The chief centre of political interest at the present moment is

GERMANY;--and as the points out of which the controversy between Prussia

and Austria has grown, are somewhat complicated, a general view of the

political character and relations of the German States may be of

interest. After the fall of Napoleon, the States formerly composing the

German empire, entered into a confederation. The parties were Austria

and Prussia for their German territories, Denmark for Holstein, the

Netherlands for Luxembourg, and 33 independent States and Free Cities,

comprising a territory of 244,375 square miles, and containing at

present 42,000,000 inhabitants. The principal points agreed to in this

Confederation were as follows: That all the members possess equal

rights; they bind themselves for the security of each and all from all

foreign attacks; they guarantee to each the possession of its German

territories; any member to be at liberty to enter into any league or

treaty, not endangering the security of the Confederation, or any of its

members, except in case of war declared by the Confederation, when no

member can enter into any separate negotiation or treaty; the members

not to make war upon each other, but to submit all differences to the

decision of the Diet, whose final action shall be conclusive. The

affairs of the Confederation to be managed by a Diet, meeting at

Frankfort on the Maine, at which Austria presides, and in which the

larger States have respectively two, three, and four votes, and the

smaller one each, the whole number of votes being 70; in ordinary

matters the Diet to be represented by a committee of 17

plenipotentiaries, each of the larger States having one, and several of

the smaller being united in the choice of one. The army of the

Confederation was fixed, in 1830, at 303,484 men, to be furnished by the

States in a fixed proportion. The inconveniences of this cumbrous

organization are apparent. One member might be at war with any power,

while the others were at peace: thus the Confederation took no part in

the Italian and Hungarian warfare against Austria, for it guaranteed to

her only the possession of her German possessions, and in

Schleswig-Holstein, Bavarian troops were in the service of Denmark, and

Prussian soldiers in that of the Duchies. Then, each State being

absolutely independent, could and did establish custom-houses, and levy

tolls and duties upon its own frontier, to the great disadvantage of

commerce. This at last became so intolerable, that a general

Customs-union (Zollverein) was formed, under the auspices of Prussia, by

which duties are levied only upon the common frontier, and the proceeds

distributed among the States, in the ratio of their population. The

Customs-union embraces more than four-fifths of Germany, with the

exception of Austria. A strong desire has always prevailed throughout

Germany for the construction of a united government, which should take

the place of the petty principalities into which the country is divided.

Thus alone can the German people, having a common origin, speaking a

common language, and possessing common interests, assume that rank in

the political world to which their numbers, position, and civilization

entitle them. But this desire on the part of the people, has of course,

been strenuously opposed by the princes, although circumstances have at

times induced the Prussian government to favor the movement, in the

expectation of becoming the leading power in the new State, or rather of

Prussianizing all Germany. This question is the true origin of the

difficulties in Schleswig-Holstein, and the present threatening aspect

of affairs, growing out of the disputes in Hesse-Cassel. The Duchy of

Holstein is the northernmost State of Germany, lying upon the Baltic, on

which it possesses one or two good seaports. The sovereign is the King

of Denmark--not, however, as such, but as Duke of Holstein. The present

King of Denmark is without male heirs, and upon his demise the crown

will pass to the female line. But it is contended that the principle of

the Salic law, excluding females from the right of succession applies to

Holstein, in which case the heir of the Duchy is the Grand-duke of

Oldenburg, a German prince. In order to avoid the separation of Holstein

from Denmark, the king issued a patent conforming the succession in

Holstein to that of Denmark. The inhabitants of the Duchy, whose

sympathies are with Germany rather than Denmark, resisted; appointed a

provisional Government, and appealed for protection to Germany. At that

time it seemed that one of the many endeavors to establish a strict

German Confederation had succeeded; and it became an object to attach

Holstein to this Confederation, in order to gain the command of the

Baltic. Prussia supported the Duchy; Austria and Bavaria opposed it, as

favoring the designs of Prussia. The other states of Europe were opposed

to the separation of Holstein from Denmark, upon the general

conservative principle of maintaining things upon their old footing, as

well as from an unwillingness to allow the commerce of the Baltic to

fall wholly under the control of the Zollverein. Meanwhile "the year of

revolutions," 1848, had passed, and, by common consent of all parties,

the old Frankfort Diet was held to be virtually abolished, and delegates

were called together to endeavor to construct a new Constitution. The

Hungarian revolt was shaking Austria to its centre, and Prussia, true to

her ancient instinct of aggrandizement, which has raised her from a

petty principality to the rank of one of the Great Powers, took

advantage of the compulsory concessions of Austria to her non-German

subjects, to arouse the jealousy of the German states, and almost

succeeded in forming a confederation, with herself at the head. But

Russia having thrown her sword into the scale, and decided the balance

against Hungary, Austria had leisure to attend to her German affairs.

She soon succeeded in detaching state after state from the Prussian

alliance, and began to insist upon the recognition of the old Frankfort

Diet, which, was supposed to be dead and buried under the ruins of the

two last eventful years. At this juncture, occurred the difficulties in

the Electorate of Hesse-Cassel. The Elector, resisted in his attempt to

levy taxes contrary to the constitution he had himself sanctioned, fled,

and demanded the protection of the Diet, which was granted, for that

body was composed of the representatives of the sovereigns, and knew

nothing of constitutions. The Diet ordered the Austrian and Bavarian

contingents of the Federal troops to march into the Electorate and

reinstate the Elector. But Prussia, being nearer to the scene of action

threw her own troops into the Electorate; not, however, avowing an

intention of supporting the inhabitants in their opposition, but under

the mere pretense of making use of the right of way from one portion of

her territory to the other, between which Hesse-Cassel intervenes.

Austria, in the name of the Diet, demanded that these Prussian troops

should be withdrawn from the Electorate, upon which Prussia at once

placed her whole army upon the war-footing. Thus, at the latest advices,

the bodies of troops ready for hostilities, occupy the Electorate, and

it is a matter of absolute uncertainty whether peace or war will ensue.

In the mean while a conference had been held at Warsaw, between Austria,

Prussia, and Russia, in which an attempt was made to settle the affairs

of Germany. The decision made by this conference was so decidedly

adverse to Prussia, that Count Brandenburg, the Prussian minister, was

so chagrined at the disgrace of his country, that he fell into a

delirious fever, from which he died. Austria alone is at the present

time altogether unequal to a war with Prussia; but it is supposed that

Russia will support Austria in the event of a war. Her reasons for so

doing are obvious: if Prussia succeeds in forming a strong German

Confederation, a power will be constituted capable of interposing an

effectual barrier to her designs; whereas Austria is so far subservient

to Russia, that her supremacy in Germany is almost equivalent to Russian

control over the west of Europe.

The attitude of Austria and Prussia during the past month has been

exceedingly belligerent and fears have been very generally entertained

that war would be the result of the existing contentions. It seems,

however, to be conceded that Austria is desirous of peace and that the

King of Prussia really shares these pacific inclinations; but fears are

entertained that the spirit of the people may have been so thoroughly

aroused as to render nugatory any negotiations for peace which their

rulers may conclude. Austria demands the right of passage through

Brunswick of her army, ordered to interfere in the affairs of the

Duchies; this Prussia has positively refused except with guarantees

which will not be granted.

The Prussian Chamber met at Berlin on the 21st of November. The speech

from the throne was pronounced by the king in person. He alluded to the

commencement and vigorous prosecution of a railway system, to the

extension of postal accommodations, and to the flourishing condition of

commerce and navigation. In reference to his relations with Germany, the

king declared his firm purpose to maintain the position he had taken,

and said that he should soon stand more strongly armed, in its support,

than he had been in ancient or modern times. The tone of the speech was

considered warlike, and it had a corresponding effect upon the money

market. But the public mind recovered from this feeling in the course of

a day or two.

The public feeling throughout Prussia is described by correspondents as

being highly excited. All classes are said to be desirous of war, and it

is even feared that, if the king should consent to peace, he will not be

sustained by his people, but will be driven to abdication and exile.

It is understood, meantime, that the Russian, English, and French

Cabinets are using all their legitimate influence to prevent an appeal

to arms. Some of the minor powers that sought the protection of Prussia

in the Union are by no means satisfied with the turn affairs have taken.

Baden has separated itself entirely from the connection, and declares

"that, since Prussia has abandoned the Union, a mere alliance for

protection and mutual representation in the Free Conference does not

answer its expectations. It returns to the full possession of its

independence." The Prussian troops are also entirely recalled from the

principality. The Prussian armament is pressed forward vigorously. The

fortresses are being placed in a state of defense; the works begun at

Erfurth last summer are continued, and the inhabitants have begun to lay

in stocks of provisions as if a siege were to be immediately expected.

The town contains a strong garrison; the citadel is stored with

provisions for two months, besides a number of live cattle.

FRANCE.

The opening of the Assembly and the Message of the President, have been

the principal events of political interest in France during the past

month.

The Message was an able and elaborate presentation of the affairs of

France; the President pledges himself in it, to abide by the

requirements of the Constitution, and says that the great necessity for

France is repose and order. The message was received with general favor

by the Assembly and people. Its frankness and its firmness restored

confidence and strengthened the government.

A decree has been issued for increasing the troops on the Rhine frontier

by calling into activity 40,000 men of the 78,500 still to be disposed

of out of the contingent of 1849. The Minister of War declares the

political movements in Germany to be the cause of this increase.

The _Moniteur du Soir_ having stated that General Cavaignac had declared

that, in the event of Louis Napoleon being re-elected as President of

the Republic, he (General Cavaignac), "would submit with respect to the

will of the nation, and place his affections and his sword at the

disposal of the country and its executive representative," General

Cavaignac has published a letter in the journals, in which he denies

having ever used language from which it could be inferred "that he had

said, either directly or indirectly, that he was ever disposed to place

his affections and his sword at the service of the person who, after

having sworn the observation of the Constitution of the country, would

accept a candidature and an election which are forbidden by that

Constitution."

A letter written by the Duke de Nemours to M. Guizot has excited a good

deal of remark, though it has not been made public. It is said to be a

most luminous _expose_ of the present state of affairs in France, and

that it is calculated to do away in some measure with the favorable

effect produced by the Message. M. Guizot has read it to several of his

friends.

TURKEY.

We have intelligence of serious collisions between the Turks and

Christians in both Asiatic and European Turkey. In the former, the

religious zeal of the Turks prompts them to fanatical excesses against

the Christian population; in the latter, an obstinate struggle for

political supremacy has already commenced between the respective

followers of Christ and Mohammed. The sultan seems fated soon to be no

more than the protector of European Turkey, for Bulgaria has been

already made a principality as little dependent on the Porte as Servia

and Bosnia; the Herzegovina and Albania are evidently aiming at the same

privilege. Indeed the present position of Turkey appears any thing but

satisfactory.

The persecution of the Christians in Asiatic Turkey is terrible. On the

18th of October an attack was to have been made on the Christians at

Liwno, and one actually did take place on the 16th at Aleppo. A body of

Turks and Arabs fell upon the Christians during the night, and a fearful

massacre took place. The Greek bishop was among those murdered. The

pacha locked himself up in the fortress, and the troops did not attempt

to interfere. At Monasta, a fanatical dervish, who professed to be

inspired, killed a Christian boy of fourteen years of age, and a certain

Guiseppe Thomaso, an Italian emigrant, in the open street.

Accounts from Beyrout of the 4th of November state that for some years

past the Turkish government has been desirous of subjecting the Syrian

population to the recruitment system, but so great was the

dissatisfaction the idea caused among the people that it refrained from

doing so. At last, in September, it determined to execute the design,

and it began operations. The people murmured; and bands of armed men,

commanded by the Emirs Mohamet and Hassan, of the family of Harfourch,

commonly known as the Emirs of Baalbeck, advanced toward Damascus, but

were dispersed by the Turkish troops. It was believed that, after this,

the recruiting would take place quietly, but the two Emirs reappeared at

the beginning of October in the environs of Damascus at the head of

between 3000 and 4000 men. A corps of the regular army, consisting of

two battalions of regular infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, four guns,

and 400 irregulars, under Mustapha Pacha, marched to meet them, and

succeeded on the 16th of October in surrounding them in the defiles near

Maloulah, six hours' distance from Damascus. The insurgents were obliged

to give battle, and were completely defeated, with a loss of 1000 men;

the two Emirs were captured. The loss of the troops was only thirty men.

The village of Maloulah is inhabited principally by Christians, and the

Turkish soldiers, exasperated at the resistance they made, pillaged some

houses, carried off women, killed a Catholic monk, wounded another, and

so seriously wounded a schismatic Greek bishop that he died afterward.

They also completely sacked two convents, pretending that they contained

gunpowder, and that insurgents had taken refuge in them. M. de

Valbezene, the French consul at Damascus, exerted himself on behalf of

the Christians, and, through his intervention, the seraskier of the army

of Arabia promised assistance to the villages, and ordered the troops

forthwith to give up all the articles taken from the churches and

convents. The day after the battle, the Emirs were made to walk through

the streets of Damascus in their shirts, with irons on their feet, and

street-brooms on their shoulders. They were to have been subjected to

the same punishment during five days, but suddenly they were sent off to

Beyrout, from whence they were forwarded to Constantinople. This measure

was taken in consequence of the breaking out of the revolt at Aleppo.

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, ART, PERSONAL MOVEMENTS, ETC.

UNITED STATES.

The past month has been more fruitful of events of interest in the world

of Art than its predecessor. This was to be expected; for the opening of

what is called "The season," and the approach of the Christmas holidays

rarely pass without the production of novelties in most of the various

walks of Art. Booksellers, Print-publishers, Jewelers, and Managers of

places of Public Amusement, all, in fact, who minister to taste and

luxury, reserve for December their finest and most elaborate

productions; and an examination of their advertisements, even, will

afford the means of judging the point of refinement attained by the

public mind, whose demands they at once create and supply.

A decided improvement, year by year, is to be noticed in the style of

books and other articles intended for Christmas and New-year gifts. The

Annuals which, some five or six years ago, began to droop, are now dead,

utterly extinct. Their exaggerated romantic Prose, their diluted Della

Cruscan Poetry, their great-eyed, smooth-cheeked, straight-nosed,

little-mouthed, small-waisted beauties, have passed from their former

world into the happy and congenial state of the Ladies' Magazines, where

they will again have their day, and again disappear before advancing

taste and superior education. The place of the Annuals is occupied, we

will not say supplied, by editions of the great poets and writers of

prose fiction, illustrated in the highest style of the steel and wood

engraver. Some of the first artists of the day are now employed by

publishers to furnish designs for such publications, and the eagerness

with which they are bought, and the discriminating admiration which

they, on the whole, receive, when regarded in connection with the

generous support given to Art Journals, Art Unions, and Public

Galleries, show in the public mind an increasing healthiness and

soundness of taste, as well as a greater interest in matters of Art.

Prominent among events of moment in this department, is the opening to

the public, at the Duesseldorf Gallery, of LESSING'S Great Picture, _The

Martyrdom of Huss_. The Duesseldorf Gallery had contained some of the

finest modern paintings in the country, and had done much to keep alive

the aroused interest of the public in the Arts of Design before the

arrival of this, the greatest work of the acknowledged head of the

Duesseldorf School; but now it is without doubt the centre of attraction

to all lovers of Art on this side the water, for the great picture,

whether regarded as to its intrinsic interest or its academic merits,

has no rival here, and some enlightened enthusiasts say, none among

modern paintings in the world. The picture appeals at once to popular

sympathy, by the interest of its subject, the simplicity of its

treatment, and by the striking reality and strong individual character

of its figures. We gave, in the December number of this Magazine, a

notice of this great picture, from a German paper, which renders any

further description of it here unnecessary.

A very interesting series of etchings from the pencil of Mr. J. W.

EHNINGER, a young New York artist, has just appeared. They illustrate

IRVING'S _Dolph Heyliger_, and are full of the humor of that charming

Dutch story. Mr. EHNINGER is a pupil of the Duesseldorf school, and has

but just left its severe training. His style shows the conscientious

faithfulness which is inculcated there, as one of the first requisites

of a true artist; he has very happy conceptions of character, and seems

to be thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the Knickerbocker times. In

illustrating them he can not but achieve desirable reputation.

An informal meeting of a large number of the members and associates of

the Academy of Design took place early in the last month. Its object was

to devise measures to make the Academy a more efficient means of

advancing the Art. It was determined, among other things, that lectures

should be delivered upon Painting, and the various subjects connected

with it. We have heard the Rev. Dr. BETHUNE named as likely to be the

first lecturer. He could hardly fail to interest and instruct both the

Members of the Academy, and the public generally, upon the subjects

naturally falling within the scope of the first of such a series of

lectures. It is gratifying to see that the members of the Academy are at

last beginning to awake to the consciousness of its inefficiency, and we

trust that some benefit may accrue to Art from their action.

LEUTZE'S great picture of _Washington Crossing the Delaware_, a grand

subject on which he had been engaged nearly three years, has been

destroyed by fire, or rather in consequence of fire, as we learn by a

letter from the artist himself, dated Duesseldorf, Nov. 10th. It is

gratifying, for the artist's sake, to know that the picture was fully

insured; but Insurance Companies, although very good protectors against

pecuniary loss, can not reproduce works of genius or make up for their

loss.

Mr. HAWTHORNE, whose _Scarlet Letter_ showed such rare ability in the

portrayal of the hidden workings of the heart, has a new work nearly

finished, called _The House of Seven Gables_; it will be eagerly sought

for, and we trust may prove as admirable a performance as the

first-named book.

The purchase of the _Greek Slave_ for distribution has brought the

Western Art Union three thousand subscribers this year. It is an

increase of nearly one hundred per cent upon the subscriptions of last

year, but is hardly enough to warrant the addition of many other prizes

to the great one.

JENNY LIND continues her triumphant progress through the country,

delighting the world and doing good. Each place which she visits gets up

an excitement, which if it be not equal to that at New York, is at least

the result of a conscientious endeavor to accomplish the most which can

be achieved with the means at command. Her four concerts in Baltimore

are said to have produced forty thousand dollars, which is even more in

proportion to the wealth and size of the place than the average receipts

at her concerts in New York.

It is stated that the existence of a third ring around the planet Saturn

was discovered on the night of Nov. 15th, by the astronomers at the

Cambridge Observatory. It is within the two others, and therefore its

distance from the body of Saturn must be small. It will be remembered

that the eighth satellite of this planet was also discovered at

Cambridge, by Mr. Bond, about two years since.

Mr. JUNIUS SMITH, who has been for some years very zealously engaged in

introducing the culture of the tea plant into the United States, gives

it as the result of his experiments that the heat of summer is far more

to be feared for the tea plant, than the cold of winter, and requires

more watchful care. In his field at Greenville, S. C., he has shaded

every young plant put out the first week in June, and so long as he

continued to do so, did not lose a single plant by the heat of the sun.

The young tea-plants from nuts planted on the 5th of June last, and

those from China set out about the same time, and most of them still

very small, do not appear to have sustained the slightest injury, but

are as fresh and green without any covering or protection, as they were

in September. He thinks it not at all unlikely that the cultivation of

the plant will become general in New England before it does in the

Southern States.

Mr. DARLEY, whose outlines of _Rip Van Winkle_, and _Sleepy Hollow_,

published by the Art Union, won him so much reputation in Europe as well

as here, is about to publish a series of outline illustrations of

_Margaret_, an American novel, said to be of great interest. We had some

time since the pleasure of seeing the drawings for these illustrations,

and will venture to say that in truthfulness of expression and accuracy

of outline they are beyond any American works of their kind, and

surpassed by none we know of which have appeared in Europe, we will not

even except those of RETZSCH.

The Art-Union Bulletin is our authority for stating that Mr. Darley has

also engaged to furnish, to a print publisher in this city, twelve

designs of large size, representing prominent scenes in American

history. They are to be sketches in chiaroscuro, which will afterward be

engraved in mezzotint. The first of these designs represents _The

Massacre of Wyoming_. The point of time chosen by the artist, is the

first demonstration made by the savages against the settlement, on the

day preceding the general slaughter. A letter to the _Tribune_ states

that Mr. Healy, one of our best portrait painters, is hard at work on

the figures of the former two great rivals, Mr. Webster and Mr. Calhoun.

That of Mr. Calhoun is simply a full-length portrait, representing him

as taking his leave of the Senate; it is for the Charleston authorities.

The accessories of the painting are unimportant. That of Mr. Webster,

however, gives us a large section of the Senate chamber, galleries

included, and about one hundred and fifty figures or portraits, all

after life. It is yet in outline. Boston will possess this valuable work

of art, and almost living history of the celebrated speech on the

Constitution.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Mr. J. PAYNE COLLIER, the annotator upon Shakspeare, has received a

pension of L100 a year from the Royal Literary Pension Fund. Another

pension, of the same amount, has been granted to Mr. JAMES BAILEY, the

translator of Facciolati's Latin Lexicon, and one of the most

accomplished scholars of the day. So, entirely, however, had Mr. Bailey

abstracted himself from the great literary world, that when the

announcement was made of the pension conferred upon him "in

consideration of his literary merits," not one of the literary journals,

not even the _Athenaeum_, was able to tell who the recipient was; but all

declared that they knew of no man of letters bearing that name. This

fund amounts to L1200, and the lion's share of it, the remaining L1000,

is appropriated in a singular manner. It has been bestowed upon the wife

of the new Lord Chancellor, Lord Truro, lately Mr. Solicitor Wilde. This

lady is the daughter of the late Duke of Sussex, one of the sons of

George III. The duke contracted a marriage with her mother, which was

illegal by the terms of the Royal Marriage Act, and which he afterward

repudiated by forming a similar connection with another woman, for whom

he succeeded in procuring the title of Duchess of Inverness, and an

allowance from the public treasury, to enable her to support her

dignity. On the death of the duke an attempt was made to procure the

recognition of his children by the former connection, as members of the

royal family, with a pension. This being unsuccessful, the sum of L500 a

year was first given to the daughter, who bore the name of D'Este, from

the literary fund; which sum was afterward increased by an additional

L500, from the same fund. The chief counsel in prosecuting these claims

was Mr. Wilde, who, immediately on his elevation to the bench, as Chief

Justice of the Common Pleas, marries this _soi-disant_ Princess D'Este.

Though the present chancellor is very wealthy, and receives a large

income from his office, his wife still continues to absorb five-sixths

of the sum at the disposal of the crown as a reward to "eminent literary

merit:" her merit, like that celebrated in Figaro, being that she

"condescended to be born;" from all of which it appears, that the merit

of being a spurious off-shoot of the royal family, is just ten times as

great as that of the most earnest and successful prosecution of literary

and scientific pursuits.

The English papers, and especially the Literary Journals, express

considerable apprehension that the English people are likely to be

outdone in the coming Exhibition. The _Athenaeum_ complains of the

comparative indifference which pervades the English manufacturers, while

every mail from the Continent and from America, brings intelligence of

an increased activity in their workshops. The prize of victory, in this

case, it says, must rest with the strong. A new era in industry and

commerce opens with 1851: and for a producer to be out of the Catalogue

of the Exhibition will be equivalent to abandoning the field.

The gardens of the Zoological Society of London are constantly receiving

new accessions from the liberal efforts of the English colonial

Governors, and others in foreign parts. Fine presents of rare animals

have also been received from several of the royal families of Europe.

A scheme has been proposed to convert the now abandoned grave-yards of

London, into ornamental gardens, by throwing down useless walls,

planting elms, mulberries, fig-trees and other plants which flourish in

crowded thoroughfares, and laying out the surface with walks and

flower-beds. Not to interfere with the sanctities of the graves, or

permanently to remove any historic marks from their present localities,

it is also proposed to collect the grave-stones and form with them the

base of a pyramidal or other kind of monument to be erected in each

church-yard.

The rumor that government intends to impose a mileage tax upon the

electric telegraph has elicited very warm and emphatic remonstrances

from the English press. The fact is very prominently brought forward

that in England the telegraph is used much less than in the United

States, because its employment is very greatly restricted by high

charges, while in America it is thrown open to the great body of the

public and is accordingly used by them. The _Athenaeum_, speaking of the

matter, says that, instead of adding to the expense of working the iron

messengers, every effort should be made to reduce it so as to bring its

benefits and consolations within the reach of smaller means. In this, as

in some other respects, America sets the old continent a good example.

A new public park is soon to be opened, on the south side of London. The

shooting grounds and premises so well known as the Red House, nearly

opposite to Chelsea Hospital, have been purchased by Government for, it

is said, L11,000. Of the new bridge to be erected across the Thames, in

connection with this park, the works are soon to be begun.

Mr. CHARLES LOCKE EASTLAKE, has been elected President of the Royal

Academy; he has also had the honor of knighthood conferred upon him.

Mr. MACREADY has been giving readings from Shakspeare the proceeds of

which he appropriates to the purchase of Shakspeare's house for the

country. He was one of the most liberal of the original subscribers to

this fund, and has by this renewed donation aided still more effectually

the accomplishment of the object.

Professor FARADAY, at a late meeting of the Royal Institution, announced

his discovery that oxygen is magnetic, that this property of the gas is

affected by heat, and that he believes the diurnal variation of the

magnetic needle to be due to the action of solar heat on this newly

discovered characteristic of oxygen--the important constituent of the

atmosphere. It is said that Bequerel also has recently directed

attention to a somewhat similar conclusion; he communicated to the

Academy of Sciences at Paris, that oxygen is magnetic in relation to the

other gases, as iron is to the rest of the metals, and inferred that it

is probable or possible that diurnal variation may be connected with

this property of oxygen.

HENRY FITZMAURICE HALLAM, M.A., the only surviving son of the eminent

English historian, died at Sienna, after a short illness, on the 26th of

October, and at the early age of twenty-seven years. He had visited Rome

with his father and others of the family, and they were on their return

homeward, when this affliction fell upon them. It will be remembered,

that a few years ago his elder brother, full of college honors and of

the highest promise, died under equally afflictive circumstances.

A pamphlet by Sir Francis Bond Head, on the defenseless state of Great

Britain, has excited a good deal of attention, and elicited some pretty

sharp criticism from the London journals. Still, it is very generally

conceded that there is a great deal of truth in his representations.

A correspondent of the London _Athenaeum_, writing from Naples, gives an

account of a visit paid to the studio of the American sculptor, POWERS.

The figure of "America," upon which he is now engaged, is that of a

robust young female, with a noble and dignified expression of

countenance, and the head surrounded by a diadem of thirteen stars. The

left arm and hand are elevated, as if exhorting the people to trust in

heaven; while the right rests on the fasces, which are crowned with bay

leaves, enforcing the precept that Union is Strength and will be crowned

with Victory. The statue, which is half covered with drapery, will be 14

feet high; and for power, beauty, and dignity combined, the writer says,

it is one of the finest that he has ever seen in Italy. Powers is about

to commence working it out in marble, and calculates that in fifteen

months it will be ready for sending off. By the side of it stands a

half-developed statue of "California."

FRANCE.

A new method of voting, which offers incontestable advantages on the

score of accuracy and rapidity, has received an appropriation from the

French Chambers. Each member is provided with a box containing ten

ballots; five white (_ayes_), and five blue (_nays_). These consist of

oblong squares of steel, having the name of the representative engraved

upon each side. The urns are so arranged that the white and blue ballots

fall into different compartments, not at random, but arrange themselves

against a graduated copper rod, which shows at a glance the number of

ballots for or against. These rods are taken from the urns, and placed

upon a piece of mechanism upon the tribune, so arranged that one side

shows all the ayes, the other all the nays, and the secretaries have

only to add up the sums of the rods. Then, by touching a lever, the

sides are reversed, so that the secretaries who have added the ayes have

the nays presented to them; thus mutually checking each other. The

result is thus ascertained in a few minutes, with scarcely a possibility

of error. Lists are prepared beforehand bearing numbers corresponding to

those engraved on a corner of the ballots, by which means the copy for

the _Moniteur_ is speedily furnished, with the utmost accuracy. This

which used to take a considerable time, and swarmed with errors, can now

be done in ten minutes. This ingenious and beautiful apparatus costs

27,000 francs.

A new aeronautic machine has been exhibited at Paris, which it is

claimed solves the long sought problem, at least on a small scale, of

directing the course of a balloon through the air. The leading ideas of

the machine are drawn from the structure of birds and fishes, the

animals that possess the power of traversing a liquid element. The model

with which the successful experiments were performed, consists of a

balloon of gold-beaters' skin, inflated with hydrogen, some three or

four yards long, nearly round in front, and terminating in a horizontal

rudder like the tail of a bird; a little before and above which is

another rudder placed vertically, like the tail of a fish. The former is

to change the course of the vessel up and down, the latter to turn it to

the right or left. Toward the head of the balloon, in a position

corresponding to that of the fins of a fish, are placed light wings,

capable of a rapid motion, which constitute the motive power. In the

model these are set in motion by machinery; but in the working machine

human power is proposed. A framework of hollow iron is placed

horizontally around the balloon to which it is attached by cords; this

furnishes the fixed point to which are attached the cords which move the

rudders; and from it is suspended the car in which the passengers are to

be placed. The inventor promises to construct a machine capable of

carrying up fifty persons. He acknowledges that the apparatus will be

bulky, but consoles himself by the reflection that there is no present

danger of the air being crowded. The whole weight of the machine and its

burden is to be so proportioned to the amount of hydrogen in the

balloon, that it will remain in equilibrium; an anchor is then to be

thrown overboard, when the machine will of course rise; when a

sufficient height is gained the anchor is to be weighed, and the

equilibrium being again restored, the machine will be stationary; and it

may then be propelled and guided by the wings and the rudders. Such, at

least, is the belief of one of the editors of _La Siecle_, who was

present at the trial of the model, and who indulges in the most glowing

anticipations of the future success of the invention.

Rossini is said to be secretly superintending, at Boulogne, the

production of a musical work to which he attaches great importance. He

passes every evening and a part of each day with the famous tenor

Donzelli, in revising this work, which has not yet been made known to

the public, and which, it is said, will soon be performed at Boulogne.

Armand Marrast is engaged in writing some very curious memoirs

respecting the events of the years 1848 and 1849. It is said that they

will contain verbatim extracts from a report made to him and to General

Cavaignac, by M. Carlier, on occasion of the election of Louis Napoleon

to the Constituant Assembly. M. Carlier goes into many details of the

habits and customs of Louis Napoleon, and of other members of his

family.

It is stated in the French journals that in consequence of the confusion

existing between the maritime calculations of different powers, and the

unfortunate occurrences to which it sometimes leads, the naval powers of

the north--Russia, Sweden, Denmark, and Holland--have entered into an

agreement to open conferences on the old question of a common meridian

for all nations. France, Spain, and Portugal, it is said, have given in

their adhesion to the scheme; and a hope is held out that England will

come into the arrangement. The most advanced opinion on the Continent

seems to be in favor of the selection of an entirely neutral point of

intersection--say Cape Horn--which it is said would have the immense

advantage of being agreeable to the Americans.

M. Polain, keeper of the Archives at Liege, has recently discovered that

the famous French historian, Froissart, whose Chronicles are universally

known, copied the first fifty chapters of his work from Jehan le Bel, an

author of his own time, whose manuscripts have been recently discovered

in the Belgian libraries. This is a discovery of considerable interest

to antiquarians. An edition of one hundred and twenty-five copies of

Jehan le Bel's book has been printed for the use of a select number of

historical _savans_.

A whimsical discovery is announced by M. Jules Allix, in the

_feuilleton_ of the Paris _Presse_. It seems too absurd to merit

repetition, but it is reproduced in some of the London literary papers,

and is there treated as if there might be something real in it. It is

stated that a method has been discovered of communicating instantly

between any two places on the earth, without regard to distance or

continuous lines, and through the agency of magnetized _snails_! The

inventors of this novel telegraph are said to be M. Benoit, of France,

and M. Biat, of America; and they are further said to have been engaged

for several successive years in experimenting upon the subject. They

claim to have ascertained that certain descriptions of snails possess

peculiar properties or sympathies, which cause them to feel the same

sensation, no matter at what distance they may be, when acted on in a

particular way by galvanic and magnetic influences. A snail placed in a

box, suitably provided with the requisite apparatus, in France, thus

responds to the motions of a snail, placed in a similar box, in America;

and by providing a snail for each letter, a conversation may thus be

carried on. The correspondent of the London Literary Gazette, says that

he saw experiments on the subject in Paris, which were attended with

complete success. The whole thing is probably an ingenious hoax. A

skeptical correspondent of the Literary Gazette proposes an easy method

of testing the new telegraph. He says, "If the _Presse_ newspaper will

every day for a few weeks give a short abstract of contemporary American

news, or indeed mention any points of prominent interest which occur on

the other side of the Atlantic; thus anticipating by some weeks the

ordinary mails; and if, when these arrive, the news given by the snail

telegraph is confirmed, doubts will vanish, and snails will be at a

premium."

Louis Napoleon, in his Message announced that the French government has

proposed to the different Cabinets international relations for putting

an end to the long tolerated abuse of literary and artistic piracy--that

these propositions have been favorably received, in principle, by most

of the Cabinets--and that between France and Sardinia a treaty has

already been signed for the mutual protection of both these species of

property. The announcement has been hailed with great satisfaction by

the literary public.

A correspondent of the Literary Gazette says, that the distinguished

French poet, BERANGER, occupies himself a good deal in writing

biographies, anecdotes, criticisms, &c., of the public men with whom, in

the course of his long career, he came in contact. It is now two years

since he announced his intention of giving such a work to the public,

and he seems to think that it will possess great historical value.

A clever hoax was played off by _La Presse_ against the President. The

day previous to the one when the President's Message was to have

appeared, that journal published a document entitled, "Message of the

President of the Republic to the General Assembly," bearing the

signature L. N. Bonaparte. Under the various heads which such a document

would naturally contain, the most radical and sweeping propositions were

laid down; propositions which nobody suspected the President of

entertaining in the Elysee, whatever his opinions might have been when

meditating in the Castle of Ham. Official communications were at once

dispatched to the evening papers, declaring the publication a forgery;

and stating that the _Procureur_ of the Republic had caused the paper in

question to be seized at the post and in the office of publication. The

next day _La Presse_ opened with an article stating that the paper of

the day before had been seized for publishing such and such an article,

copying its message of the previous day, and declaring it to be genuine,

for that every word of it was the acknowledged publication of the

President. The fact was that it was made up of extracts from various

publications which Bonaparte had put forth at different epochs; and

could hardly be branded as a forgery. Thus far the paper seemed to have

the advantage. But the court soon turned the scale by sentencing the

_gerant_ of the paper, M. Nefftzer, to an imprisonment of a year, and a

fine of 2000 francs.

GERMANY, ETC.

A correspondent of the London Literary Gazette gives an account of an

interesting quarrel between the directors of the Theatre Royal at

Brussels and the Press. Disliking some of the criticisms of the latter,

the directors posted placards announcing that they had withdrawn from

sundry papers a specified number of free admissions worth a specified

sum per annum. The proprietors of the paper had sued them for libels,

and the case was before the courts.

Few of living literary men have enjoyed a wider reputation in the same

department than the celebrated German critic HEINRICH HEINE. The

literary world will, therefore, learn with regret that he is dying. An

article in a late number of the London _Leader_ says, that "paralysis

has killed every part of him but the head and heart; and yet this

diseased body--like that of the noble Augustia Thierry--still owns a

lordly intellect. In the brief intervals of suffering Heine prepares the

second volume of his 'Buch der Lieder;' and dictates the memoirs of his

life--which he will make a picture gallery, where the portraits of all

the remarkable persons he has seen and known will be hung up for our

inspection. Those who know Heine's wicked wit and playful sarcasm will

feel, perhaps, somewhat uncomfortable at the idea of sitting for their

portraits; but the public will be eager 'for the fun.' There is little

of stirring interest in the events of his life; but he has known so many

remarkable people, and his powers of vivid painting are of an excellence

so rare in German authors, that the announcement of his memoirs will

create a great sensation."

The King of Bavaria has formed the gigantic design of causing to be

executed a series of pictures on subjects derived from the annals of all

times and all nations; the whole being destined to form a sort of

pictorial universal chronology. But the expense and vastness of such a

project warrant the fear that it will never be realized.

The Emperor of Russia has resolved to have copies, in default of the

originals, of all the great paintings of the old masters of all schools;

and he is at present causing to be copied in Venice two great works of

Titian. It is to be done by M. Schiavone who is quite celebrated for the

skill with which he copies. The Ex-Emperor of Austria, it is said,

surprised to find, in one of his visits to Venice, that no monument had

been erected to the memory of Titian, ordered, at his own expense, the

construction of one worthy of the immortal painter. He left to the

Academy of Venice the choice of the form of the monument, and of the

site on which it should be erected. The Academy, after a discussion _pro

forma_, confided the monument to one of its members, M. Zandomeni,

professor of sculpture. The monument is to be placed in the church of

St. Mary of Frari, near that of Canova. It will be inaugurated in about

a year's time with great pomp. Shortly after the monument was commenced,

Zandomeni died, but his son has carried out his design.

LITERARY NOTICES.

_The Reveries of a Bachelor_, by IK. MARVEL (published by Baker and

Scribner), some portions of which have already been presented to the

public in the October number of our Magazine, and in the _Southern

Literary Messenger_, where they originally appeared, is one of the most

remarkable and delightful books of the present season. Under the

artistic disguise of the reveries of a solitary bachelor, yielding to

the sweet and pensive fancies that cluster around his contemplative

moments, inspired to strange, aerial, and solemn musings by the quiet

murmur of his old-fashioned wood-fire, or gathering a swarm of quaint

moralities from the fragrant embers of his cigar, the author stamps his

heart on these living pages, and informs them with the most beautiful

revelations that can be drawn from the depths of a rich experience and a

singularly delicate and vivid imagination. Perhaps the most striking

feature of this volume, is its truthfulness and freshness of feeling.

The author has ventured to appropriate the most sacred emotions as the

materials for his composition. Scenes, over which the vail is reverently

drawn in real life, and which are touched lightly by the great masters

of passion, are here depicted with the most faithful minuteness of

coloring, and fondly dwelt on, as if the artist could not leave the

tearful creations of his fancy. Nothing but an almost Shakspearian

fidelity to nature could give success to such an experiment. The

slightest tincture of affectation, or false sentiment, would ruin the

whole. We always distrust the man who would play upon our emotions, and

are glad to take refuge in the ludicrous, to save ourselves from the

pathetic. If a single weak spot can be detected in the magic chain which

he would throw around our feelings, if every link does not ring with the

sound of genuine metal, the charm is at once broken, and we laugh to

scorn the writer who would fain have opened the fountain of tears. It is

no mean proof of the skill of the "Bachelor," that his pathetic scenes

are always true to their aim. He has risked more than authors can

usually afford, by dealing with the most exquisite elements of feeling,

but he always forces you to acknowledge his empire, and yield your

sympathies to his bidding.

It must not be inferred from these comments that our "Bachelor" is

always in the lachrymose vein. Far from it. We have alluded to his

mastery in the pathetic, because this is one of the most unerring tests

of the sanity and truth of genius. But his "Reveries" also abound in

touches of light and graceful humor; they show a quick perception and

keen enjoyment of the comic; his sketches of character are pointed with

a fine and delicate raillery; and his descriptions of natural beauty

breathe the gushing cordiality of one who is equally at home in field

and forest. With a rare facility of expression, obtained by dallying

with every form of phrase that can be constructed out of the English

vocabulary, and a beautiful freedom of spirit that makes him not ashamed

to unfold the depths of his better nature, Mr. Ik. Marvel has opened a

new vein of gold in the literature of his country. We rejoice that its

early working gives such noble promise that its purity and refinement

will not be surpassed by its richness.

_Richard Edney and the Governor's Family_ (published by Phillips,

Sampson, and Co., Boston), is a new novel by the author of _Margaret_,

the original and erratic New England story, which established the

reputation of the writer as a shrewd delineator of manners, a watchful

observer of nature, a satirist of considerable pungency, and a profound

thinker on social and religious topics. _Richard Edney_ is of the same

stamp with that unique production. It has all its willful perversity,

but with less ability. It is not so fresh and lifesome, but has more

method, more natural sequence in the details of the story, and will

probably please a more numerous class of readers. We do not think this

author has come into the full possession of his powers. He is too

conscious to permit their spontaneous and facile use. While he thinks so

much of the motion of his wings, he can never soar into the empyrean. He

often talks as if the burden of a prophet were on his heart, but he is

too introspective for the fullness of inspiration. Even his strange and

grotesque ways are not redeemed by showing the fatal inevitableness of a

natural product. They do not appear to grow out of a tough, knotted,

impracticable intellect; in that case we should not hesitate to forgive

them; but they seem to be adopted with malice aforethought; and used

with the keenness of a native Yankee, as the most available capital for

the accomplishment of his purposes. With this writer, the story is

subordinate to another object. He makes it the vehicle for sundry

reflections and speculations, that are often ingenious, and always

interesting. In this point of view, his book has considerable value. It

is suggestive of more problems than it resolves. It points out many

tempting paths of inquiry, which it does not enter. No one can read it

without receiving a new impulse to his thoughts, and one usually in the

right direction. The author is evidently a man of heart as well as of

intellect, and inclines to a generous view of most subjects. His book

should be looked at rather in the light of an ethical treatise than of a

novel. The plot is less in his mind than the moral. But such hybrid

productions are apt to fail of their end. If we desire to study

philosophy, commend us to the regular documents. We do not wish for

truth, as she emerges dripping from the well, to be clothed in the

garments of fiction. Such incongruous unions can hardly fail to shock a

correct taste, even if the story is managed with tolerable skill. In

this instance, we can not highly praise the conduct of the narrative. It

is full of improbable combinations. Persons and scenes are brought into

juxtaposition, in a manner to violate every principle of

_vraisemblance_. The effect is so to blunt the interest of the story,

that we can hardly plod on to the winding-up.

Still we find talent enough in _Richard Edney_ to furnish materials for

a dozen better books. It has a number of individual sketches that are

admirably drawn. We might quote a variety of isolated passages that

impress us deeply with the vigor of the writer, and which, if wrought up

with as much plastic skill as is usually connected with such inventive

talents, would secure his rank among the _elite_ of American authors. He

has not yet done justice to his remarkable gifts, not even in the

inimitable _Margaret_--the poem _Philo_ we regard as a dead failure--and

if our frank, though friendly criticism, shall act as a provocative to

his better genius, he is welcome to the benefit of it.

_The Issue of Modern Philosophic Thought_ is the title of an Oration by

Rev. E. A. WASHBURN, delivered on the 6th of August, before the Literary

Societies of the University of Vermont, and published by Phillips,

Sampson, and Co., Boston. It is an earnest, eloquent, and discriminating

defense of the spiritual views of philosophy, set forth by Coleridge in

England and by the late President Marsh in this country, with a vigorous

protest against the abuses and errors which the author conceives have

sprung up in the train of a false and counterfeit idealism. The Oration

exhibits an intimate acquaintance with the development of philosophic

inquiry, since the reaction against the French Sensualism of the last

century, and the application of more profound and religious theories to

Literature, Society, and Art in recent times. With no effeminate

yearnings for the return of the "inexorable Past," and with a masculine

faith in the designs of Providence for the destiny of Humanity, Mr.

Washburn is alive to the dangers incident to a condition of progress,

and describes them with honest boldness and fidelity. Without pretending

to accord with all his ideas, we must yield the merit to his Discourse

of affluent thought, rich learning, and a style of remarkable grace and

elegance.

_The Memorial_, edited by MARY E. HEWITT, and published by G. P. Putnam,

is one of the most beautiful gift-books for the present season, and in

its peculiar character and design possesses an interest surpassed by

none. It is written by friends of the late Mrs. Osgood, and is an

appropriate and tasteful tribute to her memory. The profits are to be

devoted for the erection of a monument to her in Mount Auburn. Its

literary excellence may be inferred from the fact, that Nathaniel

Hawthorne, the author of "St. Leger," John Neal, W. G. Simms, N. P.

Willis, Bayard Taylor, R. H. Stoddard, Bishop Doane, Bishop Spencer,

George H. Boker, General Morris, George Lunt, A. B. Street, Mrs.

Sigourney, Mrs. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Whitman, and, indeed, most of the

celebrities of the time, in this country, are contributors. The volume

will be welcome, as a choice specimen of American literary talent, and a

graceful souvenir of the distinguished poetess in whose honor it has

been prepared.

_The Evening of Life_, by JEREMIAH CHAPLIN (published by Lewis Colby),

is a collection of devotional pieces, original and selected, intended to

impart "light and comfort amid the shadows of declining years." The

selections are made with excellent taste, being for the most part

extracted from the best authors in the religious literature of England

and America. Among them we observe the names of Fenelon, Thomas a

Kempis, Jeremy Taylor, Bunyan, Madame Guyon, Bishop Hall, Milton,

Southey, and Wordsworth; and of American writers, Bryant, Longfellow,

Whittier, Willis, and W. R. Williams.

_A New Memoir of Hannah More_, by Mrs. HELEN C. KNIGHT, has been

published by M. W. Dodd, giving a condensed and interesting view of the

history of the celebrated religious authoress. Her connection with the

development of practical religious literature, as well as her rare

qualities of character, will always give an attraction to every

authentic record of the incidents of her life. The present volume is

evidently written by one of her warm admirers. It relates the principal

facts in her brilliant career with remarkable vivacity. Indeed, a more

chastened style would have been better suited to the subject of the

memoir, whose own manner of writing, though florid and ambitious, in her

more elaborate efforts, always displayed an imagination under the

control of an active and discriminating judgment. As an instance of the

excessive liveliness of description in which Mrs. Knight not

unfrequently indulges, we may allude to her portrait of Hannah More's

father, the parish schoolmaster, "besides leading a flock of village

urchins to nibble in the green pastures of knowledge, his five little

girls follow the same friendly crook, and in their training he beholds

the buds and blossoms, as he hopes to realize the fruit of his

professional skill and parental fidelity."

Harper and Brothers have now ready two important standard works on

philology, _A Latin-English Lexicon_, founded on the larger

_Latin-German Lexicon_ of FREUND, edited by E. A. ANDREWS, LL.D., and _A

New Classical Dictionary_ of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and

Geography, by WILLIAM SMITH, edited by Professor CHARLES ANTHON. These

works have been subjected to a strict, laborious, and thorough revision

by the American editors; large and valuable additions have been made to

their contents; the very latest improvements in the science of philology

have been incorporated with the researches of their original authors;

and in point of exactness of investigation, clearness of method, and

precision and completeness of detail, may be warmly recommended to the

classical students of this country, as without a rival in their

respective departments.

The great work of Dr. FREUND is so well known to the best educated

scholars, as one of the most consummate specimens of German intellectual

enterprise and persistency, that it is hardly necessary to make more

than this passing allusion to its signal merits. Its indefatigable

author, pursuing the path marked out by Gesenius and Passow in Hebrew

and Greek lexicography, has opened a new era in the study of the Latin

Language, reduced it to a far more compact and orderly system, and

greatly facilitated the labors of those who wish to master the noble

treasures of its literature. His Lexicon, published at Leipsic in four

volumes, from 1834 to 1845, comprising nearly 4500 pages, has been made

the basis of the present work, the Editor, meantime, making use of the

best sources of information to be obtained in other quarters, including

the smaller School-Lexicon of Dr. Freund himself, and the dictionaries

of Gesner, Facciolati, Scheller, and Georges. He has aimed to condense

these abundant materials within the limits of a single volume, retaining

every thing of practical importance in the works from which they are

derived.

In pursuance of this method, Professor ANDREWS has given all the

definitions and philological remarks in Freund's larger Lexicon, with

his references in full to the original Latin authors, the grammarians,

editors, and commentators, retrenching from the citations whatever parts

seemed to be superfluous, and entirely omitting such as were redundant

or of comparatively trifling consequence. At the same time, he has

preserved the reference to the original Latin authorities, thus enabling

the student to examine the quotations at pleasure.

This Lexicon, like the Dictionary of Freund, on which it is founded,

accordingly, contains in its definitions, in its comparison of synonyms,

in its general philological apparatus, and in the number and variety of

its references to the original classic authors, an amount of information

not surpassed by any similar work extant, while in the luminous and

philosophical arrangement of its materials, it is without an equal among

the most complete productions in this department of study.

The learned Editor of this work, who has attained such a distinguished

reputation, as one of the soundest and most thorough Latin philologists

in the United States, has been assisted in its preparation by several

friends and associates of great literary eminence, among whom are

President WOOLSEY, of Yale College, Professor ROBBINS, of Middlebury

College, and Prof. WM. W. TURNER, of the Union Theological Seminary, New

York. The result of their united labors, as exhibited in the substantial

volume before us, is a worthy monument of their high cultivation, their

patience of intellectual toil, and their habits of profound, vigilant,

and accurate research, and will reflect great credit on the progress of

sound learning in this country.

_The Classical Dictionary_, by Dr. WM. SMITH, is one of the excellent

series of Dictionaries prepared under the direction of that eminent

scholar, aided by a number of learned philologists, for the purpose of

presenting the results of German historical and archaeological research

in an English dress. This series has been received with the warmest

expressions of approbation by the scholars and teachers of Great

Britain. In preparing the present work, Dr. Smith has had peculiar

reference to the wants of the younger class of students. He has wished

to furnish them with a Dictionary, on the same plan with that of

Lempriere, containing in a single volume the most important names,

biographical, mythological, and geographical, occurring in the Greek and

Roman writers usually read in the course of a classical education.

His work is, accordingly, divided into three distinct parts, Biography,

Mythology, and Geography. The biographical portion is divided again into

the departments of History, Literature, and Art--including all the

important names which are mentioned in the classical writers, from the

earliest times to the extinction of the Western Empire--a brief account

of the works which are extant by the Greek and Roman writers, with

notices of their lives--and a sketch of the principal artists, whose

names are of importance in the history of Art. The mythological articles

have been prepared with great care, and are free from the indelicate

allusions which have rendered some former works of this kind unfit to

place in the hands of young persons. The geographical portion of this

work is entirely new, and exceedingly valuable. The Editor has drawn

upon the most authentic sources of information, comprising, besides the

original authorities, the best modern treatises on the subject, and the

copious works of travels in Greece, Italy, and the East, which have

appeared, within the last few years, both in England and Germany.

The present American edition, which has been superintended by Professor

ANTHON, appears nearly simultaneously with the English edition, having

been printed from sheets received in advance, and thoroughly revised for

circulation in this country. The experienced Editor has performed his

task with the ability which might be anticipated from his critical

learning and accuracy. He has made important additions from the most

recent authorities, with a view of adapting the work still more

completely to junior students. Many errors which had escaped the

vigilance of the original editor have been corrected; several valuable

tables have been added; and the whole work greatly improved both in

substance and form.

It is not intended, however, to supersede the _Classical Dictionary_ of

the American Editor, as the articles are brief, and without the

completeness of detail required by the more advanced class of students;

but for those who desire a smaller and less costly work, this volume

will no doubt take the place of the obsolete Lempriere, whose

Dictionary, on account of its cheapness, still disgraces some of our

seminaries of learning.

_American Education_, by EDWARD D. MANSFIELD (published by A. S. Barnes

and Co.), is an elaborate discussion of the theory of education, with

special reference to its bearing on the wants and character of the

American people. The author gives a forcible exposition of his views,

with a variety of practical illustrations, of remarkable interest.

Avoiding a too minute consideration of details, he endeavors to ascend

to the region of eternal principles, to elucidate the harmony between

the nature of man and the influences of the universe, and thus to shed a

clear light on the momentous problem of the destiny of the soul. The

tone of his volume is earnest, elevated, and often approaching a

thoughtful solemnity, showing the deep religious convictions with which

the subject is identified in the mind of the author. No one can peruse

his impressive statements without a deeper sense of the importance of

"the ideas connected with a republican and Christian education in this

period of rapid development."

A. Hart, Philadelphia, has republished _The Ministry of the Beautiful_,

by HENRY JAMES SLACK, of the Middle Temple, London, consisting of a

series of conversations on the principles of aesthetic culture. A vein

of refined and pure sentiment pervades the volume; the style is often of

exquisite beauty; but the discussion usually terminates in a dim, purple

haze, lulling the mind to repose in a soft, twilight enchantment,

without imparting any clear conceptions, or enlarging the boundaries of

either knowledge or taste.

D. Appleton and Co. have published a valuable educational work by GEO.

W. GREENE of Brown University, entitled _History and Geography of the

Middle Ages_, intended as the first of a series of historical studies

for the American Colleges and High Schools. It is founded on a work in

the French language, which describes, with clearness and brevity, the

condition of politics, literature, and society during the Middle Ages.

The high reputation of the author in every thing relating to Italian

literature, will secure attention to his work.

A. S. Barnes and Co. have issued a selection of Hymns and Tunes,

entitled _Christian Melodies_, by GEORGE B. CHEEVER, and G. E. SWEETSER.

It has been prepared with great care, and will no doubt be found a

highly valuable aid in the performance of choral service.

Crosby and Nichols, Boston, have reprinted from the English Edition, _A

Sketch of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton_, by Rev. THOMAS BINNEY, being a

popular lecture on the character of the great English philanthropist,

originally delivered in Exeter Hall, London, before the "Young Men's

Christian Association." It relates the most salient incidents in the

life of Fowell Buxton, with a running commentary remarkable for its

quaintness and vivacity. For young men in particular, to whom it is

expressly dedicated, it must prove an instructive and pleasing volume.

J. S. Redfield has published _The Manhattaner in New Orleans_, by A.

OAKLEY HALL, a collection of agreeably written papers, contributed, in

the first place, to a literary journal of this city, and containing a

variety of sketches of life in the Crescent City. Without any high

pretensions to force of thought or brilliancy of composition, this

little volume shows a lively power of observation, an active curiosity,

and an unaffected ease of description, which can not fail to win for it

golden opinions, among all classes of readers.

The same publisher has issued the second part of an ingenious treatise

on Physiognomy, entitled _The Twelve Qualities of Mind_, by J. W.

REDFIELD, M.D., setting forth a view of the subject which claims to be a

complete refutation of the principles of Materialism. The author writes

with earnestness and ability, and presents many fruitful suggestions,

though he does not succeed in elevating his favorite study to the

dignity of a science.

An interesting volume of travels has been published by William

Holdredge, entitled _A Winter in Madeira, and a Summer in Spain and

Florence._ The author is understood to be the Hon. JOHN A. DIX, although

his name is not appended to the volume. His description of Madeira will

be read with interest, as an authentic account of a state of society,

concerning which we have little information from modern travelers. His

remarks on Spain and Florence are of a less novel character, but are

every where distinguished for good sense, clearness of expression, and

correctness of taste.

A neat volume adapted to the holiday season, is _Gems by the Way Side_,

by Mrs. L. G. Abel (published by Wm. Holdredge), consisting of choice

selections from favorite authors, with several tasteful embellishments.

An excellent service has been done to the cause of good learning by

GEORGE P. PUTNAM, in the publication of a handsome volume, entitled _The

World's Progress, A Dictionary of Dates_, edited by himself. The

preparation of a work of this character demands such rare patience of

labor, such habits of accurate research, such soundness and delicacy of

judgment, and such devotion to the interests of knowledge, without the

hope of great fame or profit by the enterprise, that the pioneers of

literature who undertake it, are entitled at least to the cordial

gratitude of every student and lover of letters. In the present volume,

Mr. Putnam has collected a large amount of information, from distant and

various sources, and arranged it in a lucid order, adapted to aid the

investigations of the student, and to promote the facility of general

reference. It consists of a series of tabular views of ancient and

modern history, compiled from a previous manual by the Editor, and the

full and accurate tables of Talboys--an Alphabetical Dictionary of

Dates, founded on the well-known work of Joseph Haydn--a Chronological

List of Authors, from the Companion to the British Almanac, with

additions--a Table of the Heathen Deities--and a general Biographical

Index. The task of the Editor has been performed, with diligence and

fidelity, although, as he intimates in the preface, it can not be

presumed that such a volume can be free from imperfections. We might

direct his attention to several obvious errors for correction in a

future edition; but we presume they have already been discovered by his

vigilant eye.

_Montaigne: The Endless Study and Other Miscellanies_, is a translation

from the French of ALEXANDER VINET, with an Introduction and Notes, by

ROBERT TURNBULL (published by M. W. Dodd). The principal part of these

Essays are addressed to the numerous class of cultivated minds, that

with a profound sense of the beauty and grandeur of the Christian

religion, have failed to receive it as a divine revelation, or as the

authoritative guide of character and life. With regard to the author, we

are informed by Dr. Turnbull, that "he was distinguished as much for

simplicity as dignity of character, for profound humility as for exalted

worth. Apparently as unconscious of his greatness as a star is of its

light, he shed upon all around him a benignant radiance. In a word, he

walked with God. This controlled his character, this shaped his manners.

Steeped in holy love, he could not be otherwise than serene and gentle.

He published a volume of philosophical criticisms, in which he discusses

with uncommon depth and subtlety, but in language of exquisite clearness

and force, some of the highest problems in philosophy and morals, and

dissects the maxims and theories of such men as Montaigne, Voltaire,

Rochefoucauld, Jouffroy, Cousin, Quinet, and Lamartine. His fine genius

for philosophical speculation, in connection with his strong, common

sense, and his unwavering faith in the Gospel are here strikingly

developed." Among the subjects treated of in this volume, are the

Character of Montaigne, The Idea of the Infinite, the Moral System of

Jouffroy, The Claims of Heaven and Earth adjusted, and others of a

similar bearing. They are discussed in the light of philosophical

principles, and with a certain breadth of view, not always found in

theological essays. The translator has not confined himself with rigid

fidelity to the phraseology of the author, although for the sake of the

vivacity and interest which it imparts, he occasionally retains the

French idiom--a dangerous precedent to be adopted by unskillful hands.

Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, Boston, have published a collection of

_Orations and Speeches_, by CHARLES SUMNER, comprising his Anniversary

Discourses on The True Grandeur of Nations; The Scholar, The Jurist, The

Artist, The Philanthropist; Fame and Glory; The Law of Human Progress;

The War System of the Commonwealth of Nations; a Lecture on White

Slavery in the Barbary States; Three Tributes of Friendship to Joseph

Story, John Pickering, and Henry Wheaton; and several political

Speeches, delivered within the last few years, on various occasions, in

Massachusetts. They are adapted to sustain the high reputation of the

author for extensive classical learning, an uncommon power of graceful

and fertile illustration, and a glowing, and often gorgeous eloquence.

_The Broken Bud_ (published by R. Carter and Brothers), is the title of

a small volume of prose and poetry, intended as a tribute to the memory

of a beloved child, by a bereaved mother, and containing many passages

of touching pathos and genuine beauty.

_Bardouac, or, The Goatherd of Mount Taurus_, is a charming Persian

Tale, translated from the French, in a style of great neatness and

vivacity published by Crosby and Nichols, Boston.

G. P. Putnam has published _Fadette_, a new story by GEORGE SAND,

illustrative of domestic life in France, translated by MATILDA M. HAYS.

It is a tale of quiet, exquisite beauty, free from the morbid sentiment

which abounds in the fictitious works of the modern French school, and

rendered into graceful, idiomatic English by the accomplished

translator.

R. Carter and Brothers have brought out a new edition of _The Memoir of

Rev. Alexander Waugh_, the celebrated Scottish pastor in London, an

admirable piece of religious biography, describing the life of a

vigorous and noble-minded man.

J. S. Redfield has issued a little volume, with an uncommonly attractive

exterior, entitled _Chanticleer, a Thanksgiving Story_, consisting of

quiet descriptions of American country life and manners, set forth in

the framework of a superficial and not very skillfully managed

narrative. It contains some passages of considerable beauty, but as a

whole, it has hardly sufficient freshness and fervor to produce a wide

sensation.

A Leaf from Punch.

PREPARATORY SCHOOLS FOR YOUNG LADIES.

The Female Mind has hitherto been considered as a sort of fancy bazaar,

in which all kinds of light articles are to be stowed away without

regard to order or utility. If we could unlock the stores of female

knowledge, such, at least, as the modern boarding-school supplies--we

should find an extraordinary conglomeration of miscellaneous goods,

bads, and indifferents, which though somehow or other reduced under one

head, and that not always a strong one, are brought into a state of

"disorder" which is, by us, at least, any thing but "admired." If we

might be permitted the privilege of examining phrenologically the

interior of a young lady's head, we should find not only what--but how

completely--modern education has done for it. We will take any average

boarding-school Miss, and instead of turning her organs into

finger-organs, by merely passing our hands over the exterior bumps, we

take the liberty of breaking her head at once, and looking directly into

it.

We find _Constructiveness_ in a state of entanglement with the quantity

of crotchet and other fancy work in which it is completely bound up, for

want of some more useful matter for the employment of this valuable

quality; and on looking to the organ of _Imitation_, we see it exercised

on a parcel of the most ridiculous airs and affectations, to say nothing

of more dangerous qualities, set before it for the purpose of calling

into practice its powers of copying. As to _Number_, its whole capacity

seems to be concentrated on number one: and _Comparison_ is clogged up

with entire wardrobes, as if the only use of comparison to the female

mind was to be its application to the respective bonnets, dresses, and

articles of millinery worn by friends, enemies, or acquaintances.

_Causality_ shows us an instance of something like an appropriate

application of the organ; for it is intended to be one of inquiry, and

it is exercised certainly in a questionable manner, for it is constantly

directed, by the modern system of female education, to the asking, How

it is an "establishment" is to be gained? or, Why it is that one person

has succeeded in getting a husband before another? _Eventuality_ is

devoted to the cognizance of no more important events than Births,

Deaths, and Marriages; while _Form_, _Size_, and _Color_ are exercised

respectively on the noses, mustaches, and eyes of the other sex, the

organ of _Weight_ being brought to bear on the estimating of bankers'

balances. _Order_ goes wholesale to the dressmaker's; _Ideality_ knows

nothing of any ideal but a _beau_; and _Time_ and _Tune_ are clogged

with all sorts of airs, calling into operation _Destructiveness_, as far

as the keys of an instrument are concerned, and _Secretiveness_ as far

as any meaning is conveyed by the means of so much labor.

Having brought ourselves to the sad conclusion that the examination of a

fashionably-educated female head reveals nothing but faculties

mis-employed, and valuable material wasted on what is not material at

all, we can not but express a wish that Ladies' Preparatory Schools

could be established, in which the pupils might be fitted for the

useful, as well as the ornamental parts of life, and where the fact of

there being a kitchen as well as a drawing-room to every house would not

be altogether lost sight of. If the world could be got through in a

Polka, to the accompaniment of a _cornet-a-piston_, the boarding-schools

of the present day would be well enough; but as there is a sort of

every-day walk to be gone through, we should greatly appreciate any

system of female education that should fit women to get through the

world with us, instead of merely getting through our money.

[Illustration:]

In the first place, we would put into execution the great design of our

artist, who has shown us a Preparatory School in which cookery should be

studied as an art, and in which the dressing of a dinner would be

learned as a matter of course--or of one, two, or three courses of

lectures. There should be a regular series of instruction, from the

shelling of a pea by the smallest class, to the achievement of the most

exquisite Mayonnaise by the more advanced scholars. The young ladies

would be taught not only how to make their _entree_ into a drawing-room,

but how to prepare an _entree_ worthy of the dinner-table. We would have

cookery inculcated in its most elementary form, and although we should

shrink from any thing like harshness, we should not hesitate to put the

beginners through a vigorous course of basting for the first year or so.

The rules of arithmetic could easily be adapted to the culinary art, and

such propositions as

3 Eggs make one Omelette.

2 Omelettes make one Breakfast.

3 Breakfasts _a la fourchette_ make one Dinner,

and other calculations of a similar kind, would make the young female

student familiar with her tables not only in their ordinary sense, but

with what her tables ought to furnish samples of. We would suggest,

also, periodical examinations in the higher branches of cookery, and

translations of English food into French dishes. The rendering of a

small slice of beef into a _filet pique aux legumes printaniers_, would

form an exercise quite as difficult, and certainly as useful, as any

other conversion of English into French; and the proper _garniture_ of a

leg of mutton would be as great a trial to the taste as if it were

employed on merely millinery trimmings.

We should be glad to see the establishment of a culinary college for

young ladies, and though we would not exactly recommend the cramming

system to the fairer sex, we think that beef and mutton would furnish

quite as valuable food for their minds, as a great deal of that that is

now put into them.

LADIES' ARITHMETIC

BY A CONFIRMED BACHELOR.

Ladies have quite a different system of calculation to what men have.

Look at the peculiar way in which they calculate ages. Why! they are

quite an age behind the present generation--at least, the generation of

men--for a man is, figuratively, said, as he grows older, to approach

into his second childhood, but a woman does so literally, inasmuch as

she becomes every year one year younger--a rejuvenating process, by

which, if she lived long enough, she would ultimately reach the happy

period when she was carried about in long clothes, and took a tenacious

delight, peculiar to babies, in pulling gentlemen's whiskers. In fact, I

wonder that, carrying out this retrograde movement, a married lady, as

she advances in years, does not re-appear on the stage of life as the

ball-room girl, and throw off the matronly title of MRS., to put on the

more flowery salutation of MISS. It would be more consistent with the

representation of figures--we mean, arithmetical figures--though it

might be a little at variance with the appearance of personal ones.

My belief is that the female mind has no correct sense of numbers. It

belabors and rolls out figures as cooks do paste, making them as thick

or as thin as it pleases to fit the object required. I have noticed a

largeness or liberality of measurement in most of their calculations,

which redounds greatly, in this calculating age, to the generosity of

the sex. It is quite opposite to the self-measurement which they apply

to themselves. Whereas the latter is distinguished by a narrowness of

result which almost makes us suspect that Subtraction has been largely

at work; the former is crowned with a roundness of figure which leads us

strongly to accuse the sum total of having been gained by the corrupt

agency of Addition. In fact my suspicions are so violent on this head,

that I always adopt the following plan when I am at a loss to know:

HOW TO CORRECTLY ASCERTAIN THE AGE OF A LADY. I first ask the Lady

accused her own age. I then inquire of her "dearest friends." I next

ascertain the difference between the two accounts (which frequently

varies from five years to forty), and, dividing that difference by 2, I

add that quotient to the lady's own representation, and the result is

the lady's age, as near as a lady's age can be ascertained.

EXAMPLE: MRS. WELLINGTON SEYMOUR gives herself out to be 28. Her

friends, MRS. M'CABE, MRS. ALFRED STEVENS, MADAME CORNICHON, and MISS

JERKINS, indignantly declare that they will eat their respective heads

off if she is a day younger than 46. Now the disputed account stands

thus:

Years

MRS. SEYMOUR'S age, as represented by her friends, 46

MRS. SEYMOUR'S age, as represented by herself 28

-----

Difference between the two Accounts 18

That difference has to be divided by 2, which, I believe, will give 9.

If that is added to MRS. SEYMOUR'S own statement, the result obtained

will be the answer required. Accordingly MRS. WELLINGTON SEYMOUR'S age

is 37--a fact, which, upon consulting the family Bible, I find to be

perfectly correct--and I only hope MRS. S. will, some day, forgive me

for publishing it. There are many other eccentricities in female

arithmetic, such as increasing twofold the amount of a gentleman's

fortune, and diminishing fiftyfold the amount of a lady's--and a general

proneness, besides, to magnify figures, leading them, at times, into

strange errors of exaggeration, which would debar them from following

the profession of a penny-a-liner, or writing works of numerical

fidelity, like "M'Culloch's Commercial Dictionary." But as I do not love

the female mind particularly for its eccentricities, but rather for its

beauties, I shall close the door upon this ungallant subject; for, if a

woman is good and beautiful, it matters but little how old she is.

NETTING FOR LADIES.

Netting is now followed with so much ardor, as a female accomplishment,

that one would think there is a great deal of net profit to be derived

from it. The ladies' periodicals are full of instructions in this new

popular art; and we have seen a couple of closely-printed columns

devoted to directions for netting a mitten.

We had some thoughts of endeavoring to furnish the necessary

instructions for netting a gentleman's nightcap, but we found that we

should not have room for more than half of it, and that the tassel, at

all events, would have to stand over till our next, and perhaps be

continued in a still remoter Pocket-Book.

Being desirous of furnishing some instruction in Netting, to our female

readers, we have thought of something within our compass, and beg leave

to lay before them, our

DIRECTIONS FOR NETTING A HUSBAND.

Take as many meshes as are within your reach, and get the softest

material you can to work upon. Go on with your netting as fast as ever

you can work the material about with your meshes until you find you can

turn it round your finger and thumb with the utmost facility. Let your

netting-needles be very sharp; thread them double to prevent them from

breaking; and we may observe, that silken ringlets serve exceedingly

well as thread, when the work in hand is the netting of a husband.

Always employ the brightest colors you can, and the final operation will

be the joining together, which should be neatly finished off with a

marriage knot, and the husband will be completely netted.

Winter Fashions.

[Illustration: FIGURE 1.--PROMENADE AND MORNING COSTUME]

Heavy, rich textures of silk have taken the place of the lighter stuffs

used at the beginning of December. _Brocards, satin princesse, antique

moires, Irish poplins_, and heavy _chine_ silks, such as were worn by

the belles who saw Washington inaugurated, are now in vogue. The latter

material is called by the French _camayeux_. It is made of all colors,

such as light violet upon dark violet; or, what is more beautiful, large

white roses, hardly visible, and partly concealed by light green leaves

upon a ground of dark green, forming an _ensemble_ at once coquettish,

brilliant, and extremely elegant. Plain _poplins_ are much worn; also

_royal Pekin_ or black damask, trimmed with two broad flounces of

Cambray lace. Instead of a corsage, a _petite_ corsage of the same

material is worn, wide open in front, and closed at the waist with two

double buttons, or a large bow of ribbon.

FIGURE 2 represents this style of corsage. The edge is trimmed with lace

or fullings of ribbon, the sleeves three-quarters long and in pagoda

form. The same figure represents a very pretty style of head-dress. The

cap is composed of plain _tulle_ of the lightest description; upon one

side of the head, partially covering the ear, is a bunch of roses, or

other flowers, pendant.

[Illustration: FIG. 2.--HEAD-DRESS AND CORSAGE]

FIGURE 1 represents a promenade and a morning costume. The PROMENADE

COSTUME is a high silk dress; the waist and point long; the sleeves

three-quarter length and wide at the bottom; the skirt long and

exceedingly full; five volants are set on full, each being trimmed at a

little distance from the edge by a narrow _guimpe_. _Manteau_ of light

brown cashmere, trimmed with velvet of the same color; closed up in

front by four large _brandebourgs_. Bonnet of a very open form, trimmed

entirely with plaid ribbon.

[Illustration: FIG. 3.--BONNET.]

The MORNING COSTUME is a _jupe_ of blue silk, very long and full,

trimmed down the front with rows of velvet and small silk tassels, the

form of an acorn. A _cain de feu_, a sort of jacket, of blue satin, of a

darker shade than the _jupe_, the small skirt of which is of the

Hungarian form. It is trimmed round with velvet and has tassels up the

front to correspond with the skirt; the sleeves come but little below

the elbow, wide at the bottom, and cut like the skirt. These are

likewise trimmed with velvet. Cap of black lace, trimmed with a broad

white ribbon, edged with pink.

FIGURE 3 shows a new style of plain velvet bonnet, of rich green. It is

made very deep; trimmed with velvet. Satins are made in the same form,

of a dark color, the interior of the fronts lined with white, rose, or

any other fresh color. These are ornamented with branches of flowers of

velvet, or _noeuds_ of plaid ribbon, half velvet and half satin, the

colors harmonizing with the bonnet.

There are small bonnets of white or pink plush, having for their sole

ornament a single bow of satin ribbon, or a ribbon _velonte_ at the

sides. This style is very elegant, and particularly adapted for very

young ladies, especially when trimmed with a deep fall of rich lace.

Those made of pink satin, and trimmed with blonde, forming a bunch upon

the side of the exterior, the interior being filled entirely with rows

of narrow blonde, are exceedingly graceful.

A new style of fringe for ball dresses has lately been introduced. It is

extremely light, and composed of a mixture of white and gold, which

forms a splendid trimming when placed upon a triple skirt of white

_tulle_. It is also made of pink and silver, which has a beautiful

effect upon a dress of pink crape; splendid bouquets of beautiful

flowers being arranged so as to loop up the skirts on either side.

A new and greatly admired style for EVENING DRESSES, called

_d'Adrienne_, has lately been brought out in Paris. It is made of the

richest materials. The corsage is extremely low, and forms a very deep

point, its ornaments being placed _en coeur_ upon the centre of the

front. The skirt is open, and is ornamented upon the two sides with

streamers of ribbon and _noeuds_ of pearls. The under-skirt of satin

is enriched with an _echelle_ of lace or a triple _falbalas_, the two

extremities of which are disposed so as to join the _noeuds_ upon the

upper dress.

An elegant addition to a lady's toilet has been recently brought out,

which recalls the _mantillas_ worn by the Maltese ladies. It consists of

a kind of pelisse, fulled into the narrow band around the throat, which

is concealed by a small collar, having for ornament a volant or frill of

Chantilly lace. The lower part of the pelisse, as well as the sleeves,

is encircled with four rows of Chantilly lace, surmounted with rows of

narrow velvet or watered ribbons, forming a pretty heading. This little

garment is extremely elegant for places of amusement, made in pink,

blue, or white satin, and trimmed with Brussels or English point lace.

Fringes and Cambray lace will be much used this season in the decoration

of dresses. Feathers will be much worn, some in _touffes_, and others

simply the long single feather, passing over the entire front of the

bonnet.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note

The following changes have been made to the text:

p. 161: "Abiit aa plures" changed to "Abitt ad plures".

p. 163: "female visiters" changed to "female visitors".

p. 163: Sultan Amu rath, forcing" changed to "Sultan Amurath, forcing".

p. 168: "some conistency" changed to "some consistency".

p. 181: "triumphal entry I to" changed to "triumphal entry into".

p. 184-185: "un less" changed to "unless".

p. 188: "gabe's coat" changed to "Gabe's coat".

p. 188: "excleimed" changed to "exclaimed".

p. 192: "slided" changed to "slid".

p. 193: "converstaion" to "conversation".

p. 202: "Worsworth's sonnets" changed to "Wordsworth's sonnets".

p. 202: "Peneroso" changed to "Penseroso".

p. 209: "misserable" changed to "miserable".

p. 213: "desire waxed as her life waxed" changed to "desire waxed as her

life waned".

p. 215: "to to the world" changed to "to the world".

p. 219: "conscience-striken" changed to "conscience-stricken".

p. 226: "lovelv July" changed to "lovely July".

p. 226-227: in dulge" changed to "indulge".

p. 234: "a better without" changed to "a better one without".

p. 255: "Rickey bockey" changed to "Rickeybockey".

p. 266: "held to be the privvilege" changed to "held to be the

privilege".

p. 274: "plenipotentaries" changed to "plenipotentiaries".

p. 276: "Damuscus in their shirts" changed to "Damascus in their

shirts".

p. 288: "cachmere" changed to "cashmere".