PERSONAL HYGIENE.
Certain personal factors are very important in relation to health. The
chief of these are constitution, temperament, heredity, idiosyncrasy,
age, sex, and habits.
=Constitution.=—Health may vary in degree without the presence of
actual disease. This fact is expressed by the use of such terms as
“perfect,” “strong,” “feeble,” “delicate,” in speaking of the health
of the same person at different times, and also as distinguishing
one person from another. The constitution is an important factor in
resisting disease, and a robust constitution may determine recovery
from a severe illness, while the patient with a feeble constitution
falls a victim to it.
The constitution of an individual is partly _acquired_, partly
_inherited_. A feeble or delicate constitution may be acquired by
unhygienic conditions, such as deficient exercise, the prolonged
breathing of impure air, unhealthy occupations, some imperfection in
diet, or dissipation.
But while many a robust constitution is enfeebled by such conditions,
a weak constitution may happily be strengthened by careful and
prolonged attention to the laws of health. This is especially well
seen in the case of those who strengthen their muscular system by
carefully-graduated and not excessive exercise.
=Heredity= has a great influence on health. As a rule the children of
healthy parents are robust, and on the contrary, any “weak point” in
the parents’ constitutions is liable to be participated in by their
children. Both _mental_ and _physical_ conditions may be inherited. A
peculiar habit of mind, as well as the same expression of features, may
be inherited.
As regards physical diseases, the influence of parents is not less
remarkable. The son of a gouty father requires to be particularly
abstemious in order to avoid his father’s disease. Certain specific
febrile diseases, _e.g._, enteric fever, diphtheria, and still
more rheumatic fever, are hereditary in the sense that the members
of certain families are more prone to them than others. Insanity,
epilepsy, asthma, neuralgia, and hysteria are also hereditary in the
same sense, and it is noticed that they occasionally alternate in
different generations. Cancer, consumption, certain skin diseases, and
a tendency to the early onset of degenerative diseases, appear also to
occur more often in certain families than in others.
In most cases it is the tendency to disease which is transmitted,
and not the disease itself. When an actual disease is inherited, as
happens very rarely in tuberculosis and often in syphilis, the actual
infection is transmitted before birth from the parent.
A peculiarity of form, character, or tendency to disease has been known
to disappear in one generation and re-appear in the next; this variety
of heredity is termed _atavism_. The evidence showing the inheritance
of acquired characters, _i.e._ those which arise in consequence of the
effect of external forces on the organism is not conclusive. Weismann
believes that only those forces that influence the germ-plasm are
inherited. It must be admitted that the instances of inheritance of
acquired characters can be better explained otherwise. Thus the long
neck of the giraffe was formerly explained on the supposition that the
neck became gradually lengthened owing to the efforts made generation
after generation in reaching food; but is better explained by Weismann
on the supposition that those giraffes which, during times of famine
were able to reach higher and obtain food from the twigs of trees would
survive and pass on their characteristics to their young, while shorter
necked giraffes would be exterminated.
The inheritance of proclivity to or immunity from attacks of infectious
diseases is a problem of great difficulty; but there is no substantial
reason for thinking that the efforts being made to diminish the
prevalence of these diseases (including consumption) are likely to
produce a weaker race or one more likely to suffer with excessive
severity from these diseases should they be introduced after a long
absence. (See also page 309).
=Temperament= indicates a peculiarity in constitution, causing a
liability to particular diseases, or to a special character in any
disease to which a person becomes subject. Four temperaments are
usually recognized—the sanguine, phlegmatic, bilious, and nervous, but
unmixed specimens of these temperaments are rarely seen.
By =idiosyncrasy= is understood a peculiarity limited to a
comparatively small number of individuals. Four varieties of
idiosyncrasy may be described.
The first consists in an extreme susceptibility to the action of
certain things, or an extreme lack of susceptibility. Thus most people
at some time or other inhale the pollen of grasses, but only in a few
cases does it produce that troublesome and distressing complaint—hay
asthma. In certain persons a very minute dose of iodide of potassium
produces distressing symptoms; in most cases these symptoms arise if
the drug is taken for a prolonged period; but in a few cases it may be
taken for an indefinite period without troublesome result. The case of
a physician at Bath is very curious. The smell of hyacinths in bloom
always made him faint away; so constant was this result, that before
entering a room during the hyacinth season, he always asked the servant
if there were any hyacinths in it.
The second form of idiosyncrasy consists in the production of poisonous
results by common articles of diet. Thus some people cannot partake
of shell-fish or lobsters without having severe nettlerash. In rare
instances the smallest amount of egg, or in other cases mutton, or
pepper, or some other substance will produce severe indigestion or
nettlerash.
The third form consists in an inversion of the usual effects of certain
substances, especially drugs. Thus opium in rare cases produces
convulsions; while the aperient Epsom salts have been known to produce
constipation.
A fourth form, that of mental idiosyncrasies, may be added, as where
there is a strange preference or aversion for objects usually regarded
as indifferent. Many cases of mental peculiarity, short of actual
insanity, will come under this head; as will instances of depraved
appetite for food, etc.
=Age and Sex.=—According to the period of life, danger arises from
different sources. In _infancy_ and old age extreme changes of
temperature are especially dangerous, and additional protection is
required (see also page 271). Thousands of deaths occur in the first
year of life, from substituting starchy foods for milk, the natural
food for infancy and childhood (see page 303). In _childhood_ the
danger from bad feeding is still present, and is evidenced by the
frequency of rickets (page 28); infectious diseases claim their
thousands; and the disorders associated with dentition are common. In
_youth_ rapid growth is proceeding, and so the food must be abundant
and nutritious. A proportionately larger amount is required than by an
adult, as the functions of the body not only require to be carried on,
but material is necessary to build up the growing tissues.
_Manhood_ is the period of greatest stability of health. The health now
depends on the use made of the previous periods of life, and on the
habits acquired.
With the onset of _old age_ come various degenerative diseases. The
tendency is to death by gradual decay—a _euthanasia_ or easy death,
which is too seldom seen. Commonly, bronchitis or apoplexy or kidney
diseases bring the scene to a somewhat premature end.
The mortality of man is greater than that of woman at all ages except
5—20.
=Habits.=—The immense power of habits in the formation of character is
perhaps duly appreciated; but their influence on physical health is not
so well appreciated; though it would be difficult to exaggerate it.
The laws of health are as inexorable and unaltering as all other laws
of nature; and whether broken through carelessness or ignorance, the
Nemesis of disease inevitably follows. Whatever a man sows he reaps, in
health as in other matters.
Habits are easily formed; but, when once formed, not so easily broken.
They ought to be our servants; very commonly they become our masters.
In reference to _eating and drinking_, habits regular as to time and
moderate as to quantity are especially important. The habit of eating
hastily and masticating the food imperfectly, is certain, sooner or
later, to produce disease. Over-eating, again, is a fertile source of
disease, especially when the excess is in animal food. The amount of
stimulation produced by a given dose of alcohol, gradually diminishes
with its repetition; the consequence is, that in order to produce
the amount of stimulation to which the system has become habituated,
the stimulant requires to be gradually increased. The craving for
stimulants is often a sign of ill-health, owing to disregard of
hygienic laws or actual disease. Not infrequently it is due to
badly-ventilated rooms or long hours of work without food, producing
a sense of depression which food does not immediately allay. When the
cause is unknown, recourse should be had to competent medical advice,
and not to the brandy bottle.
=Attention to the Action of the Bowels= is a matter which is commonly
neglected. The importance of a regular habit in this respect cannot be
exaggerated; the bowels should always be relieved at a particular time
each day. Where this does not occur the condition of _constipation_
results. Owing to the retention of the fæces in the intestines beyond
the normal period, the stomach and higher parts of the intestines do
not perform their functions normally; indigestion and “dyspepsia,”
accompanied by headache, flatulence, and other symptoms follow.
Hæmorrhoids (piles) are another frequent consequence. At the junction
of the small and large intestines is a dilated sac (in the cæcum).
This becomes distended when constipation occurs; inflammation may
be set up, and an operation required, or the condition is fatal.
Powerful purgative medicines are injurious to the bowels, and they tend
afterwards to increase constipation. It is better to take slow-acting
aperient remedies, and better still not to take any at all, but relieve
the condition by means of such articles of diet as stewed fruit, pears,
figs, olive oil, or brown bread. As a rule more exercise is required in
this condition, and always a prompt attention to the calls of nature.