+-----------------------------------------------------------_The Book of History (Vol. 1 of 18) A History of All Nations from the Earliest Times to the Present

| TIME-TABLE OF THE WORLD: A.D. 1000 to 1500 |

| |

| Development of Feudalism. The Rise and Decadence of the Papacy. |

| The Crusades. Holy Roman Empire. The Organisation of England, |

| France, and Spain. The Renaissance |

+-----+--------------------------+-----------------------------+-----+

|A.D. | The Non-Christian World | Christendom |A.D. |

|1000 | | |1000 |

|1050 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1050 |

| | | IV.) | |

|1100 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1100 |

|1150 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1150 |

|1200 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1200 |

|1250 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1250 |

|1300 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1300 |

|1350 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1350 |

|1400 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1400 |

|1450 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1450 |

| | | 1455-1485. | |

|1500 | | Revival of learning. | 1500|

|A.D. | | Humanists. Savonarola. |A.D. |

+-----+--------------------------+-----------------------------+-----+

[Sidenote: Growth of Modern Nations]

The next two centuries, then, saw France, already a consolidated state,

develop into the first military Power under the most absolute monarch

in Europe--through a stage of prolonged religious strife which ended

by establishing the tolerationist Bourbon, Henry IV., on the throne,

through the rule of the two great cardinals, Richelieu and Mazarin, to

the intolerant autocracy of Louis XIV., with a close aristocracy no

longer in opposition to the crown but allied to it.

In England the development was on different lines. There we find an

absolutist movement, the outcome of the Wars of the Roses. But however

autocratic the Tudors were, they held by constitutional forms, and

preserved the intense loyalty of their people. On Elizabeth’s death,

a century-old matrimonial alliance placed the sceptres of England and

Scotland in a single hand.

Then, on the theory of Divine right, the Crown attempted to override

the constitution; the Civil War gave the power neither to king nor

parliament, but to a military dictator. On his death the country

reverted to a compromise between Crown and Parliament; the Stuarts,

again, with the aid of their cousin, the autocrat of France,

attempted to recover absolutism. They were driven from the country,

and constitutionalism--in effect, government by an oligarchy of

landowners--was decisively established. The religious problem had found

a decisively Protestant solution at an early stage; but Anglicanism

and Puritanism soon grew mutually intolerant; it was only with the

Revolution of 1688 that toleration and constitutionalism definitely

triumphed together.

[Sidenote: Europe in Development]

Meanwhile, in the reign of Elizabeth, England had asserted her

intellectual eminence by giving birth to Shakespeare and to Bacon; and

had decisively displaced Spain from the rulership of the seas. In

the next century her colonisation of North America counterbalanced the

Spanish dominion in the south and centre of the Western Hemisphere,

though it was not unchallenged by France. In the East a great

commercial rivalry had grown up between English, Dutch, and French--a

rivalry still to be fought out.

[Sidenote: Collision of the Dynasties]

In the early years of the sixteenth century matrimonial alliances had

joined Spain, the Low Countries, and the empire under a single ruler,

a Hapsburg of the (Austrian) Imperial house. The vast dominion was

extended by the acquisition of the golden territories of the American

continent. The Empire passed to one Hapsburg branch, Spain and her

dependencies to another. In the empire, a temporary _modus vivendi_

was established between Roman Catholics and Protestants; but Spain,

the colossus which threatened to dominate Europe, was split by the

revolt of the Netherlands, and her power shaken to its foundations

by the collision with England. In the sixteenth century, Germany was

devastated by the religious Thirty Years’ War; Austria emerged only as

the chief among a number of German states, and Holland won a naval and

commercial position second only to that of England. The Ottoman Turks,

still aggressive, were still held in check. In India, a Turkish dynasty

known as the Moguls (Mughàls, Mongols) extended its sway from Kabul to

the mouth of the Ganges, and almost to Cape Comorin.

At the opening of the eighteenth century the aggressive Continental

policy of Louis XIV. involved Europe in the “War of the Spanish

Succession.” The French king’s armies were shattered by repeated blows

at the hands of Marlborough and Eugene, but he finally obtained his

primary object, the recognition of his grandson as king of Spain. The

threat of a Hapsburg domination passed into the threat of a Bourbon

domination. In the east of Europe a final limit was set to the Ottoman

aggression. In Britain, the incorporation of Scotland was completed,

formally by the Union of 1707, effectively by the suppression of

Jacobitism in 1746.

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+

| TIME-TABLE OF THE WORLD: A.D. 1500 to 1700 |

| |

| New World Entered, and East Re-entered. The Reformation. |

| Organisation of European Nations under Absolute Monarchies. |

| Constitutional Struggle in England. English Naval Supremacy |

+-----+--------------------------+-----------------------------+-----+

|A.D. | Asia and Africa | Europe and America |A.D. |

|1500 | | |1500 |

|1520 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1520 |

| | (Northern India) by | 1523-60. | |

|1540 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1540 |

| | 1556. | Revolution (Edward VI.) | |

|1560 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1560 |

| | | 1562-95. | |

|1580 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1580 |

|1600 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1600 |

|1620 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1620 |

| | 1627-58. | FRANCE: Richelieu organises | |

|1640 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1640 |

| | 1658-1707. | Peace of Westphalia. | |

|1660 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1660 |

|1680 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1680 |

|1700 | | RUSSIA: Peter the Great. | 1700|

|A.D. | | Newton and Leibnitz. |A.D. |

+-----+--------------------------+-----------------------------+-----+

[Sidenote: Settling Down of the Powers]

From 1739 to 1763 Europe was again plunged into wars, with an eight

years’ interval. The motives of those wars, and of the combinations

of states on either side, were complicated; the results were simple.

Prussia, under Frederick the Great, emerged as a first-class Power;

France lost her North American Colonies to Great Britain; the British

East India Company defeated the attempt of the French to establish a

paramount influence with the native princes, the Mogul Empire having

broken up into a congeries of practically independent satrapies; and

the British themselves became established as a territorial Power by

the conquest of Bengal. Russia also, organised at the beginning of the

century by Peter the Great, had taken her place definitely among the

great Powers.

During the next twenty years (1763-1783) Poland was absorbed by her

neighbours. The British Empire was sundered by the revolt of the older

American Colonies, which were established as the United States of

America; while Canada remained loyal. By this time the whole of Europe

was practically governed by absolute monarchies; but a cataclysm was

at hand. France became the scene of a tremendous revolution. Crown and

aristocracy were toppled into the abyss.

[Sidenote: Napoleon and the Revolution]

France proclaimed herself the liberator of the peoples; the monarchs

of Europe combined to suppress the proletariat. During the last decade

of the century one revolutionary constitution after another was set

up in Paris, while the revolutionary armies shattered monarchical

armies, and turned the “liberated” peoples into subject dependencies

of the Republic. On the seas, however, Britain successfully asserted

her supremacy. Of the commanders of the Republic, the most brilliant

was the Corsican Bonaparte. He dreamed of making Egypt the basis for

achieving an Asiatic empire, and thence overwhelming Europe; but

the dream was shattered when he found himself isolated by Nelson’s

destruction of the French fleet at Aboukir in the Battle of the Nile.

Returning to Paris, he transformed the republic into an empire; he set

up his brothers or his generals as rulers over half the kingdoms in

Europe; he dictated terms to every government except Britain. Britain

annihilated his fleets, and fought and beat his generals in the Spanish

Peninsula. He conquered the kings, but the nations rose against him,

and overthrew him; his last effort was crushed at Waterloo.

Absolutism was reinstated, but the proletariats had learnt to demand

freedom. Steam-power and steam-traction so changed the conditions

of production as to revolutionise the relations between labour and

capital, and between the landed and the manufacturing interests.

In Great Britain political power passed from the landowners to the

manufacturers with the great Reform Bill of 1832, and from the wealthy

to the labouring classes with the Franchise Bills of 1867 and 1884.

Every monarchy has been compelled to submit to limitations of its own

powers more or less copied from Britain.

[Sidenote: The World as it is]

Britain herself, not untaught by the breach with America, has learned

to establish responsible government in her Colonies, making them

virtually free states; and among those states the idea of federation

has taken root and is bearing fruit. In India, challenged by one native

race after another, she has extended her sway over the whole peninsula,

and has abolished the anomaly of governing her great dependency through

a trading company. In the West her kinsmen have raised the United

States into a mighty nation.

In Europe France has passed through monarchy and republic and second

empire into a stable republic; Italy has revolted against foreign

rulers, and become a united nation; the small peoples of the Balkan

Peninsula have now achieved by arms their liberty from Turkish rule.

Prussia has won the hegemony of the German states, and established

a new German Empire. Russia, the bogey of the West, and of Britain

in particular, has shown her weakness in collision with the sudden

development of Japan.

Finally, the Dark Continent has been explored and partitioned: in the

south, after a sharp conflict, British and Dutch are on the way to

become a united people; in the north, Egypt has been reorganised under

British administration. We end, as we began, with the land of the

Pyramids.

ARTHUR D. INNES.

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+

| TIME-TABLE OF THE WORLD: A.D. 1700 to 1914 |

| |

| Struggle for Colonial Supremacy. French Revolution and Napoleonic |

| Wars. Growth of Democracy and Consolidation of European States. |

| Colonial Extension of Responsible Government |

+-----+--------------------------+-----------------------------+-----+

|A.D. | Asia, Africa, and | Europe and America |A.D. |

|1700 | Australasia | |1700 |

| | | | |

|1720 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1720 |

|1740 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1740 |

|1760 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1760 |

|1780 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1780 |

| | | 1789. | |

|1800 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1800 |

| | Gradual planting of | 1815. | |

|1820 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1820 |

| | | 1822-29. | |

| | 1839-42. | Reform and manufacturing | |

|1840 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1840 |

|1860 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1860 |

| | 1878-80. | 1870-71. New German | |

|1880 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1880 |

| | (1899-1902) and | the Hague, 1907. | |

|1910 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1910 |

|A.D. | 1912. | 1913-14. |A.D. |

+-----+--------------------------+-----------------------------+-----+

A TIME-TABLE OF THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD

FROM THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY TO THE PRESENT DAY

Showing at a glance the fate of all nations, their rise, their sway,

their decline, and their successors

On this double-page are shown the empires of the ancient world to

the rise of Rome, and on the succeeding double-page the ruling

powers from Rome until the present day. The chronology is in

divisions of a hundred years, except the first four, which, for

convenience of space, are shown in longer periods

[Illustration:

NOTABLE EVENTS B. C.

8000

The earliest civilisation known is that of Egypt, traces of

which have been found dating back to 7,000 or 8,000 B.C.

Equally early civilisations were probably established in the

Euphrates Valley. 4000

In the fifth millennium Khufu built the Great Pyramids; in

the fourth a Semitic migration, spreading westward from Asia,

peopled Babylonia, Assyria, Canaan, and Phœnicia afresh,

establishing new nations and kingdoms. 3000

The third millennium saw the Aryan invasion of India; the

beginning of Chinese history; and Aryan and Semitic waves of

migration towards Europe. 2000

----------------------------------------------------------------

Egypt was conquered by the Hyksos, a Semitic nomadic race. 1500

Hittite Empire established in Syria.

During the next three hundred years, of which the history

is obscure, the dynasty of the Ramesides was established in

Egypt, which waged wars with the Hittite Empire. Rameses 1400

II. is popularly identified with the Pharaoh of the Exodus,

an event which is also identified with the expulsion of the

Hyksos. The supremacy in the Mesopotamian regions alternates 1300

between Assyrian and Babylonian dynasties.

---------------------------------------------------------------- 1200

Rise of a Hebrew nation.

Age of Phœnician prosperity; commercial importance of Sidon

and Tyre.

---------------------------------------------------------------- 1100

Ionic and Doric migrations.

Predominance of Phrygia among kingdoms of Asia Minor.

1048 B.C. David captures Jerusalem and becomes King over all

Israel.

---------------------------------------------------------------- 1000

]

[Illustration:

JAPAN

CHINESE

EMPIRE

INDIA

PARTHIAN

EMPIRE

ARABIA

ROMAN EMPIRE

BRITAIN

]

---------------------------------------------------------------- 1000

975 B.C. Division of the Hebrew kingdom into Judah and Israel

after the death of Solomon.

Growth of the Hellenic States.

The age of Homer.

---------------------------------------------------------------- 900

850 B.C. Foundation of Carthage.

Beginnings of the Latin and Etruscan peoples.

---------------------------------------------------------------- 800

Assyrian conquest of Babylon, Syria, and Israel.

753 B.C. The foundation of Rome.

Rapid spread of the Greek Colonies.

---------------------------------------------------------------- 700

Beginnings of the Macedonian kingdom.

Rise of Media.

Beginnings of Japanese history.

Decline of Assyria, fall of Nineveh, and establishment of new

Babylonian Empire.

The Book of History (Vol. 1 of 18) A History of All Nations from the Earliest Times to the Present · 第 10 / 58 段