1. R. H. Blyth, Eastern Culture (Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1949), 1: 146.
2. de Bary, Sources of Japanese Tradition, 1: 278.
3. Charles K. Tuttle, The Noh Drama (Nippon: Giakujutsu Shinkokai,
1955), p. 130.
CHAPTER 1 2 BOURGEOIS SOCIETY AND LATER ZEN
1. Joao Rodrigues, This Island of Japan, trans. Michael Cooper (Tokyo:
Kodansha, 1973), pp. 272-273.
CHAPTER 13 THE TEA CEREMONY
1. Suzuki, Zen and Japanese Culture, p. 299.
2. Ibid., p. 305.
CHAPTER 14 ZEN CERAMIC ART
1. Ruskin, John, The Stones of Venice, Volume II (1853), from
Selected Prose of Ruskin, Matthew Hodgart, ed. (New York: New American
Library, 1970), pp. 119 and 124.
2.
CHAPTER 15 ZEN AND HAIKU
1. See Kenneth Rexroth, One Hundred Poems from the Japanese (New York:
New Directions, 1964).
2. See Geoffrey Bownas and Anthony Thwaite, eds., 'I'he Penguin Book of
Japanese Verse (Baltimore: Penguin, 1964).
3. Ibid., p. 71.
4. Miner, An Introduction to Japanese Court Poetry, p. 91.
5. Harold G. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku (Garden City, N.Y.:
Doubleday Anchor, 1958), p. 18.
6. Ibid., p. 18.
7. See Kenneth Yasuda, The Japanese Haiku (Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1957).
8. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku, p. 39.
9. Ibid., p. 49.
10. Ibid., p. 94.
11. Ibid., p. 108.
12. Ibid., p. 113.
13. Ibid., p. 146.
14. Issa, The Year of My Life, trans. Nobuyuki Yuasa (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1960), p. 104.
15. R. H. Blyth, A History of Haiku (Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1964),
2: 82.
CHAPTER 16 PRIVATE ZEN: FLOWERS AND FOOD
1. Sato, Shozo. The Art of Arranging Flowers. New York: Abrams,
1965.
2.
3. Quoted in Michael Cooper, ed., They Came to Japan (University of
California Press, 1965), p. 194.
4.
CHAPTER 17 THE LESSONS OF ZEN CULTURE
1. Gary E. Schwartz, Richard J. Davidson, and Foster Maer, "Right
Hemisphere Lateralization for Emotion in the Human Brain: Interactions
with Cognition," Science, October 17, 1975, p. 287.
2. Frank Gibney, "The Japanese and Their Language," Encounter, March
1975, p. 35.
3. Masao Kunihiro, "Indigenous Barriers to Communication," The Wheel
Extended, Spring 1974, p. 13.
4. George Sansom, Japan: A Short Cultural History, rev. ed. (New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962).
5. The best analysis to date is Eliot Deutsch, "An Invitation to
Contemplation," Studies in Comparative Aesthetics, Monographs of the
Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy, No. 2, University of
Hawaii Press, 1975.
6. Donald Richie, The Inland Sea (New York: Weatherhill, 1971), p. 60.
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ARCHITECTURE
Cram, Ralph Adams. Impressions of Japanese Architecture. New York:
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Drexler, Arthur. The Architecture of Japan. New York: Museum of Modern
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Tange, Kenzo, and Kawazoe, Noboru. Ise: Prototype of Japanese
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Watanabe, Yasutada. Shinto Art: Ise and Izumo Shrines. New York:
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GARDENS
Condor, Joseph. Landscape Gardening in Japan. New York: Dover, 1964
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Engel, David II. Japanese Gardens for Today. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle,
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Graham, Dorothy. Chinese Gardens. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1937. Inn,
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Nakane, Kinsaku. Kyoto Gardens. Osaka: Hoikusha, 1965. Petersen, Will.
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Saito, K., and Wada, S. Magic of Trees and Stones. Rutland, Vt.:
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Shigemori, Kanto. Japanese Gardens: Islands of Serenity. San Francisco
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Tamura, Tsuyoshi. Art of the Landscape Garden in Japan. New
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Yoshida, Tetsuro. Gardens of Japan. Translated by Marcus Sims. New
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CERAMICS
Dickerson, John. Raku Handbook. New York: Van Nostrand, 1972.
Jenys, Soame. Japanese Pottery. New York: Praeger, 1971. Mikami,
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TEA CEREMONY
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Castile, Rand. The Way of Tea. New York: Weatherhill, 1971. Fukukita,
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ZEN ARCHERY AND SWORDSMANSHIP
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Robinson, B. W. The Arts of the Japanese Sword. London: Faber & Faber,
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Sollier, Andre, and Gyorbiro, Zsolt. Japanese Archery: Zen in Action.
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FLOWERS AND FOOD
Carr, Rachel. Japanese Floral Art. Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand
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Herrigel, Gustie S. Zen in the Art of Flower Arrangement. London:
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Steinberg, Rafael. The Cooking of Japan. New York: Time, 1969.
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Ueda, Makoto. Literary and Art Theories in Japan. Cleveland: Press of
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No THEATER
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ZEN AND THE INK LANDSCAPE
Awakawa, Yasuichi. Zen Painting. Palo Alto, Calif.: Kodansha, 1970.
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1970.
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1974.
Morrison, Arthur. The Painters of Japan. New York: Stokes, 1911.
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Paintings from American Museums: The Muromachi Period. Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1976.
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Brooklyn Museum, 1967.
Sze, Mai-Mai. The Way of Chinese Painting. New York: Random House,
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Tanaka, Ichimatsu. Japanese Ink Painting: Shubun to Sesshu. New York:
Weatherhill, 1972.
ZEN AND HAIKU
Basho, Matsuo. Monkey's Raincoat. New York: Grossman, 1973.
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Doubleday Anchor, 1958.
Honda, II. H. The Kokin Waka-Shu. Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1970.
Isaacson, Harold J., trans. Peonies Kana: Haiku by the Upasaka Shiki.
New York: Theatre Arts Books, 1972.
Issa. The Year of My Life. 2nd ed. Translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
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Vt.: Tuttle, 1970.
Keene, Donald. Japanese Literature. New York: Grove Press, 1955.
, ed. Anthology of Japanese Literature. New York: Grove
Press, 1955.
Miner, Earl. An Introduction to Japanese Court Poetry. Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1968.
Rexroth, Kenneth. One Hundred Poems from the Japanese. New York: New
Directions, 1964.
Ueda, Makoto. Literary and Art Theories in Japan. Cleveland: Press of
Western Reserve University, 1967.
. Matsuo Basho. New York: Twayne, 1970.
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Yuasa, Nobuyuki, trans. Basho: The Narrow Road to the Deep North and
Other Travel Sketches. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1966.
Glossary
_amado_: sliding, removable panels around exterior of traditional
house.
_Amida_: widely worshiped figure in Buddhist pantheon and central
figure of adoration in Jodo and Jodo Shin Buddhism.
_Ashikaga_: dynasty of shoguns (1333-1573) whose patronage inspired
great classic age of Zen culture.
_atman_: Hindu concept of the "soul" or a personal element in the
larger god-head.
_aware_: aesthetic concept which arose in Heian era, originally meaning
a pleasant emotion evoked unexpectedly but later evolving to include
poignancy.
Basho (1644-1694): foremost Haiku poet of Japan.
Bodhidharma: Indian monk who appeared in China around 520 and laid the
basis for the Ch'an sect of Buddhism, becoming the First Patriarch of
Zen.
Brahman: supreme god-head of Brahmanism.
Brahman: priest caste of Brahmanism.
_bugaku_: ancient court dances in Japan, imported from Asia.
Buddha: historic figure from sixth century B.C. in northeast Asia whose
teachings became the basis for Buddhism.
_chabana_: spare and elegant flower arrangement prepared to accompany
the tea ceremony.
Ch'an: belief system founded by Bodhidharma in the sixth century in
China, combining elements of Indian Buddhism and Chinese Taoism and
known in Japan as Zen.
Ch'ang-an: T'ang Chinese capital which was the model for the
original Japanese capital at Nara.
_cha-no-yu_: Japanese tea ceremony, which became the vehicle for the
preservation of Zen aesthetic theory.
_chigai-dana_: decorative shelf system in traditional Japanese houses
which was borrowed from storage cabinets in Ch'an monasteries.i
_chinzo_: realistic polychromatic character studes of Zen masters.
Chojiro (1515-1592): first great _raku _potter and founder of _raku
_dynasty.
_choka_: early Japanese poetry form, longer than Haiku.
Chuang Tzu: traditionally a fourth century B.C. Taoist.
_daimyo_: feudal governor of a domain, who often retained a force of
_samurai_.
Daisen-in: temple which is the site of a famous Zen stone garden
in Kyoto.
Daitoku-ji: major Zen monastery in Kyoto, site of Daisin-in temple.
_dharma_: term denoting the universal order of the universe. _dhyana_:
Sanskrit term for meditation, corrupted to "Ch'an" in
Chinese and "Zen" in Japanese.
Dogen (1200-1253): priest who introduced Soto sect of Zen to
Japan, founding a temple in 1236.
Eisai (1141-121 5): founder of Rinzai sect of Zen in Japan (1191).
_en_: Heian aesthetic term meaning charming, sprightly.
_engawa_: outer walkway around traditional Japanese house, between
amado and shoji.
_eta_: formerly outcast class in Japan because of association with
meat and hides industry.
_fusuma_: sliding partitions in the traditional Japanese house.
Gautama: original name of the Buddha.
_genkan_: portico in the traditional house where shoes are removed.
Ginkaku-ji: "Silver Pavilion" built by Yoshimasa in 1482.
Godaigo: ill-fated emperor who reigned from 1318 to 1339 and
attempted to restore genuine imperial rule.
Gozan: five most important Zen monasteries, or "Five Mountains," which
in Kyoto were Tenryu-ji, Shokoku-ji, Tofuku-ji, Kennin-ji, and Manju-
ji.
_haboku_: "broken ink" style of monochrome painting.
_haikai_: Early name for poetic form now known as Haiku.
_Haiku_: verse form consisting of seventeen syllables.
Hakuin (1685-1768): Zen teacher of Tokugawa period who revived Rinzai
sect.
_haniwa_: clay sculpture of the pre-Buddhist period.
_harakiri_: ritual suicide, more politely known as seppuku.
Heian: Period of indigenous aristocratic culture.
_hibachi_: small brazier heater in the traditional Japanese house.
Hideyori (1593-1615): son of Hideyoshi, committed suicide when defeated
by Tokugawa Ievasu.
Hideyoshi (1536-1598): general who assumed control of Japan after Oda
Nobunaga was murdered and who inspired Momoyama age of Japanese art.
Hinayana: more traditional form of Japanese Buddhism, which is
practiced in Southeast Asia.
_hinoki_: Japanese cypress.
Hojo: regents who dominated the Kamakura period of Japanese history
_hokku_: first three lines of a renga, or linked verse, which later
came to be written alone as a Haiku.
Honen (1133-1212): founder of the Jodo or Pure Land sect
(1175)
Hosokawa: clan which served as advisers and regents for the Ashikaga.
Hsia Kuei (active ca. 1180-1230): Southern Sung Chinese painter whose
stvle strongly influenced later Zen artists in Japan.
Hui-k'o (487-593): Second Patriarch of Chinese Ch'an, said to have cut
off his arm to attract Bodhidharma's notice.
Hui-neng (638-713): Sixth Patriarch of Ch'an and founder of the
Southern school of Ch'an which was transmitted to Japan.
Hung-jen (605-675): Fifth Patriarch of Ch'an and teacher of Hui-neng.
Ievasu (1542-1616): founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled
Japan from 1615 to 1868.
Ikebana: Japanese flower arranging.
Jodo: sect of Japanese Buddhism based on chant praising Amida Buddha
which was founded in 1175.
Jodo Shin: rival sect of Japanese Buddhism also based on chant praising
Amida which was founded in 1224.
Jomon: prehistoric culture in Japan.
Josetsu (active 1400-1413): leading artist in Japanese Sung revival.
_kaiseki_: special cuisine associated with the tea ceremony. Kamakura:
effective capital of Japan during period of warrior
domination (1185-1333). kami: Shinto spirits inhabiting the natural
world.
Kamikaze: "Divine Wind" that sank the Mongol fleet attacking
Japan in 1281.
_kamoi_: crossbeams in the traditional Japanese house.
Kano: family of painters dominating much of Japanese painting since the
sixteenth century, replacing Zen artists as the official stylists.
_kare sansui_: stone gardens in "dry landscape" style.
Kinkaku-ji: "Golden Pavilion" built by Yoshimitsu in 1394.
_koan_: illogical conundrums used in Rinzai Zen to induce
enlightenment.
_koicha_: powdered green tea used in the tea ceremony.
Kokinshu: anthology of Japanese poems from the year 905.
Kukai (774-835): introduced Shingon Buddhism to Japan in 808. Kyogen:
farces performed as part of a program of No plays. Kyoto: capital city
of Japan from 794 to seventeenth century and
site of classic Zen culture.
Lankavatara: _sutra _believed by Bodhidharma to best express Ch'an
philosophy.
Lin-chi (d. 866): leading figure of the "sudden enlightenment" school
of Ch'an, whose teachings were much of the basis of Japanese Rinzai
Zen.
Mahayana: Buddhism which spread to China and Japan. _mandala_: esoteric
diagrams purportedly containing the key to cosmological truths.
Manyoshu: early anthology of Japanese poetry (780).
Ma Yuan (active ca. 1190-1224): Chinese Southern Sung painter
whose works strongly influenced Japanese Zen artists.
Minamoto: warrior family of the Heian and Kamakura eras. Mincho (1351-
1431): Japanese priest and one of the first Japanese artists to
successfully adopt and revive Chinese styles of paintings.
_miso_: fermented soybean paste used in Japanese cooking. _miyabi_:
Heian aesthetic term signifying subtleties only a connoisseur could
appreciate.
Momoyama: period of Japanese history from 1 537 to 1615. mondo: Zen
question-and-answer session in which a novice must
respond immediately and without reflection to questions posed by a Zen
master.
Mu-ch'i (ca. 1210-ca. 1280): Chinese Ch'an painter whose works
strongly affected Japanese Zen artists.
mudra: sacred hand signs.
Muso Soseki (1275-1351): Zen scholar and adviser to Ashikaga Takauji,
who is traditionally thought to be the designer of several early Zen
landscape gardens in Kvoto.
Nageire: style of Ikebana.
_nageshi_: decorative element in the ceiling of a traditional Japanese
house.
Nara: site of the first capital of Japan, which was consecrated in
710 and abandoned by the court in 784.
_nembutsu_: chant to Amida Buddha used by Jodo and Jodo Shin sects.
Nichiren (1222-1282): founder of Buddhist sect based on Lotus Sutra.
Nichiren Shoshu: name of the sect founded by Nichiren.
No: theatrical form reflecting Zen ideals, which came to prominence
during the Ashikaga era.
Nobunaga (1534-1582): military ruler who began the movement to unify
Japan.
Oribe: style of Japanese Zen-influenced ceramics.
pi-kuan: "wall-gazing" meditation practiced and extolled by
Bodhidharma.
Raku: style of ceramics invented by Chojiro.
_ramma_: open latticework in the traditional Japanese house.
Renga: "linked verse" form of Japanese poetry, in which different
participants must contribute alternate stanzas.
Rikka: an early style of formal flower arranging.
Rinzai: Japanese sect of Zen stressing sudden enlightenment and use of
_koans_.
_roji_: "dewy path" leading through the Japanese tea garden. Ryoan-ji:
temple in Kyoto with a famous kare sansui flat garden. _Sabi_:
aesthetic tenn signifying the dignity of old age.
Saicho (767-822): introduced Tendai Buddhism into Japan (806).
Saiho-ji: temple in Kyoto and site of early Zen landscape garden.
Sakyamuni: the Buddha, "sage of the Sakyas."
_samurai_: Japanese warriors, who were the first converts to Zen.
Sanskrit: original language of much Buddhist literature.
_sarugaku_: theatrical form which was forerunner of the No. _sashimi_:
raw fish.
_satori_: Zen term for enlightenment.
Sen no Rikyu (1521-1591): proponent of wabi aesthetics who
strongly influenced the evolution of the tea ceremony.
_seppuku_: ritual suicide.
Sesshu Toyo (1420-1506): greatest Japanese Zen painter.
Seto: site of Japanese pottery production.
Shao-lin: Chinese monastery where Bodhidharma reportedly first
went to meditate.
Shen-hsiu (606-706): traditionally said to have been rival of Hui- neng
at monastery of Fifth Patriarch and later much favored by Chinese
ruling circles.
_shibui_: important tenn for later Zen aesthetics which means
understated, simple good taste. shin: type of ink-painting technique.
_shincha_: type of tea.
_shinden_: Heian architectural stvle borrowed from China.
Shingon: esoteric sect of Buddhism introduced into Japan by
Kukai in 808.
Shino: style of Japanese Zen-inspired ceramics.
Shinran (1173-1262): founder of the Jodo Shin sect in Japan (1224).
Shinto: original Japanese belief svstem, which preceded Buddhism.
_shite_: leading character of a No drama.
_shoin_: name of the writing desk in Ch'an monasteries, which gave
its name to the classic style of the Zen-inspired Japanese house.
_shoji_: Rice-paper-covered latticework used as windows in the
traditional Japanese house.
Shubun (fl. 1414-d. ca. 1463): painter-monk at Shokoku-ji in Kyoto.
Siddharta: the Buddha, so: technique of Japanese ink painting. So'ami
(1472-1525): Japanese ink painter and garden artist. Sotan (1414-1481):
Zen painter at Shokoku-ji, none of whose
works are definitely known to survive.
Soto: Japanese Zen sect emphasizing "gradual" enlightenment through
_zazen_.
sukiya: later style of Japanese architecture which evolved from the
shoin.
sumi: Japanese black ink.
_sutra_: works supposedly reporting discourses of the Buddha or his
disciples.
Taira: warrior clan instrumental in ousting Heian aristocracy and
ending Heian era.
Takauji (1305-1358): founder of the Ashikaga shogunate.
Taoism: native Chinese belief system which influenced Ch'an philosophy.
Tatami: woven straw mats used for carpeting in the traditional Japanese
house.
Tendai: sect of Chinese Buddhism introduced into Japan by Saicho (806).
Tenryu-ji: important Zen temple in Kyoto and site of early Zen-
stvle landscape garden.
toko-bashira: decorative, unpainted tree trunk used in traditional
house as part of art alcove.
tokonoma: special art alcove in the Japanese house, which was
originally derived from the shrine in Chinese monasteries.
Tomi-ko: wife of Ashikaga Yoshimasa.
Toshiro: thirteenth-century potter who visited China and brought
back important Chinese ceramics technology.
_usucha_: a thin tea served as part of the tea ceremony. wabi:
aesthetic term meaning a sense of deliberate poverty and naturalness.
_waka_: thirty-one-syllable Japanese verse popularized in the Heian
era.
_waki_: supporting actor in the No drama.
Yayoi: pre-Buddhist culture in Japan.
Yoshimasa (1435-1490): Ashikaga shogun and staunch patron of Zen arts.
Yoshimitsu (1358-1408): Ashikaga shogun whose patronage
sparked the classic era of Zen culture.
_yugen_: most important term in Zen aesthetic vocabulary, meaning
among other things that which is mysterious or profound.
_zazen_: meditation, a mainstay of the Soto sect of Japanese Zen.
_zenkiga_: style of Zen painting.
BOOKS BY THOMAS HOOVER
Nonfiction
Zen Culture
The Zen Experience
Fiction
The Moghul
Caribbee
Wall Street _Samurai_
(The _Samurai_ Strategy)
Project Daedalus
Project Cyclops
Life Blood
Syndrome
All free as e-books at
www.thomashoover.info