[Transcriber's Note: Bold text is surrounded by =equal signs= and
italic text is surrounded by _underscores_. Footnotes are located at
the end of the text.]
THE BOYS’ BOOK OF SUBMARINES
[Illustration: _Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly_
A MODERN AMERICAN SUBMARINE CRUISING IN THE AFLOAT CONDITION WITH
FOREWARD DIVING RUDDERS FOLDED BACK AGAINST THE HULL]
THE BOYS’ BOOK OF SUBMARINES
BY
A. FREDERICK COLLINS
AUTHOR OF “INVENTING FOR BOYS,” “MANUAL OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY,”
“KEEPING UP WITH YOUR MOTOR CAR,” “HOW TO FLY,” ETC.
AND
VIRGIL D. COLLINS
AUTHOR OF “A WORKING ALGEBRA,” AND
CO-AUTHOR OF “SHOOTING FOR BOYS”
_WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND
DIAGRAMS_
[Illustration: Emblem: FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY NEW YORK ESTABLISHED
EIGHTEEN EIGHTY-ONE]
NEW YORK
FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
PUBLISHERS
_Copyright, 1917, by_
FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
—————
_All rights reserved_
TO
LESTER BURNHAM COLLINS
UNITED STATES NAVY
A WORD TO YOU
Submarine! It’s a word that’s in everybody’s mind—on every one’s tongue.
The very sound of it conjures up thoughts of great ships that were and
will be torpedoed and sent to the bottom of the old ocean to rust and
to rot there.
Of all the mighty monsters that ever sailed the seven seas this
piratical craft is by long odds the most daring as well as the most
dangerous to both life and property.
And yet while of course you know that a submarine can travel on or
under the water, dive like a porpoise and destroy an enemy ship by
shooting a torpedo at her, do you know exactly how an undersea boat
works and fights and just how she does all the seemingly impossible
feats for which she is notorious?
At the present time the greatest war in the world’s history is being
fought, and you are more than a mere looker-on for your country is in
it and you may be one of the boys who will be called to the colors to
defend her on, or against, these undersea craft.
If for no other reason than this you ought to follow not only the
battles as they are being fought on the east and west fronts of Europe,
but the warfare that is being waged by the submarines on the high
seas, for on these boats hinges to a very large extent the outcome of
the war.
Ever since the year of 1900 when five of the first really successful
submarines were built in the United States and sent to England the
value of this kind of war-craft has gone forward by leaps and bounds as
the devices for operating them were more and more improved.
Further too the submarine has played a far larger part in the war that
is now going on than the wildest fancies of her inventors of twenty
years ago could have pictured, much less believed, and what is of even
greater import she bids fair to become the champion fighter of the sea
in the future.
Indeed so wonderful is the submarine and so great are her possibilities
that you should by all means know exactly how she is made and works, as
well as her torpedoes. The easiest and certainly the most interesting
way to find out these things is to read this book and then build a
model submarine and torpedo according to the simple directions we have
given.
To open the covers of this book and to read it is the next thing
to going through the hatch in the bridge of the conning tower and
examining the mechanism at first hand. So do it now.
A. FREDERICK COLLINS,
VIRGIL D. COLLINS,
550 Riverside Drive,
New York City.
CONTENTS
PAGE
“A WORD TO YOU” vii
CHAPTER
I. THE FIRST OF THE SUBMARINES 1
How the Submarine Came to Be.—The Development
of the Submarine.—The First Submarine Boat.—A
Submarine of the Revolution.—The First Torpedo Fired
by a Submarine.—Robert Fulton’s Submarine.—The
Earliest Steam Propelled Submarine.—The Coming of
the Torpedo-Tube Submarine.—The Invention of the
Electric Submarine.—What the Gas Engine Did for the
Submarine.—The Two Types of Submarines.
II. HOW TO MAKE AND WORK A MODEL SUBMARINE 23
The Ballast Tank.—The Air Control Mechanism.—About
the Power Plant.—The Pusher Control Device.—The
Propeller-Shaft.—Installing the Motor.—Ballasting
the Boat.—Making the Superstructure.—And Now the
Conning Tower.—Setting the Propeller.—Putting on the
Rudder.—Painting Your Craft.—How to Work Your Submarine.
III. HOW A REAL SUBMARINE IS MADE AND WORKS 51
The Parts of a Submarine.—How the Hull Is Made.—What
the Superstructure Is.—The Outside of the Conning
Tower.—A Look Inside of the Hull.—A Peep into the
Conning Tower.—Now the Navigating Compartment.—Next,
the Diving Control Compartment.—The Four States of
the Submarine.—How a Submarine Dives.—The Ballast
Pumps and What They Do.—What the Buoyancy Tanks Are
For.—Compressed Air and Air-Compressor Pumps.—Inside
the Torpedo Compartment.—Why Trimming Tanks Are
Used.—In the Mine Compartment.—And Last of All, the Sea
Anchor.—Where the Crew of a Submarine Lives.
IV. THE HEART OF THE SUBMARINE 73
What a Good Power Plant Is.—The Faults of the Steam
Engine.—When the Gasoline Engine Came.—How the Gasoline
Engine Works.—The Last Word in Submarine Engines.—Why
an Electric Power Plant Is Needed.—The Dynamo-Motor and
Storage Battery System.
V. MAKING AND SHOOTING THE TORPEDO 91
The First Submarine Torpedoes.—How to Make a Model
Submarine Torpedo.—The Body of the Torpedo.—Your
Torpedo in Action.—How a Real Torpedo Is Made.—The
Detonating, or Firing Mechanism.—The Engine that Drives
the Torpedo.—How a Torpedo Is Shot at a Ship.—A Torpedo
with a Cannon in It.
VI. MAKING THE SUBMARINE DEADLIER 115
Arming the Submarine with Guns.—The Need of a
Quick-Action Gun.—The Spring Action Gun.—The Compressed
Air Action Gun.—How a Submarine Lays Mines.—Kinds of
Submarine Mines.—How the Mines Are Made.
VII. THE WONDERFUL EYE OF THE SUBMARINE 129
How the Eye of the Submarine Got Its Name.—The First
Submarine Eye, or Periscope.—How to Make a Simple
Periscope.—The Modern Lenticular Periscope.—How the
Telescope Is Made.—The Latest Type of Periscope.—The
Limited Use of the Periscope.—The New Enemy of the
Submarine.
VIII. THE MARVELOUS TONGUE AND EARS OF THE SUBMARINE 143
The Tongue and Ears of a Submarine.—Kinds of Signaling
Systems.—The Wigwag Way of Signaling.—The Flashlight
System.—The Wireless Telegraph System.—Underwater
Signaling Systems.—The Electric Current, or
Conductivity System.
IX. THE CREW OF THE SUBMARINE 159
Conditions on Early Submarine Craft.—When Crews Were
Hard to Sign.—What the Base-Ship Is For.—How Men
Are Trained for Submarine Duty.—The Complement of a
Submarine.—Breaking in Raw Recruits.—The Conditions in
War Time.
X. HOW THE SUBMARINE ATTACKS 171
The Uses of the Submarine.—The Submarine as a
Scout.—The Submarine as a Blockader.—How a Submarine
Attacks a Merchantman.—When Submarines Attack in Pairs.
XI. THE NEW SUBMARINE CHASERS 185
Schemes for Outwitting the Submarine.—Plans for
Destroying the U-Boats.—Kinds of Submarine Chasers.—How
the Chaser Chases a Submarine.—Shooting the Guns of the
Chaser.—Submarine Air Chasers.—A Way to Lift the U-Boat
Blockade.
XII. THE LAST WORD IN SUBMARINES 199
Uncle Sam’s Latest Submarines.—The Great Blockades
of the Warring Nations.—The First of the Merchant
Submarines.—Some Facts About the Deutschland.—How the
United States Can Break the Blockade.—When Submarine
ILLUSTRATIONS
A Modern American Submarine Cruising in the Afloat
Condition with Foreward Diving-Rudders Folded
Back against the Hull _Frontispiece_
FACING PAGE
A “Baby Holland” Submarine, One of the First of the
U. S. N. 18
Your Model Submarine in Action 46
The Conning Tower and Navigating Compartment Controls
of a Modern Submarine 58
The Engine Room of a Modern Submarine Showing the
Diesel Engines 82
A Bliss Torpedo with Rotary Compressed Air Motor 98
A 3½ inch Submarine Gun in Action Showing the Deck Well
and Manner of Operation 118
The Latest Type of Periscope. A much Magnified Image of
the Object Is Shown in the Inner Circle, while in
the Outer Circle Is Shown the Object Plus an “all
round” View of the Horizon. A Submarine Fitted with
This Periscope May well be Said to Have Eyes in the
Back of its Head 136
A Marine Wireless Installation 150
The Crew of a Submarine (Note Sailor Going Below through
Hatch in After-deck) 166
A German U-Boat “Breaking Water” Preparatory to Examining
the Cargo of an Enemy ship 178
Three Eighty-Foot Gasolene Chasers on their Way to Patrol
Duty 188
Navigating the “Deutschland” by Means of the Deck Control
(Note Open Hatch Leading to Conning Tower) 202
THE BOYS’ BOOK OF SUBMARINES
CHAPTER I
THE FIRST OF THE SUBMARINES
THE outcome of the great war that is now being waged in Europe hinges
largely on the ability of the Central Powers[1] to sink the ships of
the Allies[2] by means of _submarines_, and of the Allies to destroy
the enemy _U-boats_,[3] as the German submarines are commonly called.
Now, while a U-boat is a submarine, all submarines are not U-boats; for
the word _submarine_ means any and everything that lives, is done, or
works beneath the surface of the sea. Thus, a fish is a submarine, and
so is a boy while he is under water—though his clothes may be on the
shore.
=How the Submarine Came to Be.=—Yes, the fish of the _Paleozoic_[4]
era, see Fig. 1, was the earliest submarine, in that it moved in and
through the water under its own power, and that was millions of years
before the human race and the monkey tribe branched off from a common
ancestor.
[Illustration: FIG. 1. A PALEOZOIC SUBMARINE. IT WAS THE FIRST FISH TO
SWIM THE WATERS OF THE EARTH.]
Not only has the shape of the fish—or _ichthyoid form_, as it is
called—served as a model for inventors of the submarine boat to go by,
but the air-bladder in the fish, which aids it in keeping its place
below the surface of the water, finds its counterpart in the ballast
tanks of the modern submarine.
When the first real boy parted from his monkey cousin—that is, when the
boy came down from his tree-top house and left the monkey up there to
eat a banana all alone—Nature had fitted him with long legs and flat
feet so that he might swiftly run away from his enemies on land.
But in those days when the earth was young there were not only
gigantic, long-necked animals with cross-cut saw tails and cunning
little heads, but terrifying winged lizards[5] flew around everywhere
like airplanes do now, and monstrous and inconceivable things swam in
the sea. He could easily outwit and outdistance his animal foes on
land, but he could not fly away from those that sailed the air, nor
could he venture far into the water for fear of his aquatic enemies.
But he learned to swim in spite of them and when he could dive down
here and come up over there he became the second submarine. (See Fig.
2.)
[Illustration: FIG. 2. THE SECOND SUBMARINE. HE WAS THE FIRST HUMAN
BEING TO PROPEL HIMSELF THROUGH THE WATER.]
From the time he learned to swim and grew to be a man he nursed the
idea of making some kind of device that he could get into and swim
about with, not only so that he might be protected from the monsters
that sought him as food but that he might destroy them as well.
And even after all the prehistoric beasts became extinct and so were
no more on the face of the earth to menace his safety, he still kept
thinking over the idea of the submarine, and it kept getting stronger
within him as the _convolutions_ of his brain grew deeper.
=The Development of the Submarine.=—By hard thinking and long
experimenting, and the other way about, and always working to the end
that he might invent some kind of boat by which he could travel under
and through the water (or, as the French have it, _sous marin_—_sous_
meaning _under_ and, of course _marin_ means _sea_) like the swiftest
of fish and quite as easily.
His reason for wanting a submarine boat now that the animals he had so
feared in the past had disappeared, was to find treasure ships that had
sunk to the bottom of the old ocean, or, more likely because it seemed
more practical, to attack, unseen and without warning, merchantmen that
carried precious cargoes—in a word, he would a submarine pirate be.
But like everything else that needs mechanical devices and electrical
apparatus the development of the submarine from the first crude
attempts to the powerful and perfectly controlled U-boat as we know it
to our sorrow to-day took many men working through many years to make
it sea-worthy and practical.
In each one of these inventors the thought that ruled him was to make a
boat which would sink or swim, as he wanted it to; and though none of
the earlier workers succeeded in building a really good submarine, it
was not their fault but their misfortune, for the vital mechanical and
electrical appliances they needed had yet to be invented.
But the efforts of each one of these pioneers served as a
stepping-stone to the building of the first practical boat, in 1901,
which could be used successfully as an undersea destroyer. This was the
_Holland_, which you will read more about presently; and the British
Admiralty purchased five of the first ones built.
=The First Submarine Boat.=—Away back there in the very year when the
Pilgrims landed from the _Mayflower_ on Plymouth Rock—that is to say,
in 1620—a Dutchman named Van Drebel, who happened to be living at that
time in England, worked out the idea that originated in the brain of
his prehistoric ancestor, and that was to build a submarine boat.
Of course in those days there were no such things as steel boats, nor
had engines to propel them been invented, but men were adept builders
of wooden boats and, as much or more to their credit, they were past
masters of the art of sailing them.
But the lack of steel, of engines, and of other recent inventions
didn’t daunt the dauntless Van Drebel in the least; for he went right
ahead and built his underwater craft of such materials as he could
get hold of. His submarine was nothing more nor less than a regular
wooden boat which was completely decked over, covered with leather, and
smeared with tallow to make it watertight.
The submarine was propelled through the water by means of a pair of
oars on each side as shown in Fig. 3, very much in the same fashion as
were the far-famed Grecian galleys of old; but in this boat the oars
passed through watertight flexible covers fastened over the portholes.
A hollow mast was _stepped_ into the deck to supply air to the crew
when the submarine was under water, and it was also used to spread a
little canvas on when the boat was running afloat and the wind was good.
[Illustration: FIG 3. VAN DREBEL’S SUBMARINE.]
Now, you may think this submarine of Van Drebel’s was a mighty crude
attempt, and no one will say you nay, but just bear in mind, please,
that it was the _granddaddy_ of the modern submarine and that it
traveled submerged down the Thames River, carrying in it no less a
personage than King James the First, and covering a distance of seven
miles from Westminster to Greenwich.
After this first and very successful attempt at submarine building
it was not long until others began to make improvements and to build
underwater boats which would outdo the spectacular performance of Van
Drebel’s submarine. It ought to send a thrill of pleasure through
you to know that most of these inventors were Americans, but in your
feeling of pride don’t forget that the oversea workers along submarine
lines followed closely on the heels of our own in ingenuity, building,
and operative ability.
=A Submarine of the Revolution.=—The first submarine designed to
destroy enemy ships was invented and built by an American named David
Bushnell, just about the time that Liberty Bell was ringing out the
Independence of the United States.
His submarine, had it not been for an accident, and of which I will
tell you later, would now be exploited in every school history of our
country. But even the accident showed that the submarine had great
inherent possibilities and dynamic power stored up in it which warring
nations of the future must reckon with.
Different from all past ideas and present conceptions of submarines,
and far removed from any design which is ordinarily thought of in
connection with boats, Bushnell’s submarine, instead of going through
the water with its _long axis_ horizontal to the top, moved through it
vertically.
The way in which this strange craft was _submerged_—that is, sunk—is
_fundamental_, which means that it is the simple, natural way and the
one that is used in all submarines that have been built since then.
A number of empty tanks were so fixed in the vessel that when the pilot
wanted to submerge it he could let the water into them, and when he
wanted to rise to the surface again he could pump the water out with a
hand force-pump. This scheme is used in all of the submarine boats of
the present time, though of course the pumps are power-driven.
A heavy weight that could be detached was fixed to the bottom of the
craft, which helped it to maintain its upright position and also aided
in submerging it. In case an accident happened to the pumps the weight
could be released, when the craft would come to the surface.
Another good feature of this submarine was the valves which let fresh
air into the vessel when it floated on top of the water but which
closed _automatically_—that is, without the help of the pilot—when the
submarine sank below the water line.
The way the first submarine of Bushnells was driven was just as
primitive as the one built by Van Drebel; indeed, it was a shade worse,
for a solitary oar sticking through the rear end of the shell provided
the means for going ahead while another oar on one side helped to raise
and lower it.
He later designed, built, and successfully operated another submarine,
which was far superior to his first model. It had the same shape as
his first one but it was propelled by two screws which were turned by
_hand_; one of these moved the submarine forward and backward through
the water, and the other one moved it up and down—all of which is
clearly shown in Fig. 4. Hence the credit for the invention of the
screw-driven submarine belongs to Bushnell.
[Illustration: FIG. 4. BUSHNELL’S SUBMARINE.]
=The First Torpedo Fired by a Submarine.=—Bushnell, though, did more
than to invent a workable submarine, for he also devised and used a
_torpedo_; or it would be better to call it a _bomb_, since it was
_timed_ to explode by clock-work, instead of by _concussion_. He
intended to hang this submarine bomb on the bottom of an enemy ship—and
thereby hangs a tale.
The British man-of-war _Eagle_ had anchored in New York Harbor close
to Staten Island sometime in the famous year of 1776.
The inventor was a patriot and offered his services and the use of his
submarine to the new United States Government; the latter accepted them
and ordered him to blow up the warship. As the inventor became sick
he gave a sergeant, named Lee, the honor of using his submarine and
blowing up the ship. Lee worked the submarine without a hitch until he
reached the man-of-war, and then his troubles began.
Try as he would, he could not drive the screw into the tough English
oak of which the hull of the ship was made, and this he must needs do
in order to fasten the bomb to the bottom of it.
Finally, just as the clock-work of the torpedo was about to explode it,
he set it adrift, and the young officer made off just in time to save
himself. As it was, the bomb exploded close to the stern of the boat,
but it did not do any serious damage.
=Robert Fulton’s Submarine.=—About the year 1800, Robert Fulton, the
Famous American inventor, who built the first successful steamboat,
designed and built a submarine that was far ahead of either of those I
have just described.
It was cigar-shaped, to begin with, and this lessened the resistance
it offered to the water, and it was fitted with a keel, a rudder, a
propeller, and a _conning tower_, so that the pilot could see where he
was going. Fulton did not attempt, though, to use a steam engine to
drive the propeller, but turned it by hand. His submarine is shown in
Fig. 5.
Another big improvement that Fulton made was to cover the hull of
his submarine with copper plates. Taken altogether it came as near
being a real submarine as could have been made with the materials and
inventions which were available at that time.
[Illustration: FIG. 5 FULTON’S SUBMARINE.]
After offering his submarine to the French, British, and American
Governments in turn, and after it was _turned down_ by all of them
because they failed to see in it a useful weapon of war, Fulton turned
his thoughts toward home and craft of a more peaceful nature.
Had any one of these governments been able to see the wonderful
possibilities of the undersea craft that Fulton had so greatly improved
upon, the submarine would have been perfected long before it was.
Fulton’s remarkable experiment, with his _Nautilus_, as he called his
boat, on the Seine River, which flows through Paris, attracted much
attention, and a plan was set on foot to use his submarine to rescue
the exiled Napoleon from the Island of St. Helena. Again Fulton was
doomed to disappointment, for the Great Emperor died before the scheme
could be carried out.
It was then that Fulton returned to the United States and set about the
more peaceful task of building a steam propelled river boat, or _steam
boat_ as it is called, and which won for him much money and undying
fame.
=The Earliest Steam Propelled Submarine.=—It was eighty years after
Fulton made his classic underwater experiments that Garrett, an English
inventor, designed, built, and operated a submarine which used steam as
its source of power.
This later submarine had all the good features of Fulton’s craft,
besides the history-making improvement of using a steam engine to drive
her—not only when she was afloat but when she was submerged as well.
The way it was done was like this: a regular boiler was set in the
boat and this had a telescopic _funnel_, as a ship’s smoke-stack is
called. When running on the surface the water in the boiler was changed
into steam and the smoke poured out of the funnel. But when the craft
was submerged, the funnel was drawn under the deck, the fire doors,
which were made air tight, were closed, and the steam pressure already
generated in the boiler was high enough to run the boat for several
miles.
=The Coming of the Torpedo-Tube Submarine.=—Clear up to the time of the
_Centennial Exposition_ held at Philadelphia in 1876, the only idea
that inventors of submarines seem to have had was to use a bomb of some
sort which could be attached to the submerged hull of an enemy ship and
which would blow her up.
This crude scheme, as you have seen, was not only uncertain but it was
at once a difficult piece of work and very dangerous to the operator.
About this time, or perhaps a little later, a Swedish engineer, named
Nordenfelt, invented a torpedo which could be shot from a tube in the
head of the submarine.
His early submarine had a length of 100 feet and could make 12
_knots_[6] on top of the water; she could be submerged to a depth of
about 50 feet, when, of course, her speed was considerably reduced. She
was steam-driven and had two propellers.
But the great improvement of this submarine craft over all the others
that had been built before her was her torpedo tubes through which
torpedoes[7] could be shot from the inside of the boat and aimed at
the enemy. Besides the torpedoes, she carried two rapid-fire guns, and
these made her an engine of destruction greatly to be feared. She is
shown in Fig. 6.
=The Invention of the Electric Submarine.=—What with the amazing uses
to which electricity was being put, it is small wonder that as soon as
the storage battery was invented and electric motor was discovered,[8]
inventors became imbued with the idea of using the mighty invisible
power for running their submarine boats.
[Illustration: FIG. 6. THE NORDENFELT SUBMARINE.]
The first submarine to be propelled solely by electricity was designed
and built about 1886 by Campbell and Ash, of England. The outstanding
features of this undersea craft were the storage batteries, which were
formed of 104 cells, and the electric motors, of which there were two
and each one developed 45 horsepower.
The boat had a speed of 6 knots, and it had a cruising radius of 80
miles, without recharging the batteries. She is shown in Fig. 7. The
electric submarine never got out of the experimental class, because of
the imperfections of the storage battery at that early date and in
virtue of the fact that its range of travel was very limited.
But the experiments were not without value, though, for they led to the
use of electricity as the ideal power for undersea propulsion, as you
will presently learn.
[Illustration: FIG. 7. THE NAUTILUS, AN ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN SUBMARINE.]
=What the Gas Engine Did for the Submarine.=—Greater effort to use
electricity as a motive power for submarines would doubtless have been
made had not the gas-engine been invented in 1888.
This new kind of engine was the ideal motive power for propelling a
submarine on the surface of the sea, and at the same time it could
drive a dynamo which would generate an electric current to charge the
storage batteries with.
And when the boat was submerged the engine could be stopped and there
was no smoke or burnt gases to escape; the storage battery then gave
up its electric current, this energized the motors, and these in turn
drove the propellers. This combination system of gas and electric power
is used in all submarine boats at the present time.
The first engineer to combine a gas and an electric power plant in a
submarine as described above was Depuy de Lôme. This French engineer
turned out a wonderfully successful submarine; and this was still
further perfected by another Frenchman, named Gustave Zédé. Many of the
submarines used in the French Navy at the present time are of the Depuy
de Lôme-Zédé type.
=The Two Types of Submarines.=—Two American inventors, name Lake and
Holland, were working _independently_ of each other—that is, neither
knew the other was working on submarines—and each developed a different
type of undersea boat. This was about 1896.
_The Lake Submersible._—The first underwater boat built by Simon Lake
was shaped very much like a ship. The hull was mounted on wheels, so
that it could travel on the bottom of the sea if need be, for it was
originally intended to be used by pearl divers and oystermen.
In the early part of this chapter I told you that the word _submarine_
means anything that lives in, is done, or works beneath the water-line
of the sea. Now, in naval engineering, _submarine_ has come to mean
an undersea craft that can _dive_, while an undersea boat that simply
sinks on an even keel is called a _submersible_. So the Lake shown in
Fig. 8 is a submersible, for it is not intended to dive.
_The Holland Submarine._—The Holland undersea boat is a real submarine,
for it can dive. The hull of this boat looked more like a whale with
its tail twisted up than like a boat, as you will see in Fig. 9.
[Illustration: FIG. 8. THE LAKE SUBMERSIBLE BOAT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 9. THE HOLLAND SUBMARINE BOAT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 10. A MODERN SUBMARINE OF THE K CLASS, U. S. NAVY.]
[Illustration: _Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly_
A “BABY HOLLAND” SUBMARINE, ONE OF THE FIRST OF THE U. S. N.]
_The Combined Holland and Lake Types._—The shape of the Holland
submarine makes it a good undersea boat; the Lake submersible has a
large deck and roomy quarters, and its shape makes it good for surface
going. The result is that naval architects have combined the two types
so that the new model submarines have the advantages of the older types
and are without their disadvantages.
Nearly all of the boats of the submarine flotilla of the United States
Navy are of the Holland and Lake types combined, as shown in Fig. 10.
You will find more about these craft in another chapter.