treatment of heretics, 113, 126-7
Citations, inquisitorial, 188, 192
Civil courts, influence of Inquisition on, 177, 205 _n._, 242
_Civitas Dei_, conception of, 1, 12, 32, 77
_Clarendon, Assize of_, 132, 177, 217-18
Clement V, Pope, 42, 44, 48, 156, 161-2, 176-7, 202
Clement VI, Pope, 52
Clement VII, Pope, 85
‘Clementines,’ the, decrees of Clement V, 161-2, 165
Cologne, mob and heretics in, _anno_ 1143, 180
Commutation of penalties in Inquisition, 225-6
_Compagnia della Fede_, in Milan, 167
Conciliar movement, 12-13, 96, 103
Confiscation of property, inquisitorial penalty, 211-14, 216-17, 227
Conrad of Marburg, 146, 147 _n._, 165
_Consolamentum_, Catharan rite, 28-31
Constance, Council of, 51, 98-102, 234
Constantine, Emperor, 125, 151
Contumacious heretics, treatment of, 219, 221, 227
Conventuals, _see_ Franciscans
Cordova, Aristotelian philosophers in caliphate of, 59
Council, General, principle of, 11-12, 81-3
views of Michael of Cesena concerning, 81
views of Ockham, 81
views of Marsiglio, 82
views of Gerson, D’Ailly, Niem, etc., 11, 96-7
Councils, decrees of ecclesiastical:
Albi (1254), 199
Avignon (1209), 143
Béziers (1233), 209
Béziers (1246), 209-10, 215, 220
Lateran (1179), second, 132
Lateran (1215), fourth, 141-3, 155, 201, 222
Montpellier (1119), 136, 143
Narbonne (1227), 143, 208, 215
Rheims (1049), 131
Rheims (1157), 131, 141, 217
Tarragona (1242), 173, 197, 205, 220
Toulouse (1119), 131
Tours (1163), 131
Valence (1248), 148, 209
Verona (1184), 19, 133, 141-2, 155, 217
Vienne (1311-12), 43-4, 70, 161, 180, 183
Counsellors, inquisitorial, or _periti_, 182
Creighton, Bishop, on religious tolerance, 238
Cremona, Peter Martyr in, 167
_Crocesegnati_, the, 167
Crosses, wearing of, as inquisitorial penance, 208-9, 225, 227-8
Crusade, _see_ Albigensian
Crusades and Islamism, 62, 70-3
Czech nationalism and Husite movement, 95, 103
D’Ailly, Cardinal Peter, a moderate reformer, 11, 234
his defence of Conciliar movement, 86, 97
at Council of Constance, 98, 100, 102
and astrology, 108
Dalmatia, Inquisition in, 174
Damiani, Peter, 38
Dancing mania, the, 5, 53, 105, 166
Dante, and Joachim of Flora, 34
and Dolcino, 47
and Siger of Brabant, 69
his _De Monarchia_, 80-1
Defence, difficulties of, in Inquisition, 192-205 (_passim_), 240-2
_Defensor Pacis_, Marsiglio’s, 45, 82-3
Delation, inquisitorial encouragement of, 141-4, 180-1
Delays, inquisitorial, 200-1, 228
Delegates, inquisitors as papal, 144-9 (_passim_), 179
assistants to inquisitors, 180
Délicieux, Bernard, 160, 162, 194
_De aeternitate mundi_, work by Siger, 66
_De anima intellectiva_, work by Siger, 66
_De haeretico comburendo_, statute of, 94, 177
_De modis uniendi et reformandi ecclesiam_, tract attributed to Niem, 97
_De unitate intellectus contra Averroëm_, of Albertus Magnus, 64
_De unitate intellectus contra Averroïstas_, of Aquinas, 66
_Denuntiatio_, judicial system of, 141, 144
_Diffamatio_, judicial system of, 143, 190-3
Disabilities, civil, of heretics, 217
Dolcino, Fra, 12, 47-8, 214, 231
Dominic, Saint, 38-9, 137, 145, 208-9
Dominicans, in University of Paris, 56, 64
rivalry with Franciscans, 65, 232
use by Gregory IX against heretics, 140
areas allotted to, for prosecution of heresy, 159
Donatists, 14, 125, 127, 229
Duns Scotus, 91
Eccelin da Romano, 168
Eckhart, Master, 49, 53
Edward I and Boniface VIII, 79
Edward II and Templars, 176-7
Elias of Cortona, 39
Empire and Papacy, their relations, 1-3, 13, 42, 45, 72, 79, 84, 152
Endura, Catharan suicide, 27, 29
England and Inquisition, _see_ British Isles
Eon de l’Etoile, 12, 15, 17, 231
Episcopal Courts, _see_ Bishops
Erasmus, 72, 166
Eriugena, John Scotus, 57, 229, 233
Eugenius IV, Pope, 51, 103, 118
Evidence, rules of, in Inquisition, 195-8
Excommunication, of heretics, 217, 224
for secular rulers neglecting their duties against heretics, 156-7
Extortion, inquisitorial, 210-14
Eymeric, Nicholas, inquisitor of Aragon, on authorship of
_The Everlasting Gospel_, 36
relations with Raymond Lully, 71
complaints of poverty of Aragonese Inquisition, 173
his ideals as inquisitor, 179
on use of advocates, 198-9
on use of torture, 203-4
on fines in Inquisition, 210, 214
on eleventh hour repentances, 219
his _Directorium Inquisitorum_, 244-5
Fabiano, inquisitor, 174
Fabri, citizen of Carcassonne, prosecuted posthumously, 160
Familiars, inquisitorial officials, 180-1
Fautors of heretics, treatment of, 187
Ferdinand the Catholic, of Aragon, 172
Ferrer, inquisitor in Languedoc, 159
Fines, exaction of, by Inquisition, 210-11
Fiore, _see_ Joachim of Flora
Fitzralph, Archbishop of Armagh, on doctrine of poverty, 84
Flagellants, why considered heretics, 5, 231
spread of the mania, 51-3, 105, 166, 242
Flagellation, inquisitorial penance, 208-9
Flanders, Tanchelm in, 14
Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51, 53
Robert le Bugre in, 162-3
Florence, Peter Martyr in, 167
France, northern, Inquisition in, 151, 159, 162-5
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 8, 38-48 (_passim_), 53
Franciscans, influence of their founder, 38
of Elias of Cortona, 39
the Conventuals, 39, 41, 43, 79
the Spirituals, 41-4, 48-53 (_passim_), 77-84 (_passim_), 231
rivalry with Dominicans, 56, 65, 146-8, 159, 232
used by Gregory IX against heretics, 146-8
areas allotted to them for prosecution of heresy, 159
Fraticelli, in Languedoc, 45, 214
in Germany, 48-9
Frederick I, Barbarossa, Emperor, relations of Church and State
under, 2
his treatment of heretics, 133, 150, 157
Frederick II, Emperor, and Averrhoïsts, 62
and _The Three Impostors,_ 72
his _Constitutions_ against heresy, 149-56, 166, 169, 220
question of his responsibility for the stake, 151-2
orders destruction of heretics’ houses, 218
Gaunt, John of, 93
Geoffrey d’Ablis, inquisitor in Languedoc, 202
Gerard of Abbeville, opponent of Mendicants in University of Paris, 65
Germany, Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51-3
Illuminism in, 47
Inquisition in, 50, 151, 157, 165-166, 218
Gerson, Jean, moderate reformer, 11, 234
on Averrhoës, 72
on General Councils, 96-8, 102
Ghazali, or Algazel, opponent of Arabian Aristotelianism, 60
Gherardo da Borgo San Donnino, reputed author of
_The Everlasting Gospel_, 36
Ghibellines and heresy, 168
Goslar, execution of heretics at, 129
Grace, time of, in inquisitorial practice, 191
Gratian, on witchcraft, 112
on death penalty for heretics, 131
on torture, 201
Greece, infected by Catharism, 22
Gregory VII, Pope, and heretics of Cambrai, 130
Gregory IX, Pope, on teachings of Aristotle, 63
and Frederick II, 72
and the Mendicant orders, 39, 145-9
and Conrad of Marburg, 146
attitude of, to episcopal jurisdiction over heresy, 130, 148-9
question of his responsibility for the stake, 152-5, 220
otherwise mentioned, 162, 166, 169, 173
Gregory XI, Pope, 50, 109, 118 _n._, 166, 170
Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, 8, 9, 35, 63
Guala, Bishop of Brescia, 153
Guglielma, 46, 105
Gui, Bernard, inquisitor in Languedoc, 184, 202
his resentment against the _Clementines_, 161
on the ideal inquisitor, 179
classification of his sentences, 227
his _Practica_, 245
his _Sententiæ_, 245
Harding, Stephen, 38
Henry II of England, and Cathari, 132
and Assize of Clarendon, 132, 157
Henry III, Emperor, and Cathari, 129
Henry VI, Emperor, 132-3, 218
Henry of Lausanne, 17
Heretic, definition of, 123, 183-5
compared to coiner, 157-8
compared to traitor, 211, 214, 223
Hohenstaufen, fall of the house of, 77, 79, 168
Holland, Flagellants in, 51
Holy Ghost, predicted advent of, 37, 40
supposed incarnations of, 66, 232
Holy Roman Empire, conceptions of, 1-3, 78
Honorius III, Pope, 8, 35, 150, 169 _n._
Houses, destruction of heretics’, 218
Hugo of Saint Victor, 57
Hungary, Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51
Inquisition in, 174
Hus, John, expounds doctrines of Wycliffe, 94-6
summoned to Bologna, 95
his doctrine of Predestination, 96
at Constance, 98-103
otherwise mentioned, 11, 12, 175, 234, 243, 244
Illuminism, 49, 51
Immaculate Conception, dogma of the, 86, 233
_Impenitent_ heretic, treatment of the, 219-21, 224
_Imperfect_ heretic, treatment of the, 185
_Impostors, The Three_, 72
Imprisonment, inquisitorial penance, 212, 214, 225, 227-8
perpetual, 131, 215-16, 220-1, 227
Innocent III, Pope, and Albigensian Crusade, 135-7
and system of _inquisitio_, 144-5
and demolition of heretics’ houses, 218
Innocent IV, Pope, his bull _Cum adversus haereticam pravitatem_, 154-5
his bull _Ad extirpanda_, 155, 167, 201, 213
his regulations regarding torture, 156, 201-2
on exaction of fines, 210
on demolition of heretics’ houses, 218
his attitude towards persecution, 220
otherwise mentioned, 9, 42, 146, 148
Innocent VIII and witchcraft, 118
_Inquisitio generalis_, 191-2
_Inquisitio specialis_, 191-2
_Inquisitio_, judicial system of, 177, 190, 242
Intellect, the active and passive, Averrhoïst doctrine of, 60-1, 66-7
Interrogatory, inquisitorial, 192-205 (_passim_)
Intolerance, religious, its causes, 235-6, 238
Italy, Manichæism in, 22
Arnaldo da Villanova in, 41
Spiritual Franciscans in, 43-5,47, 60
Flagellants in, 51
Siger of Brabant in, 69
Averrhoïsm in, 70
Inquisition in, 44, 151, 153, 157, 166-71, 213, 217
Isabella, Queen of Castile, 172
Islam, philosophy of, 59-61
Lully’s crusade against, 70-1
Ivo of Chartres, 112, 141, 225
Janow, Matthias of, 94
Jehovah, Catharan views concerning, 23
Jerome of Prague, at Council of Constance, 98, 102
Poggio and his death, 102
otherwise mentioned, 95, 126, 175, 243
Joachim of Flora, 34-8, 40-7
John the Baptist, Catharan views on, 25
John of Parma, _see_ Parma
John XXI, Pope, 68
John XXII, Pope, his attitude towards doctrine of poverty, 43-5, 77
relations with Lewis of Bavaria, 45, 79, 84
attacked by Michael of Cesena, Ockham, etc., 79, 81
attitude towards doctrine of Beatific Vision, 85
attitude towards sorcery, 109
otherwise mentioned, 162
Julian, Emperor, on persecution among Christians, 106, 125
Kerlinger, German inquisitor, 166
Koran, orthodox faith of, 59, 70
Kremsier, John Militz, 94
Lactantius, on persecution, 124
Landun, John of, Averrhoïst, 69, 70
Languedoc, Saracen influence in, 16, 62, 231
Henricians in, 17
Catharism in, 41, 138
Joachitism in, 41, 43
Averrhoïsm in, 62
Inquisition in, 159-62, 215-17, 218
otherwise mentioned, 136, 137, 139, 230
Lawyers in Inquisition, 182
Lecky, W. E. H., on religious persecution, 238
Leo I, Pope, 128
Leo X, Pope, as patron of Aristotelianism, 70
Leo the Isaurian, 22
Lessines, Gilles de, in correspondence with Albertus Magnus, 65-6
Lessing, his _Nathan der Weise_, 73
Lewis the Bavarian, his conflict with John XXII, 45, 79
Liège, mob and heretics in, _anno_ 1145, 130
Locke, on religious toleration, 235
Lollards, extent of their influence, 93-4, 103
Lombard, Peter, 57, 85
Lombardy, Dolcino in, 48
Inquisition in, 150, 153, 167-8
Lorraine, Inquisition in, 159
Louis the Great of Hungary, 174
Louis IX, King of France, 151, 163
Luciferans, _see_ Brethren of the Free Spirit
Lucius III, Pope, 133, 211-12, 226
Lully, Raymond, his crusade against Islam, 70
in conflict with Eymeric, 71
Luther, his indebtedness to Hus, 103, 234
otherwise mentioned, 89, 92, 106, 166
Lutheranism, soil prepared for, in Germany, 49, 51
Magdeburg, Albert, Archbishop of, 153
Maifreda, devotee of Guglielma, 46
Mainz, Pragmatic Sanction of, 103
Maistre, Joseph de, on tolerance, 237
defends Spanish Inquisition, 240
_Malleus Maleficarum_, by Sprenger, 113
Manichæism, revival of ancient, 22, 32
its different forms, 24, 27
in Roman empire, 126-7
otherwise, _see_ Catharism
Marca, Giacomo della, his crusade in Slavonia, 174
Marguerite la Porète, her execution, 163
Marriage, Catharan views concerning, 27
views of Conrad Schmidt concerning, 52-3
Marsh, Adam, 35
Marsiglio of Padua, arguments of his _Defensor Pacis_, 45, 53, 73,
82-4, 86-7, 97
Martin V, Pope, 103
Martin of Tours and Priscillian, 128
Martyr, Peter, as inquisitor in Italy, 167
Mary, the Virgin, Catharan views concerning, 14, 25
_See_ also Immaculate Conception
Maximus, Emperor, and Priscillian, 127-8
Melfi, Constitutions of, 150-1
Mendicant orders, _see_ under Dominicans, Franciscans
Metempsychosis, Catharan belief in, 26
Milan, Guglielmites in, 46
Dolcino in, 47
Peter Martyr in, 167
Mill, John Stuart, his views on religious toleration, 238
Minorites, _see_ Franciscans
Missionary character of inquisitors, 188-90, 219, 239-40
Mithraism, 123
Moneta, on Waldensianism, 19
Montfort, Simon de, in Albigensian Crusade, 138
Montségur, fall of, 160
Moors, _see_ Saracens
Moral offences, when triable by Inquisition, 187-8
Naples, Inquisition in, 168
Narbonne, Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
Arabian philosophy in, 62
Nationality, force of, in religious matters, 2-3, 78-80, 94-5, 103, 177
Navarre, Inquisition in, 159
_Negative_ heretic, treatment of, 185
Neoplatonism, 55-6, 59, 123
Nicaea, Council of, 125
Nicholas d’Abbeville, inquisitor in Languedoc, 160, 226 _n._
Nicholas III, Pope, 42, 44
Nicholas V, Pope, 164, 169
Niem, Dietrich, and Conciliar movement, 11, 97-8
Nifo, Augustino, Paduan Averrhoïst, 70
Nominalism, its tendencies towards Tritheism or Unitarianism, 7, 234
and doctrine of Transubstantiation, 91, 92, 95
Norbert, Saint, Archbishop of Magdeburg, 14, 38
Ockham, William of, in controversy against John XXII, 45, 53, 79
his arguments in favour of General Councils, 81-2, 97
otherwise mentioned, 91
Olivi, Pierre Jean, 41
Orcagna, his delineation of Averrhoës, 72
Ordeal, used for trial of heresy, 141
Ortlieb of Strassburg, 49
Orvieto, death of Siger of Brabant at, 69
Oxford, University of, 6
Padua, centre of Italian Averrhoïsm, 69-70
Pallavicino, Uberto da, 168
Pantheism, and Realism, 7, 91, 234
in Germany, 49
Paramo, Ludovico à, on origin of Inquisition, 188
on death penalty for heresy, 223
on nature of heresy, 237
Paris, University of, Averrhoïsm in, 56, 63
controversies in, 64, 69
its part in Conciliar movement, 96-7
otherwise mentioned, 6, 35, 50, 85, 164-5
Parlement de Paris, its jurisdiction over heresy, 164-5
Parma, Segarelli in, 47
Inquisition in, 168
Parma, John of, and Spiritual Franciscans, 36, 40-1, 53
Partenay, Sire de, 163 _n._
Paul, Saint, on ‘false prophets,’ 124
otherwise mentioned, 194
Paulicians, _see_ Cathari
Peckham, John, Archbishop, his controversy with the Dominicans, 56, 65
Pedro II, King of Aragon, his edict against heretics, 132, 134, 137,
157, 172, 217
Peñaforte, Raymond of, his influence on Gregory IX regarding heresy,
153
his activity in Aragon, 172-3
his definition of a heretic, 183
Penances, inquisitorial penalties regarded as, 188-90
their nature, 206-15, 219, 221, 227, 239
_Perfected_ heretic, treatment of, 185
_Perfected_, the, among Cathari, 28-31
Peter Lombard, _see_ Lombard
Peter Martyr, _see_ Martyr
Peter the Venerable, 17
Petrarch, his opinion of Averrhoïsts, 71-2
Petrobrusians, 17, 230
Philip Augustus, King of France, his treatment of heretics, 130
and Albigensian Crusade, 137-8
Philip IV, the fair, his quarrel with Boniface VIII, 78, 80, 160
and inquisitorial abuses in Languedoc, 160-1, 202
maintains supremacy of crown over Inquisition in France, 161-4
his attack on Templars, 164
Philosophy, _see_ Scholastic, _also_ Aristotle, Averrhoës, Siger, etc.
Picardy, Catharism in, 22
Piedmont, Waldensianism in, 170
Pilgrimages, inquisitorial penance of, 205-8, 211, 227
Pisa, Council of, 97
Pius II, Pope, 103
Pleadings, possible, for defence before Inquisition, 197-200
Poggio and Jerome of Prague, 102
Poland, Inquisition in, 174-5
Pollock, Sir F., on religious intolerance, 238-9
Polycarp, on heretics, 124
Pomponazzi, as Aristotelian, 70
Ponzinibio and witchcraft, 113
Poor Men of Lyons, _see_ Waldo
Portugal, Inquisition in, 172
Poverty, Franciscan doctrine of, 40-6, 79, 81, 230-1
_Praemunire_, statute of, 79
Prague, University of, 94, 105
Prato, Edict of, 218
Priscillian, Spanish heretic, 127
Prisons, inquisitorial, 215-16
Privileges of inquisitors, 179
Protestants and persecution, 239
Provence, _see_ Languedoc
_Provisors_, Statute of, 79
Pulci, his _Morgante Maggiore_, 73
_Purgatio Canonica_, system of, 142, 191-2
Rainerio Saccone, _see_ Saccone
Rais, Maréchal Gilles de, 109-11
Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, 136
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, 136-7
Realism, philosophy of, its tendency to Pantheism, 7, 234
of Aquinas, 91
of Wycliffe, 91, 95, 233
Reformation, the Protestant, 1, 12, 94, 98, 103-4
Registers, inquisitorial, 181
_Relapsed_ heretic, treatment of, 181, 219-21, 224
Relaxation to secular arm, formula of, 220, 227-8
responsibility of Church for, 220
responsibility of State regarding, 149-50 (_passim_), 221-2, 237-8
Religion, Averrhoïst views regarding, 61, 67-9, 72-6
Renaissance, of twelfth century, 112, 232, 234
Italian, 1, 76, 103, 234
Reuchlin, 104, 166
Richard of Cluny, 19
Robert II, King of France, and Cathari, 128
Robert le Bugre, 162-3
Rome, Annibaldi in, 154
Roscellinus, his heresy, 7, 12, 57, 129, 229
Sabbat, the witches’, 110-16, 121
Saccone, Rainerio, of Vicenza, 167-8
Sachsenhausen, Protest of, 45
Sacraments, Donatist views concerning, 17
Petrobrusian views concerning, 17
Henrician rejection of, 17
Catharan attitude to, 28
Sacraments, Conrad Schmidt’s views concerning, 53
Flagellants’ views concerning, 5, 52
Saint-George, Fulk de, inquisitor in Languedoc, 160
Salimbene, and his Chronicle, 36
Salvation, Exclusive, influence of doctrine on religious intolerance,
238
Saracens, their influence in Languedoc, 16, 62
influence in Spain, 59, 73
on Frederick II, 62
otherwise mentioned, 132, 138
Satan, Catharan views regarding, 24
witches, supposed compact with, 105, 124 (_passim_)
Savonarola, 241
Savoy, Waldenses in, 170
Scandinavia, Inquisition in, 176
Scepticism and religious toleration, 238
Schism, the papal, 11, 12, 71, 80, 86, 96-8, 103, 164, 166, 171
Schmidt, Conrad, 52
Scholastic philosophy, 6-8, 54, 56, 62-76 (_passim_), 81-104,
(_passim_), 232-5
Scot, Michael, 62
Secular arm, _see_ Relaxation
Segarelli, Gherardo, 46-7, 105, 231
Sens, Council of ecclesiastical province of, 63
_Sermo generalis_, see _auto-da-fé_.
Sicily, Inquisition in, 150, 167
Siger of Brabant, leader of Paris Averrhoïsts, 12, 66-9, 244
Sigismund, King of the Romans, at Council of Constance, 99, 101
otherwise mentioned, 174
_Socii_, their functions in Inquisition, 180
Sorcery, 105-11
Spain, Inquisition in, 44, 171-3
Arabian philosophy in, 59-62, 73
Spina, Bartholomew de, on witchcraft, 113, 115
Spiritual Franciscans, _see_ Franciscans
Sprenger, on witchcraft, 113-20 (_passim_)
Stake, the, death of Hus at, 102
of Jerome of Prague at, 102
of de Rais at, 111
of witches at, 118-19
of Cathari at, _anno_ 1022, 128
of heretics of Cambrai at, _anno_ 1076, 129
edict of Pedro II enjoining, 132-3
attitude of mob to, 129-35 (_passim_)
attitude of Church to, 130, 149-58, 219-24
Constitutions of Frederick II relating to, 149-56
responsibility of Gregory IX for, 149-54, 220
justification of, by Aquinas, 157-8
penalty for impenitent and relapsed, 219-20
prescribed by _De Haeretico Comburendo_, 94, 177
ceremony of, at _autos_, 223
frequency of the penalty of, 227-8
Strassburg, mob and heretics at, _anno_ 1114, 130
_Suspects_ of heresy, treatment of, 185-7
Synodal witnesses, _see Testes Synodales_
Tanchelm, 14, 15, 229, 231
Tempier, Etienne, Bishop of Paris, 66-8
Templars, suppression of the, 164, 176-7, 241
Tertullian, on heretics, 124-5
_Testes synodales_, 143, 190-1
Theocracy, mediæval, 1-3, 238, 239-40
Theodosius II, his laws against heretics, 126
Theoduin, Bishop of Liège, his advice regarding treatment of heretics,
130
Toleration, principle of religious, 73, 83, 124-5, 222, 235-9
Tors, Conrad, 165
Torture, of reputed witches, 119-22
used by Constantine against Donatists, 125
in days of Julian, 125-6
used against Templars, 176-7
Edward II prevailed upon to sanction use of, in England, 176-7
of delay, 200-1, 228
as used in Inquisition, 201-5, 240, 242
rules of _Ad extirpanda_ concerning, 201
frequency of, 201-3
repetition or continuation of, 203-4
otherwise mentioned, 227
Transubstantiation, views of Berengar concerning, 7
views of Wycliffe concerning, 90-2, 233
Treason, analogy of heresy to, 211, 214, 223
Treviso, Inquisition in, 169
Trinity, tendencies of Realism and Nominalism regarding doctrine of, 7,
85, 100
Tritheism, of Roscellinus, 7
_Trivium_, the, 56
Troubadours, their antisacerdotalism, 136, 230
Tuscany, Honorius III and heretics in, 169 _n._
Uberto da Pallavicino, _see_ Pallavicino
Urban IV, Pope, 63, 202
Urban V, Pope, 165, 174
Valentinian II, his laws against heretics, 126
Val, Simon du, French inquisitor, 68
Vaudois, _see_ (i) Waldensianism, (ii) Witchcraft in Arras
Vegetarianism, Catharan, 26
Venice, legislation against sorcery in, 107
Inquisition in, 169-70
Vercelli, Dolcino in, 47
Vincent of Beauvais, 57
Waldensianism, 10, 12, 16, 19-22, 32, 75, 77, 95, 132, 165, 170-1, 175,
193, 229, 231
Waldhäuser, Conrad, 94
Waldo, Peter, 18-20, 140 _n._, 230
Wazon, Bishop of Liège, on toleration, 130
Wenzel, King of Bohemia, and University of Prague, 95
Wessel, Johann, 166
William of Auxerre, 63
William of Moerbeke, 64
William of Saint-Amour, 41, 65
Witchcraft, causes of the craze, 111
Canonist ruling regarding, 107, 112-13
circumstantial stories of, 114-16
psychology of, 117-18
trials before Inquisition, 118-22
in Arras, 121, 203
Witnesses, treatment of false, by Inquisition, 196, 209
withholding of names of, in Inquisition, 195-6, 200, 240
Wycliffe, John, on clerical abuses, 11, 86
his doctrine of Lordship, 86-90
his denial of Transubstantiation, 90-2
his translation of the Bible, 89, 92-3
otherwise mentioned, 12, 94, 95, 96, 98-100, 103, 233, 234, 244
Yolande, of Savoy, 170
Zabarella, Cardinal, 96
Zimara, Italian Averrhoïst, 70
Zimiskes, John, tolerates Manichæans in the Balkans, 22
* * * * *
_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
THE HOUSE OF LORDS IN THE REIGN OF WILLIAM III
(_Oxford Historical and Literary Studies Volume III_)
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