=230. Door Fastener.= A door fastener (F_Mechanical Devices in the Home

which has a strong spring on the inside. When the spring is released,

it pushes down on a rod which is capped with rubber. When down, this

comes in contact with the floor and holds the door in place. To change

the position of the door, a small lever is used to lift the rod and

compress the spring, thus releasing the door stop from contact with the

floor.

=231. Window Shades.= Window shades are equipped with a spring in one

end of the roller to aid in raising it. At the end of the spring is a

flat bar which is held in position by the bracket on which the shade

is hung. Small catches hold the curtain when it is at the desired

position (Fig. 130). If the spring becomes weak, draw the curtain down.

This compresses the spring. Stop so that the clamps always fall into

place to hold it. Then remove the curtain from the brackets and roll

it up by hand. Place it back on the brackets. It can then be raised or

lowered as wanted, and will work with more power. Take care when doing

this not to wind the spring so tight that it will draw the curtain

clear around the roller, thus letting the spring unwind or breaking the

spring.

[Illustration: FIG. 130. Spring in curtain roller.]

[Illustration: FIG. 131. Hinge.]

=232. Hinges.= There are some hinges which should be of interest to

women. These are the ones for doors which swing only one way, and for

those which swing both out and in (Fig. 131).

=233. Sliding Doors.= When sliding doors slip off the slide, they may

be replaced. They are hung like a barn door. There is a metal track

above the door between the walls. The door is hung on this track by

pulleys which slide along the track. Sometimes, by accident, these

pulleys are slipped from the track. The door then must be lifted so

that the pulley can be set back on the track. Usually the door needs

to be lifted but a fraction of an inch and then pushed a little to one

side or the other to get the pulley into place.

CHAPTER XXIII

SEWING MACHINES

[Illustration: FIG. 132. Lock-stitch machine.

1. Bed Slide

2. Presser Foot

3. Presser Foot Thumb Screw

4. Needle Clamp

5. Needle Clamp Thumb Screw

6. Needle Bar Thread Guide

7. Needle Bar Bushing

8. Thread Cutter

9. Face Plate Thumb Screw

10. Slack Thread Regulator

11. Tension Spring

12. Tension Regulating Thumb Nut

13. Tension Discs

14. Thread Take-up Spring

15. Thread Guide

16. Presser Bar Lifter

17. Face Plate

18. Pressure Regulating Thumb Screw

19. Presser Bar

20. Thread Take-up Lever

21. Thread Guide

22. Arm

23. Spool Pin

24. Bobbin Winder Stop Latch

25. Belt Cover

26. Bobbin Winder Thread Guide

27. Balance Wheel

28. Bobbin Winder Pulley

29. Bobbin Winder Spindle

30. Bobbin Winder Worm Wheel

31. Stitch Regulating Thumb Screw

32. Bed

33. Throat Plate

34. Feed Plate

]

=234. Different Types of Sewing Machines.= There are two types of

sewing machines in use--the chain-stitch and the lock-stitch. Sewing

machines are made to run by hand, foot or mechanical motor power. This

makes no difference in design or care of the stitching part of the

machine. Motor and foot power run the machine faster than hand power.

The treadle of the foot-power machines swings on pivots. These should

be kept oiled and clean from lint and thread. The large and the small

wheels for the belt should be oiled at the axle.

=235. Lock-Stitch Sewing Machine.= A lock-stitch sewing machine (Figs.

132 and 133) consists of shafts and wheels which move the needle, feed

plate and bobbin. The top thread is guided from spool to needle thru

a tension so that only the needed amount passes forward each time the

needle is raised after the thread has caught in the cloth.

When there is a difference in the size of the thread used on the

machine, the tension must be adjusted to fit the thread, unless the

tension is automatic. If the tension is not properly adjusted or the

machine threaded properly, the thread will either break, tangle at the

needle point, or draw the top thread tighter than the bottom one (Fig.

134).

A longer stitch is needed for coarse thread than for fine thread.

=236. Feed Plate.= A device below the needle called the feed plate

(No. 34, Fig. 132) shoves the cloth faster or slower under the needle,

according to its adjustment, thus making a longer or shorter stitch.

This device is a rough plate which moves backward each time the needle

is raised, and forward again when the needle comes down. While moving

backward, the rough surface moves the cloth, but it drops slightly

below the level of the table as it moves back into place, so does not

affect the cloth. For short stitches, it moves with a short stroke,

and for long stitches, with a long stroke. If the feed plate becomes

gummed with lint and oil, the machine will not make even stitches and

may fail to move the cloth. Sometimes it will fail to stitch. Improper

threading may break the needle thread. Too tight a tension may break

it. Too coarse thread for the size of the needle may break the needle.

A bent, blunt pointed or incorrectly set needle may break.

[Illustration: FIG. 133. Under part of machine using a vibrating

shuttle.]

[Illustration: FIG. 134. Diagrams showing proper tension.]

=237. Bobbins.= There are two styles of bobbins used on lock-stitch

sewing machines--the shuttle bobbin (Fig. 135) and the round bobbin

(Fig. 136), depending on the particular type of machine used.

[Illustration: FIG. 135. Shuttle bobbin.]

=238. Shuttle Bobbins.= In shuttle bobbins, there is a long iron spool

on which the thread is wound. This is put into the bobbin with the

twist in the direction indicated in the book of directions for the

machine being used, and the thread is drawn thru the slits and holes in

the bobbin which govern the tension of the lower thread (see Fig. 135).

Put the shuttle into place and draw the thread up over the feed plate

(Fig. 137). The machine moves the shuttle backward and forward, and

as this happens, the needle is timed to drop down, leaving a loop of

thread in such a position that the bobbin passes thru it. In rising,

the needle pulls the loop up tight, and as it has passed thru the

cloth, this cloth comes in between the thread from the bobbin on the

under side and the thread from the spool on the upper side, which have

been interlocked by the bobbin having passed thru the loop of thread

from the spool as the needle carried it down below the cloth. This is

called the lock-stitch (Fig. 134). The spool bobbins also pass thru the

loop left after the needle has passed downward.

[Illustration: FIG. 136. Spool bobbin.]

[Illustration: FIG. 137. Pulling up bobbin thread.]

=239. Chain-Stitch Machine.= In the chain-stitch machine (Fig. 138),

the shaft turns a device which draws a loop of thread thru each

foregoing loop, thus making a stitch similar to crocheting, but having

the cloth interlocked with the stitch. The needle carries the thread

and makes it tight or loose as needed. The feed plate carries the cloth

under the needle.

There is a tension to govern the thread. As a single thread is used in

making this stitch, no bobbin is used. The tension must be tight enough

to draw the loop of thread about the cloth, or else the thread will

tangle.

=240. Cautions for All Machines.= Machines should be kept well oiled,

and they must be kept free from thread and lint, for these are the

things which give trouble in machines. Never try to draw the cloth

under the needle any faster than it is pushed along by the feed plate

under the presser foot. Pulling on the cloth bends the needle from the

exact path which it should follow.

Move the treadle with a smooth, even motion--a jerky motion wears out

operator and machine. Use only the best sewing-machine oil. Poor oil

gums the parts of the machine. Clean the machine every day it is in

use. Take care to set the needle in its proper position, and fasten it

firmly in place.

=241. General Instructions.= Thread the machine exactly according to

instructions. If not properly threaded, it will fail to stitch--the

thread will tangle. If the bobbin is not properly threaded, it will not

have the proper tension, and the machine cannot sew as it should. The

bobbin thread will break if it is not properly threaded thru the bobbin

case. It will also break if the bobbin tension is too tight (No. 14,

Fig. 138).

[Illustration: FIG. 138. Chain-stitch machine.

1. Cloth Plate

2. Presser Foot

3. Needle-Bar Nut

4. Needle-Bar

5. Needle-Bar Screw

6. Foot Bar

7. Lever

8. Liftee

9. Take Up

10. Embroidery Spring

11. Pull Off

12. Spool-Pin

13. Spool-Pin Holder

14. Automatic Tension

15. Tension Rod

16. Ball Stud

17. Lever Stud

18. Connecting Rod

19. Small Wheel

20. Belt

21. Shaft

22. Frame

23. Stitch Regulator

24. Cap

25. Looper

26. Link

27. Feed Bar

28. Feed Surface

]

Always regulate the stitch and the size of needle for each size and

kind of thread used. A table for this usually comes with each machine,

or is often stamped on the machine. Select the thread suitable to the

material. The number of a needle is marked on the shank. Needles made

for one kind of machine will not always work on another.

An automatic tension should not be changed or meddled with. Some

tensions must be adjusted to the thread. Follow directions coming with

the machine for adjusting tensions. Remove any thread which has become

entangled in the mechanism of the machine.

Never use a bent needle. A bent needle drops stitches on a chain-stitch

machine. Soaping the needle helps it to go thru goods difficult to

penetrate.

When a machine runs hard, it needs oil or has become gummed up with

poor oil. When gummed, clean with kerosene oil. Thread or ravelings

wound about the axles of the wheels also makes the machine run hard.

Learn to use the attachments of your machine--take care that they do

not become bent.

The lock-stitch does not rip easily.

The ends of the thread of chain stitches should be carefully fastened.

If started from the end where the seam was completed, the loop stitch

may be easily unraveled and thus save time when mistakes are made in

sewing or when garments are being made over.

CHAPTER XXXIV

AUTOMOBILES

No lengthy treatise on automobiles can be given here, but a few facts

of general information are well in order.

Each car has its special features, but the basic principles of

operation and control are the same for all makes. Let us consider,

first, the control of the machine on the road.

=242. Starting the Motor.= Open the throttle from one-fourth to

one-third way, to permit entry of plenty of gas into the motor. Set the

time control about as far down as the throttle. Turn on the ignition

switch and turn the motor with the starter.

A cold motor may demand use of the choker before starting, but,

again, too free use of the choker floods the carburetor with a rich,

non-explosive mixture which can be removed only by use of the starter.

Should the motor flood too easily, or should it take too much choking,

have the carburetor readjusted. Common mistakes in starting the motor

are (1) too free use of the starter, which is injurious to the battery;

(2) starting with the timer set too far down, causing back-fire.

Occasionally, a novice attempts to start a car with the gears set and

the brakes on. With the motor started and running smoothly, shift the

gears into low and take off the brake. Let the clutch back gently to

prevent the car from starting with a jerk. In shifting gears, the

throttle should be kept down to prevent the motor from racing upon

releasing the clutch. (3) A common mistake is the attempt to shift

gears with the clutch not entirely released. (4) Still another

error is the failure to release the brake on starting, resulting in

everything from a stalled motor to a stripped gear.

A difficult place to start a car is when stalled on a hill. This is

done by holding the machine with the foot brake, throttling the motor

with the hand lever, and slowly releasing brake and engaging clutch

simultaneously.

=243. Driving the Automobile.= In driving, many things should be

observed. The oil pressure gauge or indicator should be noted from time

to time to see that the motor bearings are getting proper lubrication.

The speed of the motor should be such that the battery is being charged

rather than discharged, as is likewise shown by an indicator on the

dash. This is especially important when using lights at night. Keep

timer lever in correct place to prevent overheating.

The general rule for driving is--keep to the right side of the road,

the only possible exception being when passing a vehicle going in the

same direction; then go around on the left.

Stop before crossing railroad tracks, and drive slowly when approaching

cross roads. In turning corners to the left, make the turn beyond the

center of the cross road. Do not use brakes against the motor--release

the clutch. Do not use the brake too forcibly; it will cause injury

to rear tires and skidding. On slippery roads, make it a rule to use

chains and drive slowly.

=244. Care of Car.= Under this heading, a few general rules may be

given. Do not persist in running a machine when out of order. Never

drive when the lubrication system is working imperfectly. Lack of

cylinder oil will ruin a motor in a short time. Make it a rule to look

at oil gauge before starting. Care of the battery consists largely in

keeping it charged and filled to the proper level with distilled water.

Tires should be kept inflated at all times. In case of trouble, never

run on a flat tire, as it will soon be worthless under such treatment.

Never drive a machine while out of order--stop and have repairs or

adjustments made.

CHAPTER XXXV

LAWN MOWERS; INCUBATORS

=245. Operation and Care of Lawn Mowers.= The wheels of the lawn mower

permit it both to move easily over the ground and turn the knives which

cut the grass (Fig. 139).

[Illustration: FIG. 139. Lawn mower.]

This means that they must be kept well oiled to work easily--that the

shaft of the wheel must not become wrapped with grass, weeds, string

or wire. Most machines are made adjustable, and the knives are set to

allow them to pass close enough to the plate at the bottom of the mower

to clip the grass as if the machine were a pair of scissors. Keep the

knives properly adjusted in relation to this plate. Do not let them

come so close that they touch the plate but very lightly, nor be so

uneven that one end cuts grass, while the other misses the plate so far

that it will not cut.

If the knives are kept properly adjusted and the mower is not abused by

trying to cut wires, stones, or by being stored where it becomes rusty,

it will seldom need sharpening.

Keep all bolts tight.

=246. Storing Mowers.= When storing for the winter, grease the knives

with a heavy coat of unsalted lard, or cover them with some other

protective material.

=247. Scissors and Shears.= In popular language, there is no

distinction made between scissors and shears. Technically defined,

scissors are less than six inches in length. Any similar cutting device

of greater length is called shears. Both are devices used for cutting

cloth, paper, pruning trees, and many other purposes. They consist of

two knives riveted together at some point between the handle and the

point of the blade. The two blades are so adjusted that as the open

scissors are closed, they touch lightly as they pass each other until

the tip is reached. When the scissors are closed, the blades should

touch only at rivet and tip. Scissors not so adjusted will not cut

well, even the the blades are very sharp. Dropping scissors often bends

the blades. Blades may be straightened as well as sharpened, and thus

make good metal scissors like new.

=248. Principles Upon Which Incubator Works.= A device for hatching

chickens is called an incubator. In order to hatch chickens, the

incubator must keep an average temperature of 102-1/2 degrees

Fahrenheit. The thermometer should be placed in the center of the tray

and on a level with the top of the eggs. The temperature of 102-1/2

degrees Fahrenheit must not vary greatly during the incubation of eggs.

The incubator must also permit of suitable ventilation and control of

the moisture in the eggs.

There are incubators heated with hot water and others with hot air. The

air or water in those commonly used in homes is heated with a kerosene

lamp.

The device consists of a heating unit, a regulator or thermostat which,

acting upon a valve or damper, regulates the admission of heat into

the insulated box containing the trays of eggs, ventilators and a

thermometer (Fig. 140).

=249. The Body of the Incubator.= The box-like body of a good incubator

is set on strong legs which raise it to a convenient height. The trays

slide into the box on cleats about two or three inches from the bottom

of the body. They fit so that a slit about two inches wide is left

between for the chickens to drop down under the tray as they hatch.

Usually this is near the door. If the door is furnished with a glass to

admit light, the chickens are attracted toward light and fall thru the

slit.

[Illustration: FIG. 140. Incubator.]

The walls of the incubator are usually double so that air can be let in

without making a draft. Dampers in the side of the machine regulate

the admission of air. Ventilation both regulates the amount of air

circulating in the incubator and the amount of moisture. Air from a

damp room keeps the eggs moist. Air from a dry room dries them.

=250. Incubators Heated by a Lamp.= Choose a lamp which holds enough

oil to last for twenty-four hours. Good lamps are usually made of metal

and as plain as possible (Fig. 141).

[Illustration: FIG. 141. Incubator lamp.]

The burner furnished with them is an ordinary lamp burner carrying a

straight, flat wick. Metal chimneys are used, there being enough mica

in one side to permit the flame to be seen. The chimney extends into

a metal chamber containing the hot-water pipes, or into a chamber

thru which air is taken and heated by the chimney. The fumes from

the burning oil pass out into the room and not into the incubator.

The heated air passes thru ducts into the incubator. These are often

constructed of wood.

=251. The Wick.= The wick most generally found practical is the cotton

wick, such as is used in ordinary lamps. It should be kept clean and

renewed often. The lamp should be kept filled regularly. The wick must

always be kept trimmed even, to prevent smoking.

Incubators heated by electricity have the heating unit placed either

above or below the trays of eggs. The current is controlled by a

thermostat.

=252. Thermostat.= The thermostat also raises the damper over the top

of the lamp and air heater (Fig. 142), when the incubator reaches the

temperature for which it is set, and lowers it when the temperature

falls. When the damper is lifted, the heated air passes out into the

room and not into the incubator. As soon as the incubator cools below

this temperature, the thermostat contracts, letting the damper drop

in place to retain the heat and direct it into the incubator. The

thermostat works the same when a gas flame is used instead of a lamp.

In electrical machines, the thermostat operates the switch, admitting

much, little or no current, as is needed to maintain 102½ degrees

Fahrenheit.

[Illustration: FIG. 142. Thermostat for incubator.]

=253. The Thermometer.= A thermometer is placed in the incubator to

guide the operator in regulating the temperature. It guides him in

adjusting the thermostat and the heating device; that is, it shows him

when to turn the wick of the lamp up or down.

Lamps should never be turned high enough to smoke. Smoke and gas in the

room are likely to get into the incubator and harm the growing chicks.

=254. Operation of Incubator.= Set the incubator level; it is

constructed to work on the level. Heated air rises--if the incubator

is not level, the highest point will get most of the heat. It should

be set in a dry room or dry cellar, which is well ventilated and well

lighted. There should be no artificial heat in the room which is not

regular. An uneven temperature gives difficulty in managing the heating

of the incubator. The room should be free from dust.

Adjust the incubator and run it for two or three days to see that it is

operating at a constant temperature before putting in the eggs.

Use only the best grade of oil, and use the same kind of oil all thru

one hatch. Change in oil may necessitate a change in regulators which

is not safe while the eggs are in the incubators.

Start the incubator with a good, clear, high flame in the lamp, so

that it can be turned lower as the germs in the eggs begin to grow and

generate heat.

Start the incubator at 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and by the second day,

it will reach the temperature of 102 degrees.

[Illustration: FIG. 143. Egg tester.]

Violent fluctuations of temperature in the incubator are dangerous and

should be avoided.

Accuracy in reading temperatures and in adjusting the thermostat and

ventilators is essential. Fill the lamp and turn the eggs regularly.

Cleanliness is important. Disinfect the incubator between hatches,

and air it well. Cresol soap and water make a good disinfectant for

incubators. Turn and handle eggs with clean hands.

To know whether the incubator has the proper amount of moisture

supplied, weigh the trays before filling, weigh after filling. At the

end of the fifth day, weigh tray and eggs again, subtract the tray

weight, which is constant, from the weight of the whole, and note the

difference between this weight and the original weight of the eggs. If

100 eggs have lost 8.38 ounces, or 4.17 per cent of their weight, the

moisture is correct.

[Illustration: FIG. 144. Appearance of eggs when put in egg tester.]

If they have lost too much weight, give more moisture or less

ventilation, but, remember, that pure air is essential to incubators,

so do not shut off ventilation entirely.

If not enough weight is lost, open the ventilators, and, if necessary,

for the next hatch, place the incubator in a drier place.

=255. Egg Tester.= An egg tester is a device for looking thru eggs to

ascertain whether or not they are good. It consists of some device

to keep all bright light away from the eyes except a few bright rays

shining thru the egg. The hole should be about an inch long and

three-fourths of an inch wide. A metal chimney with one such opening in

the side used in a darkened room serves as an egg tester. A large piece

of cardboard tacked over a sunny basement window is sometimes used, the

hole being cut in the cardboard (Fig. 143).

Hold the egg between the finger and thumb before the opening. Look at

the egg as the light shines thru it. Fig. 144 shows how good and bad

eggs look when viewed in egg tester.

CHAPTER XXXVI

TYPEWRITERS

[Illustration: FIG. 145. Typewriter, L. C. Smith.]

=256. Construction of Typewriter.= The typewriter is a machine for

printing letters (Fig. 145). The letters making the imprint are

attached to shafts which can each swing to one point. Care should be

taken to strike one key at a time, as they are all made to reach the

same point, and contact with each other may cause bent shafts. If a

shaft becomes bent, the letter attached to it will not swing to the

desired point, so will be out of alignment, or will fail to leave a

mark, since the imprint is made on a roller and the letter hits only

the nearest part of the surface. The shaft may have one, two or three

letters on it. This is made possible by the use of the shift key

which raises or lowers the framework to which the roller is attached,

so that when the machine is in normal position, one set of type on

the keys will be imprinted, and, upon the holding down of a shift key

and simultaneously striking a letter, another set of type will make

the imprint. On some typewriters there are two shift keys, allowing

three sets of characters to be used. The motion of the keys turns a

small wheel which shoves the roller from right to left, and, also,

turns the spools of ribbons so that a new bit of ribbon comes under

the letter each time a key is struck. If the ribbon did not move, the

letters would soon cut a hole thru it. This ribbon carries the ink

which reproduces the imprint of the letter. When the end of a ribbon

is reached, most machines reverse its direction so that it again winds

onto the spool from which it has just unwound. On other machines, it is

necessary to release the bar which controls the spools to reverse the

winding of the ribbon.

=257. Special Features of Typewriter.= Learn how to use the attachments

on the typewriter to get the greatest service from it. If a machine is

equipped with tabulating keys, much time is saved by using them for the

indentations instead of working the space bar until the desired place

is reached, or by using both hands to release the carriage and move

it to its desired place. Some machines are equipped with a key marked

"ribbon" key. This key, when pressed, lowers the ribbon so that no

impression from it is made on the paper. When the ribbon is removed,

stencils may be cut with the letters for mimeographic work. These

are only two examples. There are many automatic aids on each make of

machine.

=258. Interchangeable-Type Typewriters.= On these machines, the type is

not placed at the end of a shaft, but the complete set of letters is

put on a semi-circular plate which is attached to a wheel which brings

the desired letter to the point wanted when the key is pressed (Fig.

146).

[Illustration: FIG. 146. Hammond interchangeable typewriter.]

The change of type can be made very easily so that with the proper

semi-circular plate any one of several languages may be written on this

kind of typewriter regardless of the characters used to represent the

letters.

Charts of the keyboard are furnished with each set of letters to guide

the operator in writing. This machine requires the same general care as

other typewriters.

=259. Care of Typewriters.=

1) Read the directions for cleaning and oiling the machine. Keep them

for future reference.

2) Do not attempt to take the machine apart. Only readjust parts for

which such directions are given.

3) Use only the best grade of typewriter oil, and oil only where

indicated. The average machine does not require oiling oftener than

from ten to fourteen days.

4) Brush the entire machine each day before using. This prevents the

accumulation of oil and dust, which retards the free action of the

machine, and rusts or clogs the bearings and other parts.

5) Use a stiff brush to clean the type. If the type has become gummed

with ink from lack of care, moisten the brush with alcohol or gasoline,

and brush it until clean. Avoid cleaning the type with a sharp

instrument, if possible, as it mars the edges. However, in case of the

letters having an enclosed parts, such as _c_, _d_, _e_, _b_, _g_, _p_,

_a_, _s_, _c_, _q_, it may require the careful removal of the deposit

with a pin. After this treatment, the type should be well brushed. Keep

machine covered when not in use. With proper care, a machine should

stay in good order indefinitely. If, in any way, any part of a machine

is out of adjustment, have an expert readjust it.

=260. The Hectograph.= The hectograph is one of the simplest devices

for obtaining duplicate copies of written work (Fig. 147). It is a

sheet like heavy paper or pad of jelly-like substance on which a

reversed copy of the writing can be made and from which copies can

be taken. The original copy is written with hectograph ink on smooth

paper by hand, or on a typewriter, and allowed to dry. This copy is

placed face downward on the hectograph pad, which has been moistened

and rubbed to insure the contact at all places. It is allowed to remain

here for three or four minutes. More time is required in cold weather,

as the absorption of ink by the pad is slower. The paper is then

removed, leaving a reversed impression on the hectograph plate. Copies

are then made by placing dry paper on the impression and removing them

instantly. Twenty copies may be taken. The plate should be washed in

lukewarm water immediately after use. The hectograph plate should be

about the temperature of an ordinary room; chilled plates produce faint

prints. Never use cold water on the plate. Keep pen flowing freely when

writing the original copy, by wiping it frequently. Keep the hectograph

covered when not in use.

[Illustration: _Fig. 147._ Hectograph.]

=261. Mimeograph and Multigraph.= The mimeograph (Fig. 148) is a more

complicated device for reproducing duplicates than the hectograph,

but more copies may be made at faster speed on this machine and the

stencils may be saved for making more copies later. A stencil (tissue

paper, usually blue, fastened to a sheet of equal size waxed cardboard)

is cut by a typewriter. This is done by removing the ribbon and

allowing only the outline of the type to cut thru the tissue which has

been saturated with "Dermax," a liquid wax which is brushed over the

surface of the waxed paper, and the tissue paper carefully smoothed

out upon it. Some stencil paper or waxed sheets do not require this

treatment of "Dermax"; instead a tissue or silk sheet is placed under

the stencil paper. When the desired wording is cut, the cardboard is

torn off at the perforated line, leaving the four holes which attach

the stencil to the roller of the mimeograph machine. First see that the

pad on the machine is well inked, and then fasten the stencil to the

pins at the top of the roller and with bar at the bottom, seeing that

it is smooth.

[Illustration: FIG. 148. Mimeograph.]

Set the adjustment which indicates the number of copies turned out, so

that it is not necessary to count them while printing. (Full directions

are printed on this adjustment.) Place the paper on the feed board, far

enough down for the sheets to come in contact with the rollers which

feed them in, and turn the handle. If the proportion of space at top

is greater or less than desired, set the attachment for regulating the

space. Full directions are printed on each attachment of most machines.

See that the ink tank which is located inside the cylinder is kept

full of the best ink. Ink the pad by pushing the brush across the

inside of the perforated cylinder.

Multigraphs differ from mimeographs in that they print the copy from

type instead of thru a stencil. The type is set in a cylinder that is

covered by an inked ribbon. Manuscripts printed by a multigraph look

more like typewriting than those printed by a mimeograph. When turning

out less than a thousand copies, the mimeograph will be found more

economical on account of the small amount of time required in preparing

the stencil.

QUESTIONS FOR PART IX

1. By what means are dumbwaiters operated?

2. Can you see any relation between the construction of door stops

and force pumps?

3. What is the power for rolling up a window shade?

4. What does lock-stitch look like? How does chain-stitch differ from

lock-stitch?

5. In what way do lock-stitch machines differ from chain-stitch

machines?

6. What are the advantages of each? What are the disadvantages?

7. What is the tension? How is it adjusted? How is the length of

stitch adjusted?

9. In what ways is an automobile engine like the gasoline engine

and the electric motor used in rural homes for operating household

machinery?

10. What is the shape of the knives on a lawn mower that makes it cut

the same as a pair of scissors?

11. What may be the reasons for scissors not cutting as they should?

12. What are the essential features of a good incubator?

13. What is a thermostat? How does it work? Are thermostats of any

use to the housewife on any other device than the incubator?

14. What mechanical factors are embodied in a typewriter? Find the

pulley, the levers, the springs, etc.

15. What are the differences in a hectograph, a mimeograph and

multigraph?

PART X

MOTORS, FUELS, AND GAS PLANTS

CHAPTER XXXVII

TREADLES AND WATER MOTORS

=262. Definition of Motor.= A motor is a device for utilizing the power

stored in gasoline, electricity or elevated water for doing work. The

structure of the motor depends upon the source of its power, as does

its name. Besides the motor, there is a treadle, or foot-power motor,

used in the home.

[Illustration: FIG. 149. Water motor.]

=263. The Treadle.= The treadle is a small platform, which rocks on two

pivots. As the treadle is rocked, it moves a rod attached to its outer

edge, upward and downward. This rod is then attached to a wheel a short

distance from the hub, so that the upward and downward motion of the

shaft turns the wheel. When a belt is attached to the wheel, it will

run a sewing machine or other small device.

=264. Water Motors.= Water motors are commonly used in the household

on washing machines and pumps (Figs. 149 and 149-_a_.) At least

twenty-five pounds of water pressure is required to run an average-size

washer. More pressure is advantageous. The motor may be, and often is,

attached to tanks in which water is held under pressure, and used to

pump water from a cistern or well.

[Illustration: FIG. 149-_a_. "Reliable" water motor.]

=265. Selecting a Water Motor.= Before purchasing any device to be

operated by a water motor, ascertain how much water pressure you have

available. Under enough pressure, the water from a faucet will give

power enough to a small-sized water motor to run a washing machine,

sewing machine or small feed grinders. These motors are usually less

than one-half horse power.

[Illustration: FIG. 150. Sectional view of water motor.]

[Illustration: FIG. 150-_a_. Water motor assembled and in parts.]

=266. Two Types of Water Motors.= One type of water motor is made up

of a piston and valves in a cylinder (Fig. 150). The water pushes the

piston to a certain point when a valve opens and lets out the water.

The piston then moves backward until it automatically opens another

valve, letting in more water, which, in turn, pushes the piston forward

and again to the point where the first valve opens. The motion of

the piston must be strong enough to do the work. About twenty-five

pounds of water pressure is required in moving the piston forward when

attached to a machine which might be operated by hand by a woman.

Another type of water motor consists of cups or fans on the rim of a

wheel. As the water flows over the wheel, it pushes it around, thus

giving it power to do work provided there is enough pressure behind the

water (Fig. 150-_a_).

CHAPTER XXXVIII

ENGINES; MOTORS AND BATTERIES; FUELS

=267. Gasoline Engines.= A gasoline engine (Fig. 151) should be

operated out of doors or in a well-ventilated room, except in cases

where the exhaust pipe is carried thru the wall of the building to the

outside. The fumes may cause illness, or even death, to any one staying

in the room.

A gasoline engine should be mounted on a substantial base of concrete

or heavy timbers, or on a well-built truck, and should be put in good

order before the woman or girl begins to use it. The engine must be

level. If more than one device is attached to it, be sure to use the

right pulleys on the engine and the machine to be operated. An engine

is usually equipped with pulleys of two or more sizes. The size of the

wheel on the washing machine or vacuum cleaner must be of a size to

make the desired number of revolutions per minute.

=268. Figuring Speed of Pulleys.= For example, if the speed of the

engine is 425 revolutions per minute and the diameter of the pulley

on the engine is 12 inches, and the machine is to be run at 150

revolutions per minute, have a pulley on the machine of a diameter

which equals 425 times 12, or 5,100 divided by 150, or 34 inches.

It would be more convenient to have a smaller pulley on this machine.

Since there is a smaller wheel on the engine which, we will say, is 6

inches in diameter, put the belt on the smaller wheel, and then a wheel

only 17 inches in diameter will be needed on the machine.

[Illustration: FIG. 151. Sectional view of gasoline engine.]

=269. Operating the Engine.= One person should be responsible for the

care of an engine. Starting the engine is usually too heavy work for

most women. Since a man usually starts a gas engine which the women

are to use, it is more important that they know how to stop the engine

and to recognize when it is not running properly. A cold engine can be

started easier if warmed with hot water.

Running an engine which is out of order may damage it seriously. Have

some one show you how to operate your engine. Stop it when not running

properly.

=270. Points in Caring for Engine.= The following are points to keep in

mind when operating an internal combustion engine:

1) Black smoke issuing from the exhaust pipe means there is not enough

air in proportion to fuel.

2) When an engine misses more explosions than it should, or backfires,

the cause is likely to be too much air in the fuel.

3) If the mixture of fuel and air is in the proper proportion, but

there is too little of it, the engine will have no power.

4) Premature ignition may be caused by deposition of carbon or soot

on the walls of the cylinder; the compression being too high for the

fuel used; overheating of the piston, or exhaust valve, or of some

poorly-jacketed part.

5) Using too much or a poor quality of lubricating oil, or a mixture

too rich in fuel, causes deposition of carbon on the cylinder.

6) The use of too much cylinder oil is indicated by a blue smoke

issuing from the exhaust.

7) Pre-ignition, or a bearing out of order, or the engine not being

securely fastened to its foundation, causes pounding.

8) Too much water in the oil used for fuel causes white smoke to issue

from the exhaust pipe. This may be caused by a leaky jacket on gasoline

engines.

9) Stop the engine by shutting off the supply of fuel. Open the switch

to the ignition system. Close the lubricators and oil cups, and turn

off the jacket water.

10) In cold weather, drain off the jacket water to prevent freezing.

11) Always leave the engine clean and in order to start again.

12) For safety, belts and wheels should be boxed in wherever possible.

Fig. 151 should be studied closely for a better understanding of the

engine.

=271. Generating Electricity for Homes.= Water motors, kerosene, gas

and gasoline engines are the sources of power commonly used to generate

electricity for private homes. A device for generating electricity

is called a dynamo (Fig. 152). The electricity generated is either

used directly while the engine is running, or it is stored in storage

batteries. From here it is conducted thru wires and used for lighting,

heating and turning motors to do work.

=272. Batteries.= Batteries are used mainly where a small amount of

current is needed, as on oil or gasoline engines, to make the spark to

ignite the gasoline or oil, and in lighting gas and acetylene lamps,

and for some door bells.

There are several kinds of batteries, as liquid, dry-cell and storage.

=273. Liquid Batteries.= In liquid batteries, electric current is

generated by means of direct chemical action between an acid and two

other substances, one more easily attacked by the acid than the other

(Fig. 153), such as zinc and copper. This forms a simple cell, one form

of primary battery. When the chemicals and metals in a primary battery

are exhausted, they can be replaced with new metal or solution.

[Illustration: FIG. 152. Electric generator.]

=274. A Dry-Cell Battery.= A dry-cell is another form of battery. In

these, the moisture of the acid substance is absorbed by some material

like plaster-of-Paris flour or blotting paper, so that it can act

on the metals or carbon in the cell and still make a cell easily

transportable. The absorbed moisture in dry cells slowly evaporates,

and then they become worthless. These batteries are usually thrown away

after they have been used and have ceased to generate electricity.

=275. Storage Batteries.= Storage batteries differ from primary

batteries in that current must be supplied to them from some outside

source, such as a dynamo. They can be recharged again after the current

in them has been used (Fig. 154).

[Illustration: FIG. 153. Primary battery.]

[Illustration: FIG. 154. Storage battery.]

The engines for private homes where a light plant is used are adjusted

to charge batteries at the proper rate--but the owner should charge

these batteries at regular intervals. They can be charged only by

direct current.

Never allow the storage battery to run down to a voltage lower than

1.15 per cell. This reading is taken from the voltmeter supplied with

the plant.

Storage batteries should be tested by a hydrometer for the specific

gravity of the electrolyte or liquids in them. Instructions for this

and for correcting the specific gravity accompany the plant. Take care

to preserve them.

Dynamos for home use are almost automatic. Run the dynamo to renew the

batteries when using electric irons or other devices calling for more

current than the lighting fixtures. Each plant is designed to carry a

certain load of equipment. Exceeding this, damages the plant.

Place electric motors and dynamos in a dry, cool, clean place.

=276. Some Uses for Electric Motors.= Motors are now used on sewing

machines, washing machines, dish washers, vacuum cleaners, wringers,

fans, refrigerating systems, pumps, grinders, freezers, churns and

separators. They are made either for direct or alternating current.

When purchasing a motor, be sure to designate the type of current with

which it is to be used. Select motors of the right size to operate the

machine. It costs more to operate a large motor on a small device than

a small motor.

=277. Definition Tables.= A British thermal unit is the amount of heat

required to warm one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

The flash point of an oil is that temperature at which it will form

an inflammable vapor. The accompanying table shows amount of heat

generated from a number of sources.

The total heat in a gallon of kerosene is greater than that in a gallon

of gasoline because the kerosene is heavier than the gasoline. A gallon

of gasoline will give on an average but about five-sixths as much total

heat as a gallon of kerosene. This is approximately true, whether the

heaviest grades of kerosene are compared with the heaviest grades

of gasoline, or the lightest grade of kerosene is compared with the

lightest grade of gasoline.

Distillate is the refuse left from the distillation of petroleum.

The flash point of kerosene may be between 70 and 150 degrees

Fahrenheit, depending upon the grade. For illuminating purposes, do not

use kerosene with the flash point lower than 120 degrees Fahrenheit.

The flash point of gasoline is 10 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit; that is,

gasoline will form an imflammable vapor at temperatures as low as this.

Between 60 and 70 per cent of the common fuels are utilized in the

generation of steam for heating purposes.

TABLE SHOWING GENERATION OF HEAT

===========+====================+================

AMOUNT | FUEL | B. T. U.

-----------+--------------------+----------------

1 lb. | Anthracite coal | 13,200-13,900

1 lb. | Bituminous coal | 12,000-15,000

1 lb. | Lignite coal | 8,500-11,400

1 lb. | Wood | 8,200- 9,200

1 cu. ft. | Natural gas | 900- 1,000

1 cu. ft. | Illuminating gas | 500- 600

1 lb. | Kerosene | 18,000

1 lb. | Alcohol | 12,000

1 lb. | Gasoline | 19,000

1 K.W.-hr. | Electricity | 3,400

-----------+--------------------+------------

One pound ice in being melted will absorb 144 B. T. U.

CHAPTER XXXIX

GAS PLANTS

=278. Gasoline-Gas Plants.= Gasoline-gas plants are devices for

generating gas from gasoline. The gas is a mixture of air and gasoline

vapor. It is made by air being forced thru gasoline. There are small

plants which can be installed in private homes (Fig. 155). Gasoline

vaporizes at ordinary temperature. The vapor or gas produced can be

used for heating, lighting and running gas engines.

[Illustration: FIG. 155. Gasoline gas plant.]

One gallon of gasoline, when entirely vaporized, produces about

thirty-two cubic feet of gas. Its heating power depends upon the

character of the gasoline utilized and the temperature at which it is

kept during vaporization.

The plant is a device for forcing air thru the gasoline to make it

vaporize as fast as wanted. Combined with the carburetor is a storage

tank for the gas. A weight, or water motor, furnishes the power most

commonly used in forcing the air thru the gasoline and forms a part

of the plant. Air cannot flow thru the gasoline when the storage tank

is full of gas so that the power is only in operation when the gas is

being used or the tank is not quite full.

=279. Acetylene-Gas Plant.= Acetylene is often used in rural homes when

gas or electricity are not available. The operation of the plant often

has to be attended to by a member of the family. A capable woman can

do this, but she must be careful and must thoroly understand the plant

(Fig. 156).

[Illustration: FIG. 156. Acetylene gas plant.]

The materials used in making acetylene are calcium carbide and water.

Calcium carbide (_A_, Fig. 156) is made from lime and coke fused

together in an electrical furnace. It must be kept stored in a dry

place.

The plants for making acetylene are inexpensive enough to be installed

in individual homes of moderate means. Calcium carbide for making the

gas can be transported without difficulty.

There are two types of machines. In one the water drips on the carbide;

in the other, the more common type, the carbide is dropped into the

water. As soon as the carbide touches the water, it gives off acetylene

gas. The gas is caught in and fills a bell above the water. As it fills

the bell, it raises it, and when the bell reaches a certain height, it

trips a lever to the door which lets in the carbide and closes it. When

the gas is used, the bell goes down and, passing the lever, opens the

door to let in a small amount of carbide.

Improvements have been made in the plants and in installing them until

there is less danger from explosions than formerly. Great care should

be taken in operating them to avoid accidents. Since the gas is highly

explosive, fire, lighted lamps and cigars must be kept away from the

vicinity of all acetylene plants. Only one person should take the care

of the plant, the others should understand how.

=280. Directions for Operating Acetylene Plant.=

1) Charge by daylight--remove all residuum, and fill with fresh water

before adding any carbide.

2) Follow exact directions for the machine used in the order directed.

=281. Cautions to Be Observed in Using Acetylene Gas.=

1) Do not apply a light to any opening that is not equipped with a

regular acetylene burner tip.

2) See that any workman repairing a generator first removes carbide and

drains all water out, and disconnects it from piping and removes it to

the open air, where he then fills all compartments with water to force

out gas before using soldering irons.

3) An open light should never be permitted nearer than ten feet from

the generator. The generator should never be nearer than fifteen to

twenty feet from furnace or stove. Do not hunt for gas leaks with a

flame or light.

[Illustration: FIG. 157. Pressure tank for gas.]

4) Do not use any artificial light except electric light when cleaning

or repairing generator, or carry a lighted pipe or other fire about it,

even when empty.

5) If water in any chamber should freeze, do not attempt to thaw it

with anything but hot water.

6) Keep the motor oiled. Oil once in six months.

=282. Compressed Gases and Oils.= Gases, such as Blau gas, Pintsch gas,

and prestolite gas which is compressed acetylene gas, are compressed

in strong tanks and sold for use in lighting and light housekeeping.

Gasoline and alcohol also are occasionally stored in very strong tanks

under enough pressure to make them flow thru very small pipes to the

point where they are wanted for use. These are frequently used for

lighting isolated public buildings, such as rural schoolhouses.

As the gas or oil is used, the pressure diminishes. There is usually

a pump attached to the tank to pump in air in order to keep up the

pressure. The pump is similar to a bicycle pump (Fig. 157).

QUESTIONS FOR PART X

1. What is the difference between the treadle and a motor-power

machine?

2. How is power secured from water in a water motor? Or what is the

source of power utilized by a water motor?

3. How do you determine the size of pulleys to use on the gasoline

engine and on the device it is to operate?

4. What are some indications that a gasoline engine or automobile

motor is not running properly?

5. What are the kinds of batteries, and to what uses is each best

suited?

6. Do batteries need care? If so, what care?

7. How is acetylene gas made? Describe the device for making it.

8. How is gas for household use made from gasoline?

PART XI

MEASURING DEVICES

CHAPTER XL

SCALES FOR WEIGHING

=283. Equal-Arm Balances.= Scales are devices for determining the

weight of objects. Balances--one form of scales--are made of two arms

of equal lengths and supplied with discs of metal of a known weight to

be placed on one arm of the balance while the material to be weighed

is put on the other. When the two arms are in equilibrium, the weight

of the material is equal to the weight of the metal. Since the weight

of the metal is known, or can be determined, by adding together the

weights of the discs used, the weight of the material is known to be

the same.

=284. Unequal-Arm Balances.= Equal-arm balances are not convenient for

weighing large objects. For this reason, scales are made with one arm

of the balance much longer than the other. The metal discs are then

marked with the weight of the material on the short arm which they can

balance when placed on the long arm. This is the usual form of counter

and household balances. On these scales is also a weight which slides

along the arm and is used to determine weights smaller than five or ten

pounds. The arm of the balance is, therefore, marked at the point where

this weight will balance certain amounts of material, such as half

ounces, ounces and pounds.

=285. Spring Scales.= Spring scales depend on the action of a spring,

to which an indicating pointer is attached. When there is no weight on

the spring, the place to which the indicator points is marked zero.

When these scales are manufactured, a pound weight is placed so that it

pulls on the spring and the indicator is pulled down to another place,

and this is marked one. Scales are thus marked for the number of pounds

they are to weigh. The spaces between the pounds marked are divided

into equal divisions, such as sixteenths which indicates ounces. These

scales cannot be relied on for accuracy, for springs stretch or become

weaker as they are used. Avoirdupois is the weight in common use for

marketing, while many tables for calculating dietaries are in the

metric system.

The housewife can have her balances corrected for weighing by the city

or county sealer of weights and measures so that she can ascertain

whether or not her food purchases are correctly weighed.

TABLE OF WEIGHTS

AVOIRDUPOIS METRIC

16 oz.--1 pound 1 milligram--1/1000 .001 gram

100 lb.--1 hundred-weight 1 centigram--1/100 .01 gram

2000 lbs.--1 ton 1 decigram--1/10 .1 gram

0.035 oz.--1 gram (Metric system) Gram--1 gram

Dekagram--10 grams

APOTHECARIES Hectogram--100 grams

27-11/32 grams--1 dram Kilogram--1000 grams

16 drams--1 oz.

CHAPTER XLI

DEVICES FOR MEASURING VOLUME

=286. Graduate and Measuring Cup.= Graduate holding up to four fluid

ounces is helpful to use to check up liquids bought in bottles. The

standard measuring cup referred to in modern cook books holds half a

pint of liquid. It also holds about sixteen level tablespoonfuls of dry

material such as sugar. The divisions on glass cups are less likely

to be accurate than on metal ones, as the bottom may be thick or thin

unless carefully made. In selecting a cup, see that the bottom section

is equal to the other sections.

1 cup = 2 gills = 1/2 pint = 16 tablespoons = 48 teaspoons = 8 fluid

ounces.

1 cup is also 1/4 of a quart and about 4/17 of a liter.

=287. Tablespoons.= Tablespoons vary in size. The size chosen for

measuring is the one in most common use and holds about three level

teaspoonfuls of material like sugar or flour.

1 tablespoon = 4 drams of liquid = 3 teaspoons.

4 tablespoons = 1/4 cup = 2 fluid ounces.

=288. Teaspoons.= Teaspoons vary in size, but the spoon in common use

is the one understood as the measure in cookery. It holds about one and

one-third fluid drams.

=289. Standard Measuring Spoons.= Standard measuring spoons in sets can

be purchased at a very moderate price. They are particularly valuable

for checking the capacity of the spoons more commonly used.

=290. Liquid and Cooking Measures.=

1 teaspoonful = 1-1/3 fluid drams

3 teaspoonfuls = 1 tablespoonful= 4 drams

2 tablespoonfuls = 1 fluid ounce

1/2 cup = 1 gill

2 gills = 1 cupful = 8 fluid ounces

16 tablespoonfuls = 1 cupful

2 cupfuls = 1 pint

2 pints = 1 quart = 4 cupfuls

4 quarts = 1 gallon

4.23 cupfuls = 1 liter

1000 cubic centimeters = 1 liter

1.06 liquid quarts = liter

31-1/2 gallons = 1 barrel

1 milliliter = one-thousandth (.001) liter

1 centiliter = one-hundredth (.01) liter

1 deciliter = one-tenth (.1) liter

Liter = 1 liter

1 dekaliter = ten (10) liters

1 hectoliter = one hundred (100) liters

1 kiloliter = 1 thousand (1000) liters

=291. Dry Measures.= It is wise for a housewife to have a set of dry

measures, consisting of a pint, quart, gallon, peck and half-bushel

measure. A quart or gallon liquid measure is not equal to the dry one.

It holds less. The diameter of dry measures should be as follows:

DIAMETERS OF DRY MEASURES

MEASURE DIAMETER

1 pint 4 inches

1 quart 5-3/8 inches

2 quarts 6-5/8 inches

1/2 peck 8-1/2 inches

1 peck 10-7/8 inches

1 bushel 13-3/4 inches

*These diameters allow for proper heaping.

DRY MEASURE*

2 pints = 1 quart

8 quarts = 1 peck

4 pecks = 1 bushel

1 sack of flour = 24-1/2, 49 or 98 pounds

4 49-pound sacks of flour = 1 barrel

1 barrel of flour = usually 196 pounds

60 pounds of potatoes = usually 1 bushel

*State laws differ somewhat regarding the number of pounds

in a bushel of various fruits and vegetables.

=292. Cubic, Square and Linear Measure.=

CUBIC MEASURE

1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot

27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard

128 cubic feet = 1 cord

SQUARE MEASURE

144 square inches = 1 square foot

9 square feet = 1 square yard

30-1/4 square yards = 1 square rod

160 square rods = 1 acre

640 acres = 1 square mile

LINEAR MEASURE

12 inches = 1 foot

3 feet = 1 yard

5280 feet = 1 mile

39.27 inches = 1 meter

METRIC MEASURES

Millimeter = one-thousandth (.001) meter

Centimeter = one-hundredth (.01) meter

Decimeter = one-tenth (.1) meter

Unitemeter = 1 meter

Dekameter = ten (10) meters

Hectometer = one hundred (100) meters

Kilometer = 1 thousand (1000) meters

CHAPTER XLII

GAS, WATER, AND ELECTRIC METERS

=293. Different Kinds of Meters.= The housewife has need to be familiar

with three kinds of meters--water, gas and electric. These are devices

for measuring water, gas or electric current.

=294. Construction of a Gas Meter.= The interior of one type of gas

meter (Fig. 158) is somewhat like a water wheel--the pressure of the

gas pushes the wheel around. Every time a compartment full of gas

passes a certain point, the gas flows out and the flange on the wheel

trips a lever which moves the hand of the dial ahead, thus counting the

emptying of the compartment. The gas in the compartment back of this

then moves to this place. The emptied compartment is filled with more

gas as it passes the inlet.

[Illustration: FIG. 158. Gas meter.]

[Illustration: FIG. 159. Water meter.]

=295. Reading the Gas Meter.= A gas meter is a device for measuring

the number of cubic feet of gas which flows thru a pipe. Small dials

with the numbers from one to ten and a hand for an indicator show the

number of single feet, tens of feet, and thousands of feet, which have

passed thru the meter. The reading on any date is the total amount of

gas which has passed thru. To tell how much has passed thru the meter

during any period of time, take the reading of the meter on the first

date, as indicated in Fig. 158, and then take the reading on the later

date and subtract reading one from reading two--the resulting figure is

the amount of gas passing thru the meter between these two dates. When

buying gas, always keep the readings of meters at the time when the

gas man takes them. Gas meters often register more or less gas than is

actually consumed. Gas companies are allowed a variation or tolerance

of one per cent fast or slow, to two per cent fast or slow. Gas is paid

for at a stated rate per thousand feet in most places.

=296. Water Meters.= The water meter (Fig. 159) is a device for

measuring the number of gallons or cubic feet of water which pass thru

a pipe. The reading of the meter indicates the total amount of water

which has passed thru the pipe since the meter was installed. Water is

paid for, unless purchased at a flat rate, at so many cents a thousand

gallons or thousand cubic feet. One cubic foot is called in commercial

transactions 7-1/2 gallons.

[Illustration: FIG. 160. Electric meter.]

=297. Prepayment Meters.= Prepayment meters are devices which will

permit a certain amount of gas or water, as the case may be, to

pass thru a pipe, and after this amount is used up, the pipe is

automatically closed so that no more flows until more money is put into

the meter. The weight of the coin works the valve.

[Illustration: FIG. 160-_a_. Electric meter showing different

readings.]

=298. The Electric Meter.= Electricity is usually purchased by the

kilowatt hour, and measured by the watt-hour meter (Fig. 160). This

measures the current passing thru it, and the number of kilowatt-hours

is shown by the indicators on the little dials. Start from left and

read the number on the dial, such as in the illustration, 3 hundreds

4 tens 9 units, making 349 kilowatt-hours; the total kilowatt-hours

used since the meter was installed. To find the number used between two

dates, take the reading of the meter on the first date and subtract it

from the reading on the second date. The difference is the amount used

during the period. Good business women keep records of the readings of

their meters. Care must be taken to read the meter correctly. The hand

next higher than the one below may read too high. The higher hand may,

if out of alignment, pass the figure when the lower hand approaches the

ninth point in its dial, this causing the person to read the figures

one, ten, hundred or thousand units too much. (Fig. 160-_a_.)

CHAPTER XLIII

THERMOMETERS AND THERMOSTATS

=299. Mercury Thermometers.= There are two kinds of thermometers in

use--the Fahrenheit and the Centigrade. Since the thermometer is

used now in cooking, the housewife often has to meet the problem of

translating temperatures from one to the other.

The centigrade thermometer is marked on the assumption that the

temperatures of boiling water and freezing water are constantly the

same. The boiling point is marked 100, and the freezing point 0. The

space in between is marked into even divisions and numbered 1 to 99.

The Fahrenheit thermometer was made on the assumption that a mixture of

ice and salt was the coldest temperature that could be reached, so this

temperature of a certain proportion of ice and salt was marked zero.

The hundred point was given to what was supposed to be the normal body

temperature. The intervening spaces were marked into equal divisions,

and these divisions were carried below 0 degree and above 100 degrees.

The boiling temperature of water came at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, and

the freezing point at 32 degrees. This makes 180 degrees difference

between thawing and freezing and boiling. So 100 degrees Centigrade

equal 180 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, 1 degree Centigrade equals

9/5 degrees Fahrenheit, and 1 degree Fahrenheit equals 5/9 degree

Centigrade.

For example, if 40 degrees Centigrade is to be translated into

Fahrenheit degrees, first multiply 40 by 9 = 360, then divide by

5 = 72, and add 32, because 0 degree Centigrade is the same as 32

degrees Fahrenheit, and the result is 104 degrees Fahrenheit equal 40

degrees Centigrade. If 41 degrees Fahrenheit is to be translated into

Centigrade degrees, first subtract 32 from 41 = 9, then multiply by

5 = 45, and divide by 9, and the result is 5 degrees Centigrade = 41

degrees Fahrenheit. Fig. 161 is a diagram showing relative readings of

Fahrenheit and Centigrade thermometers.

[Illustration: FIG. 161. Comparison of Centigrade and Fahrenheit.]

=300. Oven Thermometer.= Some oven thermometers depend on the expansion

of metal to indicate the temperature. A hand on the clock-like face of

these indicators shows the degree of heat. Few of these give the actual

temperature, but they do indicate a slow, a moderate and a hot oven.

=301. Maximum Thermometers.= A maximum thermometer is one in which the

mercury rises to register the maximum amount of heat to which it has

been subjected. It stays at this height when the temperature falls,

until it is shaken back.

It is sometimes used in ovens to ascertain the temperature they have

reached before the oven door is opened.

TABLE OF TEMPERATURES USEFUL TO HOUSEKEEPERS

OVEN TEMPERATURES

=======================================+=========+=========

| FAH. | CENT.

---------------------------------------+---------+---------

Slow oven | 250-350 | 121-177

| |

Moderate | 350-400 | 177-204

| |

Hot or quick | 400-450 | 204-232

| |

Very hot | 450-550 | 232-287

---------------------------------------+---------+---------

SYRUPS

=======================================+=========+=========

| FAH. | CENT.

---------------------------------------+---------+---------

Thin | 219- | 104-

| |

Medium--fondant | 236-240 | 113-115

| |

Thick--fudge | -240 | 115-

| |

Heavy--taffy | -300 | 149-

| |

Clear brittle | -310 | 150-

| |

Carmel almond and nut brittle | -315 | 157-

---------------------------------------+---------+---------

MISCELLANEOUS

=======================================+=========+=========

| FAH. | CENT.

---------------------------------------+---------+---------

Incubators | 103 | 39.4

| |

Body temperature | 98-99 | 37

| |

Room temperature | -86 | 20-30

| |

Refrigerator temperature | 44-59 | 5-15

| |

Churning | 52-62 | 11-17

| |

Growth of bacteria retarded | 35-70 |

| |

Growth of bacteria most rapid | 70-100 |

| |

Most bacteria are killed | 212 |

| |

Downward, markedly. Growth of bacteria | |

retarded | 45 |

---------------------------------------+---------+-------

=302. Thermostats.= Thermostats are devices which open or close valves

or dampers in order to keep rooms, boilers, ovens, incubators, etc., at

an even temperature. All metals expand on being heated, and contract

on being cooled. Some expand more than others. Two materials which

expand at different rates are frequently used in making thermostats.

Any certain temperature causes a given piece of metal to expand to

a certain size, or to contract on cooling to a different size. Some

thermostats are made of a straight rod of metal like copper which

expands more than iron when heated. The rod is so placed that when

cool it will allow fuel like gas or oil to pass thru a pipe, and when

heated, it will expand enough to close the pipe, shutting off the fuel.

They are placed so that they close the pipe at the temperature desired

for an oven or supply of hot water.

Other thermostats are more complicated, as the expanding metal moves

a series of levers. These thermostats are used to regulate dampers on

coal and wood furnaces, when they are placed in the rooms to be heated.

They are often used on other devices, such as incubators.

Still others control an electric current. When the metal expands, it

closes the circuit, causing the electricity to do the work desired.

When it contracts, it opens the circuit. Thermostats can be set to do

work at different temperatures.

These are sometimes attached to clocks which, with a device similar to

the alarm, will change the indicator of the thermostat so as to set it

from one temperature to another at a stated time for which the clock is

set and turn it back at another hour.

CHAPTER XLIV

HYDROMETERS AND BAROMETERS

=303. Hydrometer=. A hydrometer is used in gaging the density of

liquid. This instrument consists of a closed glass tube which is

enlarged at the lower end and filled with some heavy material like

mercury or shot, to keep it in an upright position when in liquids.

The tube or stem contains a paper on which divisions called degrees

are marked. The _0_ mark is usually the point reached by the surface

of distilled water when the hydrometer is placed in this liquid. The

less the density of the liquid, the lower the hydrometer sinks, for

it displaces an amount of liquid equal to its own weight. The density

of the liquid then can be determined by observing the mark to which

it sinks. Specific-gravity hydrometers used in the household show

the ratio of the weight of a given volume of liquid to the weight of

the same volume of water at a definite temperature. Arbitrary scale

hydrometers are used to indicate the concentration or strength of

syrup, brines or milk. These are defined as lactometers and Baume

hydrometers. A brine hydrometer is called a saltometer, and a syrup

gage a sacchrometer. A jellometer, especially for making jelly, is

sometimes used instead of a sacchrometer. The scale on this tells

how much sugar to use in proportion to the amount of solids in the

fruit juice without having to refer to a table. Some hydrometers are

constant-volume hydrometers, and on these weights are placed always, to

sink the hydrometer to the same depth in the liquid.

TABLES FOR BRIX AND BALLING HYDROMETERS WHEN USED AT 20° C.*

==================+=========================================

| SUGAR TO A QUART OF FRUIT JUICE TO MAKE

READING ON THE | JELLY

HYDROMETER +---------------------+-------------------

Degrees | Pounds | Ounces

------------------+---------------------+-------------------

5. | | 8.

5.5 | | 9.

6.0 | | 9.6

6.5 | | 10.7

7.0 | | 11.6

7.5 | | 12.4

8.0 | | 13.2

8.5 | | 14.1

9.0 | | 15.0

9.5 | | 15.8

10.0 | 1. | 7.0

------------------+---------------------+-------------------

*When the reading for the fruit juice is determined the table shows how

much sugar is used for juice of that specific gravity.

TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT OF SUGAR PER GALLON

==================+=====================+===================

READING ON THE | SUGAR TO A GALLON OF WATER

HYDROMETER +---------------------+-------------------

Degrees | Pounds | Ounces

------------------+---------------------+-------------------

0. | | 0.0

5. | | 7.0

10. | | 14.8

15. | 1. | 7.5

20. | 1. | 14.75

25. | 2. | 12.5

30. | 3. | 9.0

35. | 4. | 7.75

40. | 5. | 8.75

45. | 6. | 13.00

50. | 8. | 5.25

55. | 10. | 4.00

60. | 12. | 8.0

------------------+---------------------+-------------------

In the second table the readings show the specific gravity of the

syrup, and from that may be ascertained the proportion of sugar to a

gallon of water in it.

A 250 cc. cylinder, or other tall vessel deep enough to float the

sacchrometer, is suitable for making the measurements. Be sure to have

the eye on the level of the liquid when making the readings. If no

sugar is in the water, the reading on the hydrometer will be near zero.

If there is sugar in the proportion of seven ounces to a gallon of

water, the reading will be at the line marked 5.

SYRUPS FOR CANNING

Berries --30 degrees, or 3-1/2 pounds of sugar to 1 gallon of water

Sweet cherries--30 degrees

Sour cherries --40 degrees

Peaches --30 to 40 degrees

Pears --20 to 30 degrees

Plums --40 degrees

[Illustration: FIG. 162. Barometer.]

=304. Hygroscopes.= Hygroscopes are devices for measuring humidity.

Forty-five to sixty per cent humidity is desirable in a house. This

means forty-five to sixty per cent as much water as the air is capable

of taking up at room temperature. Cold air is usually dryer than warmer

air because cold air cannot take up as much humidity as warm air. This

is analogous to the fact that warm water will dissolve more of some

salts or of sugar than cold water.

=305. Barometers.= Barometers (Fig. 162) are devices which show changes

in pressure and currents of air. Changes in the barometer usually

indicate changes in the weather, and thus they are of interest to all

persons. A decided fall in the mercury of a barometer usually precedes

foul weather, while a rise indicates the approach of fair weather. When

the pressure is low in any locality, air begins to rush toward that

point as it would to fill a vacuum. So a fall in the barometer precedes

the coming of a high wind or a rainstorm. A rise in the barometer

precedes a calm, and since most rain is accompanied with wind, the calm

is a time of fair weather.

INDEX

Absorption of heat and light, 84, 85, 108

Acetylene, 30, 49, 81, 91, 92, 145, 221, 222, 223

Acids, 155, 156, 157, 159, 216

Acre, 229

Adjustment of burners, stove, 24, 29, 30, 32, 34, 41, 49, 78, 79, 80

Air, for circulation, 57, 76, 101, 102, 103, 111, 198

dead or stagnant, 63, 102

for combustion, 16, 29, 31, 38, 39, 48, 66, 88, 93, 214

for evaporation, 105, 176, 220, 221

for heating, 19, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 73, 75, 79

in radiator, 67, 68, 70

mixer, 23, 24, 25, 33, 77, 96, 144

moisture, 239

for pressure, 97, 112, 113, 114, 175, 176, 184

shaft, 57

whistling, 56

Alcohol, 47, 48, 89, 96, 97, 98, 145, 223

Alkalies, 155, 157

Alternating current, 110

Aluminum, 78, 156, 157, 158, 171, 172

Ammonia, 108, 138

Ampere, 82

Andiron, 74

Anthracite coal, 219

Asbestos, 32, 66, 77, 81

Ash chute, 22

Ashes, 20, 57, 66, 74, 75, 76

Automobile, 192

Back-fire, 192, 214

Bacteria, 100, 101, 127

Balances, 225

Balling hydrometer, 238

Barometer, 239, 240

Barrel, 167, 228, 229

Basin, catch, 127

Battery, 192, 193, 194, 215, 216

Baume hydrometer, 237

Bearing, 152

Beater, 165

Bell for storing gases, 222

Bellows, 148, 149

Belts, 136, 137, 141, 186, 215

Bituminous coal, 219

Blau gas, 223

Bobbin, 187, 188, 189

Boiler, 64, 69, 71, 73, 132, 133, 156

Booster, 119

Bracket, curtain, 185

Brine for cooling, 108

British thermal unit, 218, 219

Brix hydrometer, 238

Broiler, 26

Brush, 147, 149, 150, 152

Bunsen burner, 77, 78, 81

Burner, 48, 96, 119, 141, 145, 198

gas, 23, 25, 27, 29, 77, 78, 88, 91, 144

kerosene, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 80, 94

Burning back, 27, 89, 90, 91

Burr grinder, 162

Bushel, 228, 229

Calcium carbide, 221, 222, 223

Candle power, 84, 89, 91, 95

Canned heat, 48

Canner, 172, 173

Can sealer, 175

Capillary attraction, 47, 48, 93, 106

Carbolic acid, 126

Carbon, 82, 83, 84, 214

Carbon dioxide, 67, 108

Carburetor, 29, 192, 220

Carpet sweeper, 147, 148, 150

Cast aluminum, 156

Cast iron, 155, 156

Catch basin, 127

Centigrade thermometer, 233, 234

Centigram, 226

Centimeter, 228, 229

Centiliter, 228

Centrifugal dryer, 138, 139, 140

force, 139

washer, 135, 136

Cerium, 88

Cesspool, 124

Charcoal filter, 114

Chain stitch, 186

Cherry stoner, 161, 162

Check valve, 71, 183

Chimney, 18, 31, 33, 57, 59, 74, 75, 80, 93, 94, 111

Chloride of lime, 126

Choker, 192

Chopper, 162, 163

Churns, 165, 167, 235

Cistern, 114

Clamp, 138

Cleaning, 25, 35, 127, 172

Cleaning equipment, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153

Clinkers, 76

Clock, 236

Clutch, 192

Coal, 20, 28, 66, 76

Coffee mill, 162

pot, 167, 168

Cog wheels, 165

Coils, 64, 78, 80

Coke, 222

Cold-process gasoline-gas, 29, 91, 145

Color and illumination, 84

Compressed-air pump, 113, 115, 117

Combustion, 16, 17, 23, 24, 58, 66, 74, 76, 77

Conductivity of materials, 156, 157, 158

Contraction of materials, 235

Cookers, 50, 51, 55, 56

Coolers, 105, 106, 108, 109

Copper, 158, 216, 236

Crank, 163

Cream separator, 178, 179

Cubic measure, 229

Cup, measuring, 227, 228

Current, electric, 42, 46, 80, 83, 86, 110, 143, 144, 215, 218, 232

Curtain roller, 185

Cylinder, 112, 113, 211

washer, 133

Dampers, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 58, 61, 66, 74, 75, 197, 198, 235, 236

Decomposition of sewage, 124, 125, 127

Degree, 233, 234

Dekagram, 226

Dekaliter, 228

Dekameter, 229

Dermax, 206

Density of liquids, 237

Direct current, 110

Direct lighting, 85

Dish-washer, 170, 171

Disinfectant, 126, 200

Distillate, 40, 218

Dolly washer, 134

Doors, 103, 183, 184, 185, 215

Drafts, 16, 17, 18, 19, 57, 58, 59, 74

Drain, 103, 104, 122, 138

Dram, 226, 228

Drip pipe, 102, 103

Drip sheet, 25

Dryer, 171, 176

Dry-cleaning equipment, 140

Dry-cell battery, 215, 216

Dulling of edges, 159, 163

Dumbwaiters, 183

Dust, 76, 78, 80, 148, 150

Dynamo, 215, 216

Earthenware, 107, 156

Egg tester, 201

Electric appliances, 42, 44, 46, 81

heating, 42, 43, 80, 119

measurements, 43, 82, 230, 232

Electric motors, 217

Electricity, 215, 219

Electrolyte, 217

Enameled ware, 157

Engine, gasoline, 137, 212

Evaporation, 67, 105, 106, 140

Exhaust pipe, 212, 214

Expansion of materials, 108, 234, 235

tank, 66, 67, 120

valve, 70

Explosions, prevented, 25, 35, 37, 39, 69

utilized, 192, 214, 222

Extractor, 139

Fahrenheit thermometer, 233, 234

Fan, 110, 148, 177

Fastener, door, 184

Faucet, 109, 114, 116, 119, 120, 122

Feed plate, 187, 188, 189, 207

Filament for lamp, 83

Filter, water, 114, 116, 168

Fire, 18, 19, 34, 41, 66, 75

Fireless cooker, 50, 51

Fireplace, 74, 75

Fire-pot, 20, 57, 58, 65, 76

Flame, 23, 35, 38

Flame, blue, 31, 38, 49, 96

illuminating, 77, 78, 88, 89, 93, 94

Flash point, 218

Flat-iron, 142

Float for flushing tank, 129, 130

Flue, 66, 77

Force pump, 113, 117, 119

Freezer, 166, 167

Freezing, 68, 112, 126, 166, 233

Friction, danger from, 140

Fuel, 16, 58, 65, 76, 88, 119

economical use of, 19, 20, 28, 59, 66

Funnel, 133, 167, 168

Furnace, 57, 62, 63, 64, 75, 222

Fuses, 43, 46, 86, 144

Gage, 67, 69, 70, 73, 117

Gage, steam, 72, 173

Gallon, 228

Gas, 26, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 58, 88, 108, 192, 199, 214, 215,

219, 221, 230

burners, 77, 79, 90, 144

consumption, 23, 28, 29, 66

formation, 96, 97, 98

kinds of, 29, 91, 220, 222, 223

Gasoline, 89, 97, 99, 140, 219, 223

burner, 37, 96

engine, 119, 137, 212, 215

Gasoline-gas, 29, 37, 91, 220

Gears, 192

Generation of heat and gas, 219, 220

Generator, 96, 97, 145, 223

Gill, 227, 228

Glass utensils, 156, 157, 158

Graduate, 227

Gram, 226

Granite ware, 156, 157

Grate, 16, 58, 65, 74, 76

Grater, 160

Gravity lamp, 96

Gravity, specific, 217, 237, 239

Grinder, 159, 162

Heat, 29, 48, 89, 156, 158, 218

production of, 42, 140, 143, 200, 219

use of, 45, 50, 57, 69, 78, 80, 140, 143, 176

Heater, 65, 77, 79, 80, 81, 118, 119, 135, 141, 143, 196, 197

Hectograph, 205, 206

Hectoliter, 228

Hectometer, 229

Hinge, 184, 185

Homogenizer, 180

Horse power, 210

Hot-water furnace, 64

Hot-water tank, 117

Humidity, 239

Hundred-weight, 226

Hydrometer, 217, 237, 238, 239

Hygroscope, 239

Ice, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 166, 219

Iceless refrigerator, 105, 106

Incubator, 196, 201, 235

adjustment of, 199

Ignition of gas, 140, 214, 215

Illumination, 28, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 88, 218, 219

Inch, 228, 229

Ink, 205, 208

Insulation, 19, 46, 50, 55, 57, 66, 102

Iron, 155, 156, 158, 236

Ironing board, 144

Irons, 142, 144, 145, 146

Jars, fruit, 176

Jellometer, 237

Jugs, 107

Kerosene lamps, 93, 95

oil, 28, 138, 219

stoves, 31, 79, 80

Kisselguhr filter, 114

Keyboard, 202, 204

Kilogram, 226

Kiloliter, 228

Kilometer, 229

Kilowatt, 82, 232

Kneading machine, 165

Knives, 159, 163, 196

Knocking, cause of, 71, 214

Lard press, 163

Lamp, adjusting burners, 89, 90, 93, 94

electric, 82, 83, 84, 87

gas or oil, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 196, 198, 199, 215

Laundry tubs, 127

Lawn mower, 195

Lava tip, 89

Leather, preventing shrinking of, 112

Lever, 72, 154, 163, 190, 236

Light, 83, 84, 85, 86, 98

Lights, 82, 88, 98

Lighters, 28, 91, 215

Lighting, lamps, 89, 90, 94, 95

stoves, 25, 27, 33, 34, 37, 38, 78, 79, 80

Lighting plants, 86, 114

Lime, 221

Lining refrigerator, 101

Lignite coal, 219

Liquify, sewage, 124, 125

Liquids, 237

Liter, 227, 228

Locomotive washer, 135

Logs, gas, 78

Lock-stitch, 186, 188

Lubrication, 193

Mangles, 141

Mantles for lamps, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 98

Manufactured gas, 78, 89, 91

Maximum thermometers, 234

Mazda lamps, 82, 83, 84

Measurements, 225

Melting ice, 103

Metal, conductivity of, 156, 158

Meter, 229, 230, 231, 232

Microbes, septic, 126

Mile, 229

Milligram, 226

Milliliter, 228

Millimeter, 226

Mimeograph, 206

Mixer, 165

Moisture, 200, 239

Mop wringer, 154

Motor, 108, 110, 133, 150, 186, 192, 209

care of, 214, 217

water, 137, 209, 210, 211, 220

Mower, 196

Multigraph, 206, 208

Natural gas, 30, 89, 219

Needle, 187, 188, 191

Nickel, 158

Nozzle, 148, 149

Oil, 31, 93, 110, 200, 214, 218, 223

Oil cups, 33, 35

Oscillating washer, 134, 135

Ounce, 226, 228

Oven, 19, 20, 26, 27, 42, 235

Overflow, 67, 119, 120, 122, 130

Packing, 112, 122

Pans, 155, 156

Parers, 159, 160

Peck, 228, 229

Percolator, 168

Pet cock, 174, 175

Pilot light, 26, 27, 119

Pint, 227, 228, 229

Pintsch gas, 223

Pipe, stove, 58, 60, 61, 62

water or steam, 64, 66, 69, 70, 72

Pipes, 67, 78, 102, 103

Pipeless furnace, 63

Piston, 112, 148, 211, 214

Pivot, 166, 167, 209

Plate, mower, 195

Plug, electric, 143, 144

Plumber's pump, 123

Plumbing system, 115, 117

Pneumatic hinge, 184

lamp, 96

Porcelain filter, 114

Pots, 155, 156, 167, 168

Pound, 72, 226

Power, 82, 209, 210, 214

Prepayment meter, 231

Press, 163

Pressure, 72, 73, 78, 79, 82, 117, 137, 138, 146, 164, 171, 173, 209, 223

Pressure, air, 96, 97, 176

gage, 69, 117

Prestolite gas, 223

Pulley, 137, 185, 212

Pump, 108, 112, 113, 117, 123, 148, 168, 169, 209, 223

Quart, 227, 228

Rack for canner, 172

Radiation of heat, 57, 61, 62, 79

Radiator, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71

Radiator, gas, 77, 78, 79

Reading meters, 231, 232, 238, 239

Reflector, 77, 78, 80, 81

Refrigerating plant, 108

Refrigeration, principles of, 100

Refrigerator, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105

Regulation, heat and pressure, 20, 60, 66, 70, 72, 73

Regulation of stoves, 24, 43, 44, 48

Regulator, temperature, 198, 199

Reservoir, 18

Resistance produces heat, 143

Revolutions of motor wheels, 137

Ribbon, typewriter, 203, 208

Roller, 138, 141, 142, 154, 162

Rotary washer, 134

Saccrometer, 237, 239

Sack, flour, 229

Sadirons, 142

Safety devices, 45, 56, 71

Safety valve, 72, 79, 117, 119, 174, 175

Salt, 157, 166

Saltometer, 237

Scales, 226

Scissors, 196

Screw, 163

Seal for sewer pipe, 128

Seeder, 159, 161

Semi-indirect light, 86

Separators, cream, 178

Septic tank, 124, 125, 127

Sewage, 124, 125, 126

Sewer, 124, 127, 128

Sewing machine, 186, 191, 209

Shaft, 159, 186, 187, 202, 204, 209

cold-air, 57, 60, 63

Shears, 196

Sheet iron, 155, 156

Shutter, furnace pipe, 60

Shuttle, sewing machine, 188

Silicon, 158

Silver, 158, 171

Simmerer, 30

Siphon, 125, 129

Slicer, 159, 163

Smoke, 16, 20, 32, 34, 36, 57, 59, 66, 73, 74, 80, 89, 146, 214, 215, 246

Socket, electrical, 143

Soot, 17, 20, 32, 39, 66, 75, 78, 214

Sparks, electric, 110, 144

Specific gravity, 217, 237, 239

heat, 156, 158

Speed by use of wheels, 165, 212

Spiral, 163

Spoons, 157, 158, 227, 228

Spring, 59, 184, 185, 226

pulley, 183

Steam, 71, 79, 111, 133, 175, 219

pressure, 69, 70, 72, 73, 174, 175

Steam

cooker, 56

valves and gages, 70, 72, 73, 173

Steel for cooking, 155

Stencil, 206

Stitch, 187, 188, 189, 191

Stones, fireless cooker, 50, 54

Stoner, 161

Storage tank, 113, 220

Storage battery, 215, 216, 217

Stove, 37, 47, 48, 49, 57, 58, 63, 65, 70

electric, 42, 44, 157

gas, 23 to 30, 144

heating, 75, 76, 78, 80, 141

Stove, wood and coal, 15, 22

Stoves, care of, 31, 34, 41, 44, 76, 78

Stuffer, 163, 164

Suction pump, 112, 113

washer, 132, 133, 169

Sweeper, carpet, 147, 148, 150

Switch, ignition, 192

Syrup, temperatures of, 235

Tables, 85, 158, 219, 226, 227, 228, 229, 235, 238

Tablespoons, 227, 228

Tank, 30, 31, 35, 37, 39, 40, 64, 67, 96, 146, 220, 223

septic, 124, 125, 126, 127

water, 107, 109, 113, 117, 119, 128, 129, 130

Teaspoon, 227, 228

Temperature, 20, 51, 73, 101, 103, 105, 173, 196, 198, 200, 206, 220,

233, 236

Tempering of metal, 156

Tension, 187, 188, 189

Tester, egg, 201

Thawing, 233

Thermal unit, 218

Thermometer, 197, 199, 233, 234

Thermostat, 197, 198, 199, 200, 235, 236

Thorium, 88

Thread, 187, 188

Throttle, 192

Thumb-screw, 138, 174

Time for cooking food, 54

Timer, 193

Tin, 155, 156, 158

Ton, 226

Trap, 122, 128

Trays, 176, 197, 200

Treadle, 186, 209

Tungsten, 82, 83, 158

Type, 203, 204, 208

Typewriter, 202, 203, 206

Utensils for cooking, 44, 155, 156

Vacuum, 112, 176, 240

cleaner, 147, 148

Valve, 25, 26, 29, 33, 37, 52, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 90, 112, 113, 119,

120, 122, 129, 130, 145, 174, 183, 197, 211, 232, 235

Vapor, 40, 41, 145

Vent, radiator, 68

Ventilators, 110, 111, 197, 198, 200

Volt, 82

Voltage, 86, 110, 144, 217

Warping, 76

Washboard, 134

Wash boiler, 172

Washers for valves, etc., 120

Washing equipment, care of, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142

Washing machines, 132, 133, 135, 136, 209

Waste, 76, 124

Water, 67, 102, 106

closets, 128

coolers, 105, 108

filters, 114

for cooling, 107, 215

for furnaces, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 81

heater, 118, 119

meter, 230

motors, 137, 209, 210, 211, 220

tanks, 119

-bath canner, 173

-seal canner, 173

Watt, 82, 84

Weight, 220, 226

Wells, 113, 125

Wheels, 137, 165, 211, 230

Whey separator, 180

Whistle, 56

Wick, 32, 35, 93, 94, 95, 98, 198

Wickless burner, 32, 33

Window, adjustment of, 63, 183

shades, 184

Wire, 43, 46, 110

Wood, 157, 219

Wringer, clothes, 138

mop, 154

Yard, 229

Zero, 233

INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Acetylene burner, 90

gas plant, 221

Adjusting gas light, 89

Air mixer, 24, 77

Alcohol iron, 145

Ash chute, 21

Automatic devices for heating water, 118

tension, 190

Balance wheel, 186

Ball bearings, 152

Barometer, 239

Bath-tub overflow, 122

Battery, 217

Blower, 110

Bobbin shuttle, 188

spool, 188

thread, 188

winder, 186

worm wheel, 186

Boiler, washer for, 132

Booster, 120

Bread mixer, 165

Brush, electric cleaner, 151

carpet sweeper, 153

Bunsen burner, 89

Burner, acetylene, 90

Bunsen, 89

cleaning, 26

gasoline, 37, 38

gasoline-gas, 29

oil stove, 31, 34

Cam, 213

Canner, pressure, 173

water-bath, 172

Can sealer, 175

Cap, sewing machine, 190

Carpet sweeper, 152, 153

Centigrade thermometer, 234

Centrifugal washer, 136

Chambers' fireless cooker range, 54

Check valve for door, 184

Cherry stoner, 160

Chimneys, lamp, 93

Circulation in refrigerator, 102

Cleaner, vacuum, 147, 150, 151, 152

Clean-out for cook stove, 15

Cloth plate, sewing machine, 190

Compressed-air pump, 114

Cooker, gas, 54

steam, 55

Cooking stove, 15, 25

Cooler for food, 106, 108

Crank shaft, 213

Cream separator, 179, 180

Curtain roller, 185

Cylinder washer, 134

Dampers, 15, 17

Direct light, 83

Discs in separator, 180

Dish dryer, 172

washer, 170, 171

Door holder, 184

check valve, 184

Draft, 17

Dryer, 139, 176

Egg tester, 200

Egg, appearance when tested, 201

Electric fan, 111

generator, 216

heater, 80

heating unit, 43

iron, 143

lighter, 91

meter, 232

plug, 144

stove, 42, 80

vacuum cleaner, 150, 151

Embroidery spring, 190

Engine, gasoline, 213

Expansion tank, 67

Exhaust valve, 213

Fahrenheit thermometer, 234

Fan, 110, 111

Faucet showing parts, 122

Feed bar, sewing machine, 190

pipe, 31, 32, 33

Fireless cooker, 51, 53

Flames, clear and smoky, 35

Flushing tank, 130

Flywheel, 213

Force pump, 113, 119

Fruit press, 164

Fuel box, 21

Furnace, Garland hot-water, 64, 65, 67

pipeless, 61

steam, 69, 73

warm-air, 58, 59

Fuse on electric heating unit, 43

Gage, water, 70

Gas, acetylene plant, 221

air mixer for, 24, 77

burner, 26

cooker, 54

heater, 77, 78

iron, 145

light, 89

logs, 79

meter, 230

oven, 27

radiator, 79

stove, 25, 77, 78

tank, 223

Gasoline burner, 37

engine, 213

-gas lamp, 97

-gas plant, 220

-stove, 38

Generator, 216

Governor, 213

Grate, 16, 21

Grinder, 160, 161, 162

Heater, electric, 80

gas, 77, 78

hot-air, 62

hot-water, 65

oil, 80

reflector, 78

water, 118, 120, 121

Heating unit, 45

for electric stove, 43

Hectograph, 206

Holder, door, 184

Hinge, door, 185

Humidifier, 58

Iceless refrigerator, 105

Ignitor, 213

Incubator, 197

lamps, 196

Indirect light, 86

Instantaneous water heater, 118

Insulation in cooker, 51

Iron, alcohol, 155

electric, 143

gas, 145

Kerosene lamp, 94

oil heater, 80

Knives, mower, 195

Lamp, 35, 93

electric, 83

gasoline, 97

incubator, 196

mantle for, 94

Lard press, 164

Lawn mower, 195

Lifter for fireless cooker stones, 53

Light, adjusting gas, 89

direct, 83

indirect, 86

pilot, 27

semi-indirect, 87

Lighter, gas stove, 28

electric, 91

Lining of fire box, 21

Lock-stitch machine, 186

Locomotive washer, 135

Logs, gas, 79

Looper, sewing machine, 190

Mangle, 141, 142

Mantle lamp, 88, 94

Meters, 230, 231, 232

Mimeograph machine, 207

Mixer, bread and cake, 165, 166

Mop wringer, 154

Motor, water, 209, 210, 211

Mower, lawn, 195

Needle bar, 186, 190

clamp, 186

Nozzles, 152

Oil heater, 80

stove, 32

burner, 31, 32

lighting, 34

Oscillating washer, 135

Oven burner, gas, 29

Overflow, 123

Pail for cooking food, 107

Parer, 159

Pet cock, 173

Pilot light, 27

Pipes, hot-water, 65

steam, 69

Piston, 213

Plant, acetylene-gas, 221

gasoline-gas, 220

Plug, electric, 144

Pneumatic gasoline lamp, 97

Press, lard and fruit, 164

Presser foot, sewing machine, 186, 190

Pressure canners, 173

thumb-screw for, 186

tank, 223

Pump, compressed-air, 114

force, 113, 119

plumber's, 122

suction, 113

Pulley wheel, 213

Pulley, window, 183

Rack for canner, 173

Radiator, 65, 68, 79

valve, 122

vents, 68

Reflector gas heater, 78

Refrigerator, 100

circulation of air in, 102

iceless, 105

Roller, mangle, 142

wringer, 133, 134, 135

Rotary washer, 134

Safety valve, 69

Sealer, fruit-can, 175

Semi-indirect light, 87

Separator, disc, 180

Separator

DeLaval, 181

Sharpless, 179

Septic tank, 124, 125, 126

Sewing machine, chain-stitch, 190

bobbin, 188

lock-stitch, 186

under part, 187

shaft, 213

Shaft, crank, 213

Shaker, stove, 21, 64

Shuttle, 187, 188

Siphon, 126

Slicer, 163

Spool holder, 186, 190

for bobbin, 188

Spring in curtain roller, 185

Steam cooker, 55

furnace, 69, 73

Stoner, 160

Stones, fireless cooker, 51, 53

Storage battery, 217

Stove, coal, 15

electric, 42, 43, 80

gas, 24, 25, 26, 27, 77, 78

gasoline, 37, 38

grate, 21

heating, 62, 77, 78, 80

oil, 31, 32, 33, 34, 80

pipe, 17

shaker, 21, 64

ventilator, 111

wood, 15

Suction pump, 113

washer, 133

Sweeper, carpet, 153

Tank, 65, 121

cooling, 108

expansion, 67

flushing, 130

gas, 223

septic, 124, 125, 126

Tension, sewing machine, 186, 187, 190

Thermometer, Fahrenheit, 234

Centigrade, 234

Thermostat, 199

Thread, bobbin, 188

cutter, 186

guide, 186

Thread

take-up, 186, 190

Traps, 129

Tray for dishes, 172

Typewriter, Hammond, 204

L. C. Smith, 202

Universal grinder, 162

Utensils for electric stove, 45

for fireless cooker, 51, 53

Vacuum cleaner, 147, 150, 151, 152

nozzles, 152

Valve, cooker, 51

door check, 184

safety, 69

radiator, 122

Vegetable slicer, 163

Vents, 68, 122

Ventilator, 111

Washer, centrifugal, 136, 139

cylinder, 134

for boiler, 132

locomotive, 135

oscillating, 135

rotary, 134

suction, 133

Water-bath canner, 172

Water closet, 129

cooler, 109

heater, 120

meter, 231

motor, 209, 210, 211

tank, 121

for cooling, 107

Wheel, 186, 190

Wick, 36

Window pulley, 183

Wringer, centrifugal, 139

mop, 154

roller, 133, 134, 135

=230. Door Fastener.= A door fastener (Fig. 129) is a small device