OFFENCE AND DEFENCE
We have made reference during the course of our story to the grave
risks which were run by the mercantile East Indiamen in regard to
pirates and privateers. It will now be our duty to give some instances
of these and to show that if the captains and officers of the Company’s
ships received big rewards for their few voyages, they were certainly
entitled to a high rate of remuneration considering the dangers which
had to be encountered as regards ships, cargoes and human lives. The
very essential basis of overseas trade is that trade-carriers shall be
able to go about their lawful business with some certainty of not being
attacked on the way. To-day, if a war broke out between our own and
some other country possessing a navy, the merchant ships would be so
endangered that they would either have to remain in port or else wait
till our cruisers could convoy them.
To a certain extent this happened in the time when the East Indiamen
flourished. But some say that to-day privateering could not be revived,
and in any case piracy, if not quite dead in the East (and for that
matter off the north coast of Africa), has been so heavily crushed,
thanks to the good work of the Royal Navy, that it would not avail
much against our big modern liners and freight-carriers. But in the
days with which this present volume is concerned, piracy was a very
real, flourishing concern: and quite apart from all the long-drawn-out
hostilities between our country and other powers this remained an
eternal source of anxiety to an East Indiaman captain. If he could not
meet the pirate on an equal footing the end would come quickly and
decisively, for the pirate captains were often enough of British origin
and just as fine seamen and fighters as any in the employ of the East
India Company.
Take the case of Captain John Bowen, who about the year 1700 used to
cruise over the Indian Ocean between the Malabar coast and Madagascar,
making piracy his serious trade. One day he fell in with an English
East Indiaman homeward bound from Bengal under the command of a Captain
Conway. In a very short space of time she had been overcome, made a
prize of, taken into port, and both her hull and her cargo put up
for sale to the highest bidders, which consisted of three merchants
glad to obtain the spoil at their own price. A little later on the
East Indiaman _Pembroke_, having put into Mayotta for water, and
being promptly boarded by the boats of the pirates, whose men killed
the chief mate and one seaman, the ship was taken. Some idea of the
experiences which beset the East Indiamen may be gathered from a letter
dated from Bombay on 16th November 1720 by a certain Captain Mackra,
who was in command of one of the Company’s ships.
“We arrived on the 25th of July last,” he writes, “in company with the
_Greenwich_, at Juanna, an island not far from Madagascar. Putting in
there to refresh our men we found fourteen pirates who came in their
canoes from the Mayotta, where the pirate ship to which they belonged,
viz, the _Indian Queen_, two hundred and fifty tons, twenty-eight guns,
and ninety men, commanded by Captain Oliver de la Bouche bound from
the Guinea Coast to the East Indies had been bulged [_i.e._ “bilged”],
had been lost. They said they left the captain and forty of their men
building a new vessel to proceed on their wicked designs. Captain Kirby
and I concluding that it might be of great service to the East Indian
Company to destroy such a nest of rogues, were ready to sail for that
purpose on the 17th of August, about eight o’clock in the morning,
when we discovered two pirates standing into the bay of Juanna, one of
thirty-four, and the other of thirty-six guns. I immediately went on
board the _Greenwich_, where they seemed very diligent in preparation
for an engagement, and I left Captain Kirby with mutual promises of
standing by each other. I then unmoored, got under sail, and brought
two boats ahead to row me close to the _Greenwich_: but he being open
to a valley and a breeze, made the best of his way from me: which an
Ostender[H] in our company, of twenty-two guns, seeing, did the same,
though the captain had promised heartily to engage with us, and I
believe would have been as good as his word, if Captain Kirby had kept
his. About half-an-hour after twelve, I called several times to the
_Greenwich_ to bear down to our assistance, and fired a shot at him,
but to no purpose: for though we did not doubt but he would join us
because, when he got about a league from us he brought his ship to
and looked on, yet both he and the Ostender basely deserted us, and
left us engaged with barbarous and inhuman enemies, with their black
and bloody flags hanging over us, without the least appearance of ever
escaping, but to be cut to pieces. But God, in his good providence,
determined otherwise: for notwithstanding their superiority, we engaged
them both about three hours: during which time the biggest of them
received some shot betwixt wind and water, which made her keep off a
little to stop her leaks. The other endeavoured all she could to board
us, by rowing with her oars, being within half a ship’s length of us
above an hour: but by good fortune we shot all her oars to pieces,
which prevented them, and by consequence saved our lives.
[Illustration: THE “VERNON,” EAST INDIAMAN, 1,000 TONS.
(By courtesy of Messrs. T. H. Parker Brothers)]
“About four o’clock most of the officers and men posted on the
quarter-deck being killed and wounded, the largest ship making up to
us with diligence, being still within a cable’s length of us, often
giving us a broadside, there being now no hopes of Capt. Kirby coming
to our assistance, we endeavoured to run ashore: and though we drew
four feet more of water than the pirate, it pleased God that he struck
on a higher ground than happily we fell in with: so was disappointed
a second time from boarding us. Here we had a more violent engagement
than before: all my officers and most of my men behaved with unexpected
courage: and, as we had a considerable advantage by having a broadside
to his bow, we did him great damage: so, that had Captain Kirby come
in then, I believe we should have taken both the vessels, for we had
one of them sure: but the other pirate (who was still firing at us)
seeing the _Greenwich_ did not offer to assist us, supplied his consort
with three boats full of fresh men. About five in the evening the
_Greenwich_ stood clear away to sea, leaving us struggling hard for
life, in the very jaws of death: which the other pirate that was afloat
seeing, got a warp out, and was hauling under our stern.
“By this time many of my men being killed and wounded, and no hopes
left us of escaping being all murdered by enraged barbarous conquerors,
I ordered all that could to get into the long-boat, under the cover of
the smoke of our guns: so that, with what some did in boats, and others
by swimming, most of us that were able got ashore by seven o’clock.
When the pirates came aboard, they cut three of our wounded men to
pieces. I with some of my people made what haste I could to King’s
town, twenty-five miles from us, where I arrived next day, almost dead
with the fatigue and loss of blood, having been sorely wounded in the
head by a musket-ball.
“At this town I heard that the pirates had offered ten thousand dollars
to the country people to bring me in, which many of them would have
accepted, only they knew the king and all his chief people were in my
interest. Meantime I caused a report to be circulated that I was dead
of my wounds, which much abated their fury. About ten days after, being
pretty well recovered, and hoping the malice of our enemy was near
over, I began to consider the dismal condition we were reduced to:
being in a place where we had no hopes of getting a passage home, all
of us in a manner naked, not having had time to bring with us either a
shirt or a pair of shoes, except what we had on. Having obtained leave
to go on board the pirates with a promise of safety, several of the
chief of them knew me, and some of them had sailed with me, which I
found to be of great advantage; because, notwithstanding their promise,
some of them would have cut me to pieces, and all that would not enter
with them, had it not been for their chief captain, Edward England, and
some others whom I knew. They talked of burning one of their ships,
which we had so entirely disabled as to be no farther useful to them,
and to fit the _Cassandra_ in her room. But in the end I managed the
affair so well, that they made me a present of the said shattered ship,
which was Dutch built, and called the _Fancy_: her burden was about
three hundred tons. I procured also a hundred and twenty-nine bales
of the Company’s cloth, though they would not give me a rag of my own
clothes.
“They sailed on the 3rd of September: and I, with the jury masts, and
such old sails as they left me, made a shift to do the like on the 8th,
together with forty-three of my ship’s crew, including two passengers
and twelve soldiers: having no more than five tuns of water aboard.
After a passage of forty-eight days, I arrived here on the 26th of
October, almost naked and starved, having been reduced to a pint of
water a day, and almost in despair of ever seeing land, by reason of
the calms we met with between the coast of Arabia and Malabar.
“We had in all thirteen men killed and twenty-four wounded: and we were
told that we destroyed about ninety or a hundred of the pirates. When
they left us, there were about three hundred whites and eight blacks
in both ships. I am persuaded had our consort of the _Greenwich_ done
his duty, we had destroyed both of them, and got two hundred thousand
pounds for our owners and selves: whereas the loss of the _Cassandra_
may justly be imputed to his deserting us. I have delivered all the
bales that were given me into the company’s warehouse, for which the
governor and council have ordered me a reward. Our governor, Mr Boon,
who is extremely kind and civil to me, had ordered me home with the
packet: but Captain Harvey who had a prior promise, being come in with
the fleet, goes in my room. The governor had promised me a country
voyage to help to make up my losses, and would have me stay and
accompany him to England next year.”
This Captain England was a notorious sea-pirate and had made many a
capture of an innocent merchant ship, and now commanded the _Victory_,
which as the _Peterborough_ he had previously captured. He used
Madagascar as his base for attacking East Indiamen, though he had
sailed into most of the seas of the world on the look-out for his
victims. It was only after remaining a short time at Madagascar that
they had proceed to Juanna and fallen in with the two English East
Indiamen and one Ostender. Captain Mackra was certainly lucky to have
got off with his life and also with even a crippled ship to reach
India. But England, villain that he was, respected Mackra as a brave
seaman, and with difficulty succeeded in restraining the pirate crew
from exhausting their fury upon the East Indiaman captain. In fact this
generosity towards Mackra was eventually the undoing of England, for
the crew considered the treatment had not been in accordance with the
severe traditions of pirates, and England was deprived of his command.
Captains of the East Indiamen had to be masters of resource no less
than able tacticians and shipmasters. In the month of January 1797 the
French Rear-Admiral Sercey was splendidly outwitted by the captain of
one of the East India Company’s merchant ships. It happened on this
wise. Admiral Sercey was commanding a squadron of six frigates and was
returning to the Isle of France. When he was off the east end of Java
he descried what appeared to be a considerable force, and before the
day had ended counted himself very fortunate to have escaped them.
That, indeed, was how it appeared to him. But looked at from the
opposite point of view we have to consider half-a-dozen homeward-bound
East Indiamen all richly laden, and not one of them a warship. The
commodore of this merchant squadron was Captain Charles Lennox, whose
ship was the _Woodford_. On the morning of the day mentioned he was
alarmed to see Admiral Sercey’s frigate squadron and feared for the
safety of the Indiamen under his own charge. Here was a dilemma indeed.
These six merchantmen were not the equal of the six frigates in a
fight: therefore an engagement must be avoided. But, on the other hand,
if the merchantmen attempted to crowd on all sail and run away this
would be an admission of inferior strength and the Frenchman would be
bound to attack at once.
So with much ingenuity Lennox devised a piece of bluff. In order to
deceive Sercey, the English commodore hoisted the blue flag of the
French Rear-Admiral Rainier at the mizen, and made all the other five
ships to hoist pennants and ensigns to correspond, for it must be
remembered that in appearance a French frigate and one of the Company’s
East Indiamen were very similar at a distance. In addition he had the
audacity to detach two of his ships and send them on to reconnoitre
the French squadron. These approached the French reconnoitring frigate
_Cybèle_, and the latter’s captain, having had a good look at the
enemy, made the signal at her mast-head, “The enemy is superior in
force to the French,” and crowding on sail rejoined Sercey’s squadron.
The French admiral therefore caused his ships to make sail and escape,
though when one of his vessels—the _Forte_—had the misfortune to carry
away her maintopmast he was more than surprised to notice that the
English did not continue their chase. But inasmuch as the captain of
the _Cybèle_ had assured him that the enemy’s force consisted of two
line-of-battle ships and four frigates he felt that he was justified
in retreating and declining fight. So it came about that the six East
Indiamen were able to congratulate themselves on escaping, and the
French rear-admiral was no less pleased to have avoided an engagement.
But you may judge of the latter’s anger and chagrin four weeks later
when, on arriving at the Isle of France, he learned that Admiral
Rainier had not been near the straits (where the East Indiamen were
sighted), and that therefore six rich merchant ships which ought to
have been captured had been allowed literally to slip through his
fingers.
From time immemorial the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Persia had been
the happy hunting-ground of pirates, and the mouth of the Red Sea,
from its strategical position, was another favourite resort. There
is on record an incident belonging to the year 1696, when the pirates
attacked a Bombay ship commanded by an Englishman named Sawbridge,
whose cargo consisted of Arab horses for Surat. The pirates were able
to seize the ship, whereupon Sawbridge began to expostulate with them
as to their manner of life. On this they ordered him to be silent, but
as he continued to speak they took a sail-needle and twine and sewed
his lips together, keeping him like this for several hours with his
hands tied behind him. They then at length unloosed both his hands and
his lips and took him on board their own ship, and having successfully
plundered Sawbridge’s vessel they set it on fire, burning both her and
the horses. Sawbridge was set ashore at Aden, together with his people,
but it is not surprising to learn that he soon died.
Now the pirate in this case was not an Oriental, but that notorious
blackguard Captain Avery, who certainly knew better. The pirates,
however, of whom we are now to speak as enemies of the East Indiamen
ships were those Easterns who dwelt on the Arabian side of the Persian
Gulf and were known by the name of Joassamees. They were seamen by
nature and occupation, trading with their vessels to Bussorah, Bushire,
Muscat and India. Finding that to plunder the big merchant ships which
now came to the Persian Gulf was a profitable concern, they applied
themselves with great assiduity to that task, and became even more
ambitious. About the year 1797 one of the East India Company’s warships
was lying at anchor in the inner roads of Bushire (on the Persian side
of the Gulf). Her name was the _Viper_ and she carried ten guns.
Anchored in the harbour were some Joassamee dhows, but as they had
always respected or feared the British flag no hostile measures had
been taken against them by British ships. The commanders of these
dhows had applied to the Persian agent of the East India Company for a
supply of gunpowder and cannon shot, and as the agent had no suspicion
of their intentions he furnished them with an order to the commanding
officer on board for the quantity required.
The captain of the _Viper_ was ashore at the time in the agent’s house,
but as the order was produced to the officer on board the powder and
shot were delivered and the dhows subsequently made sail. At this
moment the crew of the _Viper_ were below at breakfast, when suddenly
they were alarmed by a cannonade from two of the dhows directed at the
_Viper_. The Joassamees attempted to board, but the English officers
leaping on deck sent the crew to quarters, cut the _Viper’s_ cable and
got sail upon her so that she might have the advantage of manœuvring. A
regular engagement now followed between the _Viper_ and four dhows, all
being armed with guns and full of men. The commanding officer of the
_Viper_ was wounded, but after tying round a handkerchief still kept
the deck, till he fell with a ball entering his forehead. The command
then devolved on a midshipman, who continued the fight with great
bravery, and the result was that the dhows were beaten off and chased
out to sea.
Reverting now to the Company’s purely mercantile ships it is well to
see how they were armed to withstand the attacks of their enemies. On
another page the reader will find the lines of one of the finest East
Indiamen of the early nineteenth century. This was one of the Company’s
ships which carried freight and passengers between England and India
and was not one of their cruisers belonging to the Bombay Marine. We
may take this vessel as typical of the biggest and most formidable type
of their ships at the time of which we are speaking. She measured 165
feet 6½ inches long. Her length of keel (measured for tonnage) was
134 feet. Her extreme breadth was 42 feet, and the depth of her hold 17
feet, her burthen working out at 1257 tons. Such a ship was armed with
twenty-six 18-pounders on her middle deck and ten 18-pounders on her
upper deck, with two more guns in the after ports as stern-chasers. One
of the greatest authorities on shipbuilding and naval architecture of
that time, who himself was a Fellow of the Royal Society, went so far
as to state that the biggest East Indiamen were not safe owing to their
bad design below water, adding that whenever these vessels got ashore
in bad weather they usually broke their floors and then filled with
water—so weakly constructed were they below.
With respect to the armament of these ships, James, the famous naval
historian, in commenting on that incident in which Commodore Dance beat
off the French Admiral Linois (already related in another chapter),
says that each of the Indiamen under Dance carried from thirty to
thirty-six guns apiece, but the strongest of them was not a match for
the smallest 36-gun French frigate, and some of these East Indiamen
would have found it difficult to avoid yielding to the 22-gun corvette.
Speaking of these East Indiamen, he says: “Some of the ships carried
upon the main deck 26 medium 18-pounders, or ‘carronades,’ weighing
about 28 cwt. and of very little use: guns of this description, indeed,
have long since been exploded. Ten 18-pounder carronades on the
quarter-deck made up the 36 guns. Others of the ships, and those among
the largest, mounted long 12 and 6 pounders. No one of the crews, we
believe, exceeded 140 men, and that number included Chinese, Lascars,
etc. Moreover in fitting the ships, so much more attention had been
paid to stowage than to the means of attack and defence, that one and
sometimes two butts of water were lashed between the guns, and the
decks in general greatly lumbered.”
The fact was that the old East Indiamen had to go about their work
under very trying conditions. They could not be built of more than a
certain tonnage for the reason that shipbuilders were not equal to the
task. Within their limited size of about 140 feet on the keel a very
great deal had to be got in. First and most important of all, the ship
must be able to carry a large amount of cargo. Without this she would
not be of service to the East India Company. Secondly, she carried
passengers and a large crew. This meant that the designer’s ingenuity
was further taxed to find accommodation for all. Then, although she
had to be strong enough to carry all her armament, yet she had to make
as fast a passage as she could with safety and caution. In short, like
all other ships she was a compromise, but the real difficulty was to
combine space, speed and fighting strength without one item ousting
the other. To-day the designer of our merchant ships has a difficult
problem; but he has not to consider so much how his ship would fare
in an engagement, but how he can get out of her the greatest speed
combined with the maximum amount of room for passengers and cargo.
He has to work on all sorts of data obtained from actual experience
of years and experiments made in tanks with wax models. But the
designers and builders of the old East Indiamen were tied down to the
frigate type and bound by convention. There was very little science in
shipbuilding, and practically all that they could do was to modify very
slightly the models which had been in vogue for so many generations. If
they had been in possession of greater theoretical knowledge, if they
could have been allowed to eliminate all thought of the ship being a
fighting unit, we should have seen, no doubt, the clipper era appearing
some years before it actually did. It is easy enough to find fault with
the old East Indiamen for their clumsiness, but it is much more just
to remember the conditions which were handicapping the designers and
builders of those times.
FOOTNOTES:
[H] That is to say a ship belonging to the Ostend East India Company.