SOMETHING ABOUT SUGAR
[Illustration: _Refined Sugar Showing Form of Crystals_]
SOMETHING ABOUT SUGAR
ITS HISTORY
GROWTH, MANUFACTURE AND
DISTRIBUTION
BY
GEORGE M. ROLPH
[Illustration]
_Sugar
is nothing more nor less
than concentrated
sunshine_
SAN FRANCISCO
JOHN J. NEWBEGIN
PUBLISHER
1917
COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY GEORGE M. ROLPH
PRINTED BY TAYLOR & TAYLOR, SAN FRANCISCO
DEDICATION:
TO R. P. RITHET
FOREWORD
_The purpose of this book is to tell in simple language “Something About
Sugar.” It gives a brief history of the commodity and its production in
different parts of the world, and seeks to show, for the information,
especially, of the layman and the pupil in school, the various steps by
which sugar from cane and beets is prepared for the consumer._
G. M. R.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PART I
_Growth, Manufacture and Distribution_
WHAT SUGAR IS 3
THE GROWING OF SUGAR CANE 6
SOIL ANALYSIS 8
ENTOMOLOGY 8
PATHOLOGY 9
THE MANUFACTURE OF RAW SUGAR 22
EXTRACTION 22
PURIFICATION 25
EVAPORATION 28
CONCENTRATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION 31
PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS FOR THE MARKET 33
TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY OF RAW SUGAR 37
POLARIZATION 39
REFINING OF RAW SUGAR 44
WASHING 50
MELTING 54
DEFECATION 54
BONE-CHAR FILTRATION 59
CRYSTALLIZATION 65
PARTIAL DRYING 69
FINAL DRYING OF CRYSTALS 69
SCREENING 71
PACKING 73
CUBE SUGAR 77
POWDERED AND BAR SUGAR 79
YELLOW SUGARS 81
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT 84
LABORATORY 87
COST OF REFINING 88
SHIPPING DEPARTMENT 91
MARKETING 93
BEET SUGAR 100
THE SUGAR BEET 102
SELECTION OF THE SOIL 103
PLANTING 104
THINNING 106
CULTIVATION 107
HARVESTING AND TOPPING 107
MANUFACTURE OF BEET SUGAR 110
TRANSPORTATION AND CLEANING 110
EXTRACTION OF JUICE, SLICING AND DIFFUSION 111
PURIFICATION OF JUICE, CARBONATION AND FILTRATION 112
CONCENTRATION OF JUICE 113
SULFITATION 114
FORMATION OF GRAIN 115
STEFFEN PROCESS 115