Survey of Cornwall” (vol. i. p. 166). When Gilbert visited the spot
in 1814, some remains of the habitation could still be traced, and on
the entrance, graven on a rock, was inscribed “D. Gumb, 1735.” (See
also Bond’s “Looe,” p. 203.) “Unfortunately they have now altogether
disappeared before the march of the barbarians known as quarrymen.”
The Cheesewring itself was claimed by Dr. Borlase as a Rock Idol, in
accordance with the quaint Druidical theories of the early antiquaries.
He says--
“From its having Rock-basons, from the uppermost Stone’s being
a Rocking-stone, from the well-poised structure and the great
elevation of this groupe [of rocks], I think we may truely reckon
it among the Rock-Deities, and that its tallness and just balance
might probably be intended to express the stateliness and justice
of the Supreme Being. Secondly, as the Rock-basons shew that it was
usual to get upon the top of this Karn, it might probably serve
for the Druid to harangue the Audience, pronounce decisions, and
foretell future Events.” (“Antiquities of Cornwall,” p. 174.)
The Rev. S. Baring-Gould gives in his “Book of the West” (vol. ii. p.
107) a curious instance of the persistency of tradition in connection
with a cairn near the Cheesewring, in which a gold cup was found a few
years ago.
“The story long told is that a party were hunting the wild boar
in Trewartha Marsh. Whenever a hunter came near the Cheesewring a
prophet--by whom an Archdruid is meant--who lived there received
him, seated in the stone chair, and offered him to drink out of
his golden goblet, and if there were as many hunters approach,
each drank, and the goblet was not emptied. Now on this day of
the boar-hunt one of those hunting vowed that he would drink the
cup dry. So he rode up to the rocks, and there saw the grey Druid
holding out his cup. The hunter took the goblet and drank till he
could drink no more, and he was so incensed at his failure that he
dashed what remained of the wine in the Druid’s face, and spurred
his horse to ride away with the cup. But the steed plunged over the
rocks and fell with his rider, who broke his neck, and as he still
clutched the cup he was buried with it.”
In Carew’s “Survey of Cornwall” (1602) occurs the following quaint
description of a logan-stone called Mainamber:--
“And a great rocke the same is, aduaunced upon some others of a
meaner size, with so equal a counterpeyze, that the push of a
finger, will sensibly moue it too and fro: but farther to remooue
it, the united forces of many shoulders are ouer-weake. Wherefore
the Cornish wonder-gatherer, thus descrybeth the same.
Be thou thy mother natures worke,
Or proof of Giants might:
Worthlesse and ragged though thou shew,
Yet art thou worth the sight.
This hugy rock, one fingers force
Apparently will moue;
But to remooue it, many strengths
Shall all like feeble prooue.”
APPENDIX D_a_ (p. 92)
DOZMERE POOL
The following is extracted from Hunt’s ‘Popular Romances of the West of
England.’
“Mr. Bond, in his ‘Topographical and Historical Sketches of the
Boroughs of East and West Looe,’ writes--
‘This pool is distant from Looe about twelve miles off. Mr. Carew
says--
Dosmery Pool amid the moores,
On top stands of a hill;
More than a mile about, no streams
It empt, nor any fill.
It is a lake of freshwater about a mile in circumference, the only
one in Cornwall (unless the Loe Pool near Helston may be deemed
such), and probably takes its name from _Dome-Mer_, sweet or fresh
water sea. It is about eight or ten feet deep in many parts. The
notion entertained by some, of there being a whirlpool in its
middle, I can contradict, having, some years ago, passed all over
in a boat then kept there.’
Such is Mr. Bond’s evidence; but this is nothing compared with
the popular belief, which declares the pool to be bottomless,
and beyond this, is it not known to every man of faith that a
thorn-bush thrown into Dosmery Pool has sunk in the middle of it,
and after some time has come up in Falmouth (? Fowey) Harbour?
Notwithstanding that Carew says that ‘no streams it empt, nor any
fill,’ James Michell, in his parochial history of St. Neot’s, says:
‘It is situate on a small stream called St. Neot’s River, a branch
of the Fowey, which rises in Dosmare Pool.’
There is a ballad, ‘Tregeagle; or Dozmaré Poole: an Anciente
Cornish Legende, in two parts,’ by John Penwarne.... Speaking of
Dozmaré Pool, Mr. Penwarne says--
‘There is a popular story attached to this lake, ridiculous enough,
as most of those tales are. It is, that a person of the name of
Tregeagle, who had been a rich and powerful man, but very wicked,
guilty of murder and other heinous crimes, lived near this place;
and that, after his death, his spirit haunted the neighbourhood,
but was at length exorcised and laid to rest in Dozmaré Pool. But
having in his lifetime, in order to enjoy the good things of this
world, disposed of his soul and body to the devil, his infernal
majesty takes great pleasure in tormenting him, by imposing on him
difficult tasks, such as spinning a rope of sand, dipping out the
pool with a limpet shell, etc., and at times amuses himself with
hunting him over the moors with his hell-hounds, at which time
Tregeagle is heard to roar and howl in a most dreadful manner, so
that, “roaring or howling like Tregeagle” is a common expression
amongst the vulgar in Cornwall.’”
APPENDIX E (p. 109)
ANTHONY PAYNE
BY THE REV. PREBENDARY ROGER GRANVILLE
According to the Episcopal Registers of the diocese of Exeter, a
marriage license was granted on September 12th, 1612, to “Anthony Payne
of Stratton, and Gertrude Deane of the same.” These were evidently the
parents of the famous Cornish giant, who served as henchman to Sir
Bevill Grenvile at Stowe.
When the Civil War broke out, Anthony Payne followed Sir Bevill to the
battlefield, and was doubtless present with him at the engagements of
Bradock Down, Modbury, and Sourton, in the early months of 1643. On the
16th of May the battle scene had shifted to his own home at Stratton,
where every inch of ground must have been perfectly familiar to him.
The Earl of Stamford had occupied a strong position on a hill within
a mile of the little town. From five in the morning till three in the
afternoon the battle raged, and though the Parliamentarians had the
superiority both of numbers and position, they could not prevail over
the brave Royalists. At three word was brought to Hopton and Grenvile
that their scanty stock of powder was almost exhausted. To retreat
would have been fatal. A supreme effort had to be made. Trusting
to pike and sword alone, the lithe Cornishmen pressed onwards and
upwards, led, can we doubt it, by Anthony Payne?
“His sword was made to match his size,
As Roundheads did remember;
And when it swung, ’twas like the whirl
Of windmills in September.”
The boldness of the attack seems to have struck their opponents with
terror. Stamford’s Horse turned and fled, and in vain Chudleigh
attempted to rally his Foot. He was surrounded and captured, and his
men, left without a commander, at once gave way and retreated, and
soon the victorious commanders embraced one another on the hard-won
hill-top, thanking God for a success for which, at one time, they had
hardly ventured to hope.
The following July Anthony Payne was at the battle of Lansdowne, near
Bath, where his brave master was mortally wounded. When Sir Bevill fell
the fight would have been lost for the King, and in another moment the
Cornish would have crowded down the hill. It was the quick nobility of
Anthony Payne which won the battle, and the deed should give him an
enduring place in history.
“Catching his master’s horse, with a fine knightly impulse, he
set little John Grenville, a lad of sixteen, who had followed his
gallant father close, on the hacked and gory saddle, and led him to
the head of his father’s troop. There was no more giving way after
this sight, and the Cornish followed the lad up the hill like men
possessed. By this time, too, the musketry had practically routed
the Parliament Horse, which were already retreating; and so, while
Sir Bevill lay dead on the hillside, his own regiment, led by
his giant servant and his little son, gained the top.” (Norway’s
“Highways and Byways in Devon and Cornwall,” p. 196.)
There is surely “no finer story to be told than this; nor can there
have been, since first men began to slay each other, many sights more
noble than that of the child, tearful, excited, triumphant, set upon
the great charger, a world too high for him, and led up the hill at the
head of his dying father’s troop.” What wonder that the King knighted
the boy-warrior at Bristol on the 3rd of August following, for his
bravery at Lansdowne fight (cf. Metcalfe’s “Book of Knights,” p. 200),
or that Prince Charles, his own contemporary in age, attracted by his
heroism, chose him out of all others to be his personal attendant and
intimate friend ever afterwards--a friendship that was only broken by
death!
We wish that we could bring ourselves to believe that the letter (on
page 117), breathing the spirit of rare nobility, and stated by Mr.
Hawker to have been written to Lady Grace Grenvile after her valiant
husband’s death by his true-hearted giant retainer, was authentic. We
fear, however, that it originated in the study at Morwenstow, and is
the product of Mr. Hawker’s own versatile and gifted pen.
What became of Anthony Payne after this is not certainly known. Did he
return with his master’s body to Stowe, and remain on there to protect
his mistress during the four unquiet years of her widowhood? There
is, indeed, a tradition which would bear out this supposition, if it
is true. It relates that the poor Queen, in her flight (within a week
after her confinement) from Exeter, to avoid capture by Lord Essex,
escaped to Okehampton with a small body of attendants, where she was
met by Anthony Payne, who guided her to Stowe by a series of tracks and
lanes, in order to secure greater secrecy, and that from Stowe she went
to Lanherne, and so on to Falmouth, whence she escaped to France. In
confirmation of this theory a letter is said to have been seen from
Lady Grace, in which she mentions the fact of the Queen having slept at
Stowe, and of her departure to Lanherne. But the letter is no longer
extant, if it ever existed, and it has been proved pretty conclusively
by Mr. Paul Q. Karkeek, in a very interesting paper on the subject of
the Queen’s flight, that from Okehampton the Queen went to Launceston,
the most direct route, under the escort of Prince Maurice, and from
Launceston to Falmouth.
Or did Anthony Payne remain on with his young master, who narrowly
escaped meeting his father’s fate at the second battle of Newbury, and
afterwards took a prominent part in the defence of the West under his
uncle, Sir Richard Grenvile, and who so gallantly defended the Scilly
Islands, the last rallying point of the Royalists, against Admiral
Blake, in 1651, that he obtained exceptionally favourable terms when he
was at last compelled to capitulate?
Nothing is heard of Payne again till the Restoration. Then honours were
showered thickly on the Grenviles in recognition of all that they had
done and sacrificed for the royal cause, and especially of the signal
services they had rendered, in conjunction with their cousin, George
Monk, in restoring the Monarchy. Sir John Grenvile was created Earl
of Bath, and made Governor of Plymouth, where he at once undertook to
rebuild and strengthen the fortifications, which had been much damaged
in the late war. Upon their completion Lord Bath appointed Payne, whom
he evidently still held in great favour, as a yeoman of the guard and
halberdier of the guns. The King made a surprise visit by sea in July,
1671, to inspect the new citadel, accompanied by the Dukes of York and
Monmouth and a large retinue. They were entertained by Lord Bath at his
own cost with great profusion, and the Merry Monarch professed himself
highly pleased with his visit. It was probably on this occasion that
he commanded Sir Godfrey Kneller to paint Payne’s portrait,[163]
which is now in possession of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, at
Truro, and which was engraved as a frontispiece to the first volume of
Gilbert’s “History of Cornwall.”
Payne remained at Plymouth until old Time pulled the giant down.
Obtaining leave to retire, he returned home to Stratton, and died in
the same house in which he was born. It is now “The Tree Inn.” On the
wall is the following inscription, on a tablet which formerly marked
the battle-field.
In this Place
Y^e Army of y^e Rebels under y^e command
of y^e Earl of Stamford received a signal
overthrow by y^e valour of Sir Bevill Grenville
and y^e Cornish Army on Tuesday y^e
16th of May 1643.
But the only memento of poor Anthony Payne is a hole in the ceiling,
through which his coffin, being too large to be taken out of the window
or down the stairs in the usual way, was lowered from the room above.
Even the very place of his burial is uncertain. Some say he was buried
in the _north_, others in the _south_ aisle of Stratton Church, on July
13th, 1691, at an age which was little short of eighty years. Let us
hope that a sufficient number of appreciative friends may shortly be
found who shall be willing to contribute towards the erection of some
memorial in Stratton Church worthy of one who proved himself all his
days a faithful, loyal, true-hearted servant.
NOTE BY THE EDITOR.
In the parish register of Stratton, which begins in the year 1687, the
following entries appear:--
_Burials._
Sibilla, wife of Anthony Payne 9 July, 1691
Anthony Payne 13 „ „
William and Mary Payne 20 Aug., „
William Payne „ „ 1697
Richard, son of Anthony Payne 27 March, 1699
George „ „ „ „ 1708
Nicholas Payne 1 Aug., 1710
The occurrence of four deaths so close together in 1691 suggests that
they may have been caused by some epidemic. The previous book has
unfortunately been lost, so that it is impossible to verify the dates
of Anthony’s baptism and marriage.
The sexton points out a spot in the south aisle where he says that he
saw a large grave opened, 8 ft. by 3 ft., at the restoration of the
church in 1887, and that this was generally supposed to be the grave of
Anthony Payne. Among the many skeletons unearthed at that time was a
thigh bone 2 ft. 9 in. long.
During some excavations in the west end of the north aisle a slate
stone came to light, very thin and decayed, bearing the names of
Nicholas and Grace Payne. These were thought locally to be the parents
of the giant, but there is no proof of this.
The Rev. Canon Bone, of Lanhydrock, who was Vicar of Stratton when the
church was restored, has kindly supplied a copy of the inscription on
the stone. One corner had been broken off, and the remainder bore the
following words:--
“Nicholas Payne of Hols in this towne
Yeoman ... nd also neer by him lieth
Grace his wife buried the 22 day of
January 1637.”
Canon Bone says--
“The stone was removed to the Vicarage, but it had worn so thin
that it broke up, and unfortunately the fragments were lost. I do
not know whether the attribution of the stone to Antony Payne’s
parents was more than a likely guess.”
The Paynes were evidently a numerous clan in Stratton about that time,
but though many names and dates are available, there is little to
establish the relationship of the different members of the family.
According to a pedigree in the possession of Mr. Herbert Shephard, an
Anthony Payne married a Miss Dennis, and had by her a son Hugh. No date
appears on the document, but it will be seen below that a Hugh Payne is
mentioned as riding to Launceston in 1688. As the giant died in 1691,
this Hugh might be his son.
It should be mentioned that in the old registers his Christian name is
spelt “Anthony,” the omission of the “h” being peculiar to Hawker.
In the records of the Blanchminster Charity in the parish of Stratton
(compiled by R. W. Goulding, 1898) the names of several Paynes appear.
The following are some of the entries:--
(1603) “Paid to Nicholas Paine for writtinge of the Quindecem booke
8 [_d._].”
By a “Feoffment,” dated “12 Jan., 1618-9,” Walter Yeo and another
make over to William Arundell and others, including Anthony Payne
and Nicholas Payne, certain property at Mellhoc and elsewhere.
(Either of these, Anthony or Nicholas, might be the father of the
giant.)
In a “Feoffment” dated “20 March, 14 Charles II. (1662),” the
names of Nicholas and William Payne appear.
“18 March 1688. Item pd Hugh Payne p Riding to Launceston upon the
Report yt (that) the ffrench were landed 00 02 06.”
“After the Stockwardens’ account for 1719 there is a statement by
Anthony Payne,” etc.
(This Anthony Payne might be a son of the giant.)
The flagon which contained the giant’s allowance of liquor is mentioned
by Hawker in a private letter. He says--
“It is now safe in its usual place under my Escritoire.... The
Bottle itself is Antony Payne’s Allowance which used to be filled
for him every morning at Stowe, and as I measured it last week and
found it Six Quarts it ought to have sufficed him.”
From “Collectanea Cornubiensia,” by G. C. Boase (1890), we get the
following details as to the portrait of Anthony Payne. In August,
1888, the collection of antiquities at Trematon Castle, near Saltash,
was sold by auction on behalf of the executors of Admiral Tucker. One
of the lots was the portrait of Payne, and it was sold to a Plymouth
dealer for about £4. Through the good offices of Major Parkyn of Truro,
Mr. Harvey, on February 12th, 1889, purchased the picture from Skardon
& Sons of Plymouth, and presented it to the Royal Institution of
Cornwall at Truro.
[The Editor will be very glad to hear from any reader who may be able
to supply further information about Anthony Payne, his birth, life,
will, etc., that could be added to a future edition of this book.]
FOOTNOTE:
[163] See note on p. 118.
APPENDIX E_a_ (p. 109)
STOWE AND THE GRANVILLES
BY THE REV. PREBENDARY ROGER GRANVILLE
Hals states that Sir Thomas Grenvile (_temp._ Henry VI.) was the first
of the family who resided at Stowe, but Bishop Brantyngham licensed a
chapel there for Sir John de Grenvile on August 30th, 1386, and Henry
de Grenvile was buried at Kilkhampton about 1327, and the inquisition
after his death was taken there, and I believe that Henry de Grenvile
was the first to reside regularly at Stowe. His father, Bartholomew,
constantly signed deeds at Bideford, and Bishop Stapledon granted him
a license for the celebration of divine service “in capellâ suâ de
Bydeford.” So that I think it is safe to say that the Grenviles resided
at Stowe from at least the reign of Edward III.
The place was maintained in much style, I expect, in the time of Sir
Roger de Grenvile, “the great housekeeper,” famed far and wide for his
princely hospitality. Charles Kingsley’s description of the old house
in Elizabethan times is probably pretty accurate.
“A huge rambling building, half castle, half dwelling-house. On
three sides, to the north, west, and south, the lofty walls of
the old ballium still stood, with their machicolated turrets,
loop-holes, and dark downward crannies for dropping stones and fire
on the besiegers, but the southern court of the ballium had become
a flower-garden, with quaint terraces, statues, knots of flowers,
clipped yews and hollies, and all the pedantries of the topiarian
art. And towards the east, where the vista of the valley opened,
the old walls were gone, and the frowning Norman keep, ruined in
the wars of the Roses, had been replaced by the rich and stately
architecture of the Tudors. Altogether the house, like the time,
was in a transitionary state, and represented faithfully enough the
passage of the old Middle Age into the newer life that had just
burst into blossom throughout Europe, never, let us pray, to see
its autumn and winter,” etc.
Hawker’s reference to Stowe having been turned into an academy for all
the young men of family in the county is correct. He is quoting from
George Granville’s (Lord Lansdowne) letter to his nephew, who tells us
that Sir Bevill--
“provided the best masters for all kinds of education, and the
children of his neighbours shared the advantage with his own.
Thus, in a manner, he became the father of his county, and not
only engaged the affection of the present generation, but laid a
foundation of friendship for posterity which has not worn out to
this day.”
John Granville, Earl of Bath, pulled down old Stowe, and in its
place, though on a different site a little farther from the shore,
built a magnificent new mansion (covering 3-1/2 acres of ground, and
containing, it is said, 365 windows) out of the moneys he had received
from the Government as a debt owing to himself and his father for their
sacrifices to the royal cause. Dr. Borlase describes this new house as
“by far the noblest in the west of England, though with not a tree to
shelter it.” And in the MS. diary of Dr. Yonge, F.R.S., a distinguished
physician of the latter part of the seventeenth century, the following
entry occurs in the year 1685:--
“I waited on my lord of Bathe, then Governor of Plymouth, to his
delicious house Stowe. It lyeth on y^e ledge of y^e North Sea of
Devon,--a most curious fabrick beyond all description.”
Here lived John, Earl of Bath. His son Charles, Lord Granville, shot
himself (accidentally the jury found) while preparing for the journey
into Cornwall to take down his father’s body for burial, and they were
both buried together in Kilkhampton Church, September 27th, 1701. His
boy, William Henry, then nine years of age, succeeded, but died of
small-pox, unmarried, May 17th, 1711, aged nineteen.
The next male heir was George Granville the poet, who presented
his cousin, Chamond Granville, to the Rectory of Kilkhampton on
October 22nd, 1711, and on December 31st, 1711 (after serving in the
Parliaments called in the fourth and seventh years of Queen Anne), he
was created Lord Lansdowne of Bideford, “a promotion justly remarked to
be not invidious, inasmuch as he was at that time the heir of a family
in which two peerages, that of the Earl of Bath and Lord Granville of
Potheridge, had recently become extinct.”
Lord Lansdowne’s claim to the estates of the Earls of Bath was,
however, disputed by the two surviving daughters of John, first Earl of
Bath, viz. Lady Jane Leveson-Gower and Lady Grace Carteret. A family
law suit was the result of this claim, which lasted for some years.
With the death of Queen Anne (who had specially honoured him with her
favour, making him Comptroller of her household, and also Secretary of
State for War, and afterwards Treasurer) Lord Lansdowne’s prospects
darkened. He was supposed to be in favour of the exiled Stuarts rather
than of the House of Hanover; and there seems no little doubt that he
was more or less implicated in the scheme for raising an insurrection
in the West of England, which Lord Bolingbroke and the Duke of Ormonde
were at the head of. At any rate, Lord Lansdowne was seized as a
suspected person, and on September 26th, 1715, was committed, along
with Lady Lansdowne, to the Tower, where they were confined as close
prisoners. Whilst there he compromised the law suit for £30,000, and
the Devonshire property passed to Lady Jane Leveson-Gower, and the
Cornish to Lady Grace Carteret, who was created Countess Granville in
her own right.
Stowe, having stood for a little over half a century, was pulled down
in 1739. In Polwhele’s “History of Cornwall” it is stated that a man
of Stratton lived long enough to see its site a cornfield before the
building existed, and after the building was destroyed a cornfield
again. The materials were sold piecemeal by auction. The carved cedar
wood in the chapel, executed by Michael Chuke,[164] was bought by Lord
Cobham and applied to the same purpose at his mansion of Stowe in
Buckinghamshire. The staircase is at Prideaux Place, Padstow, while the
Corporation of South Molton, who were then building a new Town Hall,
Council Chamber, etc., purchased the following:--