CONCLUSION
When the shining day doth die,
Sweet is sleep.
DORA READ GOODALE.
We have finished our long inquiry, and it has brought us to thoughts
and perhaps to conclusions for which we did not look. Such is the
leading of the Spirit, into ways that we know not of.
“So read I this—and as I try
To write it clear again
I find a second finger lie
Above mine on the pen.”
Much of the ground we have merely passed over, it may be hurriedly, but
we have seen a promised land of Peace, and, wherever the soles of our
feet have trodden, the land shall be given to us and to our children
for an inheritance—if we will.
Now, once again, dear reader—dear, for, in striving and in helping each
other to get a clear view of these important matters, we become dear to
each other—try these things.
If you have read and merely approved or disapproved, you will get
little good from the reading. You remember the pathetically comic story
of the little boy who was asked if his father was a Christian:
“Yes,” he said, “pa is a Christian; but he does not work much at it.”
That man might more hopefully have been an infidel. You must put all
that you can accept into practice if it is to be of any use.
We have found that what we call body and mind and soul are so closely
bound together that no one of them can be well or ill independently of
the others. We divide them in our thought and speech; but we cannot
find any line of separation. Every state joins on to the next one:
mineral and vegetable and animal are composed of the same elements
which pass from one state to another. The silex and the lime are taken
up to make the wheat hard, we eat wheat and these elements pass into
our bones, and, when our bodies return to Mother Earth, the rootlets
take them up again to run the round once more.
So the body and mind and soul are all one Life. There are no divisions
in Nature. The form differs, but the essence is uniform. We classify
for the sake of convenience and of clear statement. As Sir Oliver
Lodge says, in “The Survival of Man”—“Boundaries and classifications
must be recognized as human artifices, but for practical purposes
distinctions are necessary”; but the philosopher never loses sight of
the fundamental fact that each animal, flying-fish and whale, seal and
polar bear, bat and bird, can be classified only by seizing on some
acquired characteristic, such as the temperature of the blood, the
method of birth, or the structure of the bones. These mark the animal
as belonging to an order.
We see, then, that all are One, different manifestations of the
Universal Life, which must be understood and treated as a whole to see
and avail ourselves of the Universal Harmony. Accordingly we find that
we must work with Nature if she is to bring forth abundantly, of bodily
or of spiritual things, to satisfy our desires. Only in the sweat of
our faces do we absorb the full comfort and strength of the bread of
life.
Whatever you have willingly received, willingly give to others. Only
when you cast the seed, this your mental bread, upon the fertilizing
waters, shall it return to you in the harvest after many days.
* * * * *
What I have written, I have written as much for myself as for you: if
it were not so, it would be useless both to you and to me. We must go
up each for himself and take the strongholds of our own Ignorance and
Distrust and Fear. Let no one think that he can get life by merely
reading these words of life.
Try these things for yourself—teach these things to your other selves;
breathe them in and live them out. Open your mind and enlarge your
heart so that the Spirit may be able to bless you and keep you with
him, and to be kind to you, and to lift up the Light of his countenance
upon you and give you
PEACE.
APPENDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some matters of interest mainly to students of sleep phenomena have
been mentioned in the text and put in these appendices. In this way the
general reader is saved the trouble of skipping in the body of the text.
Appendix “A” contains some medical information on the subject of
Insomnia and sleep-inducing drugs.
Appendix “B” and “C” have been translated from the Latin by A. T.
Craig especially for use in “The Gift of Sleep.” They are of value
chiefly as showing the attitude of the ancients towards this natural
function.
Appendix “D” gives some provisional conclusions based on a
Questionnaire on Sleep. The returns are as yet incomplete.
APPENDIX A
The “Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (1892), giving the
terms used in medical psychology with the symptoms, treatment, and
pathology of insanity. Two vols. Edited by D. Hack Tuke, M.D., LL.D.,
Examiner in Mental Psychology in the University of London; lecturer on
Psychological Medicine, etc., says:
LOSS OF SLEEP AS A CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE OF INSANITY: Insomnia is the
indication of a morbid condition. It is also, when prolonged, something
more. Loss of sleep may frequently be a cause, or one of several
causes, of mental disorder. To remove it is therefore of the greatest
consequence in the early treatment of the insane. _In a large number of
instances it is doubtless the consequence and not the cause of mental
trouble._ The agony of mind associated with melancholia, or the rapid
flow of ideas in acute mania, may render sleep an almost unattainable
boon, and in these cases it requires great discrimination to decide
when, if at all, to administer hypnotics. (P. 1173.)
REMEDIES KNOWN AS SOMNIFACIENTS, SOPORIFICS, HYPNOTICS, AND NARCOTICS:
At the outset we must put the question, Is there a distinction between
hypnotics and narcotics? Dujardin-Beaumetz answers in the affirmative.
He holds that for the drug to be hypnotic it must imitate the natural
condition of sleep by effecting a lowered intra-cranial pressure, and
that drugs which, though bringing about unconsciousness, do not lower
cerebral pressure, or which increase it, cannot claim to be hypnotics.
On this line he separates chloral as a hypnotic from opium as a
narcotic ... in the different forms of artificial or drugged sleep it
is probable that these two factors—quantity of blood, including blood
pressure, and quality of blood, do each play a part. (P. 1129.)
Medical science has been able so far to do little for sleeplessness,
except to call it “Insomnia.” INSOMNIA: Loss of sleep has been
classified under various heads by writers on wakefulness. Thus
German-Sée has made no less than nine divisions:
a—dolorous insomnia.
b—digestive.
c—cardiac and dyspnoeal insomnia.
d—cerebros-spinal, neurotic insomnia comprising lesions of encephalon,
general paralysis, acute and chronic mania, hysteria, hypochondriasis.
e—psychic insomnia (emotional and sensational).
f—insomnia of cerebral and physical fatigue.
g—genito-urinary insomnia.
h—febrile, infectious, autotoxic insomnia.
i—toxic insomnia (coffee, tea, alcohol).[10]
[10] Tuke’s “Dictionary of Psychological Medicine,” vol. i., p. 703.
Among the causes of insomnia those of a predisposing character are the
female sex, old age, nervous temperament, intellectual pursuits.
Of exciting causes may be enumerated organic or functional diseases
of the brain, worry, anxiety, grief, and bodily pain; noise, if not
monotonous, fever, coffee, tea, etc.
Among the insane, insomnia is one of the most frequent symptoms,
except in chronic dementia. In melancholia it is the most distressing
accompaniment of the disorder, and is especially marked in the early
morning.
A careful analysis of the conditions or causes of insomnia has
been made by Dr. Folsom (U. S.). The principal ones may be briefly
enumerated as follows: Habit, reflex causes, as indigestion,
genito-urinary disorders; autotoxic causes, as gout, lithæmia,
syphilis, habitual constipation; anæmia, vaso-motor changes,
neurasthenia, hallucinations of sight or hearing, astigmatism—the
strain of the eye which in health may be unnoticed, producing “in
states of debility, headache, dizziness, spasmodic muscular action or
wakefulness” and the neurotic temperament.[11]
[11] Tuke’s “Dictionary of Psychological Medicine,” vol. i., pp. 703-4.
APPENDIX B
ABSTRACT FROM ARTICLE: “LUMINOUS SLEEP” By P. ARUNOCHALAM
Deep sleep is a sleep of darkness, that is, the sleep of the nerves,
and the utter relaxation of the body. Its refreshment is due to absence
of thought.
Is there a sleep of light, a luminous sleep, in which, while there is
absence of thought, there is not darkness and oblivion, but perfect
consciousness? To suppose this did not seem irrational to the Greeks.
(An instance is cited of the abstracted moods of Socrates, Sympos:
174-5.) (Further citations of this eccentricity of Socrates are in: The
Tamil Sage; Charmides; Phaedrus; The Republic; also Tennyson, “The
Ancient Sage.”)
This reality, sleep that is a sort of abstraction from the bodily
condition, is pure consciousness of spirit, “Luminous sleep,” an
intellectual and spiritual condition as contrasted with physical sleep.
To the general aspects of the genius and life of Ancient Greece,
to its philosophy of the reality of pure abstraction, of absolute
knowledge and the possibility of attaining it, such a theory would seem
reasonable.
Dr. Jowett is cited as maintaining that pure abstraction is mere
negation.
APPENDIX C
THESE CLASSICAL, THOUGH ENTIRELY A PRIORI, THEORIES OF SLEEP ARE NOT
WITHOUT INTEREST
SLEEP AND WAKING
By GIOVANNI ARGENTERIO (A.D. 1556)
PREFACE
That it may well be difficult to explain the nature, differences,
causes, and importance of sleep and waking, I think is made clear
enough by the fact that concerning them there is great doubt and
dissension among the highest philosophers and physicians. For Galen,
when he questioned what sleep was, and what waking, decided at length
that he could not be certain in what order of phenomena to classify
them. Aristotle indeed, in his definitions of sleep and waking,
arranges them in different places. Judging from selected books of all
authors, no one, in my opinion, has been able to enumerate the general
differences of sleep and waking by any certain method. Alcmœn thinks
sleep is produced when the blood in the veins flows back and becomes
congested. Empedocles believes it to arise from the chilling of heat
in the blood. Diogenes states that sleep is induced by the blood
pushing to the inner cavities of the body the air that is introduced
into bodies. Plato and the Stoics taught that it arose of itself by
the letting go of the spirit (or the releasing of the breath) and the
consequent relaxation.
It is needless to refute the cause which Aristotle gives for sleep,
and Galen for waking. They do not accord. The one thinks the true
cause arises and has its seat in the heart,—the other in the brain. On
account of which disagreement, great contention has been excited among
more recent philosophers and physicians, as to which view to adhere
to. Some attribute one significance, others another to these things.
And so, because of the great difficulty introduced, there is nothing
relative to the matter which is not in the deepest obscurity and doubt.
A knowledge of this thing is, nevertheless, most useful, even if come
upon by any other fortunate means, and not only through the knowledge
of the doctors; by such means, for instance, as through the study of
the general arts; for if it is joyful to philosophize, and to happen
upon the hidden and abstruse things in the secret places of nature,—who
would not find great pleasure in learning the causes of the sleeping
and waking of creatures, why now they take long, now short sleeps;
why at one time it is difficult to capture sleep,—at another time
impossible to dispel it?
We wonder how at one moment sleep leads to waking; how waking and
sleeping mutually succeed each other; why diverse things serve to
explain each other, as sleep, waking,—and waking, sleep.
Sometimes these, sleep and waking, are injurious,—at other times
beneficial. For sleep and also waking bring forth diseases, intensify
them; both equally drive them away, soothe sorrows and likewise
intensify them; by one and the other alike, morbid causes are often
destroyed more effectually than by any other remedy; indeed, in
conjunction with the benefit of these (sleep and waking), concoctions,
food, purgatives, and finally all the functions of the different parts
of the body may be exercised to the best advantage; nor is it possible,
indeed, for a creature to live, or to maintain his life, without sleep
and waking.
There is no action of the body or mind which has greater values to the
body, nothing which supplies more reliable signs for discerning bodily
ills, and showing how to be rid of them.
Of which things, indeed, the investigation and knowledge is
most useful, and not without pleasure to those who delight in
the understanding of things; that is what Aristotle, prince of
philosophers, notices, when he writes his whole book concerning sleep
and waking,—and often elsewhere at random in his writings. Not the
less does Hippocrates notice them in his citations, for he wrote most
sayings on the subject, so many that I omit them; and there are many
in other books, of which a definite impression does not remain in my
memory. But as I have said, when all, or certainly most writers on this
subject may be perplexed with regard to these things, and involved in
many difficulties, no one ought to condemn me, if, after them, and many
men, I presume to write on this subject.
CHAPTER I
BY WHAT CAUSES AND MEANS SLEEP AND WAKING ARE PRODUCED, ACCORDING TO
THE OPINION OF ARISTOTLE
To refute the opinion of the philosophers concerning the causes of
sleep and waking, I think superfluous; because, with Aristotle’s views
surviving now many centuries, no authority among these other writers
may be greater than his; and because the ignorant premises of the
others makes all discussion of them become inane.
Because of this I think I should be excused for introducing the opinion
of Aristotle among all the philosophers, that is, for choosing it
from among them, for if we show it to be equally probable with the
others which we presume to refute, it will be because, unlike them, it
extinguishes them by its own plausibility.
Aristotle thinks sleep to be produced by a vapor generated by the heat
energy in food, the fumes of which, rising to the brain, are there
converted into moisture by the coldness of the brain itself, because,
as he says, cold is felt at the contact just as rain is known to be
made from vapor in contact with cold air; which moisture or humor,
by force of gravity, is pushed downward, descends through the veins,
drives the heat from the heart, and makes that cold also; whence, the
cold spreading about, sleep, he says, generally arises.
This moisture, or humor,—ought to be warm, he writes; when it is cold,
sleep will not be produced,—just as those affected with sleepiness
show that their systems are in warm and at the same time humid
condition; and children, who have abundance of this warm moisture,
sleep the most; whence he states that this sleep chill has in fact its
causes at the outset in this very warmth. These things he discusses
partly in the book on “Sleep and Waking,” partly in the second of
“The Parts of Animals,” and in “Problems.” I am not able to judge
concerning the first matter, the idea of giving a single cause of
sleep. For, according to this author, waking brings sleep;[12] since
even animals, by means of waking and exercising their functions are
known to become quiet and sleep, and it is said by him, that since
animals become helpless in sleep, this helplessness is produced by the
excess of waking that precedes it.
[12] It appears that Argenterio thinks Aristotle inconsistent in his
proposition here.
But not in waking, in food, or in this reason of generated vapor,
is it possible to place the cause of sleep. Exercise produces this
very effect. For through labor, deep and sweetest sleep falls upon
the creatures; and this not on account of vapors rising from food,
nor on account of a natural moisture, so much as by the violent
exercise of the body. Foods that are cold or dried, as the hull of
the mandrake,—taken into the body, induce sleep; which therefore is
not accomplished because these foods give rise to vapors, since they
would rather banish the vapors by their dryness; nor would these foods
supply to the head what vapor is generated, since, repelled by the
cold of such substances being taken into the body, the moisture would
be repelled and chilled, and prevent the vapor from being carried to
the brain. This would be so, as he says, only if the generation of
vapors, and their ascent arose from the heating of this natural humor
or moisture.
* * * * *
Other chapters of interest in Argenterio’s “Sleep and Waking” are:
CHAPTER II: What may bring sleep, and by what method, according to
Galen.
CHAPTER III: The causes producing sleep, which are thought true.
CHAPTER XI: In what way sleep may be produced from natural heat.
CHAPTER XIII: Concerning natural causes of Sleep and Waking.
CHAPTER XIV: Concerning unnatural causes of Sleep and Waking.
CHAPTER XVII: Of causes of long and short sleep.
APPENDIX D
QUESTIONNAIRE ON SLEEP
In order to get the facts about SLEEP we sent a question sheet to
a large number of persons selected by classes. We began with a
thousand professors in order to get suggestions which might make the
investigation more useful. The following request was sent out:
PLEASE FILL OUT AND RETURN—
We shall be glad to supply additional copies of this slip upon
request—we desire the largest number of replies possible and it is
hoped the scientific interest of the subject will lead you to aid us in
procuring them.
Age Weight Height Health
Married?
Do you sleep well?
How many waking hours in bed?
How many hours’ sleep on an average, and at what
times?
What do you consider sufficient for yourself?
Any difference during vacations?
Do you use any means or devices for inducing sleep?
Similar observations on members of your family, if
any?
Are your dreams usually rational or fantastic, pleasant
or unpleasant?
Do you have nightmare?
Are you given to worry?
Does physical, especially agricultural, work relieve
this?
Do you take artificial exercise, or does your work involve
exercise?
Appetite good? Simple diet or
elaborate?
Is the “sleep of the laboring man sweet” in reality?
Name
Profession
Address
No scientifically complete tabulation and study of data has yet been
made on SLEEP.
Moffat, Yard & Company is publishing a book entitled “The Gift of
Sleep,” by Bolton Hall. For the purpose of this book it is desired
to obtain full information concerning the amount of sleep needed
by individuals in different walks of life, the circumstances under
which the soundest and most restful sleep is obtained, and the amount
necessary for individuals.
You will confer a great favor if you will fill out this sheet and
return to the publisher.
Yours very truly,
MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY,
31 East Seventeenth Street,
New York.
ADDITIONAL REMARKS
At the date of going to press we have not received answers sufficient
in number to warrant very definite statements in regard to sleep and
dreams. A thorough report must be reserved for a later edition. Nor was
the time sufficient for the very considerable labor of examining and
tabulating the replies. It appears, however, that about one person in
thirty regards himself as a poor sleeper, and only two others in thirty
will say they sleep only fairly well. About three persons out of five
report that they spend no time in wakefulness in bed; the remaining
two persons spend from fifteen minutes to five or six hours each, the
average among this group being one hour and ten minutes per person per
night. Among professors in our leading universities the prevailing hour
for retiring is between 10 and 11 o’clock; four-fifths of this group
say they retire either at 10, 10.30, or 11 o’clock; but this class of
people retire on the average about one-half hour later than persons of
the other classes from whom we have received replies.
The average duration of sleep is, roughly, seven and one-half hours.
One-third of all replies gave eight hours as the length of sleep; and
the professors are inclined to sleep a slightly longer period than
those in the other occupations taken together.
The age of the individuals seemed to have no effect on the averages
of the daily amount of time spent in sleep. Persons under the age of
forty differed in no marked degree from persons over forty either in
length of sleep or frequency of dreaming. There is general agreement
on the point that they get just enough sleep, and that vacations make
only a slight increase. The data is not yet sufficient to justify a
conclusion as to the average time of sleep at different ages.
In reference to dreams, about 15 per cent. report that they do not
dream, and about 30 per cent. say they dream “rarely,” “seldom,” or
“occasionally.” We are disposed to question these returns on the ground
that they give an impression that dreams are less frequent than they
really are. The investigations of most experimenters who have made
special studies of dreams seem rather to show that the number of our
dream-experiences grows as soon as we give our attention to them, just
as, on a clear night, a hasty glance at the sky may reveal many stars,
but a steady gaze reveals very many more.
Our returns are interesting as to the character of the dreams. The
favorite adjective used to describe dreams was “rational.” A lesser
number of persons said their dreams were “pleasant,” less still
that they were “fantastic.” Three times as many persons describe
their dreams as pleasant than those who describe them as generally
unpleasant. Either Professor Freud’s conclusion is correct, that we
tend to forget unpleasant experiences more readily than pleasant ones,
or else the dreams really afforded more pleasurable than they did
disagreeable feelings. The most typical combination used to describe
the nature of the individual’s dream-life was that it was “rational
and pleasant.” Less than one-third of all the answerers confessed to
having ever experienced nightmare.
It should be observed that thus far we have encountered a group of
replies from persons who, as a group, are remarkably healthy, normal,
and fairly free from worry. Particularly, worry does not seem to be a
vice of professors, as only 8 per cent. confess to it. About 17 per
cent. of them say they need more physical exercise than they get, which
is mostly walking. There is also a gratifying unanimity as to good
appetite, simple diet, and absence of need for artificial means of
inducing sleep.
APPENDIX E
BIBLIOGRAPHY
It is surprising how little has been written about Sleep, and what a
small part of what has been written is worth reading. Perhaps the best
book, certainly the most exhaustive, is Marie Manacéïne’s “Sleep,”
which contains a full but disorderly Bibliography.
Except in the case of American works, which might easily have escaped
Marie Manacéïne’s attention, I have not tried to go further back than
that Bibliography, as she was most industrious in research; I have only
cut out from her list what seemed the more obsolete or needless works.
But with the help of A. T. Craig and others, I have carried it, as far
as may be, down to date.
Bibliography Selected from that Given in “Sleep” (Manacéïne).
ABERCROMBIE: Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers, p. 283 et
seq., 1840.
BAILLARGER: De l’influence de l’état intermédiare à la veille et au
sommeil sur la production et la marche des hallucinations. _Annales
Médico-psychologiques_, 1845, tome vi.
BICHAT: Sur la Mort et la Vie. Paris.
BRIERRE DE BOISMONT: Etude médico-légales sur les hallucinations et
les illusions. _Annales d’hygiène publique et de médicin légale_,
1861, tome xvi.
BROADBENT: Insomnia, _Lancet_, April, 1887.
BURNHAM, W. H.: Memory, Historically and Experimentally Considered.
Part III, Paramnesia, _Amer. Jour. of Psychol._, May, 1889.
BYFORD: On the Physiology of Exercise. _Amer. Jour. of the Med.
Sciences_, 1855, No. 59.
On the Physiology of Repose or Sleep. _Amer. Jour. of the Med.
Sciences_, April, 1856.
CATLIN: Shut Your Mouth, 1870.
CONDILLAC: Essai sur l’origine des connaisances humaines, Sect. I,
chapter ix.
CRICHTON-BROWNE, J.: Dreamy Mental States. _Lancet_, 1895, No. 3749.
DELBOEUF: Le Sommeil et les Rêves.
DE SANCTIS AND NEYROZ: Experimental Investigations Concerning the Depth
of Sleep. _Psychol. Rev._, vol. ix, pp. 254-282. 1902.
DUFAY: La notion de la personalité.
DURHAM: The Physiology of Sleep.
_Guy’s Hospital Reports_, vol. vi, 1860.
_Psychol. Jour._, vol. v, p. 74 et seq.
ERRERA, LEO: Sur le Mécanisme du Sommeil. Brussels, 1895.
FAZIO: Sul Sonno naturale, studio teoretico sperimentale, _Il
Morgagni_, 1874.
FRÖLICH: Ueber den Schlaf, Berlin, 1799.
FUCKER: Light of Nature Pursued, 1805, vol. i.
GREENWOOD, FRED: Imagination in Dreams, and their Study, 1894.
HAMMOND: On Wakefulness, 1866, 1873.
Sleep and Its Derangements.
A Treatise on Insanity, p. 115 et seq. Philadelphia, 1869.
HARTMANN: Philosophy of the Unconscious.
HENNE: Du Sommeil Naturel.
HERBART: Sämtliche Werke, Bd. V., p. 541 et seq.
HOWELL: A Contribution to the Theory of Sleep, _Jour. of Exper. Med._,
1897.
JUDÉE: De l’état de rêve. _Gazette des Hôspitaux_, 1856.
LANGE: Geschichte des Materialismus, 1875. (English trans. by E. C.
Thomas, 1881.)
LEMOINE: Du sommeil au point de vue physiologique et psychologique,
1855.
LIÉBAULT: Du sommeil et des états analogues, 1866.
MAUDESLEY: Body and Will, 1883.
MEYER, BRUNO: Aus der Æsthetischen Pädagogik.
MOORE, C. A.: On Going to Sleep, 1871.
NAGEL: Der natürliche und künstliche Schlaf, 1872.
NUDOW: Versuch einer Theorie des Schlafes, Königsberg, 1791, p. 129 et
seq.
PATRICK AND GILBERT: On the Effects of Loss of Sleep, _Psych. Rev._,
Sept., 1896.
PAULHAN, A.: De l’activité de l’esprit dans le rêve, _Revue Philos._,
Nov., 1894, p. 546.
PLATTNER: Von dem Schlaf der Kinder, welcher durch das Einwiegen
hervorgebracht wird (1740).
PIERROT: De l’insomnie, 1869.
RADESTOCK: Schlaf und Traum, 1879.
(In _Rev. Philos._), April, 1897: La rapidite de la pensée dans le
rêve.
Le sommeil et la cérébration inconsciente.
SANCTIS, SANTE DE: I Sogni e il Sonno; I Sogni nei Deliquenti,
_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1896, vol. vi.
Emozioni e Sogni. _Dritter Internationale Congress C Psychol._,
Munich, 1897, p. 348.
SCHERNER: Das Leben des Traumes, 1861.
SCHUBERT: Geschichte der Seele, p. 420 et seq.
SERGUÉJEFF: Physiol. de la Veille et du Sommeil, t. i. and ii., 1890.
SIEBECK: Das Traumleben der Seele.
STEWART, DUGALD: Handbook of the Philosophy of the Human Mind.
STRÜMPELL: Die Natur und Entstehung der Träume.
SULLY, J.: The Human Mind, vol. ii.
Illusions, International Scientific Series.
Dream, (Article) Encyclop. Brit.
The Dream as a Revelation, _Fortnightly Rev._, March, 1893.
SYMONDS, J. A.: Sleep and Dreams, 1851.
TARCHANOFF: Observations sur le sommeil normal. _Atti dell’ XI
Congresso Med._, Roma, 1894, vol. ii.
VERITY: Subject and Object as Connected with our Double Brain, 1872.
VOLKELT: Die Traum-Phantasie, 1875.
WALSH: On Sleep, _Lancet_, 1846, vol. ii., p. 181.
WEYGANDT: Entstehung der Träume, 1893.
WIGAN, A. L.: The Duality of Mind, 1844.
WILKS, SAMUEL: On the Nature of Dreams, _Med. Mag._, Feb., 1894.
On Overwork, The _Lancet_, June 26, 1875.
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKLAND, THEODORE DYKE: Circular letters relating to hours of sleep
necessary for schoolboys (particularly in English public schools),
1905.
ALSBERG, MORITZ: Die protoplasmatische Bewegung der
Nervenzellenfortsätze in ihren Beziehungen zum Schlaf. _Deutsche
Gesellsch. f. Anthrop._
Ethnol. u. Urgeschichte, _Correspondenzblatt_, vol. xxxii, pp. 2-8,
München, 1901.
ANASTAY, E.: L’origine biologique du Sommeil et de l’hypnose,
_Archives de Psychol._, Paris, 1908, vol. viii, pp. 63-76.
ARGENTERIO (GIOVANNI): De somno et vigilia, libri duo, in quibus
continentur duae tractationes de calido nativo et de spiritibus.
(Florentiae, 1556.)
ARUNACHALAM, P.: Luminous Sleep, _Westminster Rev._, vol. clviii, pp.
566-574, London, 1902.
BERGER, E., and LOEWY, ROBERT: L’état des yeux pendant le sommeil et
de la théorie du sommeil. _Jour. de l’anatomie et de la physiologie_,
Paris, 1898, vol. xxxiv, pp. 364-418.
BIGELOW, JOHN: The Mystery of Sleep. Harper & Bros., New York, 1903
(2nd edition).
BINNS, EDWARD: The Anatomy of Sleep, or the Art of Producing Sound and
Refreshing Slumber at Will. London, 1842.
BRUSH, C. E., JR., and FAYERWEATHER, R.: Observations on the Changes
in Blood Pressure During Normal Sleep. _Amer. Jour. of Physiol._, vol.
v, pp. 199-210, 1901.
CALKINS, MARY W.: Statistics of Dreams, _Amer. Jour. Psychol._, vol.
v, pp. 311-343. 1893. Investigation of over 500 dreams showing the
relative frequency of different sorts of sense imagery.
CLAPARÈDE, EDOUARD: La fonction du sommeil, _Riv. d. sci._, Bologna,
1907, vol. ii, pp. 143-160.
CORNING, J. LEONARD: Brain-rest, Being a Disquisition on the Curative
Properties of Prolonged Sleep. New York, Putnams, 1885.
DEMOOR, JEAN: La plasticité des neurones le mécanisme du sommeil,
_Bull. de la Soc. d’anthropologie de Bruxelles_, vol. xv, pp. 70-83.
DONALDSON, H. H.: The Growth of the Brain, chapter xvi, p. 309.
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ELLIS, HAVELOCK: The Stuff that Dreams are Made of. _Pop. Sci.
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FISHER, IRVING: Report on National Vitality, Govt. Printing Office,
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FOSGATE, B.: Sleep Psychologically Considered with Reference to
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FOSTER, HENRY HUBBARD: The Necessity of a New Standpoint in Sleep
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FRENSBURG, DR. J.: Schlaf und Traum. Article in: _Sammlung_ (R.
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FREUD, S.: Die Traumdeutung. Leipsic, 1909.
GEMELLI, AGNOSTINO: Fatti ed ipotesi nello studio del sonno. _Rivista
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HALL, W. W.: Sleep—or: The Hygiene of the Night. First edition 1861,
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Houghton, New York.
HEUBEL, E.: _Pflüger’s Archiv_, xiv, S. 186.
JASTROW, J.: The Subconscious, Chapter on Dream-consciousness, pp.
175-265. 1906.
JUDD, C. H.: _Psychology_, Pt. I., Chapter xiv, pp. 337 et seq. Giving
a clear account of sleep in relation to other states of consciousness,
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KOHLSCHUTTER: Messungen der Festigkeit des Schlafes, _Zeitschrift für
rationelle Medicin_, 1863; Mechanik des Schlafes, _Zeitsch. f. r. M._,
1869. (His results are very similar to those of Michelson in Art.
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LAFITTE, JEAN PAUL: Pourquoi dormons nous? (_Rev. d. mois_, vol. ii,
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MACNISH, ROBERT: The Philosophy of Sleep. London, 1838.
MANACÉÏNE, M. DE: Sleep. Walter Scott Ltd., London, 1897. (The
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MICHAELIS, ADOLF ALFRED, 1854: Der Schlaf nach seiner Bedeutung für
den gesunden und kranken Menschen. Eine physiologisch-pathologische
Abhandlung. Leipzig, 1894.
MICHELSON, EDWARD: Untersuchungen über die Tiefe des Schlafes,
_Psycholog. Arbeiten_, vol. ii, pp. 81-117. Leipzig, 1899.
MOLL, A.: Hypnotism. Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1909.
MORTIMER, GRANVILLE J.: Sleep and Sleeplessness. S. E. Cassino, 1881.
Boston. D. Bogue, London.
OPPENHEIMER, Z.: Zur Physiol. des Schlafes. _Archives f. Anatomie u.
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PARISH, E.: Hallucinations and Illusions. Scribner’s Sons. New York,
1897.
PHILIP, A. P. W.: An Inquiry Into the Nature of Sleep and Death.
London, 1834.
PICTON, NINA: The Panorama of Sleep; or Soul and Symbol. Philosophic
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PIERON, HENRI: La Polygenèse des états de sommeil (Assoc. française p.
l’avancement de sci. Compte rendu pt. 2). Notes et mém. Paris, 1908,
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PILEZ, ALEXANDRE: Quelques contributions à la psychol. du
sommeil chez les sains d’esprit et chez les aliénés. _Annales
médico-psychologiques._ Sér. 8, vol. ix, pp. 66-75. Paris, 1899.
La Plasticité des Neurones et la mécanisme du Sommeil. _Bull. de la
Soc. d’Anthrop. de Bruxelles_, vol. xv, 1896-7.
POWELL, REV. LYMAN PIERCE: The Art of Natural Sleep,—with different
directions for the wholesome cure of sleeplessness. G. P. Putnam’s
Sons, 1908.
PREYER, W.: Ueber die Ursache des Schlafes. 1877.
ROSENBAUM, E.: Warum müssen wir schlafen?
Eine neue Theorie des Schlafes. Berlin, O. Hirschwald, 1892.
SCHLEICH, KARL LUDWIG: Schlaf und Traum. _Die Zukunft_, Jahrg. 8, vol.
xxix, pp. 14-27. Berlin, 1899.
SCHULTZ, PAUL: Schlaf und Ermüdung, _Deutsche Rev._, Jahrg. 24, vol.
iii, pp. 81-92. Stuttgart, 1899.
SIDIS, BORIS: An Experimental Study of Sleep. Badger, Boston, 1909.
STILES, PERCY G.: Theories of Sleep, _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, vol. lxiii,
pp. 432-438. New York, 1903.
STRÜMPELL, A.: _Pflüger’s Archiv_, xv, S. 573. Contains an account of
Caspar Hauser, mentioned on p. 78 of this book.
SURBLED: Les Théories du Sommeil, _Rev. d. questions scientif._, Sér.
2, vol. xviii (1900), pp. 40-78.
TAYLOR, J. MADISON: Sleep and Its Regulation, _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, vol.
lxvii, pp. 409-422. New York, 1905.
TUKE, D. HACK: Articles on “Sleep” and “Dreaming” in _Dict. of
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WEYER, EDWARD M.: “Dreams,” in _Forum_, May, 1911.
WEYGANDT, WILHELM: Experimentelle Beiträge zur Psychologie des
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xxxix, pp. 1-41. Leipzig, 1905.
WUNDT, W.: Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, cap. xix, Schlaf
und Traum.
SOME OTHER BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF “THE
GIFT OF SLEEP.”
CAMP, CARL D.: Morbid Sleepiness, _Jour. Abnormal
Psychology_, 1907.
ELWIN, FOUNTAIN HASTINGS: Mens Corporis.
FLETCHER, HORACE: The A. B. Z. of Our Nutrition.
GRANVILLE, MORTIMER: Sleep and Sleeplessness.
HAMMOND, W. A.: Sleep and Its Derangements.
HASKELL, N. W.: Perfect Health: How to Get It and How to Keep It, by
One Who Has It.
METCHNIKOFF: The Nature of Man.
The Prolongation of Life.
MCCARTHY, D. J.: Narcolepsy, _Amer. Jour. Medical Science_, 1900.
QUACKENBOS, JOHN D., A.M., M.D.: Hypnotism in Mental and Moral Culture.
ROWLAND, ELEANOR H.: A Case of Visual Sensations During Sleep, _Jour.
of Philosophical, Psychological, and Scientific Methods_.
SCHOLZ, F.: Sleep and Dreams.
THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, M.D.: Diet in Relation to Age and Activity.
UPSON, DR.: Insomnia and Nerve Strain.
WORCESTER, MCCOMB, AND CORIAT: Religion and Medicine.