AS A MAN THINKETH
When the valley is brimming with sunshine,
And the Souris, limpid and clear,
Slips over its shining pebbles
And the harvest time draws near,
The heart of the honest plowman
Is filled with content and cheer!
It is only the poor, rich farmer
Whose heart is heavy with dread,
When over the smiling valley
The mantle of harvest is spread;
"For the season," he says, "is backward
And the grain is only in head!"
The hired man loves the twilight
When the purple hills grow dim,
And he smiles at the glittering blackbirds
Which round him circle and skim;
His road is embroidered with sunflowers
That lazily nod at him!
But the rich man's heart is heavy,
With gloom and fear opprest;
For he knows the red-winged blackbird
As an evil-minded pest,
And the golden brown-eyed sunflower
Is only a weed, at best!
When the purple rain-clouds gather
And a mist comes over the hills,
A peace beyond all telling
The hired man's bosom fills,
And the long, long sleep in the morning
His heart with rapture fills.
But the rich man's heart is heavy
With gloom and fear of loss,
When the purple clouds drop moisture
On field and flower and moss;
It's all very well for the plowman,
But it's not well at all for the "Boss."
When the moonlight lies on the valley
And into the hayloft streams,
Where the humble laborer snoreth
And dreameth his peaceful dreams;
It silvers his slumbering fancies
With the witchery of its beams.
But the poor rich man is restless,
For his heart is on his sheaves;
And the moonlight, cold and cloudless,
For him no fancy weaves,
For the glass is falling, falling,
And the grain will surely freeze!
So the poor rich farmer misses
What makes this old world sweet;
And the weather grieves the heart of him
With too much rain or heat;
For there's nothing gold that can't be sold,
And there's nothing good but wheat!
There is no class of people who have suffered so much from wrong
thinking as the farmer; vicarious wrong thinking, I mean; other people
have done the wrong thinking, and the farmer has suffered. Like many
another bromide, the thought has grown on people that farmers are slow,
uncouth, guileless, easily imposed on, ready to sign a promissory note
for any smooth-tongued stranger who comes in for dinner. The stage and
the colored supplements have spread this impression of the farmer, and
the farmer has not cared. He felt he could stand it! Perhaps the
women on the farm feel it more than the men, for women are more
sensitive about such things. "Poor girl!" say the kind friends. "She
went West and married a farmer"--and forthwith a picture of the
farmer's wife rises up before their eyes; the poor, faded woman, in a
rusty black luster skirt sagging in the back and puckering in the
seams; coat that belonged to a suit in other days; a black sailor hat,
gray with years and dust, with a sad cluster of faded violets, and torn
tulle trimming, sitting crooked on her head; hair the color of last
year's grass, and teeth gone in front.
There is no reason for the belief that farmers' wives as a class look
and dress like this, only that people love to generalize; to fit cases
to their theory, they love to find ministers' sons wild; mothers-in-law
disagreeable; women who believe in suffrage neglecting their children,
and farmers' wives shabby, discouraged and sad.
I do not believe that farmers' wives are a down-trodden class of women.
They have their troubles like other people. It rains in threshing
time, and the threshers' visit is prolonged until long after their
welcome has been worn to a frazzle! Father won't dress up even when
company is coming. Father also has a mania for buying land instead of
building a new house; and sometimes works the driving horse. Cows
break out of pastures; hawks get the chickens; hens lay away;
clothes-lines break.
They have their troubles, but there are compensations. Their houses
may be small, but there is plenty of room outside; they may not have
much spending money, but the rent is always paid; they are saved from
the many disagreeable things that are incident to city life, and they
have great opportunity for developing their resources.
When the city woman wants a shelf put up she 'phones to the City
Relief, and gets a man to do it for her; the farmer's wife hunts up the
hammer and a soap box and puts up her own shelf, and gains the
independence of character which only come from achievement. Similarly
the children of the country neighborhoods have had to make their own
fun, which they do with great enthusiasm, for, under any circumstances,
children will play. The city children pay for their amusement. They
pay their nickel, and sit back, apparently saying: "Now, amuse me if
you can! What are you paid for?" The blase city child who comes
sighing out of picture shows is a sad sight. They know everything, and
their little souls are a-weary of this world. It is a cold day for any
child who has nothing left to wonder at.
The desire to play is surely a great stroke of Providence, and one of
which the world has only recently begun to learn. Take the matter of
picnics. I have seen people hold a picnic on the bare prairie, where
the nearest tree was miles away, and the only shade was that of a
barbed-wire fence, but everybody was happy. The success of a picnic
depends upon the mental attitude, not on cool shade or purling streams.
I remember seeing from the train window a party of young people
carrying a boat and picnic baskets, one hot day in July. A little
farther on we passed a tiny lake set in a thick growth of tall grass.
It was a very small lake, indeed. I ran to the rear platform of the
train and watched it as long as I could; I was so afraid some cow would
come along and drink it dry before they got there.
Not long ago I made some investigations as to why boys and girls leave
the farm, and I found in over half the cases the reason given was that
life on the farm was "too slow, too lonely, and no fun." In country
neighborhoods family life means more than it does in the city. The
members of a family are at each other's mercy; and so, if the "father"
always has a grouch, and the "mother" is worried, and tired, and cross,
small wonder that the children try to get away. In the city there is
always the "movie" to go to, and congenial companionship down the
street, and so we mourn the depopulation of our rural neighborhoods.
We all know that the country is the best place in which to bring up
children; that the freckle-faced boy, with bare feet, who hunts up the
cows after school, and has to keep the woodbox full, and has to
remember to shut the henhouse door, is getting a far better education
than the carefree city boy who has everything done for him.
It is a good thing that boys leave the farm and go to the city--I mean
it is a good thing for the city--but it is hard on the farm. Of late
years this question has become very serious and has caused alarm.
Settlements which, ten or fifteen years ago, had many young people and
a well-filled school and well-attended church, with the real owners
living on the farms, have now become depopulated by farmers retiring to
a nearby town and "renters" taking the place. "Renters" are very often
very poor, and sometimes shiftless--no money to spend on anything but
the real necessities; sometimes even too poor to send their children to
school.
One cause for this is that our whole attitude toward labor is wrong.
We look upon labor as an uncomfortable experience, which, if we endure
with patience, we may hope to outgrow and be able to get away from. We
practically say: "Let us work now, so that by and by we may be able to
live without working!" Many a farmer and his wife have denied
themselves everything for years, comforting themselves with the thought
that when they have enough money they will "retire." They will not
take the time or the money to go to a concert, or a lecture, or a
picnic, but tell themselves that when they retire they will just go to
everything. So just when they have everything in fine shape on the
farm, when the lilacs are beginning to bloom and the raspberry bushes
are bearing, they "retire." Father's rheumatism is bad, and mother
can't get help, so they rent the farm and retire.
The people to whom the farm is rented do not care anything about the
lilac or raspberry bushes--there is no money in them. All they care
about is wheat--they have to pay the rent and they want to make money.
They have the wheat lust, so the lilacs bloom or not as they feel
disposed, and the cattle trample down the raspberry bushes and the gate
falls off the top hinge. Meanwhile the farmer and his wife move into
town and buy a house. They get just a small house, for the wife says
she's tired of working. Every morning at 4.30 o'clock they waken.
They often thought about how nice it would be not to have to get up;
but now, someway it isn't nice. They can't sleep, everything is so
quiet. Not a rooster crowing. Nor a hen cackling! They get up and
look out. All down the street the blinds are drawn. Everybody is
asleep--and it all looks so blamed lazy.
They get up. But there is nothing to do. The woman is not so badly
off--a woman can always tease out linen and sew it up again, and she
can always crochet. Give her a crochet needle, and a spool of
"sil-cotton," and she will keep out of mischief. But the man is not so
easy to account for. He tries hard to get busy. He spades the garden
as if he were looking for diamonds. He cleans the horse until the poor
brute hates the sight of him. He piles his wood so carefully that the
neighbors passing call out and ask him if he "intends to varnish it."
He mends everything that needs it, and is glad when he finds a picket
off the fence. He tries to read the _Farmers' Advocate_. They brought
in a year's number of them that they had never got time to read on the
farm. Someway, they have lost their charm. It seems so lazy in broad
daylight for a grown man to sit down and read. He takes a walk
downtown, and meets up with some idle men like himself. They sit on
the sidewalk and settle the government and the church and various
things.
"Well, I must be gittin'!" at last he declares; then suddenly he
remembers that he has nothing to do at home--everything is done to a
finish--and a queer, detached feeling comes over him. He is no longer
needed anywhere.
Somebody is asking him to come in for a drink, and he goes! Why
shouldn't he have a drink or anything else that he wants, he asks
himself. He has worked hard. He'll take two. He'll go even further,
he'll treat the crowd. When he finally goes home and sleeps it off, he
finds he has spent $1.05, and he is repentant.
That night a young lady calls, selling tickets for a concert, and his
wife would have bought them, but he says: "Go slow, Minnie, you can't
buy everything. It's awful the way money goes in town. We'll see
about this concert--maybe we'll go, but we won't buy tickets--it might
rain!"
They do not buy the tickets--neither do they go. Minnie does not care
much about going out. She has stayed in too long. But he continues to
sit on the sidewalk, and he hears many things.
Sometimes people have attributed to women the habit of gossiping, but
the idle men, who sit on the sidewalks of the small towns or tilt back
in the yellow round-back chairs on the hotel verandas, can blacken more
characters to the hour than any other class of human beings. He hears
all the putrid stories of the little town; they are turned over and
discussed in all their obnoxious details. At first, he is repelled by
them, for he is a decent fellow, this man who put in the lilacs and the
raspberry bushes back there on the farm. He objects to the remarks
that are passed about the women who go by, and he says so, and he and
one of the other men have "words."
The bartender hears it and comes out and settles it by inviting
everyone in to have "one on the house."
That brings back good-fellowship, and everyone treats. He sees then
that nobody meant any harm--it was all just in fun. A few glasses of
"White Horse" will keep a man from being too sensitive about things.
So he laughs with the others at the indecent joke. This is life--town
life. Now he is out in the world!
So begins the degeneration of a man, and it is all based on the false
attitude we have toward labor. His idea of labor was wrong while he
was on the farm. He worked and did nothing else, until he forgot how
to do everything else. Then he stopped working, and he was lost.
Why any rational human being wants to "retire" to the city, goes beyond
me! I can understand the city man, worn with the noise, choked by the
dust, frazzled with cares, retiring to the country, where he can heal
his tired soul, pottering around his own garden, and watching green
things grow. That seems reasonable and logical! But for a man who has
known the delight of planting and reaping to retire to a city or a
small town, and "hang around," doing nothing, is surely a retrograde
step.
The retired farmer is seldom interested in community matters--they
usually vote against any by-law for improvement. Coal-oil lamps were
good enough on the farm--why should a town have electric light? Why
should a town spend money on cement sidewalks when they already have
good dirt roads? He will not subscribe funds for the support of a
gymnasium, hockey club or public baths. He does not understand about
the need of exercise, he always got too much; and he doesn't see any
reason why the boys should not go to the river and swim.
It is not that the farmer is selfish or mean above or below other men.
It is because he has not learned team play or the community spirit.
But it is coming. The farmer has been an independent fellow, able to
get along without much help from anyone. He could always hire plenty
of men, and there are machines for every need. So far as the farmer
has been concerned, he could get along very well.
It has not been so with the farmer's wife. More than any other woman
she has needed help, and less than any other woman has she got it. She
has been left alone, to live or die, sink or swim.
Machines for helping the man on the farm are on the market in great
numbers, and are bought eagerly, for the farmer reasons out the matter
quite logically, and arrives at the conclusion that anything which will
add to the productiveness of his farm is good buying. He can see the
financial value of a seeder, or a roller, or a feed chopper. Now, with
a washing-machine it is different. A washing-machine can only wash
clothes, and his wife has always been able to get the clothes washed
some way. The farmer does not see any return for his ten dollars and a
half, and so he passes up the machine. Besides this, his mother never
used one, and always managed to keep the clothes clean, too, and that
settles it!
The outside farm work has progressed wonderfully, but the indoor farm
work is done in exactly the same way as it was twenty-five years ago,
with the possible exception of the cream-separator.
Many a farmyard, with its binders, rakes, drills, rollers, gasoline
engine, fanning-mill, and steam-plow looks as if someone had been
giving a machinery shower; but in the kitchen you will find the old
washboard and dasher churn, which belonged to the same era as the
reaping hook and tallow candle. The women still carry the water in a
pail from a pump outside, wash the dishes on the kitchen table, and
carry the water out again in a pail; although out in the barn the water
is pumped by a windmill, or a gasoline engine. The outside work on the
farm is done by horse, steam, or gasoline, but the indoor work is all
done by woman-power.
And then, when the woman-power gives out, as it does many times, under
the strain of hard work and childbearing, the whole neighborhood mourns
and says: "God's ways are past finding out."
I remember once attending the funeral of a woman who had been doing the
work for a family of six children and three hired men, and she had not
even a baby carriage to make her work lighter. When the last baby was
three days old, just in threshing time, she died. Suddenly, and
without warning, the power went off, and she quit without notice. The
bereaved husband was the most astonished man in the world. He had
never known Jane to do a thing like that before, and he could not get
over it. In threshing time, too!
"I don't know what could have happened to Jane--a strong young woman
like her," he said over and over again.
We all gathered at the house that afternoon and paid our respects to
the deceased sister, and we were all very sorry for poor Ed. We said
it was a terrible way for a poor man to be left.
The chickens came close to the dining-room door, and looked in,
inquisitively. They could not understand why she did not come out and
feed them, and when they were driven away they retreated in evident bad
humor, gossiping openly of the shiftless, lazy ways of folks they could
mention, if they wished to name names.
The six little children, whom the neighbor women had dressed in their
best clothes, sat dazed and silent, fascinated by the draped black
coffin; but the baby, the tiny one who had just entered the race,
gathered up the feeling of the meeting, and cried incessantly in a room
upstairs. It was a hard rebellious cry, too, as if the little one
realized that an injustice had been done.
Just above the coffin hung an enlarged picture of "Jane" in her wedding
dress, and it was a bright face that looked out at the world from the
heavy gold frame, a sweet girlish face, which seemed to ask a question
with its eager eyes. And there below, in the black draped coffin, was
the answer--the same face, only a few years older, but tired, so
inexpressibly tired, cold and silent; its light gone out--the power
gone off. Jane had been given her answer. And upstairs Jane's baby
cried its bitter, insistent cry.
Just then the minister began to read the words of the funeral service:
"Inasmuch as it hath _pleased_ the Lord...."
This happened in the fall of the year, and the next spring, just before
the busy time came on, the bereaved husband dried his eyes, painted his
buggy, and went out and married one of the neighbor's daughters, a good
strong one--and so his house is still running on woman-power.
If men had to bear the pain and weariness of child-bearing, in addition
to the unending labors of housework and caring for children, for one
year, at the end of that time there would be a perfect system of
cooperation and labor-saving devices in operation, for men have not the
genius for martyrdom that women have; and they know the value of
cooperative labor. No man tries to do everything the way women do. No
man aspires to making his own clothes, cleaning his own office,
pressing his own suits, or even cleaning his own shoes. All these
things he is quite willing to let people do for him, while he goes
ahead and does his own work. Man's work is systematized well and
leaves a man free to work in his own way. His days are not broken up
by details.
On the other hand the home is the most haphazard institution we have.
Everything is done there. (I am speaking now of the homes in the
country.) In each of the homes there is a little bit of washing done,
a little dressmaking, a little butter-making, a little baking, a little
ironing going on, and it is all by hand-power, which is the most
expensive power known. It is also being done largely by amateurs, and
that adds to the amount of labor expended. Women have worked away at
these endless tasks for generations, lovingly, unselfishly, doing their
level best to do everything, with no thought of themselves at all.
When things get too many for them, and the burdens overpower them, they
die quietly, and some other woman, young, strong and fresh, takes their
place, and the modest white slab in the graveyard says, "Thy will be
done," and everybody is apparently satisfied. The Lord is blamed for
the whole thing.
Now, if men, with their good organizing ability and their love of
comfort and their sense of their own importance, were set down to do
the work that women have done all down the centuries, they would evolve
a scheme something like this in each of the country neighborhoods.
There would be a central station, municipally owned and operated, one
large building fitted out with machinery that would be run by gasoline,
electricity, or natural gas. This building would contain in addition
to the school-rooms, a laundry room, a bake-shop, a creamery, a
dressmaking establishment, and perhaps a butcher shop.
The consolidated school and the "Beef-rings" in the country district
are already established facts, and have opened the way for this larger
scheme of cooperation. In this manner the work would be done by
experts, and in the cheapest way, leaving the women in the farm homes
with time and strength to raise their children.
This plan would solve the problem, too, of young people leaving the
farm. Many of the young people would find occupation in the central
station and become proficient in some branch of the work carried on
there. They would find not only employment, but the companionship of
people of their own age. The central station would become a social
gathering place in the evenings for all the people of the district, and
it is not too visionary to see in it a lecture hall, a moving-picture
machine, and a music room. Then the young people would be kept on the
farms because their homes would be pleasanter places. No woman can
bake, wash, scrub, cook meals and raise children and still be happy.
To do all these things would make an archangel irritable, and no home
can be happy when the poor mother is too tired to smile! The children
feel an atmosphere of gloom, and naturally get away from it as soon as
they can. The overworked mother cannot make the home attractive; the
things that can be left undone are left undone, and so the cushions on
the lounge are dirty and torn, the pictures hang crooked on the walls,
and the hall lamp has had no oil in it for months. That does not
matter, though, for the family live in the kitchen, and, during the
winter, the other part of the house is of the same temperature as a
well. Knowing that she is not keeping her house as it should be kept
has taken the heart out of many a woman on the farm. But what can she
do? The meals have to be cooked; the butter must be made!
There are certain burdens which could be removed from the women on the
farm; there is part of their work that could be done cheaper and better
elsewhere, and the whole farm and all its people would reap the benefit.
But right about here I think I hear from Brother Bones of Bonesville:
"Do you mean to say that we should pay for the washing, ironing,
bread-making, sewing?" he cries out. "We never could afford it, and,
besides, what would the women put in their time at if all that work was
done for them?"
Brother Bones, we can always afford to pay for things in money rather
than in human flesh and blood. That is the most exorbitant price the
race can pay for anything, and we have been paying for farm work that
way for a long time. If you doubt this statement, I can show you the
receipts which have been chiseled in stone and marble in every
graveyard.
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
JANE
BELOVED WIFE OF EDWARD JAMES.
AGED 32 YEARS AND 6 MONTHS.
Who can estimate the worth of a mother to her family and the community?
An old widower, who was reproved for marrying a very young girl for his
third wife, exonerated himself from blame by saying: "It would ruin any
man to be always buryin', and buryin'."
But Brother Bones is not yet satisfied, and he is sure the women will
have nothing to do if such a scheme would be followed out, and he tells
us that his mother always did these things herself and raised her
family, too.
"I can tell you," says Brother Bones, "my mother knew something about
rearing children; she raised seven and buried seven, and she never lay
in bed for more than three days with any of them. Poor mother, she was
a very smart woman--at least so I have been told--I don't remember her."
That's just the point, Brother Bones. It is a great thing to have the
memory of such a self-sacrificing mother, but it would be a greater
thing to have your mother live out her days; and then, too, we are
thinking of the "seven" she buried. That seems like a wicked and
unnecessary waste of young life, of which we should feel profoundly
ashamed. Poor little people, who came into life, tired and weak,
fretfully complaining, burdened already with the cares of the world and
its unending labor--
Your old earth, they say, is very weary;
Our young feet, they say, are very weak,
and when the measles or whooping-cough assails them they have no
strength to battle with it, and so they pass out, and again the Lord is
blamed!
It is very desirable for the world that people should be born and
brought up in the country with its honest, wholesome ways learned in
the open; its habits of meditation, which have grown on the people as
they have gone about their work in the quiet places. Thought currents
in the country are strong and virile, and flow freely. There is an
honesty of purpose in the man who strikes out the long furrow, and
turns over every inch of the sod, painstakingly and without pretense;
for he knows that he cannot cheat nature; he will get back what he puts
in; he will reap what he sows--for Nature has no favorites, and no
short-cuts, nor can she be deceived, fooled, cajoled or flattered.
We need the unaffected honesty and sterling qualities which the country
teaches her children in the hard, but successful, school of experience,
to offset the flashy supercilious lessons which the city teaches hers;
for the city is a careless nurse and teacher, who thinks more of the
cut of a coat than of the habit of mind; who feeds her children on
colored candy and popcorn, despising the more wholesome porridge and
milk; a slatternly nurse, who would rather buy perfume than soap; who
allows her children to powder their necks instead of washing them; who
decks them out in imitation lace collars, and cheap jewelry, with bows
on their hair, but holes in their stockings; who dazzles their eyes
with bright lights and commercial signs, and fills their ears with
blatant music, until their eyes are too dull to see the pastel beauty
of common things, and their ears are holden to the still small voices
of God; who lures her children on with many glittering promises of ease
and wealth, which she never intends to keep, and all the time whispers
to them that this is life.
The good old country nurse is stern but kind, and gives her children
hard lessons, which tax body and brain, but never fail to bring a great
reward. She sends them on long journeys, facing the piercing winter
winds, but rewards them when the journey is over with rosy cheeks and
contented mind, and an appetite that is worth going miles to see; and
although she makes her children work long hours, until their muscles
ache, she gives them, for reward, sweet sleep and pleasant dreams; and
sometimes there are the sweet surprises along life's highway; the
sudden song of birds or burst of sunshine; the glory of the sunrise,
and sunset, and the flash of bluebirds' wings across the road, and the
smell of the good green earth.
Happy is the child who learns earth's wisdom from the good old country
nurse, who does better than she promises, and always "makes her
children mind"!