THE PSYCHOSES WITH MENTAL DEFICIENCY
The literature of mental deficiency is almost as old as that of
medicine. Imbecility was studied at some length by Plato and Galen
and was recognized by Felix Plater, who has been accredited with the
first classification of mental diseases known (seventeenth century).
Fitzherbert[345] in his "Natura Brevium" in 1652 included the following
interesting definition of idiocy: "He that shall be said to be a sot
and idiot from his birth, is such a person who cannot count or number
twenty pence, nor tell who was his father or mother, nor how old he is,
so as it may appear that he hath no understanding or reason what shall
be for his profit, or what for his loss; but, if he have sufficient
understanding to know and understand his letters, and to read by
teaching or information, then it seems he is not an idiot." One of
the first medical writers to discuss mental defects at any length was
Esquirol. In differentiating them from mental diseases he said: "Idiocy
is not a disease, but a condition in which the intellectual faculties
are never manifested; or have never been developed sufficiently to
enable the idiot to acquire such an amount of knowledge as persons of
his own age, and placed in similar circumstances with himself, are
capable of receiving. Idiocy commences with life, or at that age which
precedes the development of the intellectual and affective faculties,
which are from the first, what they are doomed to be during the whole
period of existence." ... "A man in a state of Dementia is deprived
of advantages which he formerly enjoyed. He was a rich man, who has
become poor. The idiot, on the contrary, has always been in a state of
want and misery." An elaborate treatise on the subject of cretinism was
published by Fodéré in 1792.
Tredgold,[346] in discussing the etiology of mental deficiency, divides
the causes into factors indicative of, or producing, a variation of the
germ plasm and those acting directly upon the offspring. The former
include neuropathic inheritance, alcoholism, tuberculosis, syphilis,
consanguinity and the age of the parents. Among the latter are abnormal
mental and physical conditions of the mother during pregnancy, or
injury to the fœtus; abnormalities of labor, primogeniture and
premature delivery; and after birth—traumatic, toxic, convulsive and
nutritional factors. He found neuropathic inheritance in over eighty
per cent of the cases studied. In 64.5 per cent the heredity took
the form of mental defects, insanity or epilepsy, and in eighteen
per cent paralysis, cerebral hemorrhage, neuroses of various kinds,
or psychoses. There was a history of alcoholism in 46.5 per cent of
the series investigated. Tuberculosis occurred in the families of
thirty-four per cent, syphilis in 2.5 per cent, consanguinity in five
per cent, and a marked disparity in the ages of the parents in four
per cent. Factors acting directly on the offspring, either before,
during or after birth, were found to be present in sixty-five per cent.
Goddard[347] in a study of 327 cases found a history of inherited mental
deficiency in fifty-four per cent, probable heredity in 11.3 per cent,
neuropathic ancestry in twelve per cent, accidents of various kinds in
nineteen per cent, and no ascertainable cause of any kind in 2.6 per
cent of the total number.
The definition of a feebleminded person, proposed by the Royal
College of Physicians of London, and subsequently adopted by the
English Royal Commission, reads as follows:—"One who is capable of
earning a living under favorable circumstances, but is incapable,
from mental defect existing from birth, or from an early age, (a) of
competing on equal terms with his normal fellows; or (b) of managing
himself and his affairs with ordinary prudence." The English Mental
Deficiency Act of 1913 included the following definition:—"Persons
in whose case there exists from birth or from an early age mental
defectiveness not amounting to imbecility, yet so pronounced that
they require care, supervision, and control for their own protection
or for the protection of others, or, in the case of children, that
they, by reason of such defectiveness, appear to be permanently
incapable of receiving proper benefit from the instruction in ordinary
schools." It will be noted that imbeciles and idiots do not come
within the scope of these definitions. This is due to the fact that
the term feeblemindedness as used in England includes only the High
Grade Amentia of Tredgold or the Morons as defined by Goddard. The
classification of the latter is as follows:
1. High Grade Morons—Those that can do fairly complicated work, with
only occasional or no supervision, run simple machinery or take care of
animals, but are unable to plan.
2. Middle Grade—Those capable of doing routine institution work only.
3. Low Grade—Those who are only capable of running errands, doing
light work, making beds, scrubbing or caring for rooms—if there is no
great complexity of furniture.
Tredgold describes imbecility as Medium Grade Amentia and idiocy as Low
Grade Amentia.
The Mental Deficiency Act of England defines idiots as "persons so
deeply defective in mind from birth, or from an early age, as to be
unable to guard themselves against common physical dangers." It also
refers to moral imbeciles as "persons who from an early age display
some permanent mental defect coupled with strong vicious or criminal
propensities on which punishment has had little or no deterrent
effect." The imbecile as defined by the Royal Commission of England
is "one who by reason of mental defect existing from birth or from an
early age is incapable of earning his own living, but is capable of
guarding himself against common physical dangers."
Tredgold classifies either feeblemindedness, imbecility or idiocy
if due to pathological germinal variations (caused by alcoholism,
tuberculosis, syphilis, etc., and manifested by amentia, insanity,
epilepsy, etc.) as being either simple, microcephalic, or Mongolian.
He describes those which represent somatic modifications due to
gross cerebral lesions as syphilitic, amaurotic, hydrocephalic,
porencephalic, sclerotic, paralytic and other toxic, inflammatory or
vascular forms. The somatic modifications due to defective cerebral
nutrition he divides into epilepsy, cretinism, nutritional forms and
isolation (sense deprivation).
The classification of mental defects used by Fernald at the
Massachusetts School for the Feebleminded and based on mental ages
is as follows:—Idiot,—low grade, less than one year; middle grade,
one year or more; high grade, two years. Imbecile,—low grade, three
and four years; middle grade, five years; high grade, six and seven
years. Moron,—low grade, eight and nine years; middle grade, ten
years; high grade, eleven and twelve years. Fernald calls attention
to the fact that the diagnosis cannot be based on the mental age
alone. The intelligence quotient must be taken into consideration.
This is determined by dividing the mental by the physical age. It is a
comparison of the average intelligence of the child, using the normal
as a standard. The diagnosis cannot be definitely made until the age of
sixteen, or until the probable mental age at sixteen is determined.
The following definitions are used by the American Association for
the Study of the Feebleminded:—"An idiot is a mentally defective
person having a mental age of not more than 35 months, or, if a child,
an intelligence quotient of less than 25. An imbecile is a mentally
defective person having a mental age between 36 months and 83 months
inclusive, or, if a child, an intelligence quotient between 25 and 49.
A moron is a mentally defective person having a mental age between
84 months and 144 months inclusive, or, if a child, an intelligence
quotient between 50 and 74."
Tredgold expresses the opinion that "the insanity of the feebleminded
and high grade imbeciles does not, on the whole, differ from that
occurring in ordinary persons." In sixty-two cases under his
observation he found the following forms:—Mania, thirty-two;
melancholia, sixteen; alternating mania and melancholia, six; stupor,
one; delusional insanity, one; and juvenile general paresis, six. He
also speaks of epileptic insanity and terminal dementia in his cases.
Kraepelin[348] describes certain characteristics as applying very
generally to the mental deficiency group which he prefers to speak
of as "Oligophrenia." Sense perception is often interfered with
by defective vision, opacities of the lens and cornea, errors of
refraction, optic atrophy or deafness. The apprehension of external
impressions may be prevented to a certain extent also by disturbances
of attention. Only the sharper and stronger stimuli reach the patients
as a rule and these impressions are retarded. Many occurrences escape
their notice entirely and their sense perceptions are poor and scanty
at best. Disturbances of attention are shown by the attitude, facial
expression, carriage and conduct, so that they have an appearance
of apathy and indifference when their real feelings are entirely
different. An increased effort cannot be produced by an exertion of the
will, nor can the fatigue which such attempts result in, be overcome.
Repeated tests of various kinds show a marked decrease in the power
of apprehension. In profound idiocy it is difficult to determine
whether any impression can be made on the sense organs or not. When the
patients react to a severe pin prick it is only after a considerable
delay, apprehension and attention being equally impaired. Schlesinger
found fifty-five per cent of his cases lacking in interest, thirty-five
per cent were distractible and ten per cent showed an increased
fatigability. An evidence of the lack of attention is the fact that the
weakminded as a rule are not susceptible to hypnotism.
The apprehension of colors, form and dimensions is uncertain and
difficult. The patients learn to distinguish colors very late usually.
They can form no clear conception as to the outlines, surface or
contents of objects. They have considerable difficulty in putting
syllables and sentences together. They recognize the details but
not the significance of pictures. In the elaboration of impressions
they are unable to distinguish between the real and the accidental
or nonessential. This gives rise to a confusion of ideas. Changes in
size, color, shape, etc, always annoy them. Their lack of observation
and discrimination explains the absence of timidity in the presence
of strangers which characterizes normal children. There is also a
defective apprehension of auditory impressions and they are unable to
understand very familiar sounds. Ley showed that they were often unable
to identify letters they heard pronounced. There is a marked inability
to grasp the meaning of ordinary words. The sense of taste and smell
is comparatively much less impaired. Very defective children object at
once to quinine when it is placed on the tongue. Nevertheless, many do
not notice unpleasant odors or even the taste of excreta, etc.,—things
which are exceedingly offensive to normal individuals,—and are
entirely indifferent as to the quality of their food. Sensory
disturbances of the skin are not very marked. In a series of
esthesiometric tests, however, Ley obtained unsatisfactory "automatic"
responses in eighteen cases, meaningless answers in forty-eight, and
intelligent responses in eleven of 127 mental defectives examined. The
application of the sense of touch in recognizing articles is acquired
with difficulty. Pain sensations are somewhat diminished also and some
defectives are apparently insensible to blows, etc. That the sense of
position and location is not well developed is often shown by coarse,
awkward movements. The sense of weight and motion is lacking. Demoor
found that the feebleminded usually pointed out the larger article
as being the heavier even when lighter in weight. Claparede found
this characteristic present in one per cent of ninety-seven pupils
rejected as a result of mental tests, in eight per cent of the mildly
weakminded, and in sixty-five per cent of the markedly defective
cases. Memory is always involved. Superficial impressions are easily
lost. Johnson subjected seventy-two defective children to retention
tests. Seventy could correctly repeat only three numbers; sixty-six
only four; fifty-one only five; twenty-seven only six; fourteen only
seven, and four only eight. Ranchburg's tests showed them to be very
susceptible to suggestion. Some defectives, on the other hand, have a
peculiar faculty for remembering dates, numbers, performing feats of
arithmetic, etc. The memory defect is usually shown more especially
by the inability to take advantage of the experience of the past. The
patients learn with difficulty, read little and forget what they are
taught. The events of life leave few traces and make only a superficial
impression on them. The intellectual horizon for this reason is very
limited. Their thoughts are confined largely to the matter of clothing,
food, etc.
The fundamental obstacle in the mental progress of the defectives is
the inadequate elaboration of general impressions and conceptions.
There is an absence of any understanding of the importance of time,
events, numbers, etc. They often have no idea whatever as to the
significance of money. Dates mean nothing usually and they are often
unable to determine the time of day. The train of thought as shown
by tests made by Buccola is delayed. Their poverty of thought is
shown by the fact that defective children can think of only about
one-fourth as many words during a given time as suggest themselves
to the normal child—a test suggested by Binet. Tests reported by
Sommer, Nathan, Binet and others show a marked delay in association
time and an impoverished mental capacity. They frequently repeat the
test word or give entirely meaningless replies. Associations do not
become fixed on repeated tests as they do with normal individuals
(Wreschner). It is not easy for them to repeat numbers, the months of
the year or days of the week backwards. They cannot supply omitted
words or syllables in sentences (Ebbinghaus test). It is hard for them
to assemble picture puzzles or pieces of cards. Revesz found that it
was more difficult for them to learn to divide than to subtract or
add. Multiplication he found to be most easily acquired. They did not
do well in tests requiring any reason or judgment. They are entirely
incapable of defining or explaining abstract conceptions of any kind.
They cannot explain the meaning of fables and have no appreciation of
irony. Nor can they correct the most obvious faults in test sentences.
They have no insight into their own condition and no grasp on either
past or present events. Their capacity for efficient occupation and
employment is much diminished. Their ability to acquire an education
is also limited. Of 286 cases examined in school Schlesinger found
only fifteen per cent to be industrious in their habits. Nine per cent
failed in writing, eighteen in reading and twenty-four per cent in
arithmetic tests.
The emotional life is also much impoverished and unstable. There is
no sense of shame and no feeling of family pride or patriotism. There
is often a tendency to commit criminal acts. As a rule the mood is
indifferent and apathetic—in strange surroundings they are sometimes
timid and anxious. Some feel ashamed of their speech defects and
awkwardness. Others show a childish cheerfulness, or satisfaction
and self-confidence. There is a tendency to uncontrollable laughter,
attacks of anxiety, angry excitement, or childish despair with
hysterical manifestations which disappear quickly. Usually the patients
are inoffensive, manageable and well behaved, but easily susceptible to
bad influences. Often they are queer, whimsical, capricious, obstinate
and childish. Henneberg, who examined a large series of cases,
described 33.8 per cent as anxious, timid, sensitive and inclined to
weep; 15.7 per cent as apathetic, dreamy, sluggish and seclusive; 12.6
per cent as quiet, serious, good-natured, sociable and pleasant; 18.7
as active, cheerful, shallow, playful and talkative; and nineteen per
cent as rude, malicious, obstinate, irritable and bad-tempered. The
sexual life is sometimes undeveloped or may show actual perversions.
Bonhöffer found six idiots and fifty-three feebleminded persons in
an examination of 190 prostitutes. The volitional expressions of the
defective are very largely impulsive. They act without reflection or
regard to consequences and are easily induced to do improper acts.
The inhibition of will is shown by the defective control of ordinary
movements in responding to commands. They are always slow in learning
to walk. The childish inability to perform finer and more precise
movements does not disappear later as it does in the course of normal
development. This is shown in their gait, awkward movements, etc.
Kraepelin interprets the tendency to bedwetting as an evidence of
volitional disturbance, also the stereotyped, rhythmical movements of
the idiot. Laser found that forty per cent of his cases had the habit
of biting the finger nails.
Dependent upon the inhibition of volitional impulses, two clinical
groups of the feebleminded have been described by Kraepelin,—the
excitable and the apathetic or dull. The excited forms are much
more common. Schlesinger, however, found thirty-one per cent of his
cases of the apathetic variety; twenty-nine per cent were excitable;
twenty-eight per cent had simple mental defects, and the remainder
showed antisocial tendencies. In the apathetic or dull form there is
a marked disturbance of the attention; the patient takes no interest
in his surroundings, appears sluggish, awkward, emotionally dull, and
devoid of any voluntary impulse, often doing only what he is urged
to do. They are usually good-natured, contented, and do simple work
under direction, in a slow and mechanical way. The lighter grades
are of a dull, weak-willed, readily influenced type. They are timid,
unconcerned and agreeable. The excitable variety, on the other hand,
show a purposeless, mercurial variability. Their attention is easily
distracted from one thing to another. They cannot sit still, are
restless and constantly on the go. Occasionally they are violent.
The defective control of motor impulses by the will is also shown in
defectives by the disturbance of speech and writing. Crailsheimer found
speech disturbances in 36.3 per cent of his cases, Schlesinger in
thirty per cent, and Leubuscher in fifty per cent. They can often hear
although mute, sometimes recovering their speech during an attack of
excitement. Ley reported stammering in twelve per cent of his cases and
stuttering in thirteen per cent. Agrammatism and akataphasia sometimes
occur. Word-blindness is also referred to as a symptom and various
disturbances of reading and writing have been observed.
According to Kraepelin, the important developmental landmarks in
the life of the young are the acquisition of speech (one year), the
beginning of the school life (six years), the appearance (fourteen
years) and the completion (eighteen years) of sexual development. The
first and second periods represent the relative levels of low and high
grade idiocy, the third imbecility and the fourth feeblemindedness.
This classification is somewhat similar to that of Weygandt. The
education ordinarily acquired by the higher grade of the feebleminded
is somewhat limited. They may even excel in certain occasional lines
of work, for example, in music, art, etc. They are usually poor in
mathematics and lack interest and application as a rule. Difficult
apprehension and mental fatigability are to be expected. They have
to go over things repeatedly, as their memory is not good. Their
education is often ample in some directions and very lacking in others.
Their judgment is onesided, their viewpoint narrow and their worldly
knowledge childish. What they acquire at school is soon forgotten.
They take no interest in religion, politics or current events of
importance, and very impractical ideas are expressed on all questions.
The emotional manifestations vary. Some are agreeable, cheerful,
tractable; others timid, tenderhearted, sensitive, slightly emotional
or anxious. They are more likely to be obstinate, stubborn, unruly,
rude, irritable, unsociable and violent-tempered. Some have periods
of active excitement and become threatening, abusive and violent.
Occasionally suicidal attempts are made, although they are usually not
genuine. Some are addicted to sexual excesses, lying or swindling.
Sexual perversions also occur in some cases. They are usually incapable
of any continuous occupation and drift from one thing to another. As
a rule they have little conception of the value of money and spend
it recklessly. They are very susceptible to alcoholism and often
commit petty crimes. Occasionally hysterical manifestations—syncopes,
seizures, etc.—appear. Clouded and confused states have been
observed. Frequently impulsive tendencies are noted. In some instances
psychopathic traits are very striking. Excitable, unstable, impulsive,
quarrelsome and antisocial types appear as well as liars and swindlers.
Periodical excitements and depressions suggest manic-depressive forms.
Considerable confusion has been occasioned by the relation thought
by some to exist between mental deficiency and dementia praecox.
Kraepelin[349] has spoken of an engrafted hebephrenia, as shown by the
following quotation from his eighth edition:—"I made the suggestion
a long time ago that certain, not very frequent, forms of idiocy with
well developed mannerisms and stereotypies were an early expression
of dementia praecox." He is of the opinion that "the affected manners
of certain idiots, as well as the associated stereotypies of attitude
and movement in addition to the negativistic impulses and the
permanent obstinate inaccessibility to all attempts at approach, show
no relation whatever to ordinary childish peculiarities and belong
on the contrary to the well-known picture of dementia praecox." He
interprets the "demenza precocissima" of Sante de Sanctis and the
"dementia infantilis" of Heller as belonging to dementia praecox rather
than the mental deficiency group. He further makes the suggestion
that "weakmindedness existing from youth without focal symptoms, and
later leading to deterioration, is as a rule to be looked upon as
pfropfhebephrenia, if epilepsy and cerebral syphilis can be excluded,
the former by the absence of seizures, the latter by the results of
the Wassermann reaction." Engrafted hebephrenia or "pfropfhebephrenia"
has been studied by various observers. After an analysis of ten cases
Wasner reached the conclusion that feeblemindedness predisposes to
dementia praecox. Weygandt and various other writers are not in accord
with Kraepelin on this subject. It is, however, generally conceded that
the occurrence of manic-depressive and other affective psychoses in
mental defectives is not at all infrequent.
As special types Kraepelin described microcephalic varieties, the
tuberous sclerosis of Hartdegen and Bourneville (1880), vascular and
other cerebral defects, infantilismus, dysadenoid and other endocrine
conditions, Mongolian idiocy, hydrocephalus, encephalitic forms,
etc. Alzheimer, Hammarberg, and Bourneville have made pathological
classifications of the mental deficiencies.
Psychoses which render the commitment of mental defectives to hospitals
for mental diseases necessary are comparatively infrequent, as is
shown by statistics. In the words of the statistical manual, "the most
common mental disturbances are episodes of excitement or irritability,
depressions, paranoid trends, hallucinatory attacks, etc." Cases
diagnosed as showing manic-depressive psychoses or dementia praecox
are not shown in the mental defective group. Three and forty-eight
hundredths per cent of the admissions to the Massachusetts hospitals
during 1919 were diagnosed as psychoses with mental deficiency. During
a period of eight years the admission rate to the New York hospitals
amounted to 2.8 per cent. The admissions to twenty-one institutions in
other states constituted 4.33 per cent of the whole number reported.
In 70,987 admissions to forty-eight hospitals in sixteen states the
psychoses with mental deficiency amounted to 3.22 per cent of all first
admissions.
INDEX
Abbot, E. Stanley, 248
Abraham, Karl, 419
Abrahamson, Isador, 341
Acute chorea, 338
Acute hemorrhagic polioencephalitis superior, 356, 357
Administration and legislation, 50
Adrenal diseases, 214
Adrenal stigmata, 204
Adrenals, lesions of, 214
Agnew, D. Hayes, 34
Albany Hospital, 107
Albrecht, 436
Alcoholic psychoses, 344
acute hallucinosis, 356
acute intoxication, 348
alcoholic deterioration, 350, 351
alcoholic paralysis, 357
chronic hallucinosis, 357
chronic intoxication, 349
delirium tremens, 352
delimitation, 358
history, 344
Korsakow's psychosis, 354
pathological intoxication, 349
pathology, 356
statistics, 360, 361
Aliens in hospitals, 160
Alzheimer, A., 225, 286, 302, 303, 304, 325, 354, 356, 485, 486, 536
Alzheimer's disease, 274
Amentia, 401
American Institute of Criminal Law, 176
American Psychiatric Association, 173, 231, 234, 245, 247, 263, 276, 291,
307, 320, 325, 331, 358, 390, 405, 421, 438, 453, 473, 487, 501, 521
Anderson, Victor V., 178
Anxiety neuroses, 501
Appropriations, hospital, 26
Aretaeus, 234, 409
Arnold, 142
Arsenic psychoses, 373
Arteriosclerosis, cerebral, 280
apoplectiform attacks, 288
delimitation of psychoses, 291
depressions, 287
deterioration, 287, 288
epileptiform attacks, 287, 288
excitements, 287, 288
pathology, 281, 282, 285, 286
statistics, 292
Aschaffenburg, G., 398
Aurelianus, 235, 409
Babcock, J. W., 379
Babinski, J., 494
Bailey, Pearce, 188
Baillarger, J., 411
Ball, Jau Don, 32
Ballet, G., 197
Barker, Lewellys F., 282, 309, 310, 364, 383
Barrett, Albert M., 115, 248
Baths, continuous, 98
Bayle, A. L., 221, 293
Beers, Clifford W., 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 129
Bellevue Hospital, 106
Bianchi, L., 384
Billigheimer, E., 211
Binswanger, Otto, 191
Birnbaum, K., 197
Bleuler, E., 130, 145, 275, 436, 444, 445, 446, 447, 471
Bloomingdale Hospital, 38
Blumer, G. Alder, 46, 124
Blumgarten, A. S., 203, 205
Boards of Charities and Corrections, 52
Boards of control, 52
Boards of managers, 51
Boards of trustees, 51
Bonhöffer, K., 188, 347, 352, 353
Boston Police Act, 64
Boston State Hospital, 43
Boveri, Piero, 341
Brachet, J. L., 490
Brain or nervous diseases, psychoses with, 332
acute chorea, 338
cerebral embolism, 332
cerebral hemorrhage, 332
cerebral thrombosis, 332
encephalitis lethargica, 339
meningitis, tubercular, 336
multiple sclerosis, 336
paralysis agitans, 334
statistics, 343
tabes dorsalis, 337
Brain lesions, symptoms due to, 282, 283
Brain tumors, 326
frequency, 327
psychoses, 328, 329, 330, 331
statistics, of psychoses, 331
symptoms, 327
Brattleboro Retreat, 43
Breuer, 494, 495
Briggs, L. Vernon, 248
Briquet, 490
British Association, 240
Bromide psychoses, 371
Buckley, A. C., 422, 453
Bucknill, J. C., 234, 393, 394
Bumke, 436
Burnham, Wm. H., 131
Burr, C. W., 338
Buzzard, E. F., 340
Cabot, Richard C., 20
Calmeil, J. L., 221, 293
Camp, Carl D., 334
Campbell, C. Macfie, 115, 132, 248, 497
Casamajor, Louis, 371, 373
Case rate, general diseases, 18
Causes of death, 17, 18
Celsus, 139, 234, 253
Central neuritis, 437
Cerebral embolism, 332
Cerebral hemorrhage, 332
Cerebral syphilis, 308
delimitation of psychoses, 320
gummatous, 310
meningeal, 309
pathology, 309
salvarsan therapy, 319
statistics, 321, 322
symptomatology, 311
treponema in inactive cases, 320
vascular, 310
Cerebral thrombosis, 332
Cerebropathica psychica toxaemica, 404
Chloral hydrate, 370
Chorea, acute, 338
Civil war psychoses, 186
Clark, L. Pierce, 478, 479, 480
Classification of mental diseases, 234
American Psychiatric Association, 248, 249, 250
Aretaeus, 234
Aurelianus, 235
British Association, 240
Celsus, 234
Cullen, 235
Esquirol, 236
Flemming, 236, 237, 238
Galen, 235
Griesinger, 239
Hippocrates, 234
Kraepelin, 242
Krafft-Ebing, 240
Linnaeus, 235
Maudsley, 239
Pinel, 236
Plater, 235
Pritchard, 236, 239
Régis, 240
Roman, 235
Sauvages, 235
Vogel, 235
Clouston, T. S., 7, 8, 140, 144, 266, 304, 346, 508
Cobb, Stanley, 133
Cocaine psychoses, 367
Colajanni, 178
Collapse delirium, 400
Columbia State Hospital, 41
Columbus State Hospital, 43
Commitment, methods of, 58
Communicable diseases, 23
Compression of brain, 253
Concord State Hospital, 43
Concussion of brain, 253
Continuous baths, 98
Copp, Owen, 67, 81, 131
Cramer, 463
Criminal responsibility, 169
Criminal responsibility, laws relating to, 172
Criminals, psychoses in, 180, 181, 182
Crowbar case, 254
Cullen, William, 235, 490
Curtin, Roland G., 35
Cushing, Harvey, 326, 327
DaCosta, J. C., 253
Davenport, Chas. B., 146
Davis, Thomas K., 210
Death rate:
diseases of the nervous system, 18
mental diseases, 19
registration area, 17
state hospitals, 28
Definition of insanity, legal, 172
DeFursac, J. R., 197
Delirium:
acute, 400
collapse, 400
exhaustion, 403
febrile, 396
infection, 395
initial, 398
tremens, 352
Dementia praecox, 440
delimitation, 453, 454, 455
hebephrenia, 441
history, 440
katatonia, 441
Kraepelin's views, 450, 451, 452, 453
mental mechanisms, 442, 443
schizophrenia, 444, 445
statistics, 455, 456, 457
Diagnosis, errors in, 20
Dickens, Charles, 43
Diefendorf, A. R., 229, 324, 422, 429, 455, 492, 506
Diem, 149
Diseases, communicable, 23
Diseases, general case rate, 18
Diseases, general, cause of death, 17
Diseases, mental, social and economic importance of, 15
Dix, Dorothea, 47, 48, 123, 126
Dreyfus, G, L., 429
Drugs and other exogenous poisons, 363
arsenic, 373
bromides, 371
chloral hydrate, 370
cocaine, 367
gases, 374
lead, 372
mercury, 374
morphine, 363, 364
silver, 374
statistics, 375
Drusen, senile, 273
Dublin, Louis I., 21
Dunlap, Chas. B., 309, 337
Earle, Pliny, 106
Eastern State Hospital, Ky., 40
Eastern State Hospital, Va., 36
Economic loss on account of mental diseases, 28
Economo, C. von, 339
Eder, Montague D., 196
Edsall, David L., 372, 374
Embolism, cerebral, 332
Emerson, H., 210
Encephalitis lethargica, 339
Endocrinology and psychiatry, 202
Epilepsy, 475
delimitation of psychoses, 487
epileptic delirium, 483
epileptic deterioration, 485
epileptic dream states, 482
epileptic ill-humor, 481
etiology, 478, 479, 480
pathology of, 485
statistics, 488
Epileptic personality, 478
Epileptics, institutions for, 29
Erlenmeyer, A., 365, 367
Errors in diagnosis, 20
Esquirol, J. E. D. 142, 236, 293, 524
Etiology of mental diseases, 138, 154
alcoholism, 152
arteriosclerosis, 152
brain tumor, 152
cerebral syphilis, 152
epilepsy, 152
heredity, 145
other factors, 153
pellagra, 152
psychic traumata, 152
senility, 152
traumatism, 152
Evolution of the modern hospital, 34
Exhaustion delirium, 403
Expenditures, hospital, 26
Falret, J., 411
Falta, Wm., 203, 206, 207, 208
Farrar, Clarence B., 122, 189
Febrile delirium, 396
Fernald, Walter E., 527
Ferri, E., 177
Feuchertsleben, E. von, 141, 394, 462, 489
Flemming, C. F., 236, 237, 238, 346, 410, 461
Focal symptoms due to brain lesions, 282, 283
Foreign born in hospitals, 160
Fracastoro, 293
Franz, S. I., 372
Friedreich, J. B., 394, 395
Freud, S., 130, 145, 225, 226, 448, 472, 473, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,
499, 500, 501
Furbush, Edith M., 27, 29, 248
Galen, 235, 253, 409
Garofalo, 178
Garretson, W. V. P., 206
Gases, 374
General diseases:
case rate, 18
cause of death, 17
General paralysis, 293
delimitation, 307
etiology, 294
history, 293
juvenile form, 304
pathology, 303
physical signs, 301
statistics, 306, 307
types, 298
Georgia State Sanitarium, 51
Gesell, Arnold, 131
Goddard, H. H., 525
Goldberger, J., 381, 382
Gonadal stigmata, 205
Grasset, Joseph, 509
Gregor, A., 386
Griesinger, W., 105, 142, 239, 260, 383, 411, 462
Hamilton, A. S., 324
Handcock, Thos., 39
Harlow, John M., 254
Harrisburg State Hospital, 48
Hartford Retreat, 40
Hartung, M. U., 200
Haslam, J., 293, 344
Hecker, E., 222, 241, 440, 441
Heinroth, J., 104, 239, 394, 395, 462
Hemorrhage, cerebral, 332
Henderson, D. K., 336
Heredity, Mendelian, 145
Heredity in mental diseases, 145, 150
Heubner, 310
Hippocrates, 138, 253, 344, 392, 409, 461, 475
History-taking, 85
Hitzig, 105
Hoch, Aug., 115, 198, 234, 248, 372, 422, 445, 446, 448
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 230
Hospitals:
Albany, 107
Bellevue, 106
Bloomingdale, 38
Boston Psychopathic, 108
Boston State, 43
Brattleboro Retreat, 43
Columbia State, 41
Columbus State, 43
Concord State, 43
Eastern State, Ky., 40
Eastern State, Va., 36
Georgia State Sanitarium, 51
Harrisburg State, 48
Hartford Retreat, 40
Maryland, 37
McLean, 39
New York, 38
Pennsylvania, 35
Philadelphia, 34
Sheppard and Enoch Pratt, 48
Spring Grove State, 38
St. Elizabeths, 48
Trenton State, 47
Utica State, 46
Worcester State, 42
Hospital social service, 113
Hospital treatment, 84
Hübner, 435
Hunt, J. Ramsey, 284
Huntington, Geo., 323
Huntington's chorea, 323
classification, 325
mental symptoms, 324, 325
statistics, 326
Hurst, A. F., 200
Huss, Magnus, 345
Hydrotherapy, 97
Hysteria, 493
Idiocy, 527, 528, 529
Imbecility, 527
Immigration and mental diseases, 155
Immigration laws, 164
Incidence of mental diseases, 25
Infantilismus, 211
Infection delirium, 395
Insanity, legal definition of, 172
Institutions for mental defectives, 29
Institutions for mental diseases, 25
Involution melancholia, 427
(see Melancholia)
Ireland, M. W., 200
Janet, Pierre, 222, 493, 494, 500
Jelliffe, S. E., 235, 236, 293, 461
Jung, C. G., 145, 225, 448, 484, 497
Kahlbaum, K. 222, 412, 440, 441
Kaplan, D. M., 206
Karpas, M. J., 347
Kehrer, F., 434, 435, 436
Kempf, E. J. 245
Kirby, Geo. H., 84, 115, 248, 342, 430
Kirkbride, Thos., 71
Kline, Geo. M., 56, 67
Knapp, P. C., 329
Knauer, A., 211, 405
Koch, 504, 505
Koch, M. L., 380
Koller, 149
Köppen, M., 256, 258
Koren, John, 51
Korsakow's psychosis, 354, 357, 358
Kraepelin, E., 106, 149, 151, 211, 214, 224, 229, 242, 260, 267, 274,
286, 288, 290, 298, 300, 316, 324, 329, 334, 337, 348, 353, 365, 369,
395, 398, 415, 419, 431, 434, 440, 450, 453, 467, 470, 481, 484, 492,
511, 518, 520, 521, 528, 532
Krafft-Ebing, R. von, 240, 296, 335, 346, 364, 368, 412, 463, 464, 465,
491
Lambert, C. I., 281, 282
Laws, immigration, 164
Laws, Massachusetts, 63, 64, 65, 66
Laws, New York, 61
Laws relating to criminal responsibility, 172
Laws relating to mental diseases, 57, 61
Lead psychoses, 372
Legal definition of insanity, 172
Legislation and administration, 50
Lesions of the adrenals, 214
Lhermitte, J., 284
Life insurance statistics, 21
Linnaeus, 235
Local boards of control, 52
Locomotor ataxia, 337
Lombroso, C., 177, 379, 508
Louis, Pierre, 230
Lust, F., 199
MacCurdy, J. T., 199
Magnan, V., 466, 506
Manic-depressive psychoses, 409
delimitation, 421
depressed type, 417
history, 409
manic type, 416
mixed type, 417
psychological mechanisms, 419
statistics, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426
Mannheim, Paul, 363
Maryland Hospital, 37
Massachusetts legislation, 64, 65, 66
Massachusetts temporary care laws, 63
Maudsley, H., 239, 476
McCarthy, D. J., 323, 335, 338
McLean Hospital, 39
McNaughton case, 171
Melancholia, involution, 427
delimitation, 438
history, 427
statistics, 439
Mendel, E., 463
Mendel, G., 145
Mendelian heredity, 145
Meningitis, tubercular, 336
Mental cases in jails, 63
Mental deficiency, 524
criminals, 179
etiology, 525
history, 524
institutions for, 29
pfropfhebephrenia, 535
statistics, 536
types, 526, 527
Mental diseases:
appropriations for, 26
classification, 234
criminal responsibility, 169, 172
death rate, 19
economic loss, 28
expenditures for, 26
heredity in, 145, 150
history-taking, 85
hospital treatment, 84
incidence of, 25
institutional care of, 25
laws relating to, 57, 61
mental examination, 93
military problems, 188
physical examination, 88
social and economic importance, 15
state care of, 79
Mental hygiene movement, the, 121
Canadian committee, 128
French society, 129
history, 122, 123, 124, 125
National Committee, 124
objects and purposes, 127
state societies, 126
Mercury psychoses, 374
Methods of commitment, 67
Methods of control, 67
Metropolitan Life Insurance statistics, 21
Meyer, Adolf, 84, 106, 115, 116, 122, 130, 251, 346, 427, 452, 463, 471,
504, 505
Meyer, E., 198
Meynert, Th., 401
Miliary plaques, 273
Military problems, 188
Misaurus, 393
Mitchell, S. Weir, 80
Möbius, 493
Modern hospital, evolution of the, 34
Modern progress of psychiatry, 217
Mongeri, L., 384
Morel, Jules, 177, 504
Morgagni, G. B., 142, 410
Morons, 526
Morphine psychoses, 364, 365
Mortality statistics, 16
Mortality statistics, wage earners, 22
Mott, Frederick W., 195, 196, 215, 302
Multiple sclerosis, 336
Murray, J. H., 489
National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 54, 124
Neubürger, 210
Neurasthenia, 498
Neuritis, central, 437
Neuroses, 489
New York Hospital, 38
New York laws, 61
Niles, G. M., 378
Nissl, F., 225, 269, 302, 303, 325, 354, 356, 370, 392, 398, 486
Nolan, Wm. J., 180, 459
Nonne, Max, 190
Norbury, Frank P., 67
Nordau, Max, 178, 508
Nothnagel's syndrome, 283
Nurses, training schools for, 74
Observation wards, 106
Occupational therapy, 100
Occupations, 32
O'Malley, Mary, 372, 374, 375
Opium, use of, 376
Oppenheim, H., 190, 208, 308
Orton, Samuel T., 248
Osler, Wm., 280
Out-patient clinics, 77, 78
Paralysis agitans, 334
Paranoia and paranoid conditions, 461
delimitation, 473
history, 461
statistics, 474
Parant, 335
Paraphrenia, 468, 469
Parathyroid stigmata, 204
Pathologists, 75
Paton, S., 228 364, 422
Pavilion F., Albany Hospital, 107
Pellagra, 378
classification, 390
etiology, 378, 380
history, 378
psychoses, 387, 388, 389
statistics, 390
symptoms, 383
Pennsylvania Hospital, 35
Pfropfhebephrenia, 535
Philadelphia Hospital, 34
Phipps Clinic, 115
Physical examination, 88
Pilgrim, Chas. W., 67
Pineal stigmata, 205
Pinel, 142, 219, 220, 223, 236
Pituitary stigmata, 204
Plater, Felix, 235
Plato, 138
Plocquet, 236
Pollock, Horatio M., 27, 29, 248, 360, 361, 456, 458, 459
Portal, 222
Post-infectious psychoses, 402, 403
Post-rheumatic psychoses, 404
Pritchard, J. C., 236, 239, 410, 462, 506
Procopiu, G., 385
Psychasthenia, 500
Psychiatric Institute, N. Y., 106
Psychiatry, modern progress of, 217
Psychiatry of the war, 185
Psychoneuroses and neuroses, 489
classification, 501
history, 489
hysteria, 493
neurasthenia, 498
psychasthenia, 500
statistics, 503
Psychopathic Hospital, Boston, 108
Psychopathic Hospital, development of the, 104
Psychopathic Hospital, University of Michigan, 107
Psychopathic hospitals, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115
Psychopathic personality, 504
classification, 521, 522
statistics, 522
the antisocial, 519
the eccentric, 516
the excitable, 511
the impulsive, 515
the quarrelsome, 521
the unstable, 513
Psychoses:
alcoholic, 344
arteriosclerotic, 280
dementia praecox, 440
due to drugs and other exogenous poisons, 363
epileptic, 475
general paralysis, 293
involution melancholia, 427
manic-depressive, 409
of criminals, 181
of different races, 163
of recruits, 188
of the civil war, 186
of the Russo-Japanese war, 187
paranoia and paranoid conditions, 461
psychoneuroses and neuroses, 489
senile, 266
traumatic, 253
with brain tumor, 326
with cerebral syphilis, 308
with Huntington's chorea, 323
with mental deficiency, 524
with other brain and nervous diseases, 332
with other somatic diseases, 392
with pellagra, 378
with psychopathic personality, 504
Quincke, 295
Races of patients, 162
Races, psychoses of, 163
Raeder, O. J., 209, 319
Ray, Isaac, 169, 170
Rayner, H., 373
Régis, E., 240, 266, 296, 384, 506, 507
Rehm, 435
Richards, R. L., 187
Roberts, S. R., 382
Roman classification, 235
Rosanoff, A. J., 147, 148
Rush, Benjamin, 141, 218, 219, 220
Russell, Wm. L., 127
Sachs, 337
Salmon, Thos. W., 54, 124, 156, 157, 160, 165, 192, 193, 194, 195, 201
Salvarsan therapy, 319
Sandy, Wm. A., 388, 389
Sankey, W. H., 414
Sauvages, 235
Savage, G. H., 240, 241
Schaudinn, 218
Schizophrenia, 444, 445, 446, 447
Schläger, 260
Scholz, 105
Schüle, H., 415, 442, 480
Schuster, 329
Seelert, 436
Senile drusen, 273
Senile psychoses, 266
Alzheimer's disease, 274
delimitation, 276
delirious and confused states, 272
depressed and agitated types, 272
errors in diagnosis, 279
Senile psychoses, paranoid forms, 272
pathology, 273, 274
presbyophrenia, 272
presenile conditions, 267, 268, 269
senile deterioration, 271
statistics, 275, 277, 278
Shadwell, A., 360
Shell shock, 189
Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital, 48
Sibbald, J., 105
Silver psychoses, 374
Simon, T. W., 229
Singer, H. Douglas, 387
Sinkler, Wharton, 338
Smith, Frank R., 105
Social and economic importance of mental diseases, 15
Social service, hospital, 113
Somatic diseases with psychoses, 392
acute delirium, 400
amentia, 401
classification, 405
collapse delirium, 400
febrile delirium, 396
history, 392
infection delirium, 395
infectious exhaustions, 403
initial delirium, 398
post-infectious psychoses, 402, 403
post-rheumatic psychoses, 404
statistics, 407
types, 395
Southard, E. E., 115, 117, 134, 245, 246, 279
Specht, 435
Spratling, Wm. P., 477
Spring Grove State Hospital, 38
St. Elizabeths Hospital, 48
State care of mental diseases, 79
State hospitals:
construction, 70
death rate, 28
location, 69
management of, 73
number of, 49
organization and functions, 68
reception buildings, 72
statistics, 27, 76
Statistics:
case rate, general diseases, 17
communicable diseases, 23
death rate and psychoses, 19
death rate, mental diseases, 19
epileptics, 29
errors in diagnosis, 20
hospitals for mental diseases, 25
incidence of mental diseases, 25
mental defectives, 29
mortality, 16
psychopathic hospitals, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115
psychoses:
alcoholic, 360
dementia praecox, 455
epileptic, 488
general paralysis, 306
manic-depressive, 422
melancholia, involution, 439
paranoia or paranoid conditions, 474
psychoneuroses and neuroses, 503
senile, 275
traumatic, 264
with brain or nervous diseases, 343
with brain tumor, 331
with cerebral arteriosclerosis, 292
with cerebral syphilis, 321
with drugs or other exogenous poisons, 375
with Huntington's chorea, 326
with mental deficiency, 536
with pellagra, 390
with psychopathic personality, 522
with somatic diseases, 407
wage earners, 22
Stigmata:
adrenal, 204
gonadal, 205
parathyroid, 204
pineal, 205
pituitary, 204
thymus, 205
thyroid, 203
Stöcker, Wm., 347
Stransky, 435, 443
Straus, S. G., 210
Striatum syndrome, 284, 285
Sutton, Thos., 352
Sydenham, 409
Symptoms due to brain lesions, 282, 283
Syphilis, cerebral, 308
Tabes, 337
Tanzi, 385
Temporary care laws, 63
Thalmic syndrome, 284
Thomas, Henry M., 332, 333
Thymus stigmata, 205
Thymus subinvolution, 215
Thyroid stigmata, 203
Thrombosis, cerebral, 332
Timme, Walter, 215, 216
Training schools for nurses, 74
Traumatic psychoses, 253
compression, 253, 260
concussion, 253, 260
delimitation, 263
Friedmann's complex, 255
mental enfeeblement, 262
Meyer's classification, 257
statistics, 264, 265
traumatic constitution, 254
traumatic neuroses, 256
Tredgold, A. F., 525
Trenton State Hospital, 47
Treponema pallidum, 295
Tubercular meningitis, 336
Tuke, D. Hack, 138, 171, 234, 235, 344, 409, 411, 475
Turner, 437
Turro, R., 211
Ullman, A. E., 229
Utica State Hospital, 46
Verrücktheit, 467
Voegtlin, Karl, 380
Vogel, 235
Vogt, Cecile and Oskar, 284
Voluntary patients, 62
Wage earners, mortality statistics, 20
Wahnsinn, 467
War psychoses, 185
Warthin, Alfred S., 320
Wassermann reaction, 295
Waters, C. O., 323
Weber-Gubler syndrome, 283
Weber, Hermann, 400
Wernicke, C., 224, 356, 444
Westphal, A., 316
Weygandt, Wm., 187
White, Wm. A., 130, 148, 227, 297, 339, 364, 420, 431, 448
Widal, 295
Williams, Frankwood E., 67, 248
Willis, Thos., 140, 410
Wilson, J. C., 371
Wilson, S. A. K., 284
Wilson's syndrome, 284
Wolfsohn, Julian M., 191
Worcester, Dean A., 189
Worcester State Hospital, 42
Wright, R. B., 97
Ziehen, Th., 240, 266, 415, 506
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Cabot, Richard C.: Diagnostic Pitfalls Identified During a Study of
3000 Autopsies. Journal of the American Medical Association. December
28, 1912.
[2] Dublin, Louis I.: Mortality Statistics of Insured Wage Earners and
Their Families. 1919.
[3] Statistical Directory of State Institutions, Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1919.
[4] Pollock, Horatio M., and Furbush, Edith M.: Patients with Mental
Disease, Mental Defects, etc., in Institutions of the United States.
Mental Hygiene, January, 1921.
[5] Ibid.
[6] Pollock, Horatio M., and Furbush, Edith M.: Patients with Mental
Disease, Mental Defects, etc., in Institutions of the United States.
Mental Hygiene, January, 1921.
[7] Ball, Jau Don: The Correlation of Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology
and General Medicine as Scientific Aids to Industrial Efficiency. The
American Journal of Insanity, April, 1919.
[8] Nineteenth Annual Report of the State Commission in Lunacy, N. Y.,
1908.
[9] Curtin, Roland G.: The Philadelphia General Hospital. Philadelphia
General Hospital Reports Vol. VIII, 1910.
[10] The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and
Canada, Vol. III, 1916.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Ibid.
[13] Friends' Asylum for the Insane, Frankford, Pa. Annual Report, 1853.
[14] The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and
Canada, Vol. II, 1916.
[15] Ibid.
[16] The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and
Canada, Vol. II, 1916.
[17] Reports and other documents relating to the State Hospital at
Worcester, Mass. Published by order of the Senate, Boston, 1837.
[18] Reports and other documents relating to the state Hospital at
Worcester, Mass. Published by order of the Senate, Boston, 1837.
[19] The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and
Canada, Vol. III, 1916.
[20] Dickens, Charles: American Notes, 1842.
[21] The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United states and
Canada, Vol. III, 1916.
[22] The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and
Canada, Vol. III, 1916.
[23] Koren, John: Summaries of State Laws Relating to the Insane.
National Committee for Mental Hygiene, New York, 1917.
[24] Koren, John: Summaries of State Laws Relating to the Insane.
National Committee for Mental Hygiene, New York, 1917.
[25] Salmon, Thomas W.: The State Care of the Insane under State Boards
of Control. State Hospital Bulletin, February 15, 1915.
[26] Kline, George M.: Proposed Reorganization and Correlation of State
Institutions in Massachusetts. American Journal of Insanity, January,
1920.
[27] Thirteenth Annual Report, New York State Hospital Commission.
Albany, 1919.
[28] Fourth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Commission on Mental
Diseases. Boston, 1920.
[29] Mitchell, S. Weir: Address before the Fiftieth Annual Meeting of
the American Medico-Psychological Association. Transactions, 1894.
[30] Copp, Owen: Barriers to the Treatment of Mental Patients. Mental
Hygiene, April, 1918.
[31] Kirby, G. H.: Guides for History Taking and Clinical Examination
of Psychiatric Cases. 1921.
[32] Wright, R. B.: Medical Staff Manual—Hydrotherapy. Boston State
Hospital. 1920.
[33] Sibbald, John: Psychiatry in General Hospitals. Review of
Neurology and Psychiatry. January, 1903.
[34] Smith, Frank R.: Extracts from the Writings of Wilhelm Griesinger,
a Prophet of the Newer Psychiatry. American Journal of Insanity, July,
1903.
[35] Earle, Pliny: The Psychopathic Hospital of the Future. Address at
the laying of the corner stone of the General Hospital for the Insane
of the State of Connecticut, June 20, 1867. Utica, 1867.
[36] Meyer, Adolf: The Aims of a Psychiatric Clinic. Proceedings of
the Mental Hygiene Conference at the College of the City of New York,
November, 1912.
[37] Ibid.
[38] Beers, Clifford W.: A Mind That Found Itself, 1908.
[39] Notes and Comments. The American Journal of Insanity, July, 1908.
[40] Farrar, Clarence B.: The Autopathography of C. W. Beers. American
Journal of Insanity, July, 1908.
[41] Notes and Comments. The American Journal of Insanity, July, 1908.
[42] Beers, Clifford W.: A Mind That Found Itself. Revised. Fourth
edition, 1917.
[43] Beers, Clifford W.: A Mind That Found Itself. Revised. Fourth
edition, 1917.
[44] Ibid.
[45] Russell, William L.: Community Responsibilities in the Treatment
of Mental Disorders. Mental Hygiene, July, 1918.
[46] Notes and Comments. Mental Hygiene, July, 1920.
[47] Ibid., October, 1920.
[48] White, William A.: Childhood: the Golden Period for Mental
Hygiene. Mental Hygiene, April, 1920.
[49] Copp, Owen: The Duty of the State and the Physician to the Mental
Patient. The Pennsylvania Medical Journal, December, 1919.
[50] Burnham, William H.: The Scope and Aim of Mental Hygiene. Boston
Medical and Surgical Journal, December 19, 1918.
[51] Gesell, Arnold: Mental Hygiene and the Public School. Mental
Hygiene, January, 1919.
[52] Campbell, C. Macfie: The Responsibilities of the Universities in
Promoting Mental Hygiene. Mental Hygiene, April, 1919.
[53] Cobb, Stanley: Applications of Psychiatry to Industrial Hygiene.
The Journal of Industrial Hygiene, November, 1919.
[54] Ibid.
[55] Southard, Elmer E.: Notes and Comments. Mental Hygiene. January,
1921.
[56] Tuke, D. Hack: A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[57] Tuke, D. Hack: A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[58] Clouston, T. S.: Unsoundness of Mind. 1911.
[59] Morgagni, G. B.: De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomem
Indegatis. 1761.
[60] Journal of Mental Science. January, 1870.
[61] Clouston, T. S.: Unsoundness of Mind. 1911.
[62] Mendel, Gregor J.: Versuche über Pflanzen Hybriden. 1865.
[63] Davenport, Charles B.: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics. 1911.
[64] Rosanoff, A. J., and Orr, Florence: A Study of Heredity in the
Light of the Mendelian Theory. American Journal of Insanity, October,
1911.
[65] Rosanoff, A. J.: On the Inheritance of the Neuropathic
Constitution. New York State Hospitals Bulletin, August 15, 1912.
[66] White, William A.: Outlines of Psychiatry. 1919.
[67] Kraepelin, Emil: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 1. 1909.
[68] Ibid.
[69] Kraepelin, Emil: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 1. 1909.
[70] Kraepelin, Emil: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 1. 1909.
[71] Salmon, Thomas W.: Immigration and the Mixture of Races in
Relation to the Mental Health of the Nation. Modern Treatment of
Nervous and Mental Diseases. White and Jelliffe. Vol. 1, 1913.
[72] Salmon, Thomas W.: Immigration and the Mixture of Races in
Relation to the Mental Health of the Nation. Modern Treatment of
Nervous and Mental Diseases. White and Jelliffe. Vol. 1, 1913.
[73] Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the State Hospital Commission.
Albany, 1914.
[74] Salmon, Thomas W.: Immigration and the Mixture of Races in
Relation to the Mental Health of the Nation. Modern Treatment of
Nervous and Mental Diseases. White and Jelliffe. Vol. I, 1913.
[75] Thirtieth Annual Report of the State Hospital Commission. Albany,
1919.
[76] Thirty-first Annual Report of the State Hospital Commission.
Albany, 1920.
[77] Salmon, Thomas W.: Immigration and the Mixture of Races in
Relation to the Mental Health of the Nation. Modern Treatment of
Nervous and Mental Diseases. White and Jelliffe. Vol. I, 1913.
[78] Ray, Isaac: A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity.
1838.
[79] Ray, Isaac: A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity.
1838.
[80] Tuke, D. Hack: A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[81] Report of the Committee on Medical Expert Testimony. Transactions
of the American Medico-Psychological Association. 1910.
[82] Anderson, Victor V.: Mental Disease and Delinquency. Mental
Hygiene, April, 1919.
[83] May, James V.: Mental Diseases and Criminal Responsibility. New
York State Hospitals Bulletin, November, 1912.
[84] Nolan, William J.: Some Characteristics of the Criminal Insane.
The State Hospital Quarterly, May, 1920.
[85] Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Part
Third. Vol. 1, 1888.
[86] Weygandt, W.: Psychiatry in the Field. Medizinische Klinik.
Abstract of, Journal of American Medical Association, November 7, 1914.
[87] Richards, R. L.: Nervous and Mental Disorders in their Military
Relations. Modern Treatment of Nervous and Mental Disease. White and
Jelliffe, 1913.
[88] Physical Examination of the First Million Draft Recruits. Bulletin
No. 11, War Department, Burgeon General, 1919.
[89] Bailey, Pearce: Reconstruction in Nervous and Mental Diseases,
Medical Record, June 16, 1919.
[90] Farrar, Clarence B.: The Problem of Mental Diseases in the
Canadian Army. Mental Hygiene, July, 1917.
[91] Oppenheim, H.: The War and the Traumatic Neuroses. Berlin klin.
Woch., March 15, 1915. Abstract of War Work Committee of the National
Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1918.
[92] Nonne, Max: Shall War Injuries Still Be Diagnosed as Traumatic
Neuroses? Med. klin., Berlin, August 1, 1915. Abstract of the Journal
of the American Medical Association. Sept. 18, 1915.
[93] Binswanger, Otto: Hystero-somatic Symptoms in War Hysteria. Monat.
für Psych. u. Neurol., Berlin, July and August, 1915. Abstract of War
Work Committee of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1918.
[94] Wolfsohn, Julian M.: The Predisposing Factors of War
Psychoneuroses. Lancet, London, Feb. 2, 1918.
[95] Salmon, Thomas W.: The Care and Treatment of Mental Diseases and
War Neuroses (Shell Shock) in the British Army. War Work Committee of
the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1917.
[96] Mott, Frederick W.: Effects of High Explosives upon the Central
Nervous System. Lancet, London, February 26, 1916.
[97] Mott, Frederick W.: The Brain in Shell Shock. Brit. Med. Journal,
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[98] Eder, Montague D.: War Shock: the Psychoneuroses in War.
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[99] Ballet, Gilbert, and de Fursac, Rogues J.: The Concussion
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[100] Lust, F.: War Neuroses and Prisoners. München Med. Woch., Dec.
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[101] MacCurdy, John T.: War Neuroses. Psychiatric Bulletin, July, 1917.
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[103] Hurst, A. F.: Observations of the Etiology and Treatment of War
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[104] Ireland, Merritte W.: Care of the Army's Mental Defectives.
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[105] Salmon, Thomas W.: The Insane Veteran and a Nation's Honor. The
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[106] Falta, Wilhelm: The Ductless Glandular Diseases. Trans. by Milton
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[107] Blumgarten, A. S.: The Rôle of the Endocrine System in Internal
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[108] Kaplan, D. M.: Internal Secretions. New York Medical Journal,
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[109] Garretson, William V. P.: The Dominance of the Endocrines. New
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[110] Falta, Wilhelm: The Ductless Glandular Diseases. Trans. by Milton
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[111] Raeder, Oscar J.: Endocrine Imbalance in the Feebleminded.
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[112] Neubürger: Arch. für Psychiatrie. Vol. 55. Abstract of,
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[113] Walter and Krumbach: Zeitschrift f. d. g. Neurologie und
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[114] Emerson, H.: A Note on the Incidence of Status Lymphaticus in
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[115] Davis, Thomas K.: Status Lymphaticus; Its Occurrence and
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[116] Straus, S. G.: Thyroidal Constipation. New York Medical Journal,
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[117] Turro, R.: Emotions and Endocrine Functions. Abstract of Journal
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[118] Knauer, A., and Billigheimer, E.: Concerning Organic and
Functional Disturbances of the Vegetative Nervous System with Special
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[119] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Vol. 4, 1915.
[120] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Vol. 4, 1915.
[121] Mott, Frederick W.: British Medical Journal, November, 1919.
[122] Timme, Walter: Clinical Endocrinology. Neurological Bulletin,
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[123] White, William A.: Outlines of Psychiatry. Seventh edition, 1919.
[124] Paton, Stewart: Psychiatry. 1905.
[125] Diefendorf, A. Ross: Clinical Psychiatry. 1918.
[126] Simon, T. W.: The Occurrence of Convulsions in Dementia Praecox,
Manic-Depressive Insanity and the Allied Groups. The State Hospital
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[127] Ullman, A. E.: Proceedings of the Inter-hospital Meeting at the
Central Islip State Hospital. The State Hospital Bulletin, November 15,
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[128] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Vol. 3, 1913.
[129] Thirty-first Annual Report of the New York State Hospital
Commission. 1918.
[130] Bucknill, J. C., and Tuke, D. H.: A Manual of Psychological
Medicine. 1879.
[131] Bucknill, J. C., and Tuke, D. H.: A Manual of Psychological
Medicine. 1879.
[132] Ibid.
[133] Jolliffe, S. E.: A Summary of the Origins, Transformations and
Present-day Trends of the Paranoia Concept. The Medical Record, April
5, 1913.
[134] Bucknill, J. C., and Tuke, D. H.: A Manual of Psychological
Medicine. 1879.
[135] Pritchard, J. C.: A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System.
1822.
[136] Flemming, C. F.: Ueber Classification der Seelenstörungen, etc.
Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie. 1844.
[137] Pritchard, J. C.: A Treatise on Insanity. 1835.
[138] Griesinger, W.: Die Pathologie und Therapie der psychischen
Krankheiten. 1845.
[139] Krafft-Ebing, R. v.: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Third edition.
1888.
[140] Ziehen, Th.: Psychiatrie, 1894.
[141] Savage, G. H.: Insanity and Allied Neuroses. Fourth edition. 1907.
[142] Savage, G. H.: Insanity and Allied Neuroses. Fourth Edition. 1907.
[143] Kempf, E. J.: The Mechanistic Classification of Neuroses and
Psychoses Produced by Distortion of Anatomic-Affective Functions. The
Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. August, 1919.
[144] Southard, E. E.: A Key to the Practical Grouping of Mental
Diseases. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. January, 1918.
[145] Southard, E. E.: Recent American Classification of Mental
Diseases. Transactions, American Medico-Psychological Association, 1918.
[146] Southard, E. E.: A Key to the Practical Grouping of Mental
Diseases. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. January, 1918.
[147] DaCosta, J. C.: Modern Surgery. Seventh edition. 1918.
[148] Ibid.
[149] Harlow, John M.: Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through
the Head. Boston, 1868.
[150] Witmer, Lightner: Brain: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex.
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[151] Meyer, Adolf: The Anatomical Facts and Clinical Varieties of
Traumatic Insanity. Transactions of the American Medico-Psychological
Association, 1903.
[152] Meyer, Adolf: The Anatomical Facts and Clinical Varieties of
Traumatic Insanity. Transactions of the American Medico-Psychological
Association, 1903.
[153] Meyer, Adolf: The Anatomical Facts and Clinical Varieties of
Traumatic Insanity. Transactions of the American Medico-Psychological
Association, 1903.
[154] Griesinger, W.: Mental Pathology and Therapeutics. Translated by
C. L. Robertson and James Rutherford. 1867.
[155] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2. 1910.
[156] Clouston, T. S.: Unsoundness of Mind. 1911.
[157] Ziehen, Th.: Psychiatrie. 1894.
[158] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[159] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[160] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[161] Bleuler, E.: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 1918.
[162] Southard, E. E.: Anatomical Findings in Senile Dementia, etc.
Transactions of the American Medico-Psychological Association, 1909.
[163] Lambert, Charles I.: A Clinical-Anatomical Classification of the
Senile and Arteriosclerotic Disorders. Transactions of the American
Medico-Psychological Association. 1910.
[164] Ibid.
[165] Barker, Lewellys F.: Monographic Medicine. Vol. 4, 1916.
[166] Lhermitte, J.: The Anatomical and Clinical Syndromes of the
Corpus Striatum. Translated by J. H. Huddleson and W. M. Kraus. The
Neurological Bulletin. May, 1921.
[167] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[168] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[169] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[170] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[171] Krafft-Ebing, R. v.: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. 1888.
[172] Régis, E.: A Practical Manual of Mental Medicine. Translated by
H. M. Bannister. 1894.
[173] White, William A.: Outlines of Psychiatry. 1919.
[174] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[175] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[176] May, James V.: A Résumé of the Work of the Pathological
Laboratory of the Binghamton State Hospital. July 1, 1911.
[177] Ibid.
[178] May, James V.: A Review of the Recent Studies of General Paresis.
American Journal of Insanity. April, 1910.
[179] Mott, F. W.: Oliver-Sharpey Lectures on the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid.
Lancet, July 2 and 10, 1910.
[180] Alzheimer, Alois: Histologische Studien zur Differentialdiagnose
des Progres s. Paralyse. Hist. und Histopath. Arbeiten. 1904.
[181] Movimiento de la Casa de Orates de Santiago, 1920.
[182] Oppenheim H.: Diseases of the Nervous System. Translated by
Edward E. Mayer, 1900.
[183] Barker, Lewellys F.: Monographic Medicine. Vol, 4, 1916.
[184] Dunlap, Charles B.: Anatomical Borderline between the So-called
Syphilitic and Metasyphilitic Disorders in the Brain and Spinal Cord.
American Journal of Insanity, April, 1913.
[185] Barker, Lewellys F.: Monographic Medicine. Vol. 4, 1916.
[186] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[187] Raeder, Oscar J.: Interim Report of the Neurosyphilis
Investigation of the Massachusetts Commission on Mental Diseases.
Transactions of the American Medico-Psychological Association, 1919.
[188] Warthin, Alfred S.: The Persistence of Active Lesions in the
Tissue of Clinically Inactive or "Cured" Syphilis. American Journal of
Medical Sciences. October, 1916.
[189] McCarthy, Daniel J.: Paralysis Agitans, Chorea, etc. Modern
Medicine, Osler and McCrae. 1915.
[190] Hamilton, Arthur S.: A Report of Twenty-seven Cases of Chronic
Progressive Chorea. American Journal of Insanity. January, 1908.
[191] Diefendorf, A. Ross: Neurographs. May, 1908.
[192] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[193] Cushing, Harvey. Tumors of the Brain and Meninges. Modern
Medicine, Osier and McCrae. 1915.
[194] Redlich, E. The Pathogenesis of Psychic Disturbances in Brain
Tumors. Reviewed by Morris J. Karpas. State Hospitals Bulletin, June,
1911.
[195] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[196] Thomas, Henry M.: Diseases of the Cerebral Bloodvessels. Modern
Medicine, Osler and McCrae. 1915.
[197] Thomas, Henry M.: Diseases of the Cerebral Bloodvessels. Modern
Medicine. Osler and McCrae. 1915.
[198] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[199] Camp, Carl D.: Paralysis Agitans and Multiple Sclerosis and Their
Treatment. Modern Treatment of Nervous and Mental Diseases. White and
Jelliffe. 1913.
[200] McCarthy, Daniel J.: Paralysis Agitans, Chorea, etc. Modern
Medicine. Osler and McCrae. 1915.
[201] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[202] Henderson, D. K.: Disseminated Sclerosis with Psychosis. State
Hospitals Bulletin. March, 1910.
[203] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[204] Sachs, Bernard: Syphilitic Diseases of the Central Nervous
System. Modern Medicine, Osler and McCrae. 1915.
[205] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[206] McCarthy, Daniel J.: Paralysis Agitans, Chorea, etc. Modern
Medicine, Osler and McCrae. 1915.
[207] White, William A.: Outlines of Psychiatry. 1919.
[208] Economo, C. von: Wien Klin. Wochenschrift. July 26, 1917.
[209] Buzzard, E., Farquhar, and Greenfield, J. G.: Lethargic
Encephalitis Brain, 1919.
[210] Boveri, Piero: The Cerebrospinal Fluid in Epidemic Encephalitis.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. October, 1920.
[211] Abrahamson, Isador: Mental Disturbances in Lethargic
Encephalitis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. September, 1920.
[212] Kirby, George H., and Davis, Thomas K.: Psychotic Aspects of
Epidemic Encephalitis. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. May, 1921.
[213] Tuke, D. Hack: A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[214] Tuke, D. Hack: Alcohol, Use of, as a Beverage in Asylums. A
Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[215] Flemming, C. F.: Ueber Classification die Seelenstörungen.
Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie. 1844.
[216] Clousten, T. S.: Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases. 1898.
[217] Krafft-Ebing, R. von: Text book of Insanity. Translated by C. G.
Chaddock. 1905.
[218] Meyer, Adolf: Modern Psychiatry: Its Possibilities and
Responsibilities. New York State Hospitals Bulletin. September, 1909.
[219] Stöcker, Wilhelm: Klinischer Beitrag zur Frage der
Alkoholpsychosen. Jena, 1910. Abstract of Morris J. Karpas in State
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[220] Ibid.
[221] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[222] Shadwell, A.: Article on Temperance. The Encyclopedia Britannica,
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[223] Pollock, H. M.: A Statistical Study of 1739 Patients with
Alcoholic Psychoses. State Hospital Bulletin. August, 1914.
[224] Krafft-Ebing, R. von: Text-book of Insanity. Translated by C. G.
Chaddock. 1905.
[225] Paton, Stewart: Psychiatry. 1905.
[226] Barker, Lewellys F.: Monographic Medicine, Vol. 4, 1916.
[227] White, William A.: Outlines of Psychiatry. 1919.
[228] Erlenmeyer, A.: Die Morphiumsucht und ihre Behandlung. 1887.
[229] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[230] Mannheim, Paul: Ueber das Cocain und seine Gefahren, etc.
Zeitschrift für klinische Medicin. 1891.
[231] Erlenmeyer, A.: Cocainsucht. 1886. Abstract in Zentralblatt für
Nervenheilkunde, Psychiatrie, etc., by Goldstein. November, 1887.
[232] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[233] Wilson, James C.: The Opium Habit and Kindred Affections. System
of Medicine. Pepper. 1886.
[234] Casamajor, Louis: Bromide Intolerance and Bromide Poisoning.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. June, 1911.
[235] Hoch, August: A Study of Some Cases of Delirium Produced by
Drugs. Review of Neurology and Psychiatry. February, 1906.
[236] O'Malley, Mary, and Franz, Shepherd Ivory: A Case of Delirium
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[237] Edsall, David L.: Chronic Lead, Arsenic and Other Forms of
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[238] Rayner, H.: Journal of Mental Science. 1880.
[239] Edsall, David L.: Chronic Lead, Arsenic and Other Forms of
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[240] O'Malley, Mary: A Psychosis Following Carbon-Monoxide Poisoning
with Complete Recovery. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. June,
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[241] Drug Addiction in the United States. Journal of Nervous and
Mental Diseases. August, 1920.
[242] Niles, George M.: Pellagra. 1912.
[243] Babcock, J. W.: The Prevalence and Psychology of Pellagra.
Transactions of the American Medico-Psychological Association, 1910.
[244] Studies in Pellagra. U. S. Treasury Department. Hygienic
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[245] Voegtlin, Carl: The Treatment of Pellagra. Journal of the
American Medical Association. September 26, 1914.
[246] Koch, M. L., and Voegtlin, Carl: Chemical Changes in the Central
Nervous System in Pellagra. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin No. 103,
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[247] Goldberger, J.: Pellagra: Causation and a Method of Prevention:
A Summary of Some of the Recent Studies of the Public Health Service.
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[248] Goldberger, J., Wheeler, G. A., and Sydenstricker, Edgar: A Study
of the Diet of Nonpellagrous and of Pellagrous Households. Journal of
the American Medical Association. September 21, 1918.
[249] Roberts, Stewart R.: Types and Treatment of Pellagra. Journal of
the American Medical Association, July 3, 1920.
[250] Barker, Lewellys F.: Monographic Medicine, Vol. 4, 1916.
[251] Babcock, J. W.: The Prevalence and Psychology of Pellagra.
Transactions of the American Medico-Psychological Association, 1910.
[252] Griesinger, W.: Pathology and Therapeutics of Mental Diseases.
1887.
[253] Mongeri, L.: Malattie Mentali. Milan, 228. Quoted by Babcock.
[254] Bianchi, Leonardo: A Textbook of Psychiatry. Translated by James
H. Macdonald. 1906. Quoted by Babcock.
[255] Régis, E.: Precis de Psychiatrie. 1909. Quoted by Babcock.
[256] Procopiu, G.: La Pellagre. Paris. 1903. Quoted by Babcock.
[257] Tanzi, Eugenio: Textbook of Mental Diseases. Translated by
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[258] Gregor, A.: Jahrb. Psychiat. Neurol. Leipsig, 1907
[259] Singer, H. Douglas: Mental and Nervous Disorders Associated with
Pellagra. Archives of Internal Medicine. January, 1915.
[260] Sandy, William A.: Psychiatric Aspects of Pellagra. Transactions
of the American Medico-Psychological Association. 1916.
[261] Bucknill, J. C., and Tuke, D. Hack: A Manual of Psychological
Medicine. 1879.
[262] Bucknill, J. C., and Tuke, D. Hack: A Manual of Psychological
Medicine. 1879.
[263] Feuchtersleben, E. von: Lehrbuch der Aerzlichen Seelenkunde.
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[264] Friedreich, J. B.: Historisch kritische Darstellung der Theorieen
über den Wahnsinn. 1839. Quoted by von Feuchtersleben.
[265] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[266] Knauer, A.: The Psychoses Occurring as a Result of Acute
Articular Rheumatism. Zeitschrift f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiatrie.
Vol. 21, 1916.
[267] Tuke, D. Hack: A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[268] Ibid.
[269] Ibid.
[270] Pritchard, James C.: A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders
Affecting the Mind. 1835.
[271] Flemming, C. F.: Ueber Classification der Seelenstörungen.
Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie. 1844.
[272] Griesinger, Wilhelm: Die Pathologie und Therapie der psychischen
Krankheiten. 1845.
[273] Tuke, D. Hack: A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[274] Sankey, W. H. O.: Lectures on Mental Disease. 1884.
[275] Schüle, Heinrich: Klinishe Psychiatrie. Third edition. 1886.
[276] Ziehen, Th.: Psychiatrie. 1894.
[277] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Sixth edition. 1899.
[278] White, William A.: Outlines of Psychiatry. 1919.
[279] Diefendorf, A. Ross: Clinical Psychiatry. 1918.
[280] Buckley, Albert C.: The Basis of Psychiatry. 1920.
[281] Paton, Stewart: Psychiatry. 1905.
[282] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 3, 1913.
[283] Diefendorf, A. Ross: Clinical Psychiatry. 1918.
[284] Dreyfus, G. L.: Die Melancholia ein Zustanbild des
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[285] Dreyfus, G. L.: Die Melancholia ein Zustandbild des
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[286] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[287] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 2, 1910.
[288] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 3, 1913.
[289] Kehrer, F.: Die Psychosen des Um- und Rückbildungsalters.
Zentralblatt für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, April 1, 1921.
[290] Kehrer, F.: Die Psychosen des Um- und Rückbildungsalters.
Zentralblatt für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, April 1, 1921.
[291] Kehrer, F.: Die Psychosen des Um- und Rückbildungsalters.
Zentralblatt für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, April 1, 1921.
[292] Meyer, Adolf: Insanity: General Pathology. Reference Handbook of
the Medical Sciences. 1909.
[293] Meyer, Adolf: Insanity: General Pathology. Reference Handbook of
the Medical Sciences. 1909.
[294] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition, Vol. 3, 1913.
[295] Bleuler, E.: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Second edition, 1918.
[296] Ibid.
[297] Hoch, August: Review of Bleuler's "Schizophrenia." New York State
Hospitals Bulletin, August 15, 1912.
[298] Bleuler, E.: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Second edition, 1918.
[299] Hoch, August: Review of Bleuler's "Schizophrenia." New York State
Hospitals Bulletin, August 15, 1912.
[300] Bleuler, E.: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Second edition, 1918.
[301] Meyer, Adolf: Fundamental Conceptions of Dementia Praecox.
British Medical Journal, September, 1906.
[302] Hoch, August: Constitutional Factors in the Dementia Praecox
Group. Review of Neurology and Psychiatry, August, 1910.
[303] Jung, C. G.: The Psychology of Dementia Praecox. 1909.
[304] White, William A.: Outlines of Psychiatry. 1919.
[305] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition, Vol. 3, 1913.
[306] Ibid.
[307] Meyer, Adolf: The Nature and Conception of Dementia Praecox. The
Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Dec., 1910, Jan., 1911.
[308] Buckley, Alfred C.: The Basis of Psychiatry. 1920.
[309] Diefendorf, A. Ross: Clinical Psychiatry. 1918.
[310] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth Edition, Vol. 3, 1913.
[311] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition, Vol. 3, 1913.
[312] Pollock, Horatio M., and Nolan, William J.: Sex, Age, and
Nativity of Dementia Praecox First Admissions to the New York State
Hospitals, 1912-1918. The State Hospital Quarterly, August, 1919.
[313] Pollock, Horatio M.: Dementia Praecox as a Social Problem. The
State Hospital Quarterly, August, 1918.
[314] Jelliffe, S. E.: A Summary of Origins, Transformation and
Present-Day Trend of the Paranoia Concept. New York Medical Record,
April 5, 1913.
[315] Flemming, C. F.: Ueber Classification die Seelenstörungen.
Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie. 1844.
[316] Quoted by Cramer. Abgreugung und Differenzial-Diagnose der
Paranoia. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie. 1894.
[317] Krafft-Ebing, R. von: A Text-book of Insanity. Translated by C.
G. Chaddock. 1905.
[318] Krafft-Ebing, R. von: A Text-book of Insanity. Translated by C.
G. Chaddock. 1905.
[319] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Sixth edition. 1899. Book Review,
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[320] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 3, 1913.
[321] Kraepelin, E.: Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Zeitschrift
für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. December, 1920.
[322] Bleuler, E.: Affectivität, Suggestibilität, Paranoia. Translated
by Charles S. Ricksher. New York State Hospitals Bulletin. February,
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[323] Meyer, Adolf: Paranoia and Paranoid States. The Modern Treatment
of Nervous and Mental Diseases. White and Jelliffe. 1913.
[324] Meyer, Adolf: Paranoia and Paranoid States. The Modern Treatment
of Nervous and Mental Diseases. White and Jelliffe. 1913.
[325] Tuke, D. Hack: A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892.
[326] Spratling, William P.: Epilepsy and its Treatment. 1904.
[327] Clark, L. Pierce: Clinical Studies in Epilepsy. Psychiatric
Bulletin. January, 1916.
[328] Clark, L. Pierce; Clinical Studies in Epilepsy. Psychiatric
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[329] Clark, L. Pierce: Clinical Studies in Epilepsy (Concluded).
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[330] Clark, L. Pierce: A Further Study of Mental Content in Epilepsy.
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[331] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition, Vol. 3, 1913.
[332] Murray, James A. H.: A New English Dictionary. 1888.
[333] Brachet, J. L.: Traité de l'hysteria. 1847.
[334] Krafft-Ebing, R. von: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Translated by C.
G. Chaddock. 1905.
[335] Janet, Pierre: État mental des hystériques. Translated by C. R.
Corson. 1901.
[336] Freud, Sigmund: Sammlungen kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre.
1906 and 1909. Translated by A. A. Brill. 1909.
[337] Morel, Jules: The Treatment of Degenerative Psychoses.
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[338] Meyer, Adolf: Constitutional Abnormality. C. P. Obendorf.
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[339] Ziehen, Th.: Psychiatrie. 1911. Quoted by Hickson. Report of the
Psychopathic Laboratory, etc., Chicago, 1917.
[340] Diefendorf, A. Ross: Degenerative Insanity. Reference Handbook of
the Medical Sciences. 1909.
[341] Régis, E.: A Practical Manual of Mental Medicine. Translation of
H. M. Bannister, 1894.
[342] Grasset, Joseph: The Semi-Insane and the Semi-Responsible.
Translated by Smith Ely Jelliffe. 1907.
[343] Kraepelin, E.: Clinical Psychiatry. Translated by Thomas
Johnstone. 1906.
[344] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 4, 1915.
[345] Bucknill, J. C., and Tuke, D. Hack: Psychological Medicine.
Fourth edition. 1879.
[346] Tredgold, A. F.: Mental Deficiency, 1915.
[347] Goddard, H. H.: Feeblemindedness. 1914.
[348] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 4, 1915.
[349] Kraepelin, E.: Psychiatrie. Eighth edition. Vol. 3, 1913.