also the necessity of a merciless struggle with grain speculators, to
compel each grain-owner to declare the surplus above what is needed to
sow the fields and for personal use, according to established normal
quantities, until the new harvest, and to surrender the same within
a week after the publication of this decision in each village. The
order of these declarations is to be determined by the People’s Food
Commissioner through the local food organizations.
2. To call upon workmen and poor peasants to unite at once for a
merciless struggle with grain-hoarders.
3. To declare all those who have a surplus of grain and who do not
bring it to the collecting-points, and likewise those who waste grain
reserves on illicit distillation of alcohol and do not bring them to
the collecting-point, enemies of the people; to turn them over to the
Revolutionary Tribunal, imprison them for not less than ten years,
confiscate their entire property, and drive them out forever from
the communes; while the distillers are, besides, to be condemned to
compulsory communal work.
In case an excess of grain which was not declared for surrender, in
compliance with Article I, is found in the possession of any one
the grain is to be taken away from him without pay, while the sum,
according to fixed prices, due for the undeclared surpluses is to be
paid, one-half to the person who points out the concealed surpluses,
after they have been placed at the collecting-points, and the other
half to the village commune. Declarations concerning the concealed
surpluses are made by the local food organizations.
Further, taking into consideration that the struggle with the food
crisis demands the application of quick and decisive measures, that
the more fruitful realization of these measures demands in its turn
the centralization of all orders dealing with the food question in one
organization, and that this organization appears to be the People’s
Food Commissioner, the Central Executive Committee of All Russia hereby
orders, for the more successful struggle with the food crisis, that the
People’s Food Commissioner be given the following powers:
1. To publish obligatory regulations regarding the food situation,
exceeding the usual limits of the People’s Food Commissioner’s
competence.
2. To abrogate the orders of local food bodies and other organizations
contravening the plans and actions of the People’s Commissioner.
3. To demand from institutions and organizations of all departments the
carrying out of the regulations of the People’s Food Commissioner in
connection with the food situation without evasions and at once.
4. To use the armed forces in case resistance is shown to the removal
of food grains or other food products.
5. To dissolve or reorganize the food agencies in places where they
might resist the orders of the People’s Commissioner.
6. To discharge, transfer, turn over to the Revolutionary Tribunal, or
subject to arrest officials and employees of all departments and public
organizations in case of interference with the orders of the People’s
Commissioner.
7. To transfer the present powers, in addition to the right to subject
to arrest, above, to other persons and institutions in various places,
with the approval of the Council of the People’s Commissioners.
8. All understandings of the People’s Commissioner, related in
character to the Department of Ways of Communication and the
Supreme Council of National Economy, are to be carried through upon
consultation with the corresponding departments.
9. The regulations and orders of the People’s Commissioner, issued in
accordance with the present powers, are verified by his college, which
has the right, without suspending their operation, of referring them to
the Council of Public Commissioners.
10. The present decree becomes effective from the date of its signature
and is to be put into operation by telegraph.
_Published May 14, 1918._
II
REGULATION CONCERNING THE ADMINISTRATION OF NATIONAL UNDERTAKINGS
_Part I_
1. The Central Administration of Nationalized Undertakings, of whatever
branch of industry, assigns for each large nationalized undertaking
technical and administrative directors, in whose hands are placed the
actual administration and direction of the entire activity of the
undertaking. They are responsible to the Central Administration and the
Commissioner appointed by it.
2. The technical director appoints technical employees and gives all
orders regarding the technical administration of the undertaking. The
factory committee may, however, complain regarding these appointments
and orders to the Commissioner of the Central Administration, and
then to the Central Administration itself; but only the Commissioner
and Central Administration may stop the appointments and order of the
technical director.
3. In connection with the Administrative Director there is an Economic
Administrative Council, consisting of delegates from laborers,
employees, and engineers of the undertaking. The Council examines the
estimates of the undertaking, the plan of its works, the rules of
internal distribution, complaints, the material and moral conditions
of the work and life of the workmen and employees, and likewise all
questions regarding the progress of the undertaking.
4. On questions of a technical character relating to the enterprise
the Council has only a consultative voice, but on other questions a
decisive voice, on condition, however, that the Administrative Director
appointed by the Central Administration has the right to appeal
from the orders of the Council to the Commissioner of the Central
Administration.
5. The duty of acting upon decisions of the Economic Administrative
Council belongs to the Administrative Director.
6. The Council of the enterprise has the right to make representation
to the Central Administration regarding a change of the directors of
the enterprise, and to present its own candidates.
7. Depending on the size and importance of the enterprise, the Central
Administration may appoint several technical and administrative
directors.
8. The composition of the Economic Administrative Council of the
enterprise consists of (_a_) a representative of the workmen of the
undertaking; (_b_) a representative of the other employees; (_c_) a
representative of the highest technical and commercial personnel;
(_d_) the directors of the undertaking, appointed by the Central
Administration; (_e_) representatives of the local or regional council
of professional unions, of the people’s economic council, of the
council of workmen’s deputies, and to the professional council of
that branch of industry to which the given enterprise belongs; (_f_)
a representative of the workmen’s co-operative council; and (_g_) a
representative of the Soviet of peasants’ deputies of the corresponding
region.
9. In the composition of the Economic Administrative Council of
the enterprise, representatives of workmen and other employees, as
mentioned in points (_a_) and (_b_) of Article VIII, may furnish only
half of the number of members.
10. The workmen’s control of nationalized undertakings is realized by
leaving all declarations and orders of the factory committee, or of the
controlling commission, to the judgment and decision of the Economic
Administrative Council of the enterprise.
11. The workmen, employees, and highest technical and commercial
personnel of nationalized undertakings are in duty bound before the
Russian Soviet Republic to observe industrial discipline and to
carry out conscientiously and accurately the work assigned to them.
To the Economic Administrative Council are given judicial rights,
including that of dismissal without notice for longer or shorter
periods, together with the declaration of a boycott for non-proletariat
recognition of their rights and duties.
12. In the case of those industrial branches for which Central
Administrations have not yet been formed, all their rights are vested
in provincial councils of the national economy, and in corresponding
industrial sections of the Supreme Council of the National Economy.
13. The estimates and plan of work of a nationalized undertaking must
be presented by its Economic Administrative Council to the Central
Administration of a given industrial branch at least as often as once
in three months, through the provincial organizations, where such have
been established.
14. The management of nationalized undertakings, where such management
has heretofore been organized on other principles because of the
absence of a general plan and general orders for the whole of Russia,
must now be reorganized, in accordance with the present regulation,
within the next three months (_i.e._, by the end of May, new style).
15. For the consideration of the declarations of the Economic
Administrative Council concerning the activity of the directors of
the undertaking at the Central Administration of a given branch of
industry, a special section is established, composed one-third of
representatives of general governmental, political, and economic
institutions of the proletariat, one-third of representatives of
workmen and other employees of the given industrial branch, and
one-third of representatives of the directing, technical, and
commercial personnel and its professional organizations.
16. The present order must be posted on the premises of each
nationalized undertaking.
_Note._--Small nationalized enterprises are managed on similar
principles, with the proviso that the duties of technical and
administrative directors may be combined in one person, and
the numerical strength of the Economic Administrative Council
may be cut down by the omission of representatives of one or
another institution or organization.
_Part II_
17. A Central Administration [Principal Committee] for each
nationalized branch of industry is to be established in connection with
the Supreme Council of the National Economy, to be composed one-third
of representatives of workmen and employees of a given industrial
branch; one-third of representatives of the general proletariat,
general governmental, political, and economic organizations and
institutions (Supreme Council of National Economy, the People’s
Commissioners, All-Russian Council of Professional Unions, All-Russian
Council of Workmen’s Co-operative Unions, Central Executive
Committee of the Councils of Workmen’s Delegates) and one-third of
representatives of scientific bodies, of the supreme technical and
commercial personnel, and of democratic organizations of All Russia
(Council of the Congresses of All Russia, co-operative unions of
consumers, councils of peasants’ deputies).
18. The Central Administration selects its bureau, for which all
orders of the Central Administration are obligatory, which conducts
the current work and carries into effect the general plans for the
undertaking.
19. The Central Administration organizes provincial and local
administrations of a given industrial branch, on principles similar to
those on which its own organization is based.
20. The rights and duties of each Central Administration are indicated
in the order concerning the establishment of each of them, but in
each case each Central Administration unites, in its own hands (_a_)
the management of the enterprises of a given industrial branch, (_b_)
their financing, (_c_) their technical unification or reconstruction,
(_d_) standardization of the working conditions of the given industrial
branch.
21. All orders of the Supreme Council of National Economy are
obligatory for each Central Administration; the Central Administration
comes in contact with the Supreme Council in the person of the bureau
of productive organization of the Supreme Council of National Economy
through the corresponding productive sections.
22. When the Central Administration for any industrial branch which
has not yet been nationalized is organized, it has the right to
sequestrate the enterprises of the given branch, and equally, without
sequestration, to prevent its managers completely or in part from
engaging in its administration, appoint commissioners, give orders,
which are obligatory, to the owners of non-nationalized enterprises,
and incur expenses on account of these enterprises for measures which
the Central Administration may consider necessary; and likewise to
combine into a technical whole separate enterprises or parts of the
same, to transfer from some enterprises to others fuel and customers’
orders, and establish prices upon articles of production and commerce.
23. The Central Administration controls imports and exports of
corresponding goods for a period which it determines, for which purpose
it forms a part of the general governmental organizations of external
commerce.
24. The Central Administration has the right to concentrate, in
its hands and in institutions established by it, both the entire
preparation of articles necessary for a given branch of industry (raw
material, machinery, etc.) and the disposal to enterprises subject to
it of all products and acceptances of orders for them.
_Part III_
25. Upon the introduction of nationalization into any industrial
branch, or into any individual enterprise, the corresponding Central
Administration (or the temporary Central Administration appointed
with its rights) takes under its management the nationalized
enterprises, each separately, and preserves the large ones as separate
administrative units, annexing to them the smaller ones.
26. Until the nationalized enterprises have been taken over by the
Central Administration (or principal commissioner) all former managers
or directorates must continue their work in its entirety in the usual
manner, and under the supervision of the corresponding commissioner
(if one has been appointed), taking all measures necessary for the
preservation of the national property and for the continuous course of
operations.
27. The Central Administration and its organs establish new managements
and technical administrative directorates of enterprises.
28. Technical administrative directorates of nationalized enterprises
are organized according to Part I of this Regulation.
29. The management of a large undertaking, treated as a separate
administrative unit, is organized with a view to securing, in as
large a measure as possible, the utilization of the technical and
commercial experience accumulated by the undertaking; for which purpose
there are included in the composition of the new management not only
representatives of the laborers and employees of the enterprise (to
the number of one-third of the general numerical strength of the
management) and of the Central Administration itself (to the number
of one-third or less, as the Central Administration shall see fit),
but also, as far as possible, members of former managements, excepting
persons specially removed by the Central Administration and, upon their
refusal, representatives of any special competent organizations, even
if they are not proletariat (to a number not exceeding one-third of
the general membership of the management).
30. When nationalization is introduced, whether of the entire branch of
the industry or of separate enterprises, the Central Administrations
are permitted, in order to facilitate the change, to pay to the highest
technical and commercial personnel their present salaries, and even,
in case of refusal on their part to work and the impossibility of
filling their places with other persons, to introduce for their benefit
obligatory work and to bring suit against them.
31. The former management of each nationalized undertaking must
prepare a report for the last year of operation and an inventory
of the undertaking, in accordance with which inventory the new
management verifies the properties taken over. The actual taking over
of the enterprise is done by the new management immediately upon its
confirmation by the principal committee, without waiting for the
presentation of the inventory and report.
32. Upon receipt in their locality of notice of the nationalization
of some enterprise, and until the organization of the management and
its administration by the Central Administration (or the principal
commissioner, or institution having the rights of the principal
commissioner) the workmen and employees of the given enterprise, and,
if possible, also the Council of Workmen’s Deputies, the Council of
National Economy, and Council of Professional Unions, select temporary
commissioners, under whose supervision and observation (and, if
necessary, under whose management) the activity of the undertaking
continues. The workmen and employees of the given enterprise, and
the regional councils of national economy, of professional unions,
and of workmen’s delegates have the right also to organize temporary
managements and directorates of nationalized enterprises until the
same are completely established by the Central Administration.
33. If the initiative for the nationalization of a given enterprise
comes, not from the general governmental and proletariat organs
authorized for that purpose, but from the workmen of a given enterprise
or from some local or regional organization, then they propose to the
Supreme Council of National Economy, in the bureau of organization of
production, that the necessary steps be undertaken through the proper
production sections, according to the decree of 28th February regarding
the method of confiscating enterprises.
34. In exceptional cases local labor organizations are given the right
to take temporarily under their management the given enterprise, if
circumstances do not permit of awaiting the decision of the question
in the regular order, but on condition that such action be immediately
brought to the notice of the nearest provincial council of national
economy, which then puts a temporary sequestration upon the enterprise
pending the complete solution of the question of nationalization by
the Supreme Council of National Economy; or, if it shall consider
the reasons insufficient, or nationalization clearly inexpedient,
or a prolonged sequestration unnecessary, it directs a temporary
sequestration or even directly re-establishes the former management
of the enterprise under its supervision, or introduces into the
composition of the management representatives of labor organizations.
35. The present order must be furnished by the professional unions of
All Russia to all their local divisions, and by the councils of factory
committees to all factory committees, and must be published in full in
the _Izvestia_ of all provincial councils of workmen’s and peasants’
deputies.
_Published March 7, 1918._
III
INSTRUCTIONS ON WORKERS’ CONTROL
(_Official Text_)
I. Agencies of Workers’ Control in Each Enterprise.
I. Control in each enterprise is organized either by the Shop
or Factory Committee, or by the General Assembly of workers and
employees of the enterprise, who elect a Special Commission of
Control.
II. The Shop or Factory Committee may be included in its
entirety in the Control Commission, to which may be elected
also technical experts and other employees of the enterprise.
In large-scale enterprises, participation of the employees
in the Control Commission is compulsory. In large-scale
enterprises a portion of the members of the Control Commission
is elected by trade sections and classes, at the rate of one to
each trade section or class.
III. The workers and employees not members of the Control
Commission may not enter into relations with the management of
the enterprise on the subject of control except upon the direct
order and with the previous authorization of the Commission.
IV. The Control Commission is responsible for its activity
to the General Assembly of employees and workers of the
enterprise, as well as to the agency of workers’ control upon
which it is dependent and under the direction of which it
functions. It makes a report of its activity at least twice a
month to these two bodies.
II. Duties and Privileges of the Control Commission.
V. The Control Commission of each enterprise is required:
1. To determine the stock of goods and fuel possessed by the
plant, and the amount of these needed respectively for the
machinery of production, the technical personnel, and the
laborers by specialties.
2. To determine to what extent the plant is provided with
everything that is necessary to insure its normal operation.
3. To forecast whether there is danger of the plant closing
down or lowering production, and what the causes are.
4. To determine the number of workers by specialties likely to
be unemployed, basing the estimate upon the reserve supply and
the expected receipt of fuel and materials.
5. _To determine the measures to be taken to maintain
discipline in work among the workers and employees._
6. To superintend the execution of the decisions of
governmental agencies regulating the buying and selling of
goods.
7. (_a_) _To prevent the arbitrary removal of machines,
materials, fuel, etc., from the plant without authorization
from the agencies which regulate economic affairs, and to see
that inventories are not tampered with._
(_b_) To assist in explaining the causes of the lowering of
production and to take measures for raising it.
8. To assist in elucidating the possibility of a complete or
partial utilization of the plant for some kind of production
(especially how to pass from a war to a peace footing, and
what kind of production should be undertaken), to determine
what changes should be made in the equipment of the plant and
in the number of its personnel to accomplish this purpose; to
determine in what period of time these changes can be effected;
to determine what is necessary in order to make them, and the
probable amount of production after the change is made to
another kind of manufacture.
9. To aid in the study of the possibility of developing the
kinds of labor required by the necessities of peace-times,
such as the method of using three shifts of workmen, or any
other method, by furnishing information on the possibilities of
housing the additional number of laborers and their families.
10. _To see that the production of the plant is maintained
at the figures to be fixed by the governmental regulating
agencies, and, until such time as these figures shall have been
fixed, to see that the production reaches the normal average
for the plant, judged by a standard of conscientious labor._
11. To co-operate in estimating costs of production of the
plant upon the demand of the higher agency of workers’ control
or upon the demand of the governmental regulating institutions.
VI. Upon the owner of the plant, the decisions of the Control
Commission, which are intended to assure him the possibility of
accomplishing the objects stated in the preceding articles,
are binding. In particular the Commission may, of itself or
through its delegates:
1. Inspect the business correspondence of the plant, all the
books and all the accounts pertaining to its past or present
operation.
2. Inspect all the divisions of the plant--shops, stores,
offices, etc.
3. Be present at meetings of the representatives of the
directing agencies; make statements and address interpellations
to them on all questions relating to control.
VII. _The right to give orders to the directors of the plant,
and the management and operation of the plant are reserved
to the owner. The Control Commission does not participate in
the management of the plant and has no responsibility for its
development and operation. This responsibility rests upon the
owner._
VIII. The Control Commission is not concerned with financial
questions of the plant. If such questions arise they are
forwarded to the governmental regulating institutions.
IX. _The Control Commission of each enterprise may, through
the higher organ of workers’ control, recommend for the
consideration of the governmental regulating institutions the
question of the sequestration of the plant or other measures of
constraint upon the plant, but it has not the right to seize
and direct the enterprise._
III. Resources of the Control Commission of each Plant.
X. To cover the expenses of the Control Commission, the owner
is bound to place at its disposal not more than two per cent.
of the amount paid out by the plant in wages. The wages lost
by the members of the Factory or Shop Committee and by the
members of the Control Commission as a result of performing
their duties during working hours when they cannot be performed
otherwise, are paid out of this two-per-cent. account. Control
over expenditures from the above-mentioned fund is exercised by
the Commission of Control and Distribution of the trades-unions
of the industrial branch concerned.
IV. Higher Agencies of Workers’ Control.
XI. The organ immediately superior to the Control Commission
of each enterprise consists of the Commission of Control and
Distribution of the trades-union of the industrial branch to
which the plant in question belongs.
All decisions of the Control Commissions of each enterprise may
be appealed to the Commission of Control and Distribution of
the trades-union exercising jurisdiction.
XII. At least half of the members of the Commission of Control
and Distribution are elected by the Control Commissions (or
their delegates) of all plants belonging to the same branch
of industry. These are convened by the directors of the
trades-union. The other members are elected by the directors,
or by delegates, or else by the General Assembly of the
trades-union. Engineers, statisticians, and other persons who
may be of use, are eligible to election to membership in the
Commission of Control and Distribution.
XIII. The executive directorate of the union is authorized to
direct and review the activity of the Commission of Control and
Distribution and of the Control Commission of each plant under
its jurisdiction.
XIV. The Control Commission of each plant constitutes the
executive agency of the Commission of Control and Distribution
for its branch of industry, and is bound to make its activity
conform to the decisions of the latter.
XV. The Commission of Control and Distribution of the
trades-union has the authority of its own accord to convene the
General Assembly of workers and employees of each enterprise,
to require new elections of Control Commissions of each plant,
and likewise to propose to the governmental regulating agencies
the temporary closing down of plants or the dismissal of all
the personnel or of a part of it, in case the workers employed
in the plant will not submit to its decisions.
XVI. The Commission of Control and Distribution has entire
control over all branches of industry within its district, and
according to the needs of any one plant in fuel, materials,
equipment, etc., assists that plant in obtaining supplies from
the reserve of other plants of the same kind either in active
operation or idle. If other means cannot be found, it proposes
to the Governmental Regulating Commissions to close down
particular plants so that others may be sustained, or to place
the workmen and employees of plants which have been closed
down, either temporarily or definitively, in other plants
engaged in the same kind of manufacture, or to take any other
measures which are likely to prevent the closing down of plants
or an interruption in their operation, or which are thought
capable of insuring the regular operation of said plants in
conformity with the plans and decisions of the governmental
regulating agencies.
_Remark._--The Commissions of Control and Distribution issue
technical instructions for the Control Commissions of each
plant of their branch of industry and according to their
technical specialties. These instructions must not in any
respect be inconsistent with these regulations.
XVII. Appeal may be made against all decisions and all acts
of the Commission of Control and Distribution to the regional
Council of Workers’ Control.
XVIII. The operating expenses of the Commission of Control
and Distribution for each branch of industry are covered by
the balances in the treasury of each plant (Art. 17) and by
equal assessments on the state and the trades-union exercising
jurisdiction.
XIX. The Local Council of Workers’ Control considers and
decides all questions of a general nature for all or for any of
the Commissions of Control and Distribution of a given locality
and co-ordinates their activity to conform with advices
received from the All-Russian Council of Control by the Workers.
XX. Each Council of Workers’ Control should enact compulsory
regulations to govern the working discipline of the workmen and
employees of the plants under its jurisdiction.
XXI. The Local Council of Workers’ Control may establish within
it a council of experts, economists, statisticians, engineers,
or other persons who may be useful.
XXII. The All-Russian Council of Workers’ Control may charge
the All-Russian Trades-Union or the regional trades-union
of any branch of industry with the duty of forming an
All-Russian Commission or a Regional Commission of Control and
Distribution, for the given branch of industry. The regulations
for such an All-Russian or Regional Commission of Control and
Distribution, drafted by the Union, must be approved by the
All-Russian Council of Workers’ Control.
XXIII. All decisions of the All-Russian Soviet of Workers’
Control and all decisions of other governmental regulating
agencies in the realm of economic regularization are binding
upon all the agencies of the institution of workers’ control.
XXIV. These regulations are binding upon all institutions of
workers’ control, and apply _in toto_ to plants which employ
one hundred or more workmen and employees. Control over plants
employing a smaller personnel will be effected as far as
possible on the basis of these instructions as a model.
INDEX
A
Adjustment committees, 203.
Administrative officials, increase in, 236, 241, 242.
Advertising monopoly, decreed, 323.
Aeroplane-factories, decline of output in, 207.
Agents, provocative, use of, 4.
Agriculture, nationalization of, 82, 83, 84, 85.
Agunov, A., incarcerated, 319.
Alexander Works, strike at, 248, 250.
Alexinsky, Gregory, reports of Joint Congress, 291, 321.
Alien agitators, deportation of, 152, 153 _n_.
Allies, intervention by, 155, 190;
deserted by Bolsheviki, 308;
and blockade of Russia, 431-438.
“Allotment gardens” scheme, 87, 88.
Alminsky, on Extraordinary Commission, 159, 160.
Anarchy, among peasants, 7, 72, 74, 75, 96, 97, 99, 100, 212.
Andreiv, Leonid, 319.
Anti-Bolshevist press exterminated, 324.
Anti-Jewish pogroms, 103.
Antonelli, Etienne, 155.
Arakcheev, Count, and militarization of agricultural labor, 399.
Arbitration committees, 203.
Armed force, failed, 124, 125, 136.
Armistice, the, 432.
Army:
demoralization of, 216;
labor, 391-409;
under Soviet direction, 446, 447.
Arrests, mass, 155.
Arthur Koppel Works, strike at, 248.
Assemblage, freedom of, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 347, 348.
Astrov, Cadet, property confiscated, 165.
Auditoriums, publicly owned, 349;
controlled by workmen’s organizations, 350.
Aviation plant, wage system, 259.
Axelrod-Orthodox, 321.
B
Babeuf, Gracchus, death, 426.
Ballot, secrecy of, 49.
Berkenheim, Alexander, and blockade, 435, 436.
Bezhenov, quoted, 287 _n_.
Black Hundreds, reign of terror, 4.
Blockade, Russian, 431-438.
Blue gendarmes, reign of terror, 4.
Bogdanov, N., report on nationalization of agriculture, 83, 84, 85.
Bolsheviki:
control in Russia, 1;
methods, 2;
rule of blood and iron, 3;
Red Guards, 4;
system of espionage, 4, 5;
abandoned theories, 5;
opposed to first Soviet, 12, 16, 22-28;
apologists, 31;
discontent and hatred against, 33;
peasants hostile to, 82;
and transportation system, 91;
charged with brutality and crime, 92;
and distribution of land, 97, 98, 99;
instigate peasants to murder, 103;
grain decree, 104, 453-464;
create committees of the poor, 109;
and terrorism, 140-191;
brutal methods, 144, 145, 146, 147;
despotic and tyrannical, 194;
demand abolition of death penalty, 157;
restore death penalty, 158;
torture at inquest, 174;
and Soviet control of industry, 198;
decline of productivity under, 209, 210, 211;
propaganda, 210, 220, 411, 412;
and demoralization of army, 210, 216;
and maximum production, 215;
and seizure of government, 215;
and factory control, 216, 217, 218, 219;
and trades-unions, 247-258;
bureaucracy of, 263-267;
and civil war, 292, 308;
party formed, 309;
brutal methods to maintain power, 311;
suppression of newspapers, 313-317;
hostility to freedom of press, 317-319, 329, 332-339;
and public assemblage, 342-346;
and conscription of labor, 374-383;
and labor army, 391, 392, 406;
attitude toward Constituent Assembly, 414, 415, 421;
election against, 417, 419;
wholesale shootings, 422;
sufferings of
Russia under, 423;
and czarism, 426;
unpardonable crime of, 428;
and blockade, 431-438;
treachery, 438;
agitation against German Government, 443, 444;
and Brest-Litovsk treaty, 444;
decree on education, 450;
and militarism, 451.
Bolshevism:
developed new bureaucracy, 4;
defined, 16;
and nationalization of industry, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 307;
fall inevitable, 307;
abhorrent, 307;
perversion of Socialistic idea, 307;
tragic failure, 413;
a government by force, 413;
universal spread of, 438, 439, 440.
Bolshevist:
régime tottering, 1;
adaptability, 5;
propaganda, 210, 220, 411, 412;
congress of, 421.
Bonch-Bruyevich, and Red Terror, 141.
Bourgeoisie, massacre of, 144;
mobilization of, 376, 377, 378, 379.
Bread scarcity, 261, 262, 297.
Breshkovsky, Catherine, 319.
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 29, 30, 321, 432, 442, 443, 444.
Brichkina, S., and Labor Army, 392-396.
Bryant, Louise, 154.
Bucharin, and trades-unions, 255;
_The Program of the Communists_, 334, 439;
and freedom of the press, 335, 337;
a tyrant, 351;
editor of _Pravda_, 358.
Bullitt, William C., 154.
Bureaucracy:
developed, 4;
of the Bolsheviki, 263-267;
corruption of, 268-274;
efficiency of, 275-279;
increase, 444.
Bureaucratic red tape, 284.
C
Capitalism, return to, 247.
Capital punishment, abolition of, 157;
restoration of, 158.
“Centrosoyuz,” 435, 436.
Chernov, 74, 76, 78.
Chicherine, relations with British Government, 443.
_Chief Tasks of Our Times, The_, 226, 439.
Children executed, 145, 146.
_Chresvychaika, The_, 154, 155, 169, 451.
_Civil War in France_, Marx, 356.
Civil War in Russia, 292.
Clergy denied right to vote, 46.
Coal-mines, low production, 228, 229, 262.
Coal:
transportation, 283, 285;
supply, 296.
Code of Labor Laws of Soviet Russia, 371, 374, 380, 381, 382, 390.
Commissars, Council of People’s, 54, 55, 56, 57, 63, 66.
Committee, All-Russian Central Executive, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 66.
Committee of the Poor established, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115.
Committees, extraordinary, brutal and corrupt, 4.
Commune of 1871, Paris, 356, 429, 430, 431.
Communes, agricultural, 86, 87.
_Communist Manifesto_, Marx, 353, 354, 356.
Communist Party:
hatred of, 33;
creation of, 35;
dictatorship over Russian people, 357;
responsibility, 358;
predominance of, in Soviet Government, 359;
in the army, 359;
mobilization
of regiments by, 360;
membership, 360, 361, 362, 364;
campaign for new members, 363, 364;
represents minority of organized proletariat, 365.
Congresses of the Soviets, The, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66.
Conscription by decree, 446.
Conscription of labor, 369, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381,
382, 383, 400, 401, 406.
Constituent Assembly:
elections, 15, 16, 193, 194, 195, 417, 418, 426;
and land problem, 76-81;
convocation of, 141, 142, 158, 414, 415, 416, 420;
dispersed, 311, 420;
betrayal of, 421.
Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, 62, 421.
Control Commission, the, instructions to, 216, 217, 218, 219.
Corn, transport, 285.
Corruption of the bureaucracy, 268-274.
Cotton-factories, idle, 286.
“Cottonized” flax, 288.
Cotton substitute, 288.
Council of the People’s Commissaries, 22, 23, 193, 194.
Council of Workmen’s Deputies of Petrograd organized, 12.
Counter-revolutionists, destruction of, 156, 157.
Courts of justice abolished, 149.
Cultivation, decline in, 113, 121.
Czarism, opposition to, 2;
ruled by brute force, 3;
developed bureaucracy, 4, 139;
destroyed, 426.
D
_Das Kapital_, 356.
Day-work payments, 281.
Death penalty, right to inflict, 156, 157, 158, 159;
abolished, 190.
Decree No. 903, 167, 168.
Deportation, provisions for, 152, 153.
Deputies, Soviet of, 59, 60.
Deserters, army, 446;
shooting of relatives, 447.
Desertion, mass, 210.
Deutsch, Leo, 321.
_Dictatorship of the Proletariat_, 225 _n_.
Dictatorship of the proletariat, 298, 306.
_Dien, The_, suppressed, 319, 320, 321, 322.
Dioneo-Shklovsky, on wholesale massacres, 144.
Disfranchisement, right of, 48, 49, 51.
Documents:
decree regarding grain control, 453-456;
regulation concerning the administration of national undertakings,
456-464;
instructions on Workers’ Control, 465-472.
Donetz Basin coal-fields, output, 228;
supply from, 296.
Dukhonine, General, murdered, 320.
Dumas, Charles, on village wars, 103;
on Schastny case, 173, 174.
Dumas, city, 195, 197.
_Dyelo Naroda_, quoted, 35;
suppressed, 319, 321, 322.
Dzerzhinsky, proclamation by, 183, 184.
E
_Economicheskaya Zhizn_, quoted, 88, 282, 282 _n_, 283, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 293, 307.
_Edinstvo_, suppressed, 318.
Education, decrees on, 450.
Efficiency of the bureaucracy, 275-279.
Eight-hour day, 229, 232, 237, 349.
Elections, Soviet, 46, 47, 48.
Electoral franchise withheld, 45, 46, 47, 51.
Electorate, divided into two groups, 63.
Electric-lamp factories closed, 287.
Engels, Frederick, and the modern state, 8;
quoted, 9, 10, 128;
and Marx, 356.
Eroshkin, M. C., on Committees of the Poor, 114, 115;
and uprisings against Soviets, 148, 149.
Estates, nationalization of, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 95, 96;
confiscated, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101.
Eupatoria, massacres in, 144.
Exchange stations established, 136, 137.
Executions:
mass, held at Rostov-on-Don, 145;
Mihont trial, 222.
Exports, 433, 434.
Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution, created,
154, 155;
proclamation, 156;
shooting of people by, 158, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169,
170, 171;
powers limited, 180.
Eyre, Lincoln, and the _Chresvychaikas_, 155;
on compulsory labor, 374.
F
Factories:
closing of, 87, 300;
confiscated, 205, 211, 216, 225, 227, 237;
abandoned by owners, 237;
nationalized, 300.
Factory:
owners forced out, 198, 204, 205;
councils, 198, 199, 200, 201;
owners recalled, 212;
control
under Provisional Government, 216, 217, 218, 219.
Famine, 121, 136, 138, 245, 246, 289, 290.
Feeding, class system of, 185, 186.
Fir cones, collected for fuel, 285.
Flax, production, 294, 295;
export, 295, 435.
Food:
army, 112;
hoarding, 122, 123;
transportation, 285;
supply, 433;
shortage, 435, 437.
Food-requisitioning detachments:
formed, 107, 111, 112;
reports on, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120;
unsuccessful visits, 122, 123;
resistance to, 136.
Freedom, promise of, 451.
Free trade, forbidden, 185.
Freight-tonnage, decrease in, 236.
French Revolution, 422, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428.
Fuel, situation, 285;
shortage, 295, 296.
Fuel supply, failure of, 244.
G
Gas, absence of, 288.
George III, and equal suffrage, 414.
Gendarmes, Russia ruled by, 3, 4.
Genzelli brothers, shot, 172.
Germany, peace with Russia, 308, 431.
Girondins, 427.
Goldman, L. I., on Jaroslav uprisings, 23.
Goode, William T., 154;
on judicial system of Soviet Russia, 178, 179.
Gorky, Maxim, on village wars, 97, 103;
“The Policy of Despair,” 107;
and armed force, 124;
on brutal methods of the Bolsheviki, 144, 145;
paper suppressed, 322.
Gostev, on nationalization of industry, 239.
Grain control, decree regarding, 453-456.
Grain:
shipments, 123, 124;
exchanged, 136;
control of, 104, 453-456;
profiteers, 105;
regulations, 105, 106;
requisitioned, 107, 108, 109, 112;
curtailment of production, 121;
hoarding, 122, 123;
speculation in, 122, 123.
Guards, Red, special privileges, 4.
Gukovsky, commissar of finances, on railway system, 236;
on marine transportation service, 236;
report on Budget, 238.
Guyot, Yves, 369.
H
Hand-cart, prize for invention of, 284.
“Hangman’s Journal, The,” 170.
Hard, William, and suppression of newspapers, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,
318, 330, 342.
Haulage system, rope, introduced, 285;
instead of railways, 306.
Hides, production, 295.
Holidays, increase of, 228.
Horses, disappearance, 284.
_How the Russian Peasants Fought for a Constituent Assembly_, 142 _n_.
Hunger, unemployment cause of, 87, 88.
Huxley, 369.
I
Imports, 433.
Industrial allotments, administration of, established, 87.
Industrial establishments, policy of subsidizing, 238.
Industry:
nationalization of, 82, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243;
Soviet control of, 198, 213, 214, 215;
disorganized, 238.
International, Third, an instrument of revolution, 440, 441.
Ivanovsky, Michael, shooting of, 184.
_Izvestia_, on peasant uprisings, 117, 118, 119;
quoted, 24, 115, 118, 138, 143, 163, 170, 183-187, 195, 196, 197,
198, 205, 222-224, 262, 266, 268, 271, 305, 328, 378, 402-405.
J
Jacobins, 427.
“Jacqueries,” revival of, 74.
Jandarmov, on production, 210, 211, 212.
Jaroslav insurrection, 22, 23, 24.
Jews, persecuting of, 347.
Joffe, on “Revolutionary Methods,” 443.
Journals, suppressed, 5.
Judicial system, democratic, 149;
of Soviet Russia, 178, 179.
K
Kalinin, and conciliation of the middle peasantry, 134, 135, 136.
Kamenev:
on Constituent Assembly, 15;
and death penalty, 157;
and constitutional assembly, 193;
on profiteering, 304;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438.
Kautsky, and the dictatorship of the proletariat, 356.
Keeling, H. V., on suppression of Soviets, 27;
on Soviet elections, 33.
Keely, Royal C., and compulsory labor, 374.
Kerensky, A. F., Premier of Provincial Government, 2, 3;
land
program, 74, 76, 77;
and demoralization of industry, 91;
and deserting soldiers, 96;
and German counter-revolutionists, 157;
overthrow, 193;
on increased production, 210;
and industrial control, 219;
and help for industrial establishments, 238.
Kerensky, Alexander, translator, 283 _n_.
Kerzheutzer, on “requisition parties,” 116, 117.
Kiev, massacres in, 145.
Knielnitski, Bogdan, revolt of, 429.
Kobozev, Commissar of Communications, on inactivity of the workers,
237.
Kohoshkin, F. F., murder of, 143.
Kopp, Victor, on grain exports, 434.
Kornilov, on decline of productivity, 207.
Krassin, Leonid B., and reorganization of industry, 279;
appointment as commissary, 280;
industrial despot, 281;
reorganized system, 282;
and transportation, 283, 284, 285;
on the fall of Bolshevism, 307;
on grain exports, 434.
Krivoshayer, report on requisitioning detachments, 120.
Krylenko, and capture of General Headquarters, 320;
report on military organization, 446.
L
Labor booklet, 386, 387, 388, 389.
Labor distribution, department of, 383, 384, 385, 386.
Labor, time limit, 212;
low productivity, 297;
shortage, 304, 305;
conscription of, 369, 370,
374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 383, 391, 400, 401, 409.
Land commissions created, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 81.
Landowners murdered, 72, 74.
Land:
seized, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76;
law, 78, 79;
socialization of, 80, 83, 87, 88, 89;
distribution of, 95-103, 426.
Latzis, on conditions in Province of Vitebsk, 117.
_L’Avanti_, of Rome, 350.
_La Vérité sur les Bolsheviki_, Charles Dumas, 103 _n_.
Laws, Russian, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56.
League of Nations, Supreme Council of, 436.
Leather-factories, output, 286, 287.
Lenin, Nicolai, internal opposition, 1;
theories abandoned, 5;
and Constitutional Assembly, 15, 415, 416, 417, 419;
opposed Soviets, 18;
report on peasant uprisings, 119;
attitude toward peasantry, 127, 128-134;
and Menshevist Social Democrats, 127;
attempted assassination of, 140, 141, 148, 160, 161, 162, 164;
on terrorism, 147;
and death penalty, 157;
on elections, 194;
on success of Socialism in Russia, 222, 223, 224;
and Soviet meetings, 230;
and new-born bourgeoisie, 263;
on administration by single individual, 305, 306;
analysis of, by Rosa Luxemburg, 309;
estimate of, by P. Rappaport, 310;
contempt for democratic ways, 310;
brutal methods, 311, 312;
and freedom of the press, 332, 333, 337;
report on “Bourgeois and Proletarian Democracies,” 345, 346;
a tyrant, 351;
_Two Tactics_, 352;
and Marxism, 353, 354, 355;
on dictatorship of the proletariat, 358;
anti-statists, 371, 372, 373;
on compulsory labor, 375, 380;
and labor army, 392-396;
and equal suffrage, 414;
on freedom of speech, publication, and assemblage, 420;
new set of principles, 421;
and Paris Commune, 429, 430;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438, 439;
and Soviet direction of army, 447.
_Le Peuple_, of Brussels, 350.
_Les Bolsheviks à l’œuvre_, 147 _n_.
Levine, Isaac Don, on Soviet Russia, 37, 154.
_L’Humanité_, 350.
Liberty, the right of discussion, 313.
Lincoln, Abraham, quoted, 338;
and equal suffrage, 414.
Litvinov, and revolutionary agitation, 442.
Livestock, decline in quantity, 295.
Lockerman, M., on terrorism, 147.
Locomotives, lack of, 261, 262;
disabled, 292, 293, 299.
Lock-outs, 249.
Lomov, and return to capitalism, 247.
Louis XVI, overthrow, 425.
M
Machine-shops closed, 238.
Magna Charta, signing of, 413.
Malone, M. P., Colonel, 154, 155.
Manufactured goods, lessening of production, 138.
Marine transportation service, nationalized, 236;
demoralized, 236.
Martov, L., protest against restoration
of death penalty, 157, 158;
account of Schastny trial, 174, 175;
on red tape and waste, 284;
accuses Lenin, 321.
Marx, Karl, theory, 128, 425;
and social evolution, 241;
Socialism of, 339;
teachings, 353;
_Communist Manifesto_, 353, 354;
death, 353;
meaning of the term “proletariat,” 354, 355, 356;
and universal suffrage, 414;
_Civil War in France_, 431.
Marxian Socialists of Russia, 227, 271.
Marxism and Leninism, 353, 354.
Marx Printing Works, wage-system, 259.
Massacres, wholesale, 144, 145.
Material, raw, lack of, 238;
transportation, 293, 294.
Match-factories, output, 287.
“Meeting-holding” and loss of time, 230, 231.
Melnikov, P., and execution of children, 146.
_Memorandum on Certain Aspects of the Bolshevist Movement in Russia,
A_, quoted, 33.
Menshekov, on Soviet elections, 35;
report on production, 208.
Mensheviki:
opposed to Bolsheviki, 12;
stand on Soviet platform, 32;
faction of Social Democratic Party, 67;
party formed, 309.
Metal, transportation, 294.
Metal workers idle, 286.
Militarism, freedom from, 451.
Military Revolutionary committees, 26.
Miliukov, and government employees, 264.
Miliutin, on nationalization of industry, 239.
_Mir_, privileged journal, 325.
Mizkevich, publicist, 450.
Mobilization, forcible, 125.
Molot, priest, arrest, 164.
Money, loan, 238;
paper issue, 238, 246.
Monks, denied right to vote, 46.
Montagnards, the, 427.
Moscow railway workshops, decline in production, 228, 229.
Mothers petition for lives of their children, 146.
Munition-works, decline of output in, 207, 208.
Mytishchy Works, Moscow, loss of production, 228, 229.
N
_Nache Slovo_, fined, 329.
_Narodnoye Slovo_, suppressed, 319.
_Nasha Rech_, suppressed, 318.
_Nashe Yedinstvo_, confiscated, 321.
Nationalization:
of the land, 83, 85, 88;
of industry, 260, 280, 282;
policy, demand for abolition, 298.
Nationalized industries, financing, 288;
picture of, 307.
Nemensky, and government employees, 264.
Nevsky Shipbuilding and Engineering Works, premium system restored,
259;
closed, 286.
Newspaper, compulsory purchase of, 326.
Newspapers: suppressed, 313-319;
“nationalized,” 324;
fined, 329;
denied circulation through mails, 324.
Nicholas II, Czar, 62;
regulations, 343;
and equal suffrage, 414;
overthrow, 425.
Nikolaiev, on agricultural communes, 86.
Noble Factory, wage-system, 259.
_Notch_, suppressed, 320.
_Novayia Zhizn_, suppressed, 322.
Novotcherkassk, massacres in, 145.
_Novoye Vremia_, establishment seized, 323.
_Novy Looch_, suppressed, 321, 322.
O
Oberoucheff, Gen. C. M., quoted, 3.
Obligatory Regulation No. 27, 326, 327.
“Off days,” increase of, 228.
Oil, fuel, deficiency, 285.
_Okhrana_ (Czar’s Secret Service), reign of terror, 4, 46.
_Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State_, 10.
Oupovalov, J. E., on suppression of Soviets, 29, 30;
on increased production, 209;
and trades-unions, 253;
on public assemblage, 340, 341.
_Outre Rossii_, fined, 329.
Overtime, 281.
P
Paper currency, worthless, 137, 138.
Pauper committees established, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115.
Peasantry:
Lenin’s attitude toward, 127-134;
Kalinin on, 134-136.
Peasants:
voters discriminated against, 66;
uprisings among, 72, 73, 74, 75, 92, 96, 100, 101, 102, 148, 149;
character, 92, 93;
savage brutality, 93, 94;
soldier deserters, 96, 97;
distribution of land among, 97, 98, 99;
conflict with Soviet authorities, 98, 99;
resist grain regulations,
106, 107, 112;
city proletariat against, 107;
opposed to Committees of the Poor, 114, 115;
resist requisitioning detachments, 120, 121, 122;
curtail production, 121;
revolt against Soviet rule, 121, 122;
hoarding food, 122, 123;
resist forcible mobilization, 125;
and exchange stations, 136, 137;
robbed of grain, 137;
and Soviet power, 138.
People’s commissaries, 32.
People’s food commissioner, powers of, 105, 106.
People’s tribunals, cases and sentences cited, 93, 94.
Petrograd Soviet of Workmen’s Deputies organized, 12, 13.
Petrovsky, call for mass terror, 162, 163.
Piece-work system, 247, 252, 259, 280.
Platonov, on agricultural communes, 87.
Plechanov, George V., publication confiscated, 319, 321.
“Policy of Despair, The,” Gorky, 107.
Political offenses, special tribunals for, 150, 151, 152.
Politicians, ousted, 281.
_Polnotch_, suppressed, 320.
Potresov, Alexander, opinions of, 319, 320.
_Pravda_, quoted, 6, 26, 96, 110, 125, 128-134, 159, 194, 261, 317,
344-346, 363, 364, 447.
Premiums, 280.
Press Department, 325.
Press, Russian, freedom of, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 329, 332, 333,
334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 350, 351.
Prinkipo Conference, 441.
Printing establishments “nationalized,” 323.
Printers’ union, suppressed, 252.
Prisons, city, conditions in, 179.
Production, decrease under Soviet government, 208, 209, 212, 227, 228,
229, 241, 242.
Productivity, decline in, 204, 206, 207, 208.
Profiteering, proceedings against, 150.
_Program of the Communists, The_, 334, 439.
Proletariat:
dictatorship of the, 352, 353, 355, 356;
meaning of, 354;
uprising of, 355.
“Proletcult” of Soviet Russia, 450.
Propaganda, 441.
Provisional Government, the, 8, 12, 14, 15, 95, 197, 198, 203, 209,
210, 211, 215, 216, 226, 308, 414, 415, 426.
Putilov works, strike at, 248, 250.
R
_Rabatcheie Delo_, suppressed, 318.
_Rabochaia Gazeta_, suppressed, 318, 319.
Radek, and death penalty, 157.
Radek, and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438;
on Spartacist uprisings, 439.
Rakovsky, and death penalty, 157.
Railroad Workers’ Unions:
Congress of, 254;
merged with the state, 254, 255.
Railway system:
demoralized, 236;
operating expenses increased, 236.
Railways:
nationalized, 235, 237, 242, 243, 246;
deficits, 243;
service test, 243, 244;
collapse, 244, 246;
wood fuel for, 244, 245.
Railway transportation, 283, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297, 299.
Railway workers’ councils abolished, 236.
Rakitnikov, Inna, report on opening of Constituent Assembly, 141, 142.
_Ranee Outre_, fined, 329.
Ransome, Arthur, on Soviet Government, 32;
Bolsheviki sympathizer, 154;
on Red Terror, 180;
on powers of Extraordinary Commission, 181, 182.
Raw material, shortage, 301.
Razin, Stenka, revolt of, 429.
Red army:
deserters, 187;
whole families shot, 187, 188;
formation of, 447, 448.
Red Terror:
a reprisal, 140;
introduction of, 148;
a mad orgy, 160;
extent of, 177, 178;
ceased to exist, 180;
beginning of, 427.
Reed, John, 154.
Revolutionary Tribunal, the, decree constituting, 151, 152, 153, 154.
Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press, created, 328, 329.
Richter, Eugene, 369.
Reign of Terror in French Revolution, 422, 424, 427, 428.
Robins, Raymond, 154.
Romanov II, Nicholas, reign of, 330.
Rope haulage, 285, 306.
Ross, Professor, on strikes, 201;
on misuse of Soviet power, 204, 205;
on decline in productivity, 204, 205.
Rostov-on-Don, massacres in, 145.
Royd, Fanny, execution of, 174.
Rozanov, on agricultural communes, 87.
Russian:
Revolution, 195, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428;
Social Democratic Party, split of, 309;
blockade, 431-438;
peace with Germany, 431-433.
_Russkaya Volia_, suppressed, 319.
_Russkoye Bogatstvo_, suppressed, 322.
_Russkya Viedomasti_, suppressed, 322.
Rykov, A., and nationalization of industries, 239, 300;
on economic situation, 291, 292;
on transportation problem, 292, 293;
on production of flax, 294, 295;
and hides, 295;
and wool, 295;
on fuel situation, 295, 296, 297;
on grain, 297;
remedial measures proposed, 298, 299;
on textile industry, 301, 302;
as to the future, 302;
and skilled labor, 303, 304.
S
Sabotage, 150, 207, 210, 215, 220, 221, 223, 224.
Salt, disappeared from market, 288, 289;
substitute, 289.
Sawdust, substitute for sugar, 288.
Schastny, Admiral, trial and death, 172, 173, 174.
Scherbatchev factory, fall in production, 229.
Schliapnikoff, Commissar of Labor, quoted, 282 _n_.
Schneuer, Lieutenant, German spy, 320.
Sebastopol, massacres in, 144.
Seminov’s lumber mill, wage-system, 259.
Sentences, mass, 155.
Serfdom abolished, 92.
_Severnaya Communa_, subscription to, obligatory, 326, 327;
quoted, 25, 120, 166-169, 171, 179, 184, 185, 250-251, 258, 259-260,
342, 361.
Shingarev, A. I., murder of, 143.
Shliapnikov, protest against sabotage, 221, 222.
Shooting, mass, 170.
Shub, David N., on suppression of newspapers, 315, 319, 320, 321, 322,
323.
Simferopol, massacres in, 144.
Six-hour day, 349.
Skobelev, on seizure of factories, 205;
on decline of industrial output, 206, 207.
Smirnov, M., and execution of children, 146.
Smith, Goldwin, 369.
Socialism:
foe of individual freedom, 369;
critics of, 369, 370.
_Socialism, Utopian and Scientific_, 9.
Socialists, Marxian, 8, 10, 11;
join first Soviet, 12;
expelled from New York Legislature, 29;
and freedom of the press, 336;
press, 350.
Socialists-Revolutionists, party of, election, 417;
factions in, 419.
_Soldatskaia Pravda_, Bolshevist paper, 318.
Soldiers, peasant, deserters, 96, 210.
Soromovo Works, output, 227.
Soronov, shot, 184.
Sosnovsky, report on conditions in Tver Province, 117.
Soviet:
government in Russia, 16, 17;
system, 17, 18;
elections, 21, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36;
form of government explained, 38, 39;
estates, 83, 84, 85;
power, misuse of, 205;
increased cost of production under, 208;
control
of industries, 213, 214, 215, 219, 230, 231, 234;
control of factories, 216;
decree of instructions, 217, 218, 220, 225;
economic situation in 1919, 289;
official organ, 326, 327.
Sovietism:
merits of, 444;
increased bureaucracy, 444;
in industry, 445;
and direction of army, 446, 447;
impractical, 449.
_Soviets at Work, The_, 225 _n_, 226, 234.
Soviets:
formed, 12, 13;
irresponsible bodies, 13;
cleansed, 22;
dissolved, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27;
uprisings against, 148, 149;
waning power of, 195, 196, 197;
and decline in productivity, 208.
_Sovremennoie Delo_, suppressed, 318.
Spartacist uprisings, 439.
Speech, freedom of, 339, 420.
Spencer, Herbert, 369.
Spiridonova, Maria, on nationalization of estates, 82.
_State and Revolution, The_, 226 _n_, 373.
State loans, repudiation of, 238.
St. Bartholomew massacres, 144, 145.
Steffens, Lincoln, on Soviet form of government, 38, 40.
Steinberg, I. Z., “Instructions to the Revolutionary Tribunal,” 151.
Strikers, right to, 201, 248, 252;
wasteful, 204;
among factory workers, 210;
treason against state, 236;
epidemic of, 248;
suppressed with brutality, 248, 249, 250, 251, 281.
Strumillo, J., on suppression of Soviets, 30, 31.
Substitutes for needed articles, 288.
Suffrage, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 334, 335, 339, 354, 413, 414, 426.
Sugar industry, liquidated, 288;
sawdust substitute, 288.
“Sukharevka,” campaign against, 271, 272.
Syndicalism, 235.
T
Taylor system of management, 234.
Teachers union, suppressed, 252.
Teaching profession denied right to vote, 51, 52.
Terrorism and the Bolsheviki, 140-191.
Terror, mass, 162, 163.
Textile industries, decline in production, 229, 301, 302;
factories closed, 238;
idle workers, 286.
“Thermidorians,” 427.
Thomas, Norman, 330, 342.
Tomsky, on food-supplies, 302, 303;
on shortage of labor, 304, 305.
Trades-unions, Russian:
conservatism of, 17, 18;
and representation, 32;
right to nominate, 50;
Congress, 86, 87;
and agricultural communes, 87;
and strikes, 248, 252;
and wage-fixing, 248, 252;
and state capitalism, 252;
suppressed, 252, 253;
controlled by Bolsheviki, 252, 253;
deprived of power, 281;
status of, 382.
Transportation system, 91, 238, 283, 284, 285, 289, 308, 433.
Tribunals, revolutionary, critical and corrupt, 4.
Trotsky:
and internal opposition, 1;
on constitutional assembly, 15, 193;
and Jaroslav insurrection, 23;
dispersed constitutional assembly, 79, 80, 81;
and peasant uprisings, 121, 122;
and forcible mobilization, 125, 126;
on terrorism, 147, 183;
and guillotine, 148;
and death penalty, 157;
famous decree No. 903, 167;
and Admiral Schastny, 173, 175, 176;
on railway transportation, 293, 294;
on industrial failure, 301;
on dissipation of working-class, 303, 304;
on freedom of the press, 317, 332;
a tyrant, 351;
and communists in army, 359, 360;
and labor army, 391, 396-406;
denounced Kerensky, 415;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438, 439;
and deserters, 446, 447.
_Trudovoe Slovo_, suppressed, 318.
Trupp, Eugene, statement by, 163 _n_, 164 _n_.
Tseretelli, and decline of productivity, 204.
Tula Munition Works, strike at, 248;
premium system restored, 260.
Tyrants, defined, 312, 313.
U
Uprisings, peasant, 72, 73, 74, 75, 92, 96, 100, 101, 102, 148, 149.
Urals Workers’ and Soldiers’ Soviet, 21.
Uritzky, assassination of, 140, 148, 155, 158, 158 _n_, 159 _n_, 160,
161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 174.
_Utro_, suppressed, 318.
V
Vandervelde, Emile, on factory councils, 200.
Vasiliev, B. C., and execution of children, 145, 146.
Vassilyev, Dr. N., 321.
Verstraete, Maurice, description of Uritzky, 158 _n_, 159 _n_.
_V. Glookhooyou Notch_, suppressed, 320.
Village wars, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103.
Villard, Oswald, 330, 342.
_Vlast Naroda_, on village wars, 100, 101, 102.
_Volia Naroda_, suppressed, 318, 319.
_Vorwärts_, Berlin, 350.
_Vperiod_, suppressed, 329.
_Vsiegda Vperiod_, suppressed, 330.
_V. Temnooyou Notch_, suppressed, 320.
W
Wages committees, 202, 203.
Wage-system:
daily pay, 247, 252, 259;
piece-work, 247, 252, 259;
cash bonuses, 247, 252;
premiums, 259, 260.
Wheat reserve, 297.
White guards:
shooting of, 166, 186;
mass terror used against, 168.
White terror of the bourgeoisie, 140, 148.
Whitley Councils of England, 198.
Whitman, Walt, quoted, 338.
Women, liable to labor conscription, 382.
Wood fuel, transportation of, 244, 245, 284, 285, 295, 296.
Wool, production, 295.
Work-books, 386, 387, 388, 389.
Workers’ Control Commission, instructions on, 217, 218, 234.
Workers’ control, abolished, 281, 282 _n_.
Workmen’s and Peasants’ Revolutionary Tribunals established, 150.
Workmen’s:
supreme council, 214;
organs of control, 214;
superior court of control, 214.
Workmen, unemployed, 238.
Workshop committees, 199, 201, 202.
Y
_Yedinstvo_, suppressed, 319, 321.
Z
Zasulitch, Vera, 321.
Zemstvos, local, 195.
Zenzinov, V. M., on the Soviet Government, 31;
on freedom of assemblage, 339, 340.
Zinoviev:
on Constituent Assembly, 15;
and Red Terror, 141, 147;
and death penalty, 157;
on Soviet Russia, 290;
a tyrant, 351;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438, 439.
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[Transcriber's Note:
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]
End of Project Gutenberg's The Greatest Failure in All History, by John Spargo