OLD SILVER
There is a widespread and growing interest in all old silver, especially
in such pieces as can be traced back to colonial origin. Salem, whose
commercial prosperity was well established by the middle of the
seventeenth century, has some wonderfully good pieces of colonial
silver, many of which are family heirlooms.
The early American silverware, like our early furniture and
architecture, is thoroughly characteristic of the tastes and mode of
life peculiar to that period in America. It is simple in design and
substantial in weight, thus reflecting the mental attitude of the
people. Social conditions here would not warrant any imitation of the
magnificent baronial silver which was then being made and used in
England. Many of the pieces in these collections come to us hallowed by
a hundred associations and by traditions recalling the lives of our
forefathers in all their manifold phases. The sight of the silver
communion service recalls the early history of our New England
churches, and reminds us of the devotion of the people to the
institutions about which revolved both the social and political life.
Only the identity of the maker is revealed by the hallmark on American
silver. There is no trace of the date letter, so prevalent upon English
pieces of the same period, although various emblems appear, which were
used as trademarks, peculiar to the owner. In cases where the crown
appears above the initials, it was merely a passing fad to copy the mark
of certain English silversmiths who enjoyed royal patronage.
The business of making silverware in the colonies seems to have been
profitable from the first. The earliest silversmith of whom we have any
record is John Hull, born in 1624 and dying in 1683, who amassed much
wealth through his appointment as mintmaster for Massachusetts in the
old days of the pine-tree shillings. His name, together with that of his
daughter Betsey, has been immortalized by Hawthorne.
That Captain Hull did not have a monopoly of his trade is proved by the
fact that a beaker, which was presented to the Dorchester church in
1672, was made by one David Jesse. Also, a certain Jeremiah Dummer,
brother of Governor William Dummer, was apprenticed to John Hull, to
learn the silversmith's trade, in 1659, and sent out much work stamped
with his own name. He also taught his trade to his brother-in-law, John
Cony, who engraved the plates for the first paper money that was ever
made in America.
Most famous of all New England silversmiths was Paul Revere. Besides the
historic associations connected with his name, his works are most
attractive in themselves, showing an exquisite finish and great beauty
of workmanship; there are no certain marks to distinguish his work from
that of his father, as each used the stamp "P. Revere."
Of the many silversmiths of New York, none are so early in point of time
as these New England men whom I have mentioned. Not until the middle of
the eighteenth century did a certain George Ridout come over from
London, and set up business "near the Ferry stairs." He has left us
beautiful candlesticks, marked with his name, and by these he is
remembered. At about the same time Richard Van Dyck, tracing his lineage
to the Knickerbockers, made very handsome flat-chased bowls, and Myer
Myers, seemingly of similar origin, set his stamp upon finely
proportioned pint cans, having an ear-shaped handle and a pine-cone
finial.
At a later date, shortly subsequent to the Revolution, a silversmith
named Tragees made beautiful sugar bowls with urn-shaped finials; and
Cary Dunn, who held a position in the custom house, designed exquisitely
engraved teapots, having the cover surmounted by a pineapple as the
emblem of hospitality. These early makers stamped their names plainly
upon their work, so that the task of approximating their age is thus
rendered easy.
In most families silver spoons of various patterns have been preserved
for generations. Some of these were brought from England with other
treasures of family silver, and are excellent examples of
seventeenth-century ware. Up to that time, teaspoons had been made with
very deep round or pear-shaped bowls and very short handles. Toward the
middle of the seventeenth century, they assumed more nearly their
present form, having handles twice as long as they had previously
possessed, and bowls oval or elliptical. The new style was sometimes
dubbed the "rat-tail spoon," in derisive comment upon its long and
slender handle. It will be observed that many of our earliest teaspoons
were no larger than the present after-dinner coffee spoons.
It is probable that no other type of spoon possesses the interest, not
to say the money value, of the old Apostle spoons, which came into
fashion in the sixteenth century. At that time it was an English custom
for the sponsors to present these spoons, as baptismal gifts, to the
children for whom they made themselves responsible. A wealthy godparent
would give a complete set of thirteen, but a poor man generally
contented himself with giving simply the one spoon which bore the figure
of the child's patron saint.
The complete set consisted of the "Master" spoon and twelve others. The
"Master" spoon has upon the handle a figure of Christ, holding in one
hand the sphere and cross, while the other hand is extended in blessing.
A nimbus surrounds the head, in all these spoons. Each apostle is
distinguished by some emblem. Saint Paul has a sword, Saint Thomas a
spear, and Saint Andrew a cross. Saint Matthias carries an ax or
halberd, Saint Jude a club, Saint Bartholomew a butcher's knife, and
Saint Philip a long staff with a cross in the T. Saint Peter appears
with a key, Saint James the Greater with a pilgrim's staff, Saint James
the Less with a fuller's hat, and Saint Matthew with a wallet. Saint
John has one hand raised in blessing, while the other holds the cup of
sorrow.
Whole sets of these spoons are very rare. In fact, there are said to be
but two whole sets in existence, with another set of eleven. One of
these sets sold in 1903 for twenty-four thousand five hundred dollars,
while another set of less ancient date brought five thousand three
hundred dollars. A single Apostle spoon, bearing upon its handle a
figure of Saint Nicholas, and upon its stem the inscription, "Saint
Nicholas, pray for us," sold in London for three thousand four hundred
and fifty dollars, a few years ago. This is said to be the highest price
ever paid for one single spoon.
The oldest hallmarked Apostle spoon is dated 1493, while the most modern
of which we have any record bears the date of 1665. It is probable that
the custom of giving these baptismal presents began to go out of fashion
at that period.
Other spoons of great interest, although not so old as the earliest
Apostle spoons, are the curious little "caddy spoons," which came into
vogue with the first popularity of tea drinking more than two centuries
ago. The tea was at first kept in canisters, whose lids served as a
measure. Then came into use the quaint and dainty tea caddy, with its
two-lidded and metal-lined end compartments, and a central cavity to be
used as a sugar bowl. A favorite and poetic custom of the old sea
captains, upon visiting China, was to have their ships painted upon
China caddies by Chinese artists, as gifts for wives or sweethearts at
home.
Now since the sugar bowl was a part of the tea caddy, the use of the
caddy spoon or scoop became immediately popular. All of these spoons
have very short stems and handles, with bowls of fanciful design,
perforated, or shell-shaped, or fluted. A few were made like miniature
scoops, with handles of ebony; while others were perfect imitations of
leaves, the leaf stem curling around into a ring, to make the handle.
In this country, caddy spoons came into use after the Revolution. Until
very recently, they have been neglected by collectors, and were to be
bought at a low figure; but all that is changed, and the price is from
fifteen dollars upward in most cases, besides which the purchaser must
take his chances as to the genuine worth of his bargain, as many
imitations are being put upon the market. It is no proof of genuine
worth that the spoon may be bought in an antique shop on a quiet street
of some sleepy old seaport town. This is just the spot likely to be
chosen for perpetrating a fraud. The most common counterfeit is made by
joining a perfectly new bowl to the handle of a genuine Georgian
teaspoon that bears an irreproachable hallmark. The unusual length of
handle betrays the cheat, which can be further proved by the presence of
a flattened spot similar to a thumb print, where the bowl joins the
handle.
Still another fraudulent specimen has a false hallmark. These
counterfeits were probably made outside of this country, perhaps not
even in England. The hallmark is the stamp of a head that bears no
particular resemblance to George III, for whom it is possibly intended;
a lion that may, perhaps, be near enough in design to pass for the royal
British brute; and signs and letters, half-effaced, which, in
conjunction with the king's head and the lion, make up an imitation of
the Birmingham hallmark. Of course it would not deceive, for an instant,
the experienced buyer in a good clear light; but the shops are often
darkened to a kind of twilight, and the inexperienced amateur detects
nothing wrong about the spoon, which is usually made after some uncommon
and attractive style.
As this fraud is of recent date, no examination would be necessary for
spoons known to have been in a certain family for some years. These
spoons were made of Wedgwood ware, china, glass, agate, or
tortoise-shell, as well as of silver. There are beautiful silver ones in
the shape of a hand or of a flower. In two cases, I have seen the spoon
made to match the caddy. One of these sets was of decorated china, and
the other of tortoise-shell set in silver.
Another spoon, which passed out of date with the caddy ladle, was the
so-called caudle spoon. It might be well to explain to the present
generation that caudle was a preparation of wine, eggs, and spices which
was commonly fed to invalids, in the latter part of the eighteenth
century. The caudle spoon, perforated or entire, but with a longer
handle and smaller bowl than the caddy spoon, was employed to stir the
mixture. It is now obsolete, as is the snuff spoon, another relic of the
whimsical customs of yore. There was a season when it was stylish to
carry a snuffbox, and to take a pinch one's self, now and then, or to
offer it to a friend. The snuff spoon was used to avoid dipping the
fingers into the powder, which would of course stain both finger nails
and cuticle.
As the caddy was the companion piece of the caddy spoon, so the caudle
bowl is associated with the caudle spoon. A Salem specimen stands six
inches high, and has a capacity of three pints. It has two handles, and
is embellished by a broad chasing at the base, and by fluted chasing
about the body. The caudle cup used with it is severely plain, but has a
good outline.
Tankards both with and without covers were in common use, toward the
close of the seventeenth century. In size, they varied from a capacity
of one quart to three. They were often fitted with a whistle, by the
blowing of which the butler's attention could be called to the fact that
the tankard needed filling. From this custom arose the old saying, "Let
him whistle for it." The singular expression, "A plate of ale" comes
from the fact that in old inventories, tankards are listed as "ale
plates."
The largest Salem specimen has a capacity of one quart only, and is
beautifully chased around the body and upon the cover in a
rose-and-pineapple design. This chasing is much worn, not only by the
passage of time, but also by the pitiless polishing of the methodical
New England housekeeper. This is a straight-sided tankard, with a
well-curved top, which necessitates a long and tapering thumb piece. The
handle is large and well-tapered, extending well above the rim. All
these specimens belong to the Revolutionary epoch.
[Illustration: PLATE LXII.--Old Silver Coffee Urn with Pineapple finial;
Sheffield Plate Teapot, formerly owned by Thomas Jefferson; Tall Silver
Pitcher, of flagon influence.]
The style of silver made and used in this country during the first half
of the nineteenth century is well typified by the sugar, creamer, and
teapot contained in an old-time collection. The teapot and sugar bowl
are adorned with a pineapple finial. This style was originated by Cary
Dunn of New York at the close of the Revolution, and won immense
popularity. The pineapple, which is its most notable decoration, has
always been accepted as the emblem of hospitality; while the primrose
pattern about base and body is neat and tasteful. The lines in these
designs are less severely simple than in some, but are excellent,
nevertheless.
[Illustration: PLATE LXIII.--Several old Silver pieces; Collection of
Salem Silver, almost all inherited; Wonderfully fine Silver Bowl.]
Another favorite style of this same period is shown in a graceful little
pitcher in another collection, having for sole ornament a rosette where
the handle joins the body. Rosettes were high in favor in the early part
of the nineteenth century, and were shown in the furniture of that day
as well as in the silverware.
Another charming pitcher which stands upon three legs is a veritable
prize, literally as well as figuratively. During the War of 1812, our
Salem privateers seized many a valuable cargo. Among the confiscated
treasures was this dainty little silver pitcher, handsomely engraved,
and bearing the coat of arms of a prominent English family. In the
division of the confiscated goods, this article fell to an ancestor of
the owner, who received it by inheritance.
Another interesting bit of silver, belonging to the same period as the
pitcher, is a cruet stand. Fifty years ago these were in common use upon
the tables of our ancestors. Fashion has relegated them to the sideboard
or to the top shelf, where the old-fashioned, high silver cake basket
keeps them company in exile. To the same period belongs the teapot
showing a rosette bowl, and mushroom-shaped finial, which was among the
bride's presents at a wedding in 1804, while the sugar and creamer
included in the same collection belong to a later date, as they were
bridal presents received in 1867. The beauty of the lines in these two
specimens falls far short of the standard set by American manufacturers
of colonial times.
Still in use and highly prized is the wonderful old bowl which is in
another collection. For many years this bowl was lost, and though
diligent search was made for it, it was not discovered until one day the
owner and some friends, riding through a rural district, stopped at a
well in a farmhouse yard for a drink. Close at hand a pig was eating
from a peculiar-looking receptacle, which, though blackened and
mud-stained, yet showed an interesting contour. Negotiations were
entered into with the house owner for the purchase of this receptacle,
and it was secured for twenty-five cents. When polished, it was found to
be the long-missing bowl, which has since then been called the hog bowl.
Other specimens still preserved include a tall sugar bowl, mounted upon
a standard, which is more than a hundred years old, as are the tongs
used with it, with their delicate acorn-cup pattern. In the larger
piece, the rings which form the handles pass through the mouth of a
dog's head, upon each side. The feet which support the standard suggest
the work done in the furniture of that day by Chippendale, Sheraton, and
their followers. To the latter days of the eighteenth century belong an
endless yet interesting variety of patterns of porringers, salvers,
sugar bowls, perforated baskets for loaf sugar, tea and coffee pots, and
innumerable table utensils.
Another article which is now found but rarely is the nutmeg holder or
spice box. The interior of the lid was roughed for use as a grater, and
few were the "night caps" but had a final touch added through its use.
While the usefulness of the spice box and the snuffbox has long since
passed away, yet they are treasured because of the pictures they bring
to the mind's eye of the old days of the Georges. No product of the
present can outvie the charms of such old silver.
All things colonial, whether house or accessory, are distinctive, and to
the designers and craftsmen of that period the world owes a debt that no
amount of tribute can ever wholly repay. Colonial is synonymous of the
best, and objects created during its influence are always of a higher
degree of perfection than the best of other periods. Looking about for a
reason for this, we are confronted with the realization that the work
of that time was carefully planned and carefully finished, craftsmen
giving to their output the best their brains could devise, and allowing
no reason, however urgent, to interfere with the completion of a certain
object as they had originally planned it to be. Therein lies the real
reason of the superiority of things colonial. Later-day artisans
sacrificed quality to quantity; they complied with the demand of public
opinion, and as that demand became more urgent, carelessness of detail
became more marked. The simplicity of the colonial era gave way to the
highly decorative and often ugly ornamentation characteristic of late
nineteenth-century manufacture, and it was not until a few craftsmen
found courage to revive colonial features that the beauty of that type
of construction was truly appreciated. To-day, colonial influence is
again dominant, and it is a relief to note that in modern homes it is
usurping in favor its hitherto prized successors. It is only to be hoped
that its influence will be lasting, for surely of all types it is the
most worthy of emulation.
INDEX
Abbot, General, 25.
house, 78, 109, 153.
Adam brothers, 98, 103, 128, 140, 215.
Adams, Abraham, 95, 138.
family, 95, 138.
John, 88.
the decorator, 69.
Albree, John, 152.
Alden, John, 111.
Allen, John Fiske, 51.
house, 51, 52.
of Lowestoft, 182.
Amesbury, Mass., 37.
Andirons, 67-69.
Andrews, John, 21, 101.
house, 13, 21, 84, 85.
"Angel Gabriel" (ship), 102.
Appleton, John, 163.
Architects, English, 8.
Architecture, Dutch, 2.
Gothic, 4.
Architrave, decoration of, 18.
Argand, Mons., 168.
Assembly house, 18, 24.
Atkinson collection, 200.
Ausberg, Germany, 212.
Austria, 197.
Bagnall, Benjamin, 147.
Samuel, 148.
Barcelona, Spain, 213.
Barnard, Dr. Thomas, 81.
Bartol, Dr. Cyrus, 81.
Bavaria, 196.
Bay of Biscay, 135.
Bedrooms, 122, 125.
Beds, accessories of, 124.
Adam, 128.
antique, 120.
bunk, 126, 127.
carved, 27.
Chippendale, 127, 128.
cupboard, 122, 126.
Egyptian, 121.
Field, 131.
Flemish, 121.
folding, 127.
four-poster, 123-131.
"Great Bed of Ware," 122, 123.
Greek, 121.
hangings, 124.
Hepplewhite, 128, 130.
inlaid, 128.
mahogany, 127.
oak, 122.
paneled, 127.
"Presse," 126, 127.
primeval, 121.
Queen Anne, 126.
Roman, 121.
Sheraton, 128.
"slaw-back," 127.
"Wild Bill" or one-poster, 126.
Benson house, 109.
Bigelow collection, 219.
Billingsley, William, 187.
roses, 187.
Bishop, Bridget, 26.
Black Point, Maine, 43.
Blankets, home-made, 124.
Bloor, Robert, 188.
Bohemia, 196, 197.
Boston, Mass., 5, 43, 71, 74, 147, 148, 149, 217, 219.
Bottles, 203, 205-209.
arched, 206.
bases of, 205.
calabash, 206.
canteen, 207.
circular, 206.
curio, 209.
decorated, 207-209.
designs on, 206.
flask, 207.
Jackson, 208.
Jenny Lind, 207.
Kossuth, 207.
liquor, 208.
Moses, 209.
oldest American, 207.
oval, 206.
rim of, 206.
Santa Claus, 209.
signs of age in, 205.
spherical, 206.
Taylor and Bragg, 207.
Venetian, 209.
Bow, England, 183, 186.
Bradford, Governor, quoted, 42.
Bricks, Dutch, 9.
gray-faced, 13, 14.
Briot, Francis, 212.
Bristol, R. I., 12, 60, 101, 131.
Brown Inn, 173.
Bumstead, 6, 80.
Byfield, Mass., 95, 126, 138, 173.
Cabins, log, 2.
Cabot, Mr., 141.
house, 7, 22, 53.
Joseph, 7, 22.
Caliga collection, 220.
Cambridge, Mass., 37.
Candelabra, 167, 169, 170.
Candle, 231.
bowl, 232.
cup, 232.
spoon, 231.
Candles, 159, 160-165.
bayberry, 164.
dip, 165.
makers, 166.
making, 163, 164, 165.
molds, 165.
sperm, 163.
suet, 161.
tallow, 161, 165.
wickless, 161.
Candlesticks, 159, 167.
brass, 167.
iron, 167.
pewter, 167.
silver, 167.
tin, 167.
Cape Cod, 42.
Capen house, 55.
Carving, art of, 18.
Ceilings, low, 3.
raftered, 66.
Cellar, large, 10.
Chairs, arm, 94, 98.
banister-back, 94.
brass mounted, 101.
carved, 95, 98, 99, 100.
Chinese type, 98, 99.
Chippendale, 97, 98.
comb back, 97.
Dutch, 95, 98.
early colonial, 93.
Empire type, 101, 102.
fan back, 97.
forms, 93.
French types, 98, 100.
heart-back, 100.
Hepplewhite, 97, 99, 100.
inlaid, 100.
japanned, 100.
Louis the Fifteenth type, 98.
Martha Washington, 101
painted, 95, 97, 102.
ribbon-back, 98.
rocking, 94.
rush seated, 95.
settles, 93.
Sheraton, 97, 100, 101.
shield-back, 100.
slat-back, 94.
stuffed easy, 96.
turned, 93.
Windsor, 96, 97.
Chandeliers, 169.
Chelsea, England, 183, 186.
Chests, 105-110.
drop handle, 109.
hand-carved, 107.
highboys, 109, 110.
imported, 106, 107.
legs of, 108.
linen, 108.
lowboys, 109, 110.
"magic," 107.
mahogany, 106.
on frames, 108.
"owld pine," 106, 107.
size of, 106.
use of, 106.
with drawers, 107.
Chimney pots, 19.
Chimneys, catted, 2.
central, 7.
China, Empire of, 80, 181, 184, 185, 211, 229.
China, 172, 216.
caddies, 229.
cream ware, 191.
Crown Derby, 182, 186-188.
Delft, 177-180, 185.
jasper, 191.
Lowestoft, 175, 181-185.
luster, 191.
salt glaze, 173, 174.
Staffordshire, 173-176.
toby jugs, 175-177.
Wedgwood, 189-191.
Chippendale (designer), 92, 97, 98, 99, 112, 114, 127, 128, 136, 140,
146, 236.
Choate, Joseph, 22.
"Christmas Carol," 22.
Claudius, Emperor, 145.
Clocks, American, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153-157.
Bagnall, 147.
banjo, 149.
"birdcage," 153.
cases, 151.
Chippendale, 146.
construction of, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156.
Doolittle, 148.
first, 145.
grandfather's, 151, 153.
hangings, 150.
"lantern," 153.
Makers' union, 146.
making in Salem, 150.
musical, 148.
of Europe, 146.
one-day, 157.
patent shelf, 153, 154.
pillar scroll top case, 155.
Sheraton, 146.
striking, 148.
table, 151.
Terry, 150, 153.
"wag-at-the-wall," 153.
wall and bracket, 151, 153.
water, 145.
weaver's, 152.
wick, 145.
Willard, 148, 149.
Coal, discovery of, 75.
first use of, 74.
Cogswell house, 125.
Collections, Atkinson, 200.
Bigelow, 219.
Caliga, 220.
Hosmer, 147.
Mansfield, Nathaniel B., 109.
Metropolitan Museum, 209.
Middleton, 11, 131.
Mitchell, 199-200.
Page, 175, 180.
Rogers, 191.
Waters, 93, 102, 108, 202.
West, 189, 202.
Colonial products, superiority of, 236, 237.
Columns, Corinthian, 12.
Grecian, 17.
plain, 21, 122.
Common, Salem, 21, 25.
Cook, Captain Samuel, 77.
Dr. Elisha, 15.
Cony, John, 225.
Counterpane, homespun, 125.
Craigie house, 37.
Crowell, Rev. Robert, 125.
Crown Derby, 182.
"Bloor-Derby," 188.
decline of, 188.
early output of, 186.
epoch par excellence, 187.
factory, 186, 187, 188.
Crowninshield house, 38, 71.
Cupboards, colonial, 1, 72.
shell-top, 173.
Cupola, 9.
Danvers, Mass., 5, 10, 19, 44, 46, 49, 60.
Delft, Holland, 178, 179.
Delft ware, best examples of, 179.
decline of Dutch, 179, 180.
Dutch, 177, 178, 179, 180.
English, 178, 180.
first potteries, 179.
old, 177.
origin of, 178.
plates, 180.
tiles, 180.
Derby, Elias Hasket, farm, 47, 49, 50.
Elias Hersey, 50.
house, 77, 78.
Desks, bookcase, 112.
bureau, 111.
Chippendale secretary, 112.
French Empire, 113.
Hepplewhite secretary, 112.
"scrutoir," 110, 111.
Sheraton secretary, 112.
Devereux, Humphrey, house, 52.
Dexter, "Lord" Timothy, house, 99.
Dickens, Charles, quoted, 39.
Doolittle, Enos, 148.
Doorways, narrow, 22, 25.
pineapple, 27.
Downing, Emanuel, 4.
George, 4.
"Dr. Grimshawe's Secret," 24.
Dressing tables, 109.
Duesbury, William and son, 186, 187, 188.
Duke of Baden, 220.
Duke of Devonshire's house, 39.
Dummer, Governor William, 225.
house, 173.
Jeremiah, 225.
Dunbarton, N. H., 8, 130, 151.
Dunn, Cary, 226, 233.
Dutch architecture, 2.
East India Company, 185.
ware, 177, 178, 179, 180.
East Windsor, Conn., 150.
Edinburgh, Scotland, 212, 216.
Elector of Brandenburg, 200.
Elizabethan period, 4.
Embargo, the, 11.
Enderlein, Gasper, 212.
Endicott, Governor John, 2, 4, 44, 105.
farm, 44.
house, 10.
England, 2, 3, 8, 9, 35, 39, 41, 43, 64, 80, 82, 86, 128, 134, 135,
136, 139, 142, 147, 152, 157, 161, 167, 174, 183, 185, 201, 202,
203, 211, 214, 215, 217, 221, 223, 226, 230.
Etruria factory, 190.
Exeter, England, 146.
Fabens, Mr., 71.
Faulkner, Dr. G., 149.
"Feast of Roses," 205.
Fell, Judge Jesse, 75.
Felt, Captain Jonathan P., 49.
Felt's Annals, quoted, 150.
Fenders, 75, 76, 77.
Fireback, 71-72.
Firedogs, 66.
Fire frames, 73-74.
Fireplace, accessories, 65, 66, 67.
brass, 77.
colonial, 64, 65.
construction of, 65.
Elizabethan, 64.
Gove, 70.
inglenook, 64.
Louis Sixteenth, 64.
modern, 63, 64.
of Middle Ages, 63.
of Renaissance, 63, 64.
Queen Anne, 64.
Robinson, 71.
soapstone, 78.
tiled, 76.
Fire sets, 66, 67.
Flint and steel, 170.
Floor, sanded, 66.
Forrester house, 21.
France, 80, 86, 135, 167, 212.
Franklin, Benjamin, 94.
stores, 73, 74, 75, 76.
Gardens, 11, 13, 41.
Allen, 51, 52.
at Indian Hill, 48.
at Oak Knoll, 47.
Cabot, 53.
Captain Peabody's, 46.
Derby, 50.
features of old-fashioned, 44, 45.
Humphrey Devereux, 52.
location of, 45, 46, 51.
Mrs. Perry's, 48.
nucleus of, 43.
of George Heussler, 49, 50.
Salem, 49.
Gardiner house, 21.
George house, 141.
George II, 96.
George III, 69, 100, 230.
Georgetown, Mass., 83, 107.
Georgian period, 127.
Gerard, quoted, 44.
Germantown, Mass., 163.
Germany, 197, 212.
Gibbon (designer), 143.
Glasgow, Scotland, 212.
Glass, baluster stem, 202.
beads, 203.
blown, 205.
Bohemian, 195, 197-199, 204.
bonbon dishes, 200.
bottles, 203, 205-209.
bowls, 203, 204.
cameo incrusted, 199.
choiceness determined, 103.
colored, 197, 201.
cutting of, 198.
decanters, 200, 201, 202.
drinking, 201.
English, 201.
engraved, 196, 197, 198, 202.
etched, 199.
factories, 197, 198, 204.
first made, 194.
French, 199.
gilded, 196, 197.
goblets, 204.
green German, 196.
historic flasks, 206.
legend of, 196.
making in Rome, 195.
origin of, 195.
painted, 196, 197.
Portland Vase, 192, 195.
ruby colored, 199-200.
Russian, 203.
salt cellar, 199, 200.
toddy, 201, 202.
tumblers, 201-202.
vases, 198, 199.
Venetian, 195, 198.
white twist stem, 202.
wine, 202.
Glastonbury Abbey, 146.
Gothic architecture, 4.
Gove house, 70.
Governor's Field, 4.
Island, 42.
Grafton, Mass., 148.
"Guild of St. Luke," 179.
Hallway, Capen house, 55.
colonial, 54.
eighteenth and nineteenth century, 56, 57.
entry, 61.
finish of, 59.
"Hey Bonnie Hall," 60, 61.
Lee, 58, 60.
Old English, 55, 58.
paneled, 56, 57, 59.
papered, 59.
spacious, 57, 58.
Stark, 56.
Warner, 56, 57, 90-91.
Wentworth, 58, 59.
Hamilton, Mass., 71.
Hamilton Hall, 141, 166.
Hangings, bed, chintz, 124.
linen, 124.
patch, 124, 130.
Harland, Thomas, 150.
Harris, Mrs. Walter L., 136.
Harrod house, 138, 203.
Hartford, Conn., 147, 148.
Harvard College, 4.
Haverhill, Mass., 76, 129.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 24, 26, 37, 102, 224.
Heard house, 93.
Hearth accessories, 66, 67.
Hepplewhite (designer), 92, 97, 99, 100, 110, 112, 114, 115, 128.
"Hermitage," 87.
Heussler, George, 49.
"Hey Bonnie Hall," 11, 60, 61, 101.
Higginson, Governor, 161.
Rev. Francis, quoted, 41.
"Highfield," 95, 126, 138.
High Rock, Mass., 95.
Hillsboro, N. H., 89, 90, 115, 151.
Hinges, wrought-iron, 9.
Hingham, Mass., 93.
"History of Essex," 125.
Hoadley, Silas, 155.
Hoffman, Captain, 52.
Holland, 2, 9, 41, 43, 80, 96, 135, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 185, 196,
212.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 130.
Hosmer collection, 147.
"House of Seven Gables," 37.
Houses, Abbot, General, 78, 109, 153.
Albree, 152.
Allen, 52.
Andrews, 13, 21, 84, 85.
Assembly, 18, 24.
Bell or Brick, 190.
Benson, 109.
brick, 3, 13, 14, 19, 56.
Brown Inn, 173.
Cabot, 7, 22, 53.
Capen, 55.
Cogswell, 125.
colonial, 7.
Craigie, 37.
Crowninshield, 38, 71.
Derby, 77, 78.
Devereux, Humphrey, 52.
Devonshire's, Duke of, 39.
Dexter, 99.
Dummer, 173.
Endicott, 10.
finest, 8.
Forrester, 21.
frame, 2, 55.
gambrel-roofed, 3, 10, 19, 55.
Gardiner, 21.
George, 141.
Gove, 70.
Hamilton Hall, 141, 166.
Harrod, 138, 203.
Heard, 93.
"Hermitage," 87.
"Hey Bonnie Hall," 11, 60, 61, 101.
"Highfield," 95, 126, 138.
historic, 5, 6, 8, 12.
Howe, 111, 115, 129.
"Indian Hill," 12, 48.
Johnson's, Dr., 39.
Kimball, 18, 83.
Kittredge, 142, 201.
Knapp, 87.
Lee, 8, 58, 60, 87, 89.
Lindall-Andrews, 80, 81.
Little, 70.
log cabin, 2.
Long, 93.
Lord, 22, 138, 139, 142.
Mansfield, 71.
mansion, 3, 8, 10, 19, 56.
Maryland Manor, 11.
May, 37.
Meyer, 71.
Middleton, 131.
Mount Vernon, 131.
Nichols, 200.
Noyes, 113.
Oak Knoll, 47, 60.
of 52 rooms, 10.
Oliver, 77.
Osgood, 109, 143, 168.
Page, 5, 6.
Pickering, 4, 5, 72, 76, 109.
Pierce, 89, 115, 151.
Pierce-Jahonnot, 25.
Pierce-Nichols, 139.
Robinson, 71.
Ropes, 111.
Salem Club, 70.
Saltonstall-Howe, 76.
Sanders, 70.
Silsbee, 21.
Southern, 12.
Sprague, 169.
Stark, 8, 56, 115, 130, 151.
Stearns, 6.
Steigel, 204.
Warner, 9, 56, 90, 109, 169.
Waters, 38, 77, 202.
Wentworth, 10, 58.
Wheelright, 88.
Whipple, 7, 25, 87.
White House, 11.
Whittier, 37, 47, 60.
Howe, Mrs. Guerdon, 111.
house, 111, 115, 129.
Hull, Betsey, 224.
John, 224.
Ince (designer), 98.
"Indian Hill," 12, 48.
Indians, 203.
Ipswich, Mass., 5, 7, 93.
Ironworks, American, 204.
Italy, 135, 197, 212.
Ivy Works, Burslem, 190.
Jackson, Andrew, 87.
of Battersea, 81.
Jacobean period, 127.
Jamaica Plain, Mass., 169.
James VI, 214.
Jamestown, Va., 203.
Japan, 80, 179, 211.
Jarves, James Jackson, 209.
Jerome, Chauncey, 157.
Jesse, David, 224.
Johnson's, Dr., house, 39.
Josslyn, John, quoted, 43.
Kean, Michael, 188.
Kensington, Philadelphia, 203.
Kimball house, 18, 83.
King Philip's War, 116.
Kitchen, colonial, 66.
Kittredge house, 142, 201.
Knapp house, 87.
Knockers, antique, 35.
brass, 22, 30, 33, 34.
disappearance of, 31.
eagle, 35, 36, 37.
English, 9.
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 30.
garland, 35.
Georgian urn, 35, 36.
Gothic, 33.
historic, 37.
horseshoe, 36.
invention of, 29.
iron, 7, 30, 33, 36.
lion and ring, 35.
London, 38-39.
May house, 37, 38.
medieval, 33.
Mexican, 36.
plate or escutcheon, 33, 34.
price of, 34.
Renaissance, 33, 37.
reproductions of, 34.
thumb latch, 8, 22, 35, 38.
types of, 29.
Knox, General, 25.
Henry, 138.
Kunckel (artist), 200.
Lafayette, General, 24.
Lamps, Betty, 162.
glass, 168.
unique specimen, 162.
whale-oil, 166.
wick, 162.
with glass prisms, 169, 170.
Lanterns, 162.
gilded, 168.
painted, 168.
Larcom, Lucy, 6.
Latches, thumb, 8, 22, 35, 38.
Lean-to, 3, 7.
Lee, Colonel Jeremiah, house, 8, 58, 60, 87, 89.
Leghorn, Italy, 131.
Lehmann, Gasper, 198.
Leslie's Retreat, 7, 81.
Leverett, Governor John, 115.
Thomas, 15.
Lightfoot, Peter, 146.
Lights, candelabra, 167, 169.
candle, 159, 160, 161, 163-166.
candlewood, 159, 160, 161.
chandeliers, 169.
electric, 159.
fire, 159, 160.
from flint and steel, 170.
gas, 159.
lamp, 162, 169.
lantern, 162, 168.
pine torch, 159, 160.
rush, 162.
Lindall, Judge, 80.
Lindall-Andrews house, 80, 81.
Little, Hon. David M., house, 70.
Little Harbor, N. H., 10, 58.
London, 167, 214, 215, 225.
London Guild or Worshipful Company of Pewterers, 215.
Long, Hon. John D., 93.
house, 93.
Longfellow, Anne Sewall, 95.
Lord, Nathaniel, 23.
house, 22, 138, 139, 142.
Lowestoft, 181, 186.
coat-of-arms, 183.
controversy, 185.
decoration of, 183, 184.
factory, 182, 184, 185.
first ware, 182.
Holland, 182.
Oriental, 181.
red, 183.
Luster ware, 191.
copper, 192, 193.
gold, 192, 193.
jugs, 192.
silver-tinted, 192.
Sunderland, 192.
Lynn, Mass., 72, 95, 175, 193.
Macpheadris, Captain, 9.
Mary, 9.
McIntyre, Samuel, 18, 47, 69, 70, 71, 77, 140.
Manchester, Mass., 56, 199, 200.
Mannheim, Germany, 204.
Pa., 204.
Mansfield, Mrs. Nathaniel B., 71.
collection, 109.
Mantlepieces, 63, 64, 70.
in Little house, 70.
marble, 70.
narrow, 64.
Oliver house, 77.
Renaissance, 64.
Salem Club, 70.
Sanders house, 70.
Manwaring (designer), 98.
Marblehead, Mass., 8, 60, 81, 87, 135.
Historical Society, 89.
Marseilles, France, 146.
Maryland Manor, 11.
"Mayflower," the, 111.
Mayhew (designer), 98.
May house, 37.
Merchant princes, 19.
Metropolitan Museum, 209.
Mexican War, 207.
Meyer, Hon. George von L., 71.
Middleton, Moses, 11.
collection, 11, 131.
house, 131.
Militia, first company of, 7.
Mills, Henry, 153.
Mirrors, Adam, 140.
Bilboa, 135.
bull's-eye, 140.
Chippendale, 136, 140.
Constitution, 137.
"Courtney," 143.
frames, 134.
girandole, 140, 141.
glass, 134.
knobs, 137.
Lafayette, 143.
late colonial, 141, 142.
mantel, 139-140.
metal, 133, 134.
origin of, 133.
paneled, 141, 142, 143.
Queen Anne, 136.
Venetian, 134, 142.
with cornice overhanging, 138, 141.
Mitchell collection, 199-200.
Money, first paper, 225.
Mount Vernon, 131.
Mullikin, Samuel, 150.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 211.
Myers, Myer, 225.
Nashville, Tenn., 87.
Newburyport, Mass., 48, 49, 73, 87, 88, 99, 113, 138, 180, 203.
New England Historical Genealogical Society of Boston, 147.
Newton, Mass., 37, 138, 139, 142.
Nichols house, 200.
North Andover, Mass., 142.
Noyes house, 113.
Nuremberg, Germany, 212.
Oak Knoll, 47, 60.
"Old Christmas," 65.
Old Tom, Indian chieftain, 12.
Oliver, Henry K., house, 77.
Osgood house, 109, 143, 168.
Page, Colonel Jeremiah, 6.
collection, 175, 180.
house, 5, 6.
Mistress, 6.
Panels, hand-made, 9.
Parties at Salem, 167.
Peabody, Captain Joseph, 11, 46, 70.
Elizabeth, 24.
Joseph Augustus, 46.
Sophia, 24.
Peacock Inn, 4.
Pearson, Ebenezer, 73.
Perkins, Dr. George, 74.
Perry, Mrs. Charles, 48.
Pewter, 71, 162, 167, 168, 194, 210.
American, 217.
chargers, 210, 219.
collections of, 219, 220.
composition of, 210.
development in France, 212.
Dutch, 212.
ecclesiastical, 213, 218.
English, 213, 215, 217.
flagon, 212.
French, 216.
German, 212.
guilds, 215, 216.
historic teapot, 220.
household, 213, 214, 219.
imitation, 218-219.
in Rome, 211.
in sixteenth century, 214.
Japanese, 211, 221.
lamps, 219, 220.
marks on, 214-221.
old, 211.
origin of, 211, 213.
plates, 210, 219, 221.
rarest in existence, 221.
salver, 212.
Scotch, 212, 216.
seals, 211.
Spanish, 213.
tankards, 210, 219.
use discontinued, 216.
value of, 217.
where used, 213-214.
Pewterer's Hall, London, 215.
Philadelphia, Pa., 28, 51, 75, 208.
Phipps, Governor, 90.
Pickering, Alice, 72.
house, 4, 5, 72, 76, 109.
John, 4, 5, 72.
Rev. Theophilus, 76.
Timothy, 5, 109.
Pierce, Franklin, 89.
Governor, 89.
house, 89, 115, 151.
Mr., 25.
Pierce-Jahonnot house, 25.
Pierce-Nichols house, 139.
Pilasters, fluted, 22.
Pilgrim Hall, 93.
Pillars, carved, 8.
packed with salt, 14.
Pitcher, Moll, 95.
Planche, Mons., 186, 188.
Plants and flowers, 41, 42.
azaleas, 52.
camellias, 52.
night-blooming cereus, 50.
oxeye daisy, 44.
peonies, 53.
pitcher plant, 43.
tulips, 53.
_Victoria Regia_, 51.
whiteweed, 44.
wild, 42.
woadwaxen, 44.
Plymouth, Conn., 155.
County, 217.
Mass., 93.
Poore, Major Benjamin Perky, 48.
Porcelain, Chinese, 179, 185.
Japanese, 179.
Lowestoft, 184.
Porch, Andrews, 21.
Assembly House, 24.
circular, 13, 17, 21.
construction of, 17.
contour, 17.
Dutch, 25.
Gardiner, 21.
hand-carved, 17, 18, 24.
historic, 20, 24.
inclosed, 23, 54.
Lord, 22.
Middle States, 9.
New England, 17, 19, 28.
oblong, 17.
Philadelphia, 28.
Pickman, 27.
Pierce-Jahonnot, 25-26.
Robinson, 14.
side, 14, 22, 23.
Southern, 17, 19.
square, 17.
three-cornered, 17.
types of, 19, 20.
Portland Vase, 195.
replica of, 192.
Portsmouth, N. H., 9, 10, 90, 109, 169.
Poynton, Captain Thomas, 27.
Putnam, General Israel, 111.
Quincy, Mass., 163.
Redmond, John, 166.
Reformation, the, 214.
Revere, Paul, 225.
Revolution, the, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 19, 35, 69, 89, 94, 97, 113, 135,
143, 226, 229, 233.
Rhode Island, 11.
Ridout, George, 225.
Robinson, Nathan, 14.
house, 71.
Rogers collection, 191.
Rome, Italy, 211.
Roof, flat, 20.
gambrel, 8, 9.
pitched, 7.
thatched, 2.
Ropes, Caleb, 51.
house, 111.
Rose (potter), 183.
mark, 183.
Rotterdam, china warehouse at, 184.
Rouseley, England, 4.
Rowley, Mass., 141.
Roxbury, Mass., 148.
Salem, Mass., 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 28, 36, 38, 46, 49,
60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77, 80, 84, 93, 95, 101, 102, 108, 109,
130, 132, 138, 139, 141, 143, 150, 153, 162, 164, 166, 168, 169,
189, 200, 202, 203, 217, 220, 223, 232.
Salem Club, 70.
Saltonstall, Dr. Nathaniel, 76, 130.
family, 141.
Sir Richard, 130.
Saltonstall-Howe house, 76.
Sanders, Thomas, house, 70.
Saugus, Mass., 72, 153.
Saxony, 186, 196.
Schwanhard, George, 198.
Sconces, in Osgood house, 168.
wall, 167.
Scotland, 9, 212, 214.
Sharp, William, 52.
Shearer (designer), 114.
Sheraton (designer), 92, 97, 100-102, 112, 128, 146, 236.
Shoemaker, Colonel George, 75.
Sideboards, 113, 114.
Chippendale, 114.
Empire, 116.
Hepplewhite, 114.
inlaid, 115.
Shearer, 114.
Sheraton, 115.
Silesia, 196.
Silsbee house, 21.
Silver, American, 223, 224.
baronial, 223.
beaker, 224.
bowls, 225, 226, 232, 233, 234, 235.
caddy, 229, 232.
cake basket, 234.
candle bowl, 232.
candlesticks, 225.
cans, 226.
chased, 232, 233.
communion service, 223.
creamer, 234.
cruet stand, 234.
English, 224.
engraved, 226, 232.
hallmarks on, 224, 226, 230, 231.
"hog" bowl, 235.
of Paul Revere, 225.
pitcher, 233.
plates, 225.
snuffbox, 232, 236.
spice box, 236.
spoons, 226-232.
table utensils, 236.
tankards, 232, 233.
teapots, 226, 233, 234.
tongs, 235.
Simpson, Dr. James E., 52.
Snuffer boats, 168.
Snuffers, 168.
Sofas, 97, 102.
Adam, 103.
Chippendale, 103.
Cornucopia, 103.
Darby and Joan, 103.
Empire, 104.
haircloth, 103.
Louis XV, 103.
Sheraton, 103.
Spain, 135, 212, 213.
Spofford, Harriet Prescott, 73.
Spoons, "Apostle," 227, 228.
"caddy," 228, 229, 231, 232.
candle, 231.
imitations, 230, 231.
"rat-tail," 226.
snuff, 231.
teaspoons, 226.
Sprague, Joseph, 6
house, 169.
Staffordshire factories, 173, 175, 184.
Staircase, 55, 59.
balusters, 59.
"Hey Bonnie Hall," 61.
"Oak Knoll," 60.
spiral, 60.
winder, 60.
Stark, Charles Morris, 9.
Major Caleb, 8.
house, 8, 56, 115, 130, 151.
State House, Boston, 15.
Stearns house, 6.
Steigel Baron, 204.
house, 204.
Stogumber Church, Somerset, 39.
Stoves, "Cat Stone," 75.
Franklin, 73, 74, 75, 76.
hub grate, 75, 76, 77.
Summer house, 44.
on Peabody estate, 46-47.
Susquehanna Valley, 75.
Sutton Mills, Andover, 47.
Swampscott, Mass., 152.
Switzerland, 212.
Tables, butterfly, 116.
card, 118.
chair, 117.
dining, 117, 118.
dish-top, 117.
Dutch, 117, 118.
Empire, 118.
hundred-legged, 117.
Kidney, 117.
Pembroke, 118.
pie-crust, 118.
Pied, 118.
pouch, 117.
Sheraton, 117.
table-top, 117.
tea, 117.
telescopic, 118.
writing, 117.
Terry, Eli, 150, 153, 154, 155.
family, 150.
Thomas, Seth, 155, 156.
Tiles, 76, 180, 181.
Tobies, Bennington, 177.
Dutch, 175.
French, 175.
German, 175.
Napoleon, 175, 176.
old, 176.
Staffordshire, 175.
teapot, 177.
young, 176.
Topsfield, Mass., 55.
Tracy, John, 49.
Tragees (silversmith), 226.
Trees, on Derby farm, 50.
on Indian Hill, 48.
on Peabody estate, 46.
Turgot, Mons., 216.
Van Dyck, Richard, 225.
Vineyard and orchard, 42.
Wall papers, "Adventures of Telemachus," 87.
"Bay of Naples," 88.
block printing of, 80, 81.
chariot race, 88.
"Cupid and Psyche," 85.
"Don Quixote," 84.
English, 86, 87.
English hunt, 84.
foreign scenes, 86, 88.
French, 86, 87.
importation of, 82.
landscape, 88, 89.
made to order, 83, 89.
origin of, 80.
panels of, 81.
Parisian views, 88.
picture, 79, 81.
roll, 81.
Roman ruins, 89.
squares of, 81.
Venetian scenes, 88.
Walls, painted, 81-83, 90, 91.
thick, 9.
unplastered, 66.
Ware, Isaac, quoted, 72.
Ware, wooden, 213.
Warner, Hon. Jonathan, 10, 169.
house, 9, 56, 90, 109, 169.
War of 1812, 143, 234.
Warren, Russell, 11.
Washington, George, 10, 25, 88, 130, 138.
quoted, 25.
Washingtonian period, 19.
Waterbury, Conn., 155.
Waters, Fitz, 202.
collection, 93, 102, 108, 202.
house, 38, 77, 202.
Wayland, Mass., 35.
Webster, Daniel, 23, 111.
Fletcher, 23.
Wedgwood ware, 189.
cream, 191.
jasper, 191.
Portland Vase, 192, 195.
Queen's ware, 190.
Wedgwood, Josiah, 189, 190, 191, 192.
Well room, the, 12.
Wentworth, Governor Benning, 10, 115.
house, 10, 58.
Sir John, 12.
West, Mrs. William C., 189.
collection, 189, 202.
Westminster Abbey, 146.
Westmoreland County, England, 211.
West Newbury, Mass., 12, 48.
Wheelwright, William, 88.
house, 88.
Whieldon, Thomas, 189.
Whipple, Major George, 87.
house, 7, 23, 87.
White, Captain Joseph, 22.
Stephen, 23.
White House, Washington, 11.
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 47, 73.
garden, 47.
house, 37, 47, 160.
Wilkes-barre, Pa., 75.
William and Mary, 127.
Willard, Aaron, 148.
Benjamin, 148.
Simon, 149.
Windows, bull's-eye, 57.
diamond paned, 13.
dormer, 9.
fanlight, 61.
leaded, 5.
Lutheran, 9.
Windsor, England, 96.
Winthrop, Governor, 42, 161.
Wise, Rev. John, 76.
Witchcraft days, 26.
Woods used, apple, 101, 112.
cherry, 108, 111, 112, 148.
forest trees, 106.
hard, 59, 95.
harewood, 129.
holly, 114.
mahogany, 59, 61, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108, 112, 114, 115, 127.
maple, 109, 114.
oak, 108, 147.
pine, 147.
rosewood, 101, 102.
satinwood, 100, 101, 114, 129.
soft, 59, 95.
sycamore, 129.
tulip, 101, 114.
walnut, 60, 108, 111, 112, 129, 147.
white, 2, 129.
Yule log, 64.