Vegetable alkali (Chem.), an alkaloid. — Vegetable brimstone. (Bot.)
See Vegetable sulphur, below. — Vegetable butter (Bot.), a name of
several kinds of concrete vegetable oil; as that produced by the Indian
butter tree, the African shea tree, and the Pentadesma butyracea, a
tree of the order Guttiferæ, also African. Still another kind is
pressed from the seeds of cocoa (Theobroma). — Vegetable flannel, a
textile material, manufactured in Germany from pine-needle wool, a down
or fiber obtained from the leaves of the Pinus sylvestris. — Vegetable
ivory. See Ivory nut, under Ivory. — Vegetable jelly. See Pectin. —
Vegetable kingdom. (Nat. Hist.) See the last Phrase, below. — Vegetable
leather. (a) (Bot.) A shrubby West Indian spurge (Euphorbia punicea),
with leathery foliage and crimson bracts. (b) See Vegetable leather,
under Leather. — Vegetable marrow (Bot.), an egg-shaped gourd, commonly
eight to ten inches long. It is noted for the very tender quality of
its flesh, and is a favorite culinary vegetable in England. It has been
said to be of Persian origin, but is now thought to have been derived
from a form of the American pumpkin. — Vegetable oyster (Bot.), the
oyster plant. See under Oyster. — Vegetable parchment, papyrine. —
Vegetable sheep (Bot.), a white woolly plant (Raoulia eximia) of New
Zealand, which grows in the form of large fleecy cushions on the
mountains. — Vegetable silk, a cottonlike, fibrous material obtained
from the coating of the seeds of a Brazilian tree (Chorisia speciosa).
It us used for various purposes, as for stuffing, and the like, but is
incapable of being spun on account of a want of cohesion among the
fibers. — Vegetable sponge. See 1st Loof. — Vegetable sulphur, the fine
highly inflammable spores of the club moss (Lycopodium clavatum);
witch. — Vegetable tallow, a substance resembling tallow, obtained from
various plants; as, Chinese vegetable tallow, obtained from the seeds
of the tallow tree. Indian vegetable tallow is a name sometimes given
to piney tallow. — Vegetable wax, a waxy excretion on the leaves or
fruits of certain plants, as the bayberry.
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Vegetable kingdom (Nat. Hist.), that primary division of living things
which includes all plants. The classes of the vegetable kingdom have
been grouped differently by various botanists. The following is one of
the best of the many arrangements of the principal subdivisions.
I. Phænogamia (called also Phanerogamia). Plants having distinct
flowers and true seeds. { 1. Dicotyledons (called also Exogens). —
Seeds with two or more cotyledons. Stems with the pith, woody fiber,
and bark concentrically arranged. Divided into two subclasses:
Angiosperms, having the woody fiber interspersed with dotted or annular
ducts, and the seed contained in a true ovary; Gymnosperms, having few
or no ducts in the woody fiber, and the seeds naked. 2. Monocotyledons
(called also Endogens). — Seeds with single cotyledon. Stems with
slender bundles of woody fiber not concentrically arranged, and with no
true bark.}
II. Cryptogamia. Plants without true flowers, and reproduced by minute
spores of various kinds, or by simple cell division. { 1. Acrogens. —
Plants usually with distinct stems and leaves, existing in two
alternate conditions, one of which is nonsexual and sporophoric, the
other sexual and oöphoric. Divided into Vascular Acrogens, or
Pteridophyta, having the sporophoric plant conspicuous and consisting
partly of vascular tissue, as in Ferns, Lycopods, and Equiseta, and
Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophyta, having the sexual plant most
conspicuous, but destitute of vascular tissue, as in Mosses and Scale
Mosses. 2. Thallogens. — Plants without distinct stem and leaves,
consisting of a simple or branched mass of cellular tissue, or educed
to a single cell. Reproduction effected variously. Divided into Algæ,
which contain chlorophyll or its equivalent, and which live upon air
and water, and Fungi, which contain no chlorophyll, and live on organic
matter. (Lichens are now believed to be fungi parasitic on included
algæ.}
Many botanists divide the Phænogamia primarily into Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms, and the latter into Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.
Others consider Pteridophyta and Bryophyta to be separate classes.
Thallogens are variously divided by different writers, and the places
for diatoms, slime molds, and stoneworts are altogether uncertain.
For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary.
Veg"e*ta*ble (?), n. 1. (Biol.) A plant. See Plant.
2. A plant used or cultivated for food for man or domestic animals, as
the cabbage, turnip, potato, bean, dandelion, etc.; also, the edible
part of such a plant, as prepared for market or the table.
Vegetables and fruits are sometimes loosely distinguished by the usual
need of cooking the former for the use of man, while the latter may be
eaten raw; but the distinction often fails, as in the case of quinces,
barberries, and other fruits, and lettuce, celery, and other
vegetables. Tomatoes if cooked are vegetables, if eaten raw are fruits.