SOME NOTES ON SPORT AND NATURAL HISTORY
The Libyan Desert as a Sporting Region — The Dorcas Gazelle —
Snipe — Wild-Fowl — The Local Sportsmen — An all-night Sitting
— Quail — Sand-Grouse — Rock-Pigeons — Turtle-Doves —
Various — Striped Hyæna — Jackals — Three Species of Fox
— The Desert Fox — The True Fennec.
Sportsmen who reckon the success and pleasures of a shooting
expedition only by the contents of the resulting bag are advised to
give a wide berth to the Libyan Desert, as in that arid region—with
the exception of one restricted area far removed from the oasis under
description—no game is to be found which cannot be obtained far
more easily, and in much greater quantities, in the cultivated plains
of the Nile Valley and on the adjoining desert margins. On the other
hand, the sportsman who does not regard too seriously the actual
head of game brought to bag, and who has no objection to hard work,
will find in the oases undoubted attractions in the way of rough
sport. Provided with a few camels to carry the necessary impedimenta,
so as to be rendered independent and able to wander about at will,
a very enjoyable time can be spent exploring the various isolated
portions of the depression where gazelles abound, and visiting the
numerous outlying wells where wild-fowl, snipe, quail, sand-grouse,
and rock-pigeons are to be met with in fair quantities.
The little Dorcas gazelle ranges over the whole of the Libyan
Desert. On the plateau, owing to the extreme scarcity and scantiness
of vegetation, gazelles seldom remain in the same locality for any
length of time, and even when met with can rarely be approached,
owing to the open nature of the country. In the more fertile
oases-depressions they are to be seen in far greater numbers,
especially in the outlying portions where large tracts are covered
with coarse grasses, tamarisk, and other kinds of scrub. After
nightfall they frequently descend to the cultivated lands to browse
on the crops, almost invariably retiring to the outlying desert
areas at the first traces of dawn, though I recollect on one occasion
bringing a laggard to bag very early in the morning on the edge of
a barley-field at Um el Dabâdib. Gazelles are, in fact, seldom to
be seen, unless carefully sought for in their special haunts; one
might remain for months in the inhabited portions of the depression
and only be aware of their existence from occasionally meeting with
their spoor.
It is advisable when hunting gazelles to pitch camp at some distance
from their grazing grounds, as they are extremely wary, and not
to be approached once they have taken alarm. Extensive tracts
of uninhabited, scrub-covered desert, like those to the north of
Ain el Qasr, affording ample supplies of food, and undisturbed by
man, are the favourite haunts of these extremely shy animals. For
shooting this district an excellent camping-ground will be found on
the edge of the scrub in the neighbourhood of Qasr Gyb, an ancient
ruin conspicuously perched on the summit of a conical hillock,
about 20 kilometres north of Meheriq. The dead parts of the scrub
supply an abundance of fuel, and good water is obtainable by
clearing out a section of the ancient underground aqueduct lying a
short distance to the south. From the shelter of any of the higher
clumps of vegetation one can, with the aid of field-glasses, keep a
careful look-out over the surrounding scrub-covered country, and,
once gazelles have been located, getting within range is merely a
matter of patience and careful stalking. After sighting the quarry,
it is best to proceed alone, as natives have an exasperating way of
exposing themselves at the most critical moments. On my last visit
to the north of the oasis there were a good many gazelles about,
including a herd of some seven or eight; it was, however, quite
impossible to get within 500 yards of these, but I had better luck
with a solitary couple a few kilometres to the north of the old ruin,
both of which I succeeded in bagging.
The Dorcas gazelle is one of the smallest and fleetest of the
antelopes. When full grown, the buck stands about 22 inches high
at the shoulder, the horns in my best head—not, however, shot in
Kharga—measuring exactly 13 inches. Properly cooked, its flesh
is excellent, and certainly superior to the average Egyptian mutton.
For snipe the best time is from December to February, though I
have shot odd birds as early as October and as late as April. Both
the full and the jack snipe are to be met with, their favourite
feeding-grounds being the rice-stubbles immediately after the crops
have been harvested, and before the ground has had time to get hard
and dry. In the cold weather, however, almost any wet patch—and
there are numerous small bogs at the lower ends of the paddy-fields
and alongside leaky irrigation channels—will yield one or two
couple. Formerly there was a very useful bit of ground at Ain el
Tawîl, but the best place of all is close to the village of Gennâh,
where a reedy bog of considerable size at times positively swarms
with snipe. This place is rather difficult to shoot, and I used to
consider I had done well if four or five couple were gathered.
Pools of various size, formed by drainage waters from the cultivated
lands, are found scattered throughout the oasis, and in the early
morning or late evening hours quite a respectable bag of wild-fowl
can sometimes, with a little luck, be secured. I say sometimes
advisedly, as where duck are concerned one has to compete with
the local sportsmen, whose name is legion. Mallard, teal, and
shoveller ducks are the most common, though several of the other
species commonly found in the Nile Valley are also to be met with
in the oasis.
The keenness of the Kharga sportsmen is well illustrated by the
following incident: Encamped on one occasion for a week or two near
the village, I was in the habit of pottering about of an evening with
my gun, visiting the two or three pools within easy walking distance
of the tents; but although there were a good many wild-fowl about,
these had been worried to such an extent that they only remained
on the ponds during the darkest hours of the night, preferring,
indeed, to pass the day in solitude in the open desert than to
turn themselves into targets for the never-ending practice of the
local Nimrods. Thinking to get the better of both duck and natives,
I made arrangements to visit a pool about three miles distant from
the village, starting at an hour early enough to enable me to take
up a good stand before daybreak. Fortified by biscuits and hot cocoa,
I and my faithful retainer, Mohammed Abu Salem, left camp one chilly
morning about three, riding the best part of the way on camels,
over the roughest country imaginable. Half a mile from the pool we
dismounted, and I proceeded alone on foot across cultivated lands,
on which, to my astonishment, ploughing was already in progress,
though it was still dark, wanting a full hour to dawn. Slowly
and with some difficulty I made my way towards the thin streak
of light that I knew marked the position of the pool, which in my
mind’s eye I already pictured as covered with duck. Presently,
to my surprise and disgust, a shot rang out; but this was nothing
to my astonishment a few moments later, when, just as I was getting
up to the water, a regular broadside was discharged. There seemed
to be gunners all over the place, and my only concern now was
to get out of their way as speedily as possible; so, ensconcing
myself behind a small sand-hill, I lighted a pipe and awaited
further developments. By careful manœuvring I was able to watch in
moderate safety the glassy surface of the pond, and did not have to
wait long before I heard a rattle of wings, followed by the swoop
on to the water. No sooner had the birds alighted than they were
greeted with a fusillade from all sides of the pool, after which
silence once more reigned supreme. This performance was repeated
every time duck or coot made their appearance, and few escaped the
effects of the deadly cross-fire to which they were subjected.
When daylight appeared I counted over a dozen gunners squatting
round the pond, although the latter measured no more than 120 to
130 yards across its widest part. They were armed with every sort
of weapon, from the latest thing in cheap European breech-loaders
to the most antiquated form of flint-lock, the barrel of the latter
type of gun being usually of great length, and not unlike a piece of
gas-pipe. As soon as daylight was sufficiently advanced, the natives
proceeded to gather the slain, the bulk of the bag being made up of
coots, which at night have a habit of deserting the depths of the
rice-fields for a swim and change of food on the open pools. Each
man seized the birds he considered had fallen to his gun, and I
was struck by the small amount of squabbling which took place over
the division of the spoil, most of the bickering having reference
to complaints of being peppered, though the wonder was that no one
had been killed, or even seriously hurt. As soon as everything was
satisfactorily adjusted the majority of the men, having salaamed
and expressed surprise at my presence, made off towards the village,
only a few of the keener spirits remaining on the chance of further
sport. To my delight, a flight of duck shortly afterwards put in
an appearance, and I was able to score by bagging a couple as they
passed suspiciously over the pond. The laugh was now on my side,
as I need hardly say that the native never risks wasting his powder
and shot on birds on the wing, and after some mutual banter they
departed, leaving me in possession of the field.
Quantities of quail pass through the oasis on their annual migration
from north to south and on their return journey in the opposite
direction. The best bags can be made in the spring, when the corn
is commencing to ripen, but sport is usually rendered difficult
owing to the number of natives at work in the fields. The local
sportsmen do not seem to consider quail worthy of their attention,
probably because the birds so seldom show themselves except when on
the wing. A good many are, however, secured by the peasants in traps.
Sand-grouse are to be met with in many parts of the depression, more
especially near the outlying sparsely cultivated spots, the commonest
variety found being one of the pin-tailed species. The sandy country
round Gennâh is perhaps the best district. Rock-pigeons frequent the
cultivated lands of Bellaida, to the north of the village of Kharga,
and have their homes in the rocky fastnesses of Jebel Têr and Jebel
Tarif, breeding in perfect security in the fissures which traverse
the limestone rocks of those hills. Turtle-doves are found in the
more wooded portions of the oasis, their favourite haunts being
the old spreading acacias which line the water-channels and mark
the sources of the ancient wells. Although not as a rule regarded
as coming into the category of game-birds, turtle-doves are by no
means to be despised when one has failed to replenish the larder from
ordinary sources. When disturbed in their favourite haunts, the birds
fly rapidly from tree to tree, and shooting has to be both straight
and quick if anything of a bag is to be made. In addition to these
an occasional plover or water-hen may be met with and be considered
as worthy of record in the ‘various’ column of the game diary.
In the Nile Valley the striped hyæna has often afforded me a day’s
amusement if not actual sport, but this animal is certainly not a
resident in the oasis, though on rare occasions an individual crosses
the plateau and remains for a few days within the depression. Jackals
are common, though not nearly so numerous as in the neighbouring
oasis of Dakhla. At night they prowl about the outskirts of the
villages, and the din that a single couple can make must be heard
to be believed. The cry is most weird, consisting of a succession
of long melancholy wails, each one a little higher pitched than the
preceding, followed finally by a quick succession of sharp yelps
or barks.
Of foxes there appear to be three species in Egypt, the largest
and best known being a variety of the common fox (_Canis vulpes_,
subsp. _ægyptiaca_). Although this animal frequently makes its
home on the margins of the bordering deserts, it is never found
at any great distance from the villages of the Nile Valley, to
which it invariably descends at dusk, returning to its lair in the
early morning after spending the night roaming the cultivated
lands in search of food. The smaller desert fox, or fennec
(_Canis famelicus_), is found not only on the desert margins, but
throughout the interior plateaux and depressions. A true denizen
of the desert, this animal seldom approaches the abodes of man,
and probably never penetrates into the cultivated lands on either
side of the Nile. Thirdly, there is the diminutive little fox, the
true fennec (_Canis zerda_), which, although found throughout the
interior of the Libyan Desert tableland, is especially abundant in
the oases-depressions.
Of this beautiful species the late Dr. Anderson, in his ‘Zoology
of Egypt,’ wrote: “There is no authentic record of the Fennec
having been discovered in a wild state by any European traveller. All
the specimens which have been brought home have been obtained from
Arabs.” This fox is, it is true, a very shy animal, so much so
that during the course of many years’ work in almost every part
of the Libyan Desert I never had the good fortune to observe one in
its natural haunts, though its burrows were often met with, and my
men at night occasionally succeeded in securing specimens in traps.
During the last year or two, however, while resident in Kharga
Oasis, I have been more fortunate, having frequently observed
these interesting little animals sitting near the entrances
to their burrows or sniffing about in search of food on areas
sparsely dotted with desert vegetation. Several pairs had burrows
within a few kilometres of my headquarters, and were, I believe,
responsible for fowls that disappeared from time to time from our
farm-yard. Mr. P. von Adametz kept one of these tiny foxes in the
mess for some time, but this particular animal, which had been
caught in the neighbourhood of Meheriq, was evidently too old to
become tame. Fennecs probably subsist mainly on desert gerbils and
jerboas, which are always to be found in large numbers in those
portions of the desert where vegetation is at all plentiful.
LITERATURE ON THE OASIS OF KHARGA
PONCET, M.
1709. “A Voyage to Æthiopia, made in the Years 1698, 1699, and
1700.” (Translated from the French.) Printed for W.
Lewis at the Dolphin, next Tom’s Coffee House, in Russel
Street, Covent Garden, London, 1709.
BROWNE, W. G.
1806. “Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, from the Year 1792
to 1798.” Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1806.
CAILLIAUD, F.
1822. “Travels in the Oasis of Thebes, and in the Deserts
situated East and West of the Thebaid, in the Years 1815,
1816, 1817, and 1818.” (Translated from the French, and
published in New Voyages and Travels, vol. vii.) Sir
Richard Phillips and Co., London, 1822.
DROVETTI, M. THE CHEVALIER.
1822. “Itinerary of an Excursion to the Valley of Dakel,” by M.
the Chevalier Drovetti, French Consul-General in Egypt,
about the latter end of 1818, with a previous Itinerary
from Syout to Dongolah and Darfour. In New Voyages and
Travels, vol. vii. Sir Richard Phillips and Co., London,
1822.
EDMONSTONE, SIR ARCHIBALD, BART.
1822. “A Journey to Two of the Oases of Upper Egypt.” John
Murray, London, 1822.
CAILLIAUD, F.
1826. “Voyage a Méroé, au Fleuve Blanc, au delà de Fâzogl dans
le Midi du Royaume de Sennâr, a Syouah et dans cinq
autres Oasis; fait dans les années 1819, 1820, 1821, et
1822.” L’imprimerie Royale, Paris, 1826.
WILKINSON, I. G.
1835. “Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt.” John
Murray, London, 1835.
HOSKINS, G. A.
1837. “Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert.” Longman,
Rees, Orme and Co., London, 1837.
SCHWEINFURTH, DR. G.
1875. “Notizen zur Kenntniss der Oase El-Chargeh” (I.
Alterthümer). Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 21 Band, 1875.
Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1875.
ROHLFS, GERHARD.
1875. “Drei Monate in der Libyschen Wüste.” Mit Beiträgen von
P. Ascherson, W. Jordan, und K. Zittel. Theodor Fischer,
Cassel, 1875.
JORDAN, DR. W.
1876. “Physische Geographie und Meteorologie der Libyschen
Wüste.” Rohlfs’schen Expedition. Theodor Fischer, Cassel,
1876.
BRUGSCH, DR. HEINRICH.
1878. “Reise nach dem grossen Oase el Khargeh in der Libyschen
Wüste.”
“A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs.” John Murray,
London, 1881.
ZITTEL, K. VON.
1883. “Beiträge zur Geologie und Palæontologie der Libyschen
Wüste.” Rohlfs’schen Expedition. Theodor Fischer, Cassel,
1883.
LYONS, CAPTAIN H. G.
1894. “Notes sur le Géographie Physique des Oasis de Khargueh et
de Dakhel.” Bull. Soc. Khéd. de Géogr., iv. série, No. 4,
1894.
“On the Stratigraphy and Physiography of the Libyan Desert
of Egypt.” Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,
vol. 1., London, 1894.
BARRON, BEADNELL, LUCAS, AND HUME, MESSRS.
1900. “The Phosphate Deposits of Egypt.” Survey Department,
Cairo, 1900 and 1905.
BALL, DR. JOHN.
1900. “Kharga Oasis: its Topography and Geology.” Survey
Department, Cairo, 1900.
GUEST, A R.
1900. “The Oases of the Mudirieh of Assyut.” The Geographical
Journal, vol. xvi., London, 1900.
BEADNELL, H. J. LLEWELLYN.
1904. “The Oases and the Geology of Egypt,” in “The Nile in
1904,” by Sir William Willcocks. E. and F. N. Spon,
London, 1904.
SAYCE, PROFESSOR A. H.
1905. “History of the Egyptian Oases.” The Egyptian Gazette,
April 6, 1905.
BEADNELL, H. J. LLEWELLYN.
1908. “Flowing Wells and Sub-Surface Water in Kharga Oasis.”
Geological Magazine, N.S., Decade V., vol. v.,
February—March, 1908.
LYONS, CAPTAIN H. G.
1908. “Some Unsolved Problems of the Nile Basin.” The Cairo
Scientific Journal, vol. ii., No. 18, March, 1908.
HUME, DR. W. F.
1908. “The South-Western Desert of Egypt.” The Cairo Scientific
Journal, vol. ii., Nos. 23 and 24, August—September, 1908.
BEADNELL, H. J. LLEWELLYN.
1909. “The Mutual Interference of Artesian Wells.” Geological
Magazine, N.S., Decade V., vol. vi., January, 1909.
“The Relations of the Nubian Sandstone and the Crystalline
Rocks south of the Oasis of Kharga.” Quarterly Journal of
the Geological Society, vol. lxv., London, 1909.
INDEX
Ababdeh Arabs, 106
Abraham, Sara, and Isaac, 104
Abrasion of Rocks (see Denudation)
Absorption Tests, 151, 152
Abstemiousness of Camels, 15
Abu Bayan, Jebel, 45
Abulfida Ismail, 109
Abu Mohariq Dunes, 4, 43
Abu Sighawâl, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 39
Abydus, 108
Abyssinia, 6, 13, 88, 92, 125, 159
Acacia-Trees, 69, 76, 77, 92, 187, 190, 231
Adam and Eve, 104
Adametz, P. von, 233
Æthiopia (see Abyssinia)
Age of Ancient Lakes, 120
Age of Wells, 71, 72, 80
Agriculture, 67, 157, 171, 212-220
Agûl el Douma, 76
Ain (Aiyûn), 69
Ain Aid, 221
Ali Morad, 59
Amûr, 17, 21, 36, 37, 38, 55, 99, 165, 166, 171, 173
Bella, 83
Bellal, 59
Bergis, 80, 81
Dakhakhin, 78, 79, 80
Dizé, 15
Estakherab, 59, 71, 72, 139, 210
Foq el Doum, 81
Girgâwi, 221
Girm Meshîm, 57, 75, 76, 114, 115
Hamûr, 173
Harrân, 59, 114
Jaja, 77
Johar, 81, 85
Khalîl, 221
Khenâfish, 36, 106
Mabrûka, 85
Magarin, 59, 71, 72, 210
Mahmud, 59, 115
Mohammed Delaib, 142
Mustapha Kashef, 101
Tabashîr, 106
Zaaf, 59
Zaha el Din, 85
Zaiyan, 59
el Burg, 59, 106
Burrda, 84
Douma, 76, 114
Ghazâl, 28, 59, 69, 110, 114, 115, 142
Ghuâta, 59
Hais, 38
Hushi, 81
Karm, 85
Qasr (near Maks), 85
Qasr (N. of Meheriq), 15, 59, 114, 115, 226
Sabbagh, 59
Tawîl, 59, 60, 70, 227
Terfai (N.), 115
Terfai (S.), 85
Akhmîm, 106
Alexandria, 68, 105, 106
Alluvial Clays, 76, 81, 83
Altitudes, 10, 27, 57, 58, 59, 60, 72, 116, 117, 136, 142, 144
Alum, 21, 125, 221, 222, 223
Al Vahat, 108
Amenebis, 99
American Methods of Drilling, 134, 196, 197
Excavation in Necropolis, 87
Ammonians, 88, 89, 90
Ammon of Hibis, 99
Amun (Ammon-Ra), 92, 100, 105
Amûr (see Ain Amûr)
Ancient Lakes, 110, 122
Roads, 38,
Anderson, J., 232
Andrews, C. W., 118
Aneroid Determinations (see Barometric Observations)
Animals, Wild, 14, 108, 224, 233
Annexation of Oases, 66
Anticlinal Folds, 129, 147
Antiquities, 6, 7, 86-109
Antoninus Pius, 98, 99
Apted, F. E., 59
Aqueducts, 8, 9, 71, 100, 101, 117, 118, 131, 167-185
Arabian Geographers, 108
Arabic Inscriptions, 104
Arbaîn (Derb el), 13, 16, 33, 34
Arcadius, 105
Area of Libyan Desert, 2
Arianism, 105
Army of Cambyses, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92
Artesian Basins, Conditions required in, 124
Artesian-Water Sandstone, 49, 121, 125, 126, 131, 138, 151, 152, 162
Arûs el Buqar, 4
Ascent of Passes, 27, 30, 36, 37
Ascherson, P., 20, 89
Ash-Grey Shales, 48
Assiut, 27, 28, 33, 34, 37, 43, 44, 91
Athanasius, 94, 105
Auasis, 108
Augila, 90
Australian Wells, 140, 143, 161
Average Discharge of Wells, 135, 140
Avidius Heliodorus, 99
Baglûli, El, 32
Baguat, El, 103
Baharia Oasis, 3, 8, 17, 23, 38, 51, 53, 96
Bahnessa, 5
Baker, H. H., 113
Baldwin-Wiseman, W. R., 154
Ball, J., 23, 24, 39, 56, 58, 60, 87, 98, 101, 103, 165, 171, 236
Banishment to Oasis, 94
Barchans, 31, 202-205
Barley, 62, 66, 212, 214, 225
Barometric Observations, 58
Barron, T., v, 236
Basilides, 96
Baskets, 68, 74, 193
Beadnell, H. J. L., 236
Beans, 220
Bedawin, 2, 31, 40, 62, 76, 158, 215, 233
Belat, 17, 38
Bellaida, 101, 102, 106, 114, 203, 222, 231
Beniâdi, 16, 17
Berber Race, 66
Beris, 15, 16, 25, 32, 34, 46, 60, 80, 81, 85, 110, 115, 158, 165,
210, 211, 215, 218
Bir (Abiyâr), 69
Bir Ain el Gôs, 59, 69
el Dinaria, 136
Mansûra, 69
Murr, 43
Qattara, 59
Birds, 14, 227, 231
Bisharin Arabs, 106
Blemmyes, 106
Blockhouses, 82
Bones, Subfossil, 118
Bore No. 1—58, 59, 137
4—146
5—144, 145
6—144, 145
14—148, 152
16—152
18—152
22—59
31—152
33—127
36—142
38—142
39—152
42—142, 146, 156
43—127
44—59, 142, 152
Bores for Forts, etc., 168, 169
Boring Machinery (see Machinery)
Boring Operations, 69, 131-134, 143, 151, 186-197
Botîkh, El, 30, 35
Brevedent, Father C. F. X. de, 13
Bricks, Size of Sun-dried, 101
Bronze on Temple Doors, 92
Browne, W. G., 15, 234
Brugsch, H., 22, 86, 98, 235
Bubbling Springs, 47
Bulaq, 15, 32, 73, 74, 75, 215
Buraig, El, 31
Burg Hamâm (see Dovecots)
Byzantine Period, 99, 102
Cailliaud, F., 16, 17, 22, 34, 58, 86, 234, 235
Cairo Observatory, 58
Calcareous Tufa, 26, 48, 52, 53, 112
Caliphs, 103
Cambyses, 88, 89, 90
Camels, 14, 15, 26, 33, 34, 37, 42, 44, 215, 224
Capacity of Rocks as Water-Carriers, 132
Caravan Routes (see Roads)
Caravans, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34, 37, 41, 44
Carcasses of Camels, 14
Casing of Wells, 78, 79, 128, 135, 137, 141, 186, 187, 189
Cause of Rise of Water in Wells, 162, 163
Cause of Salts in Water, 130
Caving of Strata, 134, 135, 189
Cementing Material in Sandstone, 132, 134
Cemeteries, 100, 102
Centroclinal Folds, 56
Channels (see Irrigating Channels)
Character of Desert Roads, 39
Character of Inhabitants (see Inhabitants)
China, Well-Sinking in, 19, 196
Christ, 104
Christian Customs, 106
Christian Necropolis (see Necropolis)
Christian Period, 21, 87, 103-106
Chronology, Ancient, 88
Clay Hummocks, 111, 113
Clay Plains, 76, 81, 133
Cleaning out Aqueducts, 171, 172
Cleaning out Wells (see Repairing)
Climate, 52, 53, 67, 107, 108, 120, 171, 172, 220
Closing of Wells, 135, 148
Cnoeus Virgilius Capito, 95
Cobalt, 222
Coffin Masks, 102
Collecting Pits, 126, 127
Colonization by Romans, 167, 170
Coloquintida, 14
Coloured Designs on Tombs, 104
Colours of Dates, 216
Columbaria, 106, 116
Composition of Waters, 6, 72, 130, 131, 137
Concretions, 30, 35
Confining Strata (see Impervious)
Constantius, 105
Contest between Man and Sand, 199, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211
Contraband Trade, 76
Contrast of Desert and Cultivated Lands, 1, 18
Coots, 230
Coptic Church, 103
Coptic Period, 7, 103
Corn-Mill, 69, 119
Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., 38, 39, 65, 113, 208
Cost of Dates, 215
Cost of Drilling Wells, 196, 197
Cotton, 14, 220
Craig, J. I., 159
Crescentic Dunes (see Barchans)
Cretaceous System, 22, 48, 55, 112, 124, 166
Crops, 14, 62, 130, 212-220
Cross-Country Travelling, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Crystalline Rocks, 49, 124, 161, 164
Cubit (Unit of length), 107
Cultivated Lands, 10, 46, 61-85, 212-220
Cultivated Lands, Formation of, 78-83, 122, 210
Cultivation of Date-Palm, 216-218
Cultivation of Rice, 212-215
Cyrene, 21, 97
Cyril of Alexandria, 106
Daila, El, 4
Dakhakhin, 76, 77, 80, 210, 214
Dakhla Oasis, 3, 4, 16, 17, 23, 25, 27, 36, 51, 89, 90, 136, 189,
195, 229, 232
Danian Formation, 48, 166
Darcy, H., 154
Darfur, 2, 33, 34, 125, 159
Darius, 7, 92
Date-Brandy, 218
Date-Crop, 62, 215
Date-Palms, 216-218
Decline of Well-Flows, 79, 135, 140, 148, 188
Deepest Borings in Oasis, 132, 157
Deflation, 52
Denudation, 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 83, 111, 126, 199, 206
Deposits, Table of Geological, 48
Depressions, Formation of, 5, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54
Depth of Wells, 8, 107, 129, 132
Dêr el Ghennîma, 16, 100, 101, 128, 129, 147, 169
Derb el Arbaîn, 13, 16, 33, 34
Derb el Ghubbâri, 36
Derb el Refûf, 26, 28, 30, 31, 39
Derb el Tawîl, 16, 17, 37
Derut, 43
Dervish Raids, 82
Descent of Passes, 27, 36
Desert Roads, Nature of, 39
Desert Types, 31, 35, 42
Development of Artesian Basins (see Exploitation)
Development of Strata, Unequal, 50, 51, 55
Dials, 107
Dilail el Kelb, 32
Dimensions of Oasis, 45
Diminution of Flows of Wells (see Decline)
Dip of Strata, 55, 56, 161, 166
Discharges of Wells, 57, 63, 81, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 139, 149,
150, 160, 186
Discharge of Um el Dabâdib tunnel, 172
Disintegration (see Denudation)
Disposition of Ancient Monuments, 117
Divers, 193, 194, 195
Domesticated Animals, 118
Dongola, 13, 16
Donkeys, 68
Dorcas Gazelle, 174, 225-227
Doum-Palms, 68, 73, 74, 77, 82, 84, 187, 190, 218, 219
Dovecots, 107
Doves, 231
Drilling (see Boring)
Driving Well-Casing, 189, 196
Dronka, 28
Drovetti, Chevalier, 16, 234
Drugs, 14
Dubîya, El, 32
Duck (see Wild-Fowl)
Dunes (see Sand-Dunes)
Dungun, 33
Durability of Wooden Casing, 187
Durra Millet, 213, 215
Dush, 16, 26, 33, 84, 85, 97, 106, 115
Dust-Winds, 13, 49, 52, 67, 70, 79, 81, 82, 84, 198-211
Early History, 6, 12-24, 87
Earth-Movements (see Folding)
Earthy Minerals (see Minerals)
Economical Aspects, 212-223
Edfu, 22, 28, 33, 93
Edmonstone, Sir A., 17, 100, 234
Effect of closing Wells, 148, 149
Effect of Salty Waters on Crops, 130
Egyptian Government, 9, 20, 59, 62, 63, 64, 82, 137, 159, 188, 220
Egyptian Kings, 87, 88
El Baglûli, 32
El Baguat, 103
El Botîkh, 30
El Buraig, 31
El Daila, 4
El Dêr (see Dêr el Ghennîma)
El Dubîya, 32
El Elwania, 30, 32
El Ghart, 31
El Ghennaim, 28
El Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta)
El Ghubbâri, 36
El Hais, 38
El Hamera, 32
El Ishab, 32
El Mafâriq, 32
El Masaad, 30
El Mishâbit, 30
El Mograbi, 30
El Nakhail, 33, 85
El Qara, 38
El Qusîya, 32, 43
El Ramlia, 15, 26, 28
El Refûf, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31
El Sherîf el Edrissi, 108
El Shugera, 28, 29, 39, 42
El Suâga, 31
El Tundaba, 29, 31, 39
El Yabsa, 26, 28
El Zizagat, 31
Elevation of Well-Outlets, 78, 79
Embalming, 104, 105
Emigration, 193
Encroachment of Dunes (see Sand-Dunes)
Eocene System, 22, 35, 48, 50, 54, 55, 112, 201
Epsom Salts (Epsomite), 125, 222
Erosion (see Denudation)
Errors in Measurement of Well-Discharges, 65, 66
Eruptive Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)
Escarpments of Oasis, 26, 45, 51
Esna, 16, 27, 28, 33, 34, 121
Esna Shales, 48, 51
Ethiopia (see Abyssinia)
Euergetes, 93
Evaporation, 71, 164
Excavation of Ancient Sites, 86
Excavation of Conduits, 169
Exile to Oasis (see Banishment)
Exogyra Beds, 48, 51, 54, 166
Expedition against Oases (see Cambyses)
Experiments on Wells, 127, 136, 144-149, 151, 155
Exploitation of Artesian Basins, 135, 140, 142, 143, 150
Exploration of Underground Aqueducts, 173-175, 179-184
Extinct Lakes, 110-122
Ezula, 14
Fâlig Dates, 216
Fallow Lands, 10
Famous Wells, 71
Farafra Oasis, 3, 4, 17, 23, 38, 43, 44, 54, 90, 91
Farshut, 16, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 58
Faults, 55, 56, 116
Fayûm, 5
Fellahin, 43, 66
Fennecs, 232, 233
Ferruginous Sandstone, 36, 130, 222
Ferruginous Waters (see Ochreous Waters)
Fertilizers, 79, 210, 214
Fevers, 10, 19, 42, 108, 219
Fezzan, 2
Fissures, 8, 116, 127, 131, 134, 148, 149, 150, 153, 162, 166, 175,
180
Flexures (see Folding)
Flint Implements, 6, 7, 29, 87, 119
Flooding by Wells, 120, 121
Flowing Wells, 124, 139-153, 186
Flowing Wells from Surface-water Sandstone, 127-130
Flowing Wells of Arid Regions, 161
Flowing Wells, Relation to Ground-Level, 128
Flow of Water through Coarse and Fine Sands, 155
Flow of Water through Sandstone, 127, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 162,
163
Fodder, Green, 212
Folding, 22, 51, 53-57, 129, 147
Food-Supplies, 62
Formation of Depressions (see Depressions)
Formation of Terraces, 78, 79, 81
Former Prosperity of Oasis, 10, 94, 107, 108, 109
Fortified Monasteries (see Monasteries)
Forts, 26, 30, 94, 100, 101, 156, 167, 168, 172
Fossils, 30, 52, 57, 107, 113, 116, 118, 132
Foxes, 232
French Engineers, 188
French Government, 16
Fresh-Water Shells, 53, 116, 118
Fruit of Date- and Doum-Palms, 62, 73, 216-219
Fruit-Trees, 78, 172, 220
Gala, 57
Galba, Emperor, 95
Garat el Melh, 31
Garat Radwan, 31
Gardens, 19, 67, 69, 84, 172
Garrisons, 14, 82, 94, 108
Garsed, W., 130, 137, 202
Gases in Artesian Waters, 72, 77, 137, 155
Gauges used in Measurement of Wells, 64
Gazelle, 174, 225-227
Gennâh, 46, 71, 72, 114, 138, 201, 209, 210, 215, 218, 227, 231
Geographers, Arabian, 108
Geological Sequence, 47
Geological Society of London, 23
Geological Survey of Egypt, 23
Geology, 20, 45-60, 125-134, 221, 223
Gerbils, 233
German Expedition, 20
Gertuma, 56
Geysers, 81
Gharaq, 5
Ghart, El, 31
Ghattasin (see Divers)
Ghennaim El, 28
Ghennîma (see Dêr and Jebel el Ghennîma)
Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta)
Ghubbâri, Derb el, 36
Gingerbread Tree (see Doum-Palms)
Girga, 27, 30, 32
Girm Meshîm, 57, 75, 76, 114, 115
Gorn el Gennâh, 18, 46, 56, 60, 71, 106, 116, 117, 210, 221
Gorringe, L., 23, 27
Government Survey (see Egyptian Government)
Græco-Roman Period, 93, 118
Grazing Lands, 219
Greek Inscriptions, 97, 99, 104
Gregory, J. W., 161
Grey Shales (see Impermeable Grey Shales)
Grinding-Stones, 119
Guest, A. R., 236
Guhêna, 29
Gyb (see Qasr Gyb)
Hadrian, Emperor, 98
Hagar Hawara, 32
Hagi Ali, 13
Hais, Ain el, 38
Hamera, El, 32
Hamlets (see Settlements)
Hamrâwi Dates, 216
Hamûr, Ain, 173
Hand-boring Rigs, 191, 192, 193, 196
Hardness of Rocks, 50, 54
Harvesting, 215, 217, 227
Hassan Effendi, 189
Hazen, A., 154
Headquarters of Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., 39, 59, 113,
115, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 138, 142, 202, 203, 208, 214, 219,
220, 225, 233
Hedges, 67
Hegîra, 108
Height of Ancient Lakes, 112, 115, 116, 117
Lacustrine Deposits, 115, 116
Helaoue, 13, 14
Herbs, 14, 15
Herodotus, 19, 88, 89, 90, 107
Hesperides, Gardens of the, 19
Hibis, Temple of, 7, 22, 59, 92, 93, 94, 98, 101, 103
High-Level Springs, 165
Hills, and Hill-Massifs, 46
Hindaw, 195
Historic Period, 7, 86-109, 119
Holding Capacity of Water Strata, 151, 152
Hollow Walls, 98
Honorius, 106
Horizontality of Strata, 54
Horus, 22
Hoskins, G. A., 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 86, 91, 95, 97, 99, 100, 104,
105, 109, 235
Hot Springs (see Temperature)
Hume, W. F., 54, 236
Hummocks, Clay, 111, 112
Hyæna, Striped, 37
Hydraulic and Hydrostatic Pressure (see Pressure)
Igneous Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)
Impermeable Grey Shales, 48, 49, 126, 131, 133, 164
Impervious Strata, 121, 124, 126, 134, 166
Implements (see Flint Implements)
Implements for Repairing Wells, 193-194
Implements used by Early Well-borers, 186
Inclination of Strata (see Dip)
Infiltration into Sandstones, 6
Influence of Wells, 72, 135, 144-148, 162
Inhabitants of Kharga, 67, 68
Inscriptions, 12, 19, 22, 93-99, 104
Interference of Wells (see Influence)
Intermittent Flow of Wells, 77, 81, 155
Iron Pyrites (see Pyrites)
Irresistibility of Sand, 205, 211
Irrigation, 127, 135, 168, 212, 213
Irrigating Channels, 69, 71, 75, 77, 120, 168, 169, 227
Irrigation Methods, 9-11, 107, 212-213
Ishab, El, 32
Isis and Serapis, 97
Islands of the Blessed, 19, 88, 107
Ismail Abulfida, 109
Isopotential Lines, 142
Jackals, 232
Jacob, 105
Jacutus, 109
Jaja, 16, 26, 32, 33, 76, 77
Jebel Abu Bayan, 45
Jebel Ghennîma, 26, 30, 46, 100, 111, 133
Jebel Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha)
Jebel Tarif, 36, 46, 55, 56, 60, 102, 126, 171, 200, 205, 222, 231
Jebel Tarwan, 56, 114, 223
Jebel Têr, 46, 55, 56, 60, 66, 70, 102, 103, 114, 126, 171, 201,
206, 223, 231
Jebel Um el Ghennaim, 26, 46
Jellab, Nagab el, 30
Jerboas, 233
Johnson Pasha, 220
Jordan, W., 20, 58, 235
Joseph, 105
Julius Demetrius, 95
Junction of Artesian-Water Sandstone with Overlying Shales, 133
Jupiter Ammon, 88, 89, 90, 91
Juvenal, 94
Kareez (see Aqueducts)
Karnak, 28, 30, 32
Kawâmil, 27, 28, 29
Kenem, 93
Kharafish Type of Desert, 35
Kharga Village, 21, 25, 46, 58, 66-70, 215, 228
Khartum, 159
Khenâfish, Ain, 36, 106
Kilns, Brick and Pottery, 102
King, F. H., 154
Kneph, 100
Knibbs, G. H., 143, 154, 162, 163
Koptos, 22
Kordofan, 2, 159
Kufra Oasis, 3, 4
Kurkur Oasis, 33, 109
Kysis, 97
Lacustrine Deposits, 48, 49, 52, 110-122
Lagmi, A Date-Palm Liquor, 218
Lakes, Ancient, 110-122
Land Reclamation, 10, 172, 214, 219, 220
Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha)
Lefèvre, M., 188
Length of Underground Aqueducts, Total, 179
Letronne, M., 95
Level of Sub-surface Water, 126, 127
Level of Ain Amûr, Beris Spring, and Nakhail, 165, 166
Levels (see Altitudes)
Libyan Desert, Limits, Area, etc., 1-5
Libyan Formation (see Eocene)
Libyan Races, 66
Lignite, 132
Limits of Ancient Lakes, 112, 114
Limits of Oasis, 85
Local Pressure, 129, 130, 163, 164
Longitudinal Flexure, 55, 116
Loss of Cambyses’ Army, 88-92
Lucas, A., 137, 236
Lucerne, 212, 219
Lyons, H. G., 22, 160, 235, 236
Lythgoe, A. M., 86
Machinery for Boring, 8, 9, 188, 191-193, 196, 197
Mafâriq, El, 32
Magmatic Waters, 161
Magnesia, Sulphate of, 125, 221
Maks, 15, 82, 83, 84, 115, 211
Manfalut, 13, 38, 43
Man-Holes, or Air-shafts, of Underground Tunnels, 9, 173-185
Manufacture of Casing, 187, 190
Manufactures, 68, 107, 218
Manures (see Fertilizers)
Maps (see Surveying)
Marcus Ruffinus Lupus, 97
Marine Deposits, 50
Masaâd, El, 30
Masks, Coffin, 102
Mats, 68, 74
Maximus, 96
Measurement of Wells, 63-65
Mediterranean Sea, 201
Meheriq, 28, 39, 70, 101, 106, 114, 115, 142, 171, 208, 226, 233
Melh, Garat el, 31
Mellawi, 91
Memphis, 90
Menes, 87
Meteoric Waters, 161, 163
Methods of Sinking Wells (see Boring)
Middle Ages, 93
Migration of Villagers, 70
Milne, D., 220
Minerals, 125, 157, 220-223
Mines, Ancient, 222, 223
Miocene System, 4
Mishâbit, El, 30
Mogara, 4
Mograbi, El, 30
Mohammed Abu Salem, 228
Mohammedan Conquest, 7, 9, 103, 108
Mohammed Said, 220
Mohariq (see Abu Mohariq)
Monasteries, 100, 101, 105, 167, 168
Monoclinal Fold, 56
Monuments, Earliest, 7
Mosquitoes, 10
Mouaslet el Kharga, 38, 39
Movement of Dune-Sand, 199, 203, 204
Mud-Volcanoes, 81
Mummies and Mummy-Cases, 102, 104
Murr, Bir, 43
Mut, 100
Nadûra, 22, 56, 93, 98
Nagab Bulaq, 26, 33
Nagab el Jellab, 30
Nakhail, El, 33, 85, 166
Natural History, 224-233
Nature of Desert Roads, 39-44
Necropolis, Christian, 21, 87, 103-105, 116
Nektanebos, 92
Neolithic Implements, 7, 29, 119
Nestorius, Bishop, 94, 106
Nile Delta, 213
Nile River, 6, 158, 159, 160, 164
Nitrogen (see Gases)
Noah, 104
Notables of Oasis captured by Dervishes, 82
Nubia, 6, 66, 124
Nubian Sandstone, 48, 51, 92, 124, 151, 152, 159, 201
Nummulitic Limestones, 54
Oasis, Derivation of Term, 3, 21
Observations on Wells (see Experiments)
Ochreous Waters, 72, 130, 137
Ochre (Oxide of Iron), 72, 73, 125, 138, 221
Olympiodorus, 107, 186
Omda of Kharga, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 171
Origin of Lakes, 120-122
Origin of Oases-Depressions (see Depressions)
Origin of Underground Waters, 6, 125, 154-166
Osiris, 22
Otu, 21, 22
Outcrop of Water-bearing Beds, 124, 164
Output of Wells (see Discharges)
Ownership of Wells, 10, 11, 47
Paganism, 105
Palæolithic Implements, 6, 119
Palm Leaves and Fibre, 68
Palm Trees, 63, 66, 67, 74, 77, 81, 84
Panopolis, 106
Parthey, 90
Passage Beds (see Esna Shales)
Passes, 26, 27, 36
Past Accumulations of Water, 160
Patterson, R. S., 65, 158
Paul, 104
Peasantry of Oasis, 66, 213, 230
Pelusium, 88
Percolation from Nile into Nubian Sandstone, 160
Persian Period, 7, 22, 86-93, 167
Persian Water-Wheels (see Saqia)
Phosphatic Deposits, 48, 223
Physiognomic Types, 66
Pick-Marks, Ancient, 181
Pierpont Morgan, 87
Pigeons, 106, 107, 231
Plants, Fossil (see Fossils)
Plateau, Limestone, 48, 54
Pleistocene Deposits, 48, 53, 118, 120
Plinius Capito, 99
Plover, 231
Plutonic Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)
Plutonic Waters, 161
Poncet, M., 13, 14, 15, 109, 234
Population, 61, 66, 67
Porosity of Nubian Sandstone, 151, 152
Porosity of Strata, 124, 132, 149, 150, 151, 155
Pottery, 29, 31, 102, 113, 118, 119, 120
Prehistoric Period, 6, 8, 29, 87, 112, 113, 120
Pressure of Gases, 77, 155
Pressure of Water, 77, 121, 130, 134, 136, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150,
155, 162, 163, 164
Primitive Character of Kharga Village, 68
Proclamations inscribed on Monuments, 95
Prosperity, Former, 10, 94, 107, 108, 109
Protection of Conduits, 169
Protection of Cultivated Lands, 69, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209
Psammetikh, 88
Ptolemaic Remains, 7, 93, 99, 118
Pumping, 123, 127, 128, 157
Purple Shales, 48, 126, 128
Pyrites, 137, 223
Qara, El, 38
Qasr Ain Mustapha Kashef, 101
Qasr Dakhl, 4, 38
Qasr Dush, 85, 97
Qasr el Ghuâta, 73, 93
Qasr Farafra, 44
Qasr Gyb, 131, 170, 226
Qasr Lebekha, 8, 100, 101, 126, 131, 170, 200, 206, 222
Qasr Zaiyan, 59, 60, 73, 98, 99, 117
Qirat, Value of the, 64, 65, 138
Quail, 230
Queensland, Artesian Wells of, 140
Quicksands, 134
Qusîya, El, 43
Radwan, Garat, 31
Railway, 10, 25, 29, 31, 38, 58, 68, 74
Rainfall, 2, 29, 40, 62, 104, 107, 161, 166, 216
Raising of Outlets of Wells (see Elevation)
Raising of Water from Wells, 170
Ramlia, El, 15, 26, 28
Rate of Boring, 192, 197
Rate of Travelling of Caravans, 44
Rate of Underground Flow (see Flow of Water)
Ratio of Calm to Windy Days, 198
Rawlinson, Canon, 88
Recent Deposits, 48
Recharging of Depleted Water-bearing Strata, 150
Reclamation (see Land Reclamation)
Reduction of Pressure, 140
Refûf, El, 26, 28, 30, 31, 39
Regulating Appliances for Wells, 9, 65, 193
Relation of Population and Water-Supply, 61, 62, 63, 193
Religion and Customs, 96, 103, 104, 105, 106
Repairing Wells, 78, 82, 83, 187, 193-196
Resistance of Strata to Flow of Water, 149, 150
Retaining Banks, 78, 80, 82, 83
Revenue, 66, 94
Reversion to Desert, 7, 70, 71, 83, 84, 208, 210, 211
Rice, 62, 66, 212-214, 227, 230
Rice in Land-Reclamation, 2, 213-215
Rigs for Boring (see Machinery)
Rizagat, 18, 28, 32
Roads, 4, 13, 25-44
Rock-Pressure, 163
Rod el Ghanam, 32
Rohlfs Expedition, 4, 20
Rohlfs, G., 20, 21, 89, 93, 100, 235
Roman Occupation, 7, 8, 9, 22, 31, 68, 93-109, 118, 157, 167, 170,
187, 226
Rotation of Crops, 10
Sala Abdulla, 173
Salt-pans, 75
Samhûd (see Wadi Samhûd)
Samples of Strata from Bores, 151, 152
Sand and Sand-Dunes:
Composition, 201, 202
Cross-Section of Dunes, 205
Damage to Cultivation, 69, 200, 207
Disposition, 200
Encroachment, 4, 70, 71, 83, 84, 206, 207, 208, 209
Erosion, 35, 52, 83, 111, 199, 206
Form, 202, 203, 204, 205
Formation of Terraces, 78, 210, 215
Held by Moisture and Vegetation, 208
Movement, Rate and Direction of, 92, 203, 207, 208, 211
Relation to Hills, etc., 199, 200, 205, 206
Sandstorms, 13, 89, 91, 208, 217
Sheltered Areas, 206
Storm-Walls and Fences, 207, 209
Origin, 201
Velocity of Wind, 199
Sanded-up Wells, 76, 85, 119, 150, 156, 157, 158, 171, 181
Saqias, 128
Saturated Sandstones, 121, 133, 148, 152
Sayce, A. H., 7, 87, 94, 98, 108, 236
Schweinfurth, G., 21, 22, 86, 94, 101, 235
Sea-Level, Relation of Floor and Plateau to, 59, 60
Sedimentary Rocks, 49, 54
Seepage 71, 159
Selection of Sites for Forts, 168
Selîma, 13, 15, 33
Senna, 14
Sensitiveness of Wells (see Influence)
Senussi Arabs, 4
Septimus Macro, 99
Serapis, Isis and, 97
Serir Type of Desert-Surface, 35
Set-ament, 22
Seth, 22
Settlements, Outlying, 69, 70, 84
Shebb, 13, 15
Sheikh Hassan Hanadi, 171, 173
Sheikh Khalid Ibn el Walîd, 74
Sheikh Mustapha (see Omda of Kharga)
Sheikhs’ Tombs, 70, 74, 84
Shells (see Fossils)
Sherîf el Edrissi, El, 108
Shugera, El, 28, 29, 39, 42
Sighawâl (see Abu Sighawâl)
Silt Deposits, 29
Silting of Wells, 9, 75
Similarity of Ancient and Modern Methods of Boring, 187, 190
Simultaneous Elevation and Denudation of Strata, 54
Siwa Oasis, 3, 4, 17, 89, 90, 91
Slaves, 33, 34
Slichter, C. S., 154
Slope of Underground Aqueducts, 178
Sohag, 27, 28, 30, 31, 39, 42
Soils, 52, 72, 214, 215, 220
Southernmost Wells of Oasis, 85
South-West Desert of Egypt, 54
Springs, 7, 8, 47, 52, 112, 116, 121, 122, 126, 165, 166
Spring Deposits, 48
St. Martin, V. de, 39, 90
Stagnation of Water in Strata, 131
Static Head, 128, 140, 141, 142, 153, 166
Steam-boring Rigs, 196, 197
Steel Casing, 189, 196
Steindorff, G., 88
Storage Reservoirs, 124, 152, 153
Strabo, 108
Streets of Kharga Village, 67
Suâga, El, 31
Sub-artesian Water, 8, 125, 161
Subsidence (see Folding)
Subterranean Water-Supply, 123-185
Subterranean Works (see Aqueducts)
Sudan, 2, 6, 33, 82, 124, 159
Sudd Region, 6, 159
Sugar-cane, 220
Sunt (see Acacias)
Surface Water, 8, 47, 76, 85, 113, 133, 189
Surface-Water Sandstone, 47, 121, 125-131, 151, 162
Surveying, 17, 20, 23, 42, 43, 58-60, 72, 176
Swamps, 4, 9, 125, 159, 164, 227
Syene, 94
Synclinal Folds, 56
Tables:
Altitudes, 59
Dunes, 204
Geological Deposits, 48
Interference of Wells, 145
Population, 62
Water Analyses, 138
Tamar Dates, 216
Tamarisks, 77, 85, 209, 225
Tahta, 28, 29
Tapping the Nile, 158
Tarif (see Jebel Tarif)
Tarwan (see Jebel Tarwan)
Tau Symbol, 104
Tawîl, Ain el, 59, 60, 70, 227
Derb el, 16, 17, 37
Taxes, 62, 63, 65
Tchonemyris, 99
Temperature, Changes of, 52
Effect on Rate of Flow of Water, 155
of Artesian Waters, 77, 109, 136, 149
of Sub-Surface Waters, 181
Temples (see Hibis, Jupiter Ammon, Qasr el Ghuâta, Qasr Dush, Qasr
Zaiyan)
Tenîda, 36, 37
Têr (see Jebel Têr)
Termination of Um el Dabâdib Aqueduct, 183
Terraces formed by Wind-borne Material, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 210
Thebes, 18, 88, 89, 90, 91, 105
Theodosius, 107
Thickness of Artesian-Water Sand-stones, 152
Tiberius Julius Alexander, 95
Tibesti, 2, 159
Timasius, 106
Timbering Wells, 189, 190
Topography, 45-60
Total Thickness of Strata, 48, 49, 164
Total Yield of Wells, 62, 63, 139
Trading, 62, 68, 74, 76
Traditions, Local, 158, 173
Trajan, Emperor, 97
Transportation, Agents of, 52
Travelling in the Libyan Desert, 41, 42
Trenches, 168, 169
Tripoli, 2
Tristram, H. B., 216
Tufa (see Calcareous Tufa)
Tundaba, El, 29, 31, 39
Types of Desert, 31, 35, 42
Um el Dabâdib, 8, 60, 70, 100, 101, 126, 131, 170-185, 200, 205,
206, 225
Um el Ghennaim, 26
Uncemented Sandstones, 134
Underground Exploration, 174, 175
Underground Water-Supply, 123-185
United States, 143, 196
Value of Dates, 215
Value of the Qirat, 64, 65, 138
Variation in Character of Deposits of Libyan Desert, 50, 51, 55
Variation in Discharges of Wells, 57
Variation in Level of Water-bearing Strata, 129, 141
Variation in Porosity of Sandstone, 151
Variation in Static Head, 141
Varieties of Dates, 216
Vegetation, Wild, 15, 37, 40, 76, 84, 85, 165, 166, 208, 209, 225,
233
Velocity of Desert Winds, 199
Velocity of Underground Flow (see Flow)
Ventilation of Aqueducts, 177, 181
Vespasian, Emperor, 96
Villages overwhelmed by Sand, 70
Vuta, G., 23
Wadi el Molûk, 220, 221
Wadi Halfa, 159
Wadi Samhûd, 16, 32, 38
Wah, 21
Waled Hallaf, 27, 30, 32, 34
Walls of Kharga village, 67
Waste of Water, 9
Watch-Tower, 102
Water-bearing Beds below Plateau, 123, 124, 153
Water-bearing Beds disturbed by
Faults, etc., 56
Sandstones, 6, 49, 123-185
Waterfalls at Dakhakhin, 78
Watering Camels, 27, 28
Water Stations, 9, 31
Water stored under Oasis-Depression, Amount of, 152, 153
Water used in raising Rice, Amount of, 213
Weathering (see Denudation)
Weba Measure, 215
Wheat, 62, 212, 214
White Chalk, 48, 54, 55
Whiting, B. F., 197
Wild-Fowl, 227-230
Wilkinson, I. G., 99, 100, 235
Willcocks, Sir William, 213
Wind, 13, 35, 49, 52, 78, 79, 84, 106, 111, 172, 198-211, 217
Wind-formed Deposits, 78, 79, 122
Wine, 94, 108, 220
Winlock, 87
Wooden Lining of Wells (see Casing)
Xaverius de Brevedent, 13
Yabsa, El, 26, 28
Yield of Date-Trees, 217
Yield of Wells (see Discharges)
Young, 95
Zambiles (see Baskets)
Zarâbi, 28
Zittel, K. von, 20, 235
Zizagat, El, 31
Zoology of Egypt, 233
Zosimus, 106
THE END
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: This legend is stated by Rohlfs, on Brugsch’s
authority, to be recorded on the temple of Horus at Edfu.]
[Footnote 2: Reference to the plan showing the different roads and
passes out of the oasis-depression will facilitate the perusal of
the following pages.]
[Footnote 3: Since writing the above, I have read with much interest
a paper on the South-West Desert of Egypt, in which my friend and
former colleague, Dr. W. F. Hume, in a discussion of the formation
of the oases-depressions, refers to the importance of soft and hard
strata, and to the action of folding in exposing the former to the
agents of denudation. This is striking confirmation of the views
promulgated by me since my first acquaintance with the oases many
years ago. Of great interest and value, being new, is the suggestion
that the topography of the southern oases and surrounding desert
may be, to a considerable extent, due to denudation acting on the
country as it was in process of being elevated from the sea in
which the deposits forming it had been laid down.]
[Footnote 4: The dates given in this chapter are those assigned by
Professor Steindorff.]
[Footnote 5: Canon Rawlinson’s translation.]
[Footnote 6: That even occasional rains can effect a considerable
amount of erosion of soft materials is shown by the present state
of these domes, from which a skin of some thickness has been washed
away, leaving the surfaces bristling with the sharp fragments of
rock which were included in the original mixture of sand and clay
from which the bricks were manufactured.]
[Footnote 7: The royal cubit was the chief unit of length, and
measured 20·6 inches; 300 and 500 cubits would therefore be
equivalent to 515 and 858 feet respectively.]
[Footnote 8: The Headquarters of the Corporation of Western Egypt,
Limited (see map).]
[Footnote 9: I should like to record my indebtedness to Mr. Garsed,
who, while in the oasis, undertook, at my request, a considerable
amount of special analytical work, in addition to his regular
duties.]
[Footnote 10: ‘The Nile Flood and Rains of the Nile Basin,
1906,’ Survey Department, Cairo, 1907; ‘Some Geographical
Aspects of the Nile,’ the _Geographical Journal_, November, 1908,
vol. xxxii., No. 5.]
[Footnote 11: ‘The Dead Heart of Australia’; John Murray,
London, 1906.]
[Footnote 12: ‘The Hydraulic Aspect of the Artesian Problem,’
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. xxxvii.,
p. 30.]
[Footnote 13: ‘Egyptian Irrigation,’ second edition, E. and
F. N. Spon, Limited, London, 1899.]
[Footnote 14: ‘The Great Sahara,’ by H. B. Tristram; John
Murray, London, 1860. See also ‘Tropical Agriculture,’ by
P. L. Simmonds.]
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