PREPARATIONS OF SIR HENRY CLINTON—STATE OF THE HIGHLAND
DEFENCES—PUTNAM ALARMED—ADVANCE OF THE ARMAMENT UP THE HUDSON—PLAN
OF SIR HENRY CLINTON—PEEKSKILL THREATENED—PUTNAM DECEIVED—SECRET
MARCH OF THE ENEMY THROUGH THE MOUNTAINS—FORTS MONTGOMERY AND
CLINTON OVERPOWERED—NARROW ESCAPE OF THE COMMANDERS—CONFLAGRATION
AND EXPLOSION OF THE AMERICAN FRIGATES—RALLYING EFFORTS OF PUTNAM
AND GOVERNOR CLINTON—THE SPY AND THE SILVER BULLET—ESOPUS
BURNT—RAVAGING PROGRESS OF THE ENEMY UP THE HUDSON.
The expedition of Sir Henry Clinton had awaited the arrival of
reinforcements from Europe, which were slowly crossing the ocean in
Dutch bottoms. At length they arrived, after a three months’ voyage, and
now there was a stir of warlike preparation at New York; the streets
were full of soldiery, the bay full of ships; and water craft of all
kinds were plying about the harbor. Between three and four thousand men
were to be embarked on board of ships of war, armed galleys and
flat-bottomed boats. A southern destination was given out, but shrewd
observers surmised the real one.
The defences of the Highlands, on which the security of the Hudson
depended, were at this time weakly garrisoned; some of the troops having
been sent off to reinforce the armies on the Delaware and in the North.
Putnam, who had the general command of the Highlands, had but eleven
hundred continental and four hundred militia troops with him at
Peekskill, his head-quarters. There was a feeble garrison at Fort
Independence, in the vicinity of Peekskill, to guard the public stores
and workshops at Continental Village.
The Highland forts, Clinton, Montgomery, and Constitution, situated
among the mountains and forming their main defence, were no better
garrisoned, and George Clinton, who had the command of them, and who was
in a manner the champion of the Highlands, was absent from his post,
attending the State Legislature at Kingston (Esopus), in Ulster County,
in his capacity of governor.
There were patriot eyes in New York to watch the course of events, and
patriot boats on the river to act as swift messengers. On the 29th of
September Putnam writes to his coadjutor the governor: “I have received
intelligence on which I can fully depend, that the enemy had received a
reinforcement at New York last Thursday, of about three thousand British
and foreign troops; that General Clinton has called in guides who belong
about Croton River; has ordered hard bread to be baked; that the troops
are called from Paulus Hook to King’s Bridge, and the whole troops are
now under marching orders. I think it highly probable the designs of the
enemy are against the posts of the Highlands, or of some part of the
counties of Westchester or Dutchess.” Under these circumstances he
begged a reinforcement of the militia to enable him to maintain his
post, and intimated a wish for the personal assistance and counsel of
the governor. In a postscript, he adds: “The ships are drawn up in the
river, and I believe nothing prevents them from paying us an immediate
visit, but a contrary wind.”
On receiving this letter the governor forthwith hastened to his post in
the Highlands, with such militia force as he could collect. We have
heretofore spoken of his Highland citadel Fort Montgomery, and of the
obstructions of chain, boom, and chevaux-de-frise between it and the
opposite promontory of Anthony’s Nose, with which it had been hoped to
barricade the Hudson. The chain had repeatedly given way under the
pressure of the tide, but the obstructions were still considered
efficient, and were protected by the guns of the fort, and of two
frigates and two armed galleys anchored above.
Fort Clinton had subsequently been erected within rifle shot of Fort
Montgomery, to occupy ground which commanded it. A deep ravine and
stream called Peploep’s Kill, intervened between the two forts, across
which there was a bridge. The governor had his head-quarters in Fort
Montgomery, which was the northern and largest fort, but its works were
unfinished. His brother James had charge of Fort Clinton, which was
complete. The whole force to garrison the associate forts did not exceed
six hundred men, chiefly militia, but they had the veteran Colonel Lamb
of the artillery with them, who had served in Canada, and a company of
his artillerists was distributed in the two forts.
The armament of Sir Henry Clinton, which had been waiting for a wind,
set sail in the course of a day or two and stood up the Hudson, dogged
by American swift-rowing whale-boats. Late at night of the 4th of
October came a barge across the river from Peekskill to Fort Montgomery,
bearing a letter from Putnam to the governor. “This morning,” writes he,
“we had information from our guard boats, that there were two ships of
war, three tenders, and a large number of flat-bottomed boats, coming up
the river. They proceeded up as far as Tarrytown, where they landed
their men. This evening they were followed by one large man-of-war, five
topsail vessels, and a large number of small craft. I have sent off
parties to examine their route and harass their march, if prudent. By
information from several different quarters, we have reason to believe
they intend for this post. They are now making up, as we hear, for the
Croton Bridge.”[75]
The landing of troops at Tarrytown was a mere feint on the part of Sir
Henry to distract the attention of the Americans; after marching a few
miles into the country, they returned and re-embarked; the armament
continued across the Tappan Sea and Haverstraw Bay to Verplanck’s Point,
where, on the 5th, Sir Henry landed with three thousand men about eight
miles below Peekskill.
Putnam drew back to the hills in the rear of the village, to prepare for
the expected attack, and sent off to Governor Clinton for all the troops
he could spare. So far the manœuvres of Sir Henry Clinton had been
successful. It was his plan to threaten an attack on Peekskill and Fort
Independence, and, when he had drawn the attention of the American
commanders to that quarter, to land troops on the western shore of the
Hudson, below the Dunderberg (Thunder Hill), make a rapid march through
the defiles behind that mountain to the rear of Forts Montgomery and
Clinton, come down on them by surprise, and carry them by a _coup de
main_.
Accordingly at an early hour of the following morning, taking advantage
of a thick fog, he crossed with two thousand men to Stony Point, on the
west shore of the river, leaving about a thousand men, chiefly
royalists, at Verplanck’s Point, to keep up a threatening aspect towards
Peekskill. Three frigates, also, were to stand up what is called the
Devil’s Horse Race into Peekskill Bay, and station themselves within
cannon shot of Fort Independence.
The crossing of the troops had been dimly descried from Peekskill, but
they were supposed to be a mere detachment from the main body on a
maraud.
Having accomplished his landing, Sir Henry, conducted by a tory guide,
set out on a forced and circuitous march of several miles by rugged
defiles, round the western base of the Dunderberg. At the entrance of
the pass he left a small force to guard it, and keep up his
communication with the ships. By eight o’clock in the morning he had
effected his march round the Dunderberg, and halted on the northern side
in a ravine, between it and a conical mount called Bear Hill. The
possibility of an enemy’s approach by this pass had been noticed by
Washington in reconnoitring the Highlands, and he had mentioned it in
his instructions to Generals Greene and Knox, when they were sent to
make their military survey, but they considered it impracticable, from
the extreme difficulty of the mountain passes. It is in defiance of
difficulties, however, that surprises are apt to be attempted, and the
most signal have been achieved in the face of seeming impossibilities.
In the ravine between the Dunderberg and Bear Hill, Sir Henry divided
his forces. One division, nine hundred strong, led by Lieutenant-colonel
Campbell, was to make a circuit through the forest round the western
side of Bear Hill, so as to gain the rear of Fort Montgomery. After Sir
Henry had allowed sufficient time for them to make the circuit, he was
to proceed with the other division down the ravine, towards the river,
turn to the left along a narrow strip of land between the Hudson and a
small lake called Sinipink Pond, which lay at the foot of Bear Hill, and
advance upon Fort Clinton. Both forts were to be attacked at the same
time.
The detachment under Campbell set off in high spirits; it was composed
partly of royalists, led by Colonel Beverly Robinson of New York, partly
of Emerick’s chasseurs, and partly of grenadiers, under Lord Rawdon,
then about twenty-four years of age, who had already seen service at
Bunker’s Hill. With him went Count Gabrouski, a Polish nobleman,
aide-de-camp to Sir Henry Clinton, but who had sought to accompany his
friend, Lord Rawdon, in this wild mountain scramble. Every thing thus
far had been conducted with celerity and apparent secrecy, and complete
surprise of both forts was anticipated. Sir Henry had, indeed, outwitted
one of the guardians of the Highlands, but the other was aware of his
designs. Governor Clinton, on receiving intelligence of ships of war
coming up the Hudson, had sent scouts beyond the Dunderberg to watch
their movements. Early on the present morning, word had been brought him
that forty boats were landing a large force at Stony Point. He now, in
his turn, apprehended an attack, and sent to Putnam for reinforcements,
preparing, in the mean time, to make such defence as his scanty means
afforded.
A lieutenant was sent out with thirty men from Fort Clinton, to proceed
along the river-road and reconnoitre. He fell in with the advance guard
of Sir Henry Clinton’s division, and retreated skirmishing to the fort.
A larger detachment was sent out to check the approach of the enemy on
this side; while sixty men, afterwards increased to a hundred, took post
with a brass field-piece in the Bear Hill defile.
It was a narrow and rugged pass, bordered by shagged forests. As
Campbell and his division came pressing forward, they were checked by
the discharge of fire-arms and of the brass field-piece, which swept the
steep defile. The British troops then filed off on each side into the
woods, to surround the Americans. The latter, finding it impossible to
extricate their field-piece in the rugged pass, spiked it, and retreated
into the fort, under cover of the fire of a twelve-pounder, with which
Lamb had posted himself on the crest of a hill.
Sir Henry Clinton had met with equally obstinate opposition in his
approach to Fort Clinton; the narrow strip of land between Lake Sinipink
and the Hudson, along which he advanced, being fortified by an abatis.
By four o’clock the Americans were driven within their works, and both
forts were assailed. The defence was desperate; for Governor Clinton was
a hard fighter, and he was still in hopes of reinforcements from Putnam;
not knowing that the messenger he sent to him had turned traitor, and
deserted to the enemy.
About five o’clock, he was summoned to surrender in five minutes, to
prevent the effusion of blood: the reply was a refusal. About ten
minutes afterwards, there was a general attack upon both forts. It was
resisted with obstinate spirit. The action continued until dusk. The
ships under Commodore Hotham approached near enough to open an irregular
fire upon the forts, and upon the vessels anchored above the
chevaux-de-frise. The latter returned the fire; and the flash and roar
of their cannonry in the gathering darkness and among the echoes of the
mountains increased the terrors of the strife. The works, however, were
too extensive to be manned by the scanty garrisons; they were entered by
different places and carried at the point of the bayonet; the Americans
fought desperately from one redoubt to another; some were slain, some
taken prisoners, and some escaped under cover of the night to the river
or the mountains. “The garrison,” writes Clinton, significantly, “had to
fight their way out as many as could, as we determined not to
surrender.”
His brother James was saved from a deadly thrust of a bayonet, by a
garrison orderly book in his pocket; but he received a flesh-wound in
the thigh. He slid down a precipice, one hundred feet high, into the
ravine between the forts, and escaped to the woods. The governor leaped
down the rocks to the river side, where a boat was putting off with a
number of the fugitives. They turned back to receive him, but he
generously refused to endanger their safety, as the boat was already
loaded to the gunwale. It was only on receiving assurance of its being
capable of bearing his additional weight, that he consented to enter.
The boat crossed the Hudson in safety, and before midnight the governor
was with Putnam, at Continental Village, concerting further measures.
Putnam had been completely outmanœuvred by Sir Henry Clinton. He had
continued until late in the morning, in the belief that Peekskill and
Fort Independence were to be the objects of attack. His pickets and
scouts could not ascertain the number of the enemy remaining on the east
side of the river; a large fire near Stony Point made him think the
troops which had crossed were merely burning storehouses; while ships,
galleys, and flat-bottomed boats seemed preparing to land forces at Fort
Independence and Peekskill. In the course of the morning he sallied
forth with Brigadier-general Parsons, to reconnoitre the ground near the
enemy. After their return they were alarmed, he says, by “a very heavy
and hot firing both of small-arms and cannon, at Fort Montgomery,” which
must have made a tremendous uproar among the echoes of the Dunderberg.
Aware of the real point of danger, he immediately detached five hundred
men to reinforce the garrison. They had six miles to march along the
eastern shore, and then to cross the river; before they could do so the
fate of the forts was decided.
British historians acknowledge, that the valor and resolution displayed
by the Americans in the defence of these forts were in no instance
exceeded during the war; their loss in killed, wounded and missing, was
stated at two hundred and fifty, a large proportion of the number
engaged. Their gallant defence awakened no generous sentiment in the
victors. “As the soldiers,” observes the British writer, “were much
irritated, as well by the fatigue they had undergone and the opposition
they met, as by the loss of some brave and favorite officers, the
slaughter of the enemy was considerable.”[76]
Among the officers thus deplored, and bloodily revenged, was Colonel
Campbell, who commanded the detachment. At his fall the command devolved
on Colonel Beverly Robinson of the American loyalists. Another officer
slain was Major Grant, of the New York volunteers. Count Gabrouski, the
Polish aide-de-camp of Sir Henry Clinton, had gallantly signalized
himself by the side of his friend, Lord Rawdon, who led the grenadiers
in storming Fort Montgomery. The count received his death wound at the
foot of the ramparts. Giving his sword to a grenadier: “Take this sword
to Lord Rawdon,” said he, “and tell him the owner died like a
soldier.”[77]
On the capture of the forts, the American frigates and galleys stationed
for the protection of the chevaux-de-frise slipped their cables, made
all sail, and endeavored to escape up the river. The wind, however,
proved adverse; there was danger of their falling into the hands of the
enemy; the crews, therefore, set them on fire and abandoned them. As
every sail was set, the vessels, we are told, were soon “magnificent
pyramids of fire;” the surrounding mountains were lit up by the glare,
and a train of ruddy light gleamed along the river. They were in a part
of the Highlands famous for its echoes: as the flames gradually reached
the loaded cannon, their thundering reports were multiplied and
prolonged along the rocky shores. The vessels at length blew up with
tremendous explosions, and all again was darkness.[78]
On the following morning, the chevaux-de-frise and other obstructions
between Fort Montgomery and Anthony’s Nose were cleared away: the
Americans evacuated Forts Independence and Constitution, and a free
passage up the Hudson was open for the British ships. Sir Henry Clinton
proceeded no further in person, but left the rest of the enterprise to
be accomplished by Sir James Wallace and General Vaughan, with a flying
squadron of light frigates, and a considerable detachment of troops.
Putnam had retreated to a pass in the mountains, on the east side of the
river, near Fishkill, having removed as much of the stores and baggage
as possible from the post he had abandoned. The old general was somewhat
mortified at having been outwitted by the enemy, but endeavored to shift
the responsibility. In a letter to Washington (Oct. 8th), he writes: “I
have repeatedly informed your Excellency of the enemy’s design against
this post; but, from some motive or other, you always differed from me
in opinion. As this conjecture of mine has for once proved right, I
cannot omit informing you, that my real and sincere opinion is, that
they now mean to join General Burgoyne with the utmost despatch.
Governor Clinton is exerting himself in collecting the militia of this
State. Brigadier-general Parsons I have sent off to forward in the
Connecticut militia, which are now arriving in great numbers. I
therefore hope and trust, that, in the course of a few days, I shall be
able to oppose the progress of the enemy.”
He had concerted with Governor Clinton that they should move to the
northward with their forces, along the opposite shores of the Hudson,
endeavoring to keep pace with the enemy’s ships and cover the country
from their attacks.
The governor was in the neighborhood of New Windsor, just above the
Highlands, where he had posted himself to rally what he termed his
“broken but brave troops,” and to call out the militia of Ulster and
Orange. “I am persuaded,” writes he, “if the militia will join me, we
can save the country from destruction, and defeat the enemy’s design of
assisting their Northern army.” The militia, however, were not as prompt
as usual in answering to the call of their popular and brave-hearted
governor. “They are well disposed,” writes he, “but anxious about the
immediate safety of their respective families (who, for many miles, are
yet moving further from the river); they come in the morning and return
in the evening, and I never know when I have them, or what my strength
is.”[79]
On the 9th, two persons coming from Fort Montgomery were arrested by his
guards, and brought before him for examination. One was much agitated,
and was observed to put something hastily into his mouth and swallow it.
An emetic was administered, and brought up a small silver bullet. Before
he could be prevented he swallowed it again. On his refusing a second
emetic, the governor threatened to have him hanged and his body opened.
The threat produced the bullet in the preceding manner. It was oval in
form and hollow, with a screw in the centre, and contained a note from
Sir Henry Clinton to Burgoyne, written on a slip of thin paper, and
dated (Oct. 8th) from Fort Montgomery. “_Nous y voici_ (here we are),
and nothing between us and Gates. I sincerely hope this little success
of ours will facilitate your operations.”[80]
The bearer of the letter was tried and convicted as a spy, and sentenced
to be hanged.
The enemy’s light-armed vessels were now making their way up the river;
landing marauding parties occasionally to make depredations.
As soon as the governor could collect a little force, he pressed forward
to protect Kingston (Esopus), the seat of the State legislature. The
enemy in the mean time landed from their ships, routed about one hundred
and fifty militia collected to oppose them, marched to the village, set
fire to it in every part, consuming great quantities of stores collected
there, and then retreated to their ships.
Governor Clinton was two hours too late. He beheld the flames from a
distance; and having brought with him the spy, the bearer of the silver
bullet, he hanged him on an apple-tree in sight of the burning village.
Having laid Kingston, the seat of the State government, in ashes, the
enemy proceeded in their ravages, destroying the residences of
conspicuous patriots at Rhinebeck, Livingston Manor, and elsewhere, and
among others the mansion of the widow of the brave General Montgomery:
trusting to close their desolating career by a triumphant junction with
Burgoyne at Albany.