FIELDING.[33]
(BY THE HON. R. H. LYTTELTON.)
[Illustration: ‘Saving the four.’]
Certain natural qualifications are indispensable to enable any
cricketer to become a great fieldsman. The highest reputation that can
be attained by any painstaking cricketer who is not endowed with these
qualifications is that of being a good safe man. When you hear this
epithet, you may take it for granted that reference is made to a man
who may cover himself with glory if he has to field a ball within a
certain more or less limited space from the spot where he has taken his
position, who is generally in the habit of holding a feasible catch,
and who will seldom disgrace himself.
In other words, a safe field is generally a slow one, is lacking in
electricity and rapidity of movement, and, as batsmen get to know this,
the short run is attempted with impunity. Slow fields are earnestly
advised to practise throwing; for their defects are less apparent
when fielding a long distance from the wicket, and the non-observant
spectator does not notice that the ground covered at a distance from
the wicket by a slow field is very small compared to that commanded by
some space-covering field like Palairet, Sugg, or J. Douglas.
Again, let safe and slow fields, the roadsters among the thoroughbreds,
try and get a respectable knowledge of the game; for if they obtain
this they can in a great measure discount their deficiencies. A good
judge of the game gets to know by instinct where a batsman is likely
to hit certain balls, and so does the observant fieldsman. He will
consequently shift a few yards or so from his original position to
the spot towards which his instinct tells him the ball is likely to
be hit; and he will thereby earn the enviable reputation of being a
man who is frequently in the right place. It used to be said of the
immortal French tennis player, Barre, that he himself did not run after
the ball, but the ball ran after him; his genius told him where his
opponent was going to hit the ball, and he planted himself accordingly.
In like manner will a fieldsman so plant himself; and it is important
to a slow field to try and acquire this instinct, for if the fieldsman
is not on a certain spot of ground before the hit is made, his slowness
will prevent his getting there afterwards, especially if the hit is
hard and the ground fast.
Directions may now be given on the knotty points, ‘Where ought I to
stand?’ ‘When ought I to back up?’ ‘Which end ought I to throw to?’
and a few others; for this reason, that many a good fieldsman might be
better if he knew where to place himself and precisely what to do.
First, then, it may be safely asserted that a concentrated attention on
every ball is a _sine quâ non_ of even decent fielding. Men often think
that if they are simply looking at the batsman they are doing all that
is required. But this is not so. There is a difference of opinion as
to whether the eyes should be fixed on the batsman, or should follow
the ball as it leaves the bowler’s arm; this is a matter of dispute,
our own opinion being in favour of the former plan. But each man should
stand as if the next ball were sure to come to him, not only as if it
might come to him. One can see a whole eleven doing it now and then
when there are (say) six runs wanted to tie and seven to win. They
are all adopting for a few minutes the position they ought to adopt
always--in short, the position in which great fieldsmen like Wainwright
and Burnup are found invariably. We will first take a few general
points, and then the separate places in the field.
BACKING UP.
[Illustration: Backing up.]
This is a matter which demands the earnest consideration of all who
field within thirty yards of the wicket. There ought always to be
two men backing up; never more. Nine times out of ten they will be
superfluous, but the tenth time they will save a ‘four overthrow,’ and
all the chagrin, demoralisation, and tearing of hair connected with
that disaster. No fieldsman can throw his best unless he is confident
about the backing up, and the man who ought to be abused when an
overthrow occurs is not the fieldsman who throws the ball, but the men
who should be backing up and are not. Again--and let young fields take
heed to this--there must be ten yards between the two men backing up,
and also between the one nearest the wicket and the wicket. This gives
them room to stop the wildest throw, but does not give the batsmen
time to run if the ball passes the wicket. If the fields stand close
together, two are as bad as none, and get in each other’s way. Rules
for the different fields we give in dealing with them separately.
THROWING.
This is, of course, a gift of nature, not a result of art. Few
men can throw far, but everyone can throw quickly, and that is what
prevents batsmen from running. There is a moment which decides a
batsman whether he can manage to secure another run or not. It is
just when a fieldsman, having run some way after the ball, and having
his back turned to the wicket, is stooping to pick up preparatory to
throwing in. Now any good judge of running, after seeing a man go
through this process once, knows exactly how long it will take. Every
nerve should be strained to make it as brief as possible: a little
extra sign of life and rapid movement will make the batsman hesitate
a moment, and the run is lost. The engraving on p. 245 shows what in
our opinion is the proper way to pick up a ball going away. The field
is not trying to catch the ball up as far as his feet are concerned.
He is stretching his hand forward to pick it up, and when he has got
it into his hand he will throw it rather over his left shoulder to the
wicket. Again, supposing a run is being snatched. The field should
then remember that to throw in slowly is of no possible use. The throw
may be, in other respects, as perfect and as straight as Robin Hood’s
arrow, but the batsman will be safe over the crease, and such a throw
becomes an example of showy drawing-room cricket, which is sure to be
applauded by the spectators, as well as the reporters, but is useless
to the side. If every field picked up and threw in as quickly as his
knee joints and the state of his arm allowed him, a very considerable
percentage of the runs usually scored would be saved. It is commonly
asserted by many of those supporters of the game who, having laid down
their arms, devote themselves for the rest of their lives to laying
down the law, that nobody ought ever to throw down the wicket. This is
certainly wrong. We do not mean that everybody ought always to throw
at the wicket, but only that some fields, under certain circumstances,
ought to do so. These circumstances occur when it is the only chance of
running a man out. The ball should be hurled violently at the bails,
and if an overthrow occurs, the wise captain will abuse those who
ought to be backing up, and not the thrower. But to throw hard at the
wicket when there is no chance of running a man out is strongly to be
condemned; it may produce an overthrow, and it is certain to inflict
useless concussion on the hands of bowlers and wicket-keepers. No
fieldsman is so apt to disregard this advice as the bowler; at least,
it is a fact that many bowlers are particularly fond of returning the
ball hard to the wicket after they have fielded it. It does not succeed
in running a man out once in a thousand times, it often enables a run
to be got by an overthrow, and it uselessly troubles the wicket-keeper.
A batsman is next door to an idiot who is got out by such means, and we
suspect that it is often done to secure the applause of an unthinking
mob.
[Illustration: ‘Overtaking and picking up.’]
DEEP FIELD, OR COUNTRY CATCHING.
This is an art which the above-mentioned critics lament as having
died out. It may be suspected that they missed as many catches as
the present generation, but still the present generation miss more
than they ought. All fine country fields catch the ball close to the
body--nay, more close to the head--and rightly so, because the eye is
more in a line with the ball, and with the hands in the position shown
in fig. 1, not in the way shown in fig. 2. If a young player begins in
the wrong way, he will miss one or two and get nervous. It is worth
remembering that folios of rules will never make a nervous field keep
hold of a country catch. Cold hands are a frequent cause of failure,
but loss of confidence and the disorganisation of the nervous system is
the commonest reason, and a constant prayer of many a cricketer is to
be spared a high catch.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--The right way to catch.]
When a field begins to be uncertain, he should keep wicket to fast
bowling for a quarter of an hour a day, and field somewhere close
in for a week or so. The wicket-keeping will practise his eye, and
the fielding close in will spare his nerves during this educational
process. Practice is, of course, useful for long catches, but only up
to a certain point. A player may alter from a bad style of catching to
a good one by practice, but a very safe catch in practice is frequently
a bad performer in a match, simply on account of nervousness. For sharp
catches, wicket-keeping is, perhaps, the only thing that will help. The
peculiar faculty they demand is, like the spin in bowling, something
that cannot be taught, the possession of which is a guarantee of genius.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.--The wrong way to catch.]
And now for those who occupy the separate places, first among whom we
are surely right in dealing with the
WICKET-KEEPER.
A little thought makes it clear that there are given at least
three chances of catching to one of stumping a man out. And so the
wicket-keeper must first feel the ball safe and warm in his hands
before he attempts to put the wicket down. This advice sounds obvious,
but it is so often disregarded that it must be insisted on. The first
rule accordingly is, that the ball must not be snatched at, but
received. This snapping used to be a very common fault with amateurs,
and the great George Pinder’s remark, ‘You amateurs snap ’em a bit,’
hit on a then weak spot in amateur wicket-keeping. Another reason for
not snapping is one that will certainly strike home, and that is,
that the non-snapper is not nearly so likely to hurt his hands, as
one form of snapping consists in jerking the hands quickly forward to
meet the ball, and thereby resisting a blow instead of waiting for it.
Another danger of snapping is, that you run the risk of moving your
hands in such a way that instead of the ball striking the palms of the
hands where it does not hurt, it strikes you on the top of the thumb
or fingers, causing an agony that only wicket-keepers can rightly
appreciate. Hardly any two wicket-keepers stand alike, so take any
position that is natural to you, as was recommended in the chapter on
Batting, only bearing one fact in mind, which is, to avoid standing
so far away as not to be able comfortably to put down the wicket
without moving the legs. The postures generally assumed are, it must
be confessed, the reverse of graceful; they are too well known to need
description, but the two most common forms are shown in the figures
given on pp. 252 and 254. In one figure we recognise the massive
proportions of the famous Sherwin. It is wise to teach the beginner
to stand still and not to move his feet till the ball is hit by the
batsman or has passed his hands or is in his hands. We say beginners
because some famous wicket-keepers do move right in front of the ball,
but if a beginner moves his feet it may be inferred that he funks the
ball, and is getting out of its way. Again, you may not be able to
take many leg-balls, but every time you do put the wicket down, not
regarding the fact that the batsman may not be out of his ground. If
you wait to look, he certainly will not wait to get back, warned as
he is by the sound of the ball impinging on the gloves that there is
no time for loitering about. We do not say that an appeal ought to be
made to the umpire every time that the wicket is put down; that ought
only to be done when you think that the batsman was out of his ground;
unless this is the case it is an unfair and unsportsmanlike proceeding.
[Illustration: Wicket-keeper--Sherwin in position.]
We have before protested against pandering to the vicious tastes
of the gallery, and we must protest against it again, and caution
wicket-keepers in the following particular. It is supremely difficult
to take leg-balls, and the populace applaud accordingly when one is
taken. Now we have no objection to a wicket-keeper taking as many
leg-balls as possible, but on one condition, and that is, that he does
not lay himself out to take leg-balls at the expense of the off balls.
It is easy to do this by a different position and a concentration of
thought on the leg-balls. The vast majority of catches are given on the
off side, and catches, as has been before remarked, out-number stumping
chances in the proportion of 3 to 1. We would infinitely sooner have
a wicket-keeper on our side who was safe on the off side and did not
take one leg-ball in a hundred, limiting leg-balls to those outside the
legs of the batsman. Let your first thoughts be concentrated mainly on
straight and off-side balls, and pay no regard to the applause of any
save those whose knowledge of the game makes their approbation valuable.
[Illustration: Wicket-keeper--Another position.]
A player with no aptitude for wicket-keeping on first going to that
position will undergo moments of unspeakable agony. Spectators do not
thoroughly realise the position of the wicket-keeper, indeed nobody
can who has not attempted the art. In the first place, we will suppose
a very fast bowler; in the second, a fast and possibly a rather bumpy
wicket; in the third place, a batsman with perhaps the bulk of W.
G. Grace or K. J. Key, wielding a bat of the orthodox proportions;
and in the fourth place, three stumps with two bails placed on the
top. The body of the batsman in many cases completely obstructs the
view the wicket-keeper ought to have of the ball. Even if he can get
a good sight of the ball there is that abominable bat being fiddled
about, baulking the eyesight in the most tantalising manner, and
there are some batsmen who have a provoking habit of waving their
bats directly the bowler begins his run, and continuing their antics
till the ball is right up to them; while others seem to be built like
windmills, and have a limb always at hand to throw out between the
unhappy wicket-keeper and the rapidly-advancing ball. There are several
seconds, therefore, when the wicket-keeper is only conjecturing what
course the ball is taking, and is certain of but two things--one, that
the ball is hard; the other, that it is advancing in the direction
of himself with terrific rapidity. Then, even if you see the ball
plainly, it may happen to be, and frequently is, straight, and a
straight fast ball raises unutterable emotions in the wicket-keeper’s
breast; for who knows what devilish tricks the ball, to say nothing
of the bails, will play after the wicket is struck, and the course of
the missile diverted, not stopped? One reads how a bail has been sent
a distance of thirty or forty yards by a fast ball, and that bail may
take the wicket-keeper in the eye _in transitu_. The writer was once
struck by the ball on the eye and by the bail on the mouth at very
nearly the same second. The wicket-keeper is grimly told that he must
not flinch, and that he never can be really good if he does not keep
his legs still. True, most true; but, like other great people who do
great things, he must resist every natural impulse and all his lower
nature, and not till he has succeeded will he stand the least chance
of reaching to a pinnacle of excellence. Having briefly pointed out
these difficulties and dangers, let us beg the field to treat the
wicket-keeper as tenderly as possible, to cultivate a straight throw,
either a catch or a long-hop, and not half-volleys or, worse still,
short-hops, and never to throw hard when there is no necessity. If the
throw is crooked, the wicket-keeper should not leave his position to
stop it; leave that to the men who are backing up. He may be called
upon afterwards to put down the wicket, and he ought to be in a
position for so doing. Bear in mind also this cardinal rule--namely, to
stand behind the wicket to a throw and not in front.
LONG-LEG.
[Illustration: Hit to square-leg.]
It may be stated first of all in regard to this place, that its
importance is very considerably less in the cricket of the present
day than it was in former times. The improvement of bowling in mere
accuracy, owing to the fact that now compared with twenty years ago
five medium pace and slow bowlers exist to one fast bowler, is the
reason of this change; and even when a long-leg is used, it is very
often because a sort of back-up is required for the wicket-keeper, and
the long-leg is consequently placed very sharp, always remembering
that there is no long-stop. The man chosen for this grand post ought
to know from the way a batsman hits at a ball whether he should stand
square or sharp. The old-fashioned long-leg hitting of George Parr is
almost a thing of the past; so that long-leg should stand too square
rather than too sharp, especially as the right hand will thus get most
to do. If the batsman is a weak hitter, alter the position, moving not
only nearer the wicket but sharper as well. For a weak hitter’s most
dangerous stroke will be a snick to leg, and it is rather galling to
see a snick score many runs. But a strong square-leg hit is far more
dangerous; therefore, leave ample space to cover the ground, and trust
to your speed to save two runs. A good runner, after he plays a ball
gently to long-leg, makes all haste over the first run, and, as he
turns, assumes that there is time for the second if he sees that the
long-leg is slackening in the least, or winding up for an ornamental
throw, or in any other way wasting time. In such case jump towards
the ball the moment you see the batsman turning round to slide it in
your direction; run as if a mad bull were behind you, and picking up
the ball with one hand (as it is moving slowly enough) hurl it at the
wicket-keeper’s head--unless he is some distance off, in which case
throw so that it goes to the wicket-keeper a long-hop. Occasionally it
is useful to throw to the bowler, assuming that he is behind the stumps
and that mid-off is backing up, because the batsmen get frightened at
this manœuvre, and feel that their second run entails too much of a
risk, and this frequently prevents them trying it again. Bear in mind
that the aim of good fielding is, not to run men out, but to prevent
their trying to run. Remember also that a catch to long-leg has a
tendency to curl towards your right hand, so do not rush too violently
towards the left directly the ball is hit.
MID-OFF AND MID-ON
have somewhat similar duties to perform, and the latter in one way
is the easiest place in the field, for there is less twist on the
ball when hit there than is the case with any other hit. When the
ground is hard, stand deeper than when it is soft, because on a hard
ground a single is easier, a four harder, to save. Again, stand wider
when the bowler is bowling your side of the wicket, as he is then
responsible for part of the space between you. If the batsman is a
timid runner, it is a good plan to tempt him to run by pretending to
be slow, and the moment he calls ‘run’ dash in with unexpected vigour.
This artifice, however, can be useful only once in an innings, and
must not be attempted by any except quick and good fields. But if by
well-ascertained and true report and your own observation you know that
either or both of the batsmen are slow or timid runners, stand further
back, unless there is any special reason to make you stand in for a
catch, for by so doing you cover more ground and can save fourers or
threes. Mid-off must back up behind the bowler when the ball is thrown
in from long-leg, short-leg, mid-on and long-stop. Mid-on backs up the
bowler when it is thrown from mid-off, cover-point, point, and third
man. Modern tactics and modern slow bowling have invented an extra
field in the shape of an extra mid-off, who stands between cover-point
and mid-off, and his duties, when the fashion is to bowl mainly on the
off side for catches, are most onerous. Mr. G. B. Studd’s fielding
here was one of the sights of cricket. The Australians in general, and
Boyle in particular, have introduced a new position to bowlers of the
Spofforth type--you may call it either an extra short-leg or an extra
mid-on. If the wicket is soft and catchy this field stands sometimes
only five or six yards from the bat, and makes numerous catches when
batsmen are poking forward and the ball is inclined to hang. In short,
it is on the on side that which ‘silly point’--afterwards described--is
on the off side. It will only be seen when bowlers of superlative
excellence are bowling, men who can be relied upon to keep a good
length, and whose bowling is too fast to allow the batsman to run
out for a drive. If the bowler has not these qualities, but bowls a
decent average of half-volleys on the leg-stump or a little outside,
there will probably be a coroner’s inquest required. But Boyle knew
that neither Spofforth nor Palmer bowled such balls, and it cramps the
batsman unpleasantly to see a field standing there on a tricky wicket.
Extreme vigilance is required for this post, and the risk of injury is
too great to permit it being made use of when the wicket is fast. It
was practically never seen in England till the Australians introduced
it in 1878.
COVER-POINT
shares with the three last-mentioned fields a great responsibility
connected with throwing and running fast after the ball. A very
common set of strokes are those which send the ball on either side of
cover-point, mid-off, extra mid-off or mid-on, and realise on a hard
ground three runs. Now a really good field very seldom allows three
runs, because he makes the batsmen suppose that the ball is somehow
back at the wicket almost at the same moment that he is seen picking
it up from the ground. Those who have tried this will testify how
very often a sudden turn and throw-in just checks the third run; the
batsmen feel that they must watch such a field, and it is this very
watching which prevents them from ever pressing the running. This is
a most important matter and one generally neglected, but it is worth
insisting on, because anybody can act upon this piece of advice. Anyone
can run his fastest and throw his quickest, but the men who field in
these places seldom do their best, though the man who does not is not a
genuine cricketer, and is probably a selfish animal. Such conscientious
fielding as this gets very little recognition, though it saves about
one in every ten runs. Spectators do not observe; the cricket reporters
notice the features of the game that are obvious to only ignorant
spectators, and they do not waste ink upon it; but any really judicious
captain estimates it very highly. No doubt a flashy field is very
useful at cover-point; he cramps all the runs on the off side, and
covers the defects of a third-rate mid-off; but very often these are
just the men who shirk the burden, heat and hard work of the day, as
we may call these repeated excursions of fifty yards or so under a
strong sun. Cover-point should learn, if possible, the under-hand throw
practised with such success by the late Rev. W. Law and G. J. Mordaunt.
He has to back up behind mid-off when mid-on or the deep-on fields are
throwing in, and behind point when short-leg and long-leg throw to the
wicket-keeper.
POINT.
Success in this place depends almost entirely on natural gifts, and
there are two distinctly different methods of first-class fielding
in this place. One is the point, who seems nearly to have solved the
problem of perpetual motion, and bounds about everywhere, rushing in at
one ball and right in front of the wicket to the next, but whose first
position is closer in than more stationary fields at the same place.
The other variety of point stands a yard or two further from the wicket
and is more stationary, and his specialty consists in being a grabber
of every ball within his reach. The right way of standing is shown
in the figure opposite. There are plenty of good fields at point who
stand differently from this, but we are trying to teach those who are
not good fields, and we think that this figure is a good position. The
important point to observe is that you can move quicker when one foot
is drawn a little behind the other, and Carpenter and other good fields
used always to stand thus. Some critics would say that point ought to
stoop more, and no doubt some good points do. Each must choose his own
elevation as far as this goes, but we feel sure that a great many balls
go over the point’s head when he stoops very much, and that on the
whole the figure shows the best stoop. The stationary and the restless
both have their merits and both have their characteristics. The tall
man with a long reach nearly always adopts the stationary position, and
no hit is too hard for him to face. Of course he ought to stand ready
to start quickly, but his business consists in covering as much ground
as possible from very nearly one position, and he must have a good
aptitude for getting his hand in the right place to stop the ball.
[Illustration: Point.]
The position of point ought to be in a line with the wicket, and at a
distance depending entirely on the pace of bowler, style of batsman,
and condition of ground. The faster the bowler and the ground, the
further off the wicket ought point to stand, but in no case ought he
to be more than eight yards away. Some points make a great mistake in
standing further than this, for a very common catch at point is when
a bumping ball rises off the batsman’s glove and pitches about four
yards from the wicket in the direction of point--a certain catch if
point is fielding in his right place, but impossible to get at if he
stands too far from the wicket. There is no limit on certain grounds
and to certain batsmen to the closeness to the wicket which an active
point will stand. The ball has been taken literally almost off the
bat. We think, on the whole, that the fieldsman who stands nearly in
the same position till the ball is hit, who is quick in starting, and
very sure and ready to face and stop a real ‘hot-un,’ is more valuable
than the restless point who runs here and there, and rarely adopts the
same position for two consecutive balls. There is, however, much to be
said for both styles; but we feel very sure that the restless point
must first acquire a certain faculty of more or less correctly judging
where the batsman is likely to hit the ball, or else he will be always
rushing to the wrong place.
There is a combination of circumstances which induces modern captains
to put their point right forward on the off side about eight yards from
the wicket. The circumstances required include a batsman who has got a
peculiar forward style, a bowler whose balls are inclined to hang or
get up straight from the pitch, and lastly a catchy wicket where the
balls are apt to bump and hang. It is a very useful place sometimes,
but most dangerous to the field at other times. In the Australian and
England match at the Oval in 1880, Morley was bowling, McDonnell was
batting. The ball now and then bumped up, and the English captain
acceded to W. G. Grace’s wish and allowed him to go forward point, or,
as it is familiarly called, ‘silly’ point. Now McDonnell is one of the
hardest hitters in the world, and Morley used sometimes to bowl a ball
a little over-tossed. A ball of a certain length _might_ have been
bowled that McDonnell _might_ not have smothered at the pitch, and the
requisite hang having taken place, W. G. Grace _might_ have triumphed.
But unfortunately, before this consummation took place, McDonnell got
a ball admirably adapted to his extremely powerful off drive. The
well-known musical sound of a bat hitting the ball plump was heard,
then a second knock higher in its musical pitch and nearly as loud,
the ball was seen about twenty yards high in the air, and McDonnell
easily scored a run. What really happened was this: McDonnell made a
grand hit all along the ground, and long before the burly form of W. G.
Grace had unbent itself, the aforesaid ball had struck his toe, which
offered a strictly passive, because involuntary, resistance, with such
violence that the ball ascended into the air like a rocket, and a run
was the result. W. G. walked slowly, a wiser man, to his old position
on a line with the wicket, and probably in his inmost thought silently
adopted the opinion that the position of ‘silly point’ is only feasible
when a batsman of a style directly opposite to that of McDonnell is at
the wicket. But this forward point is very useful at times, and should
be made use of when circumstances are favourable. The late Mr. R. A.
Fitzgerald, in his well-known book ‘Jerks in from Short-leg,’ says that
if there is no good field at point in an eleven, the captain should
choose the fattest man, for nature makes it impossible for him to get
out of the way of a hard hit. In other words, it sometimes strikes him
in the most prominent part of his person and saves four runs. Perhaps
Roger Iddison, of Yorkshire fame, who died in the year 1890, could have
testified to the truth of this remark, and perhaps Mr. Key will take to
the position in the maturity of his cricket life.
SHORT-SLIP
ought first of all to be as vigilant as if he were keeping wicket. If
he is so, and knows where to stand, he will find it the easiest place
in the field; if he is not, it will be the hardest. Wicket-keepers
ought always to be able to field short-slip, for it is a post that has
all the pleasant moments of wicket-keeping with none of the knocks
and bruises and other discomforts of that important place. Stoop as
the ball is in the air, and hold the hands ready forward, as shown in
figure on p. 264. This position is necessary because many more balls
hiss low along the grass than rise into the air from a snick, and if
they do rise short-slip can rise too and be in time for them; but if he
has to stoop he will be too late. So for fast bowling stand finer than
most short-slips do, and if the ground is very hard keep a long way
off--eight yards is often not too long a distance. But the difficulty
in this respect is much greater when the bowling is slow. A late cut
adds materially to the speed of a slow ball, though it has scarcely
any effect on a fast one. But if, instead of cutting, a batsman plays
forward and snicks a slow ball, a gentle catch comes at a medium
height and drops short. Short-slip must then regulate his position
accordingly. When he sees the batsman lean forward he must advance one
step; when the batsman hangs back and the ball is on the off side he
should hang back too and hold the hands low; for assuredly if anything
comes it will be a hard low catch. He should study the slow bowler’s
action so as to know when his fast balls are coming, and drop back. He
should also ponder on the pace of the ground, and never forget that
_wet on the top of a hard ground makes the fastest surface of any_: in
these circumstances, therefore, he should stand finer and deeper. When
the rain soaks in, the balls pop, and catches come slower and higher.
Short-slip should back up when balls are thrown, not from short- nor
from long-leg, but from mid-on and mid-off and cover-point, and should
run across, when there is a run to third man, between the wicket-keeper
and short-leg. This last is a tiring and often unremunerative
process, but if done through a long innings is in the highest degree
commendable. Short-slip must also run up to the wicket and take the
place of the wicket-keeper when the latter has usurped the functions
of an ordinary fieldsman and left his post to pick up and throw in the
ball to the wicket.
[Illustration: Short-slip.]
THIRD MAN.
This is another most scientific post, and one in which a bad fieldsman
is very much out of place. First, there is the twist. It is worth
knowing respecting a twist from a bat, that if the ground is hard and
the cut clean, the ball will not twist till it has lost some of its
impetus. Consequently stand straight in the line of a hard cut on a
smooth ground, as the ball, though it is _spinning_ all the time, will
not _curl_ till it is some way past third man. But if the turf is soft
the ball bites and curls on the second or third bound, seldom on the
first unless the stroke is a very slow one. The same holds good with
regard to long-leg. The batsman, if he were a genuine judge of a run,
would always ‘run’ to third man when the spin is likely to act at once,
since under those conditions the ball wants so much watching that third
man cannot well return it in time. But many batsmen do not know these
things.
With regard to the distance of third man from the wicket, it is
important that he should judge it according as the batsmen are good
runners or not. He should estimate this at once from their appearance
and demeanour, standing well out if they are men of weight and dignity,
and nearer in if they are active and inclined to steal runs. After
they have run one run to him he should come a yard nearer in, feeling
like a man who has had a personal insult offered him, and is burning
to avenge it. Lastly, he has to consider the throw-in. _It is nearly
always best to throw to the bowler’s wicket_ (assuming, of course,
that he is ready behind the stumps and mid-on is backing up), for this
plain reason: it is generally the non-striker who calls the run, and
consequently starts the quickest, runs quickest, as he sees the danger
before him, and gets home the quickest. Even if he does not call the
run, he is backing up, and starts unshackled by having made a stroke.
So leave him alone. The striker, on the contrary, has made a stroke
(and one that throws him back a good deal), is not backing up, and does
not see the danger. Also, if he runs by the shortest way to the other
wicket, he will very likely be cut over. Circumstances, in short, are
against him. Above all, he seldom suspects that the ball is coming his
way, for very few third men ever throw to the right wicket, very few
bowlers are behind the stumps, and very few mid-ons back up. Third man
should stand squarer for a strong cutter than for a weak one. He should
back up behind short-slip when the ball comes from mid-on, and arrange
with cover-point as to the throws from short-leg, himself covering
point when the throws come from in front of the wicket, and cover-point
taking that place when they come from behind.
SHORT-LEG
is an important place for backing up and saving singles. It is a
good plan to put a left-handed man here, as he can better command the
strokes between himself and mid-on, which are generally so prolific
of runs. Having fielded one of these, he ought not to throw to the
wicket-keeper, as he is already facing the bowler’s wicket, and the
bowler’s wicket is facing him, should he wish to throw it down. He
should of course previously make a league with mid-off as to the
backing up. The late Mr. R. A. Fitzgerald, in the book just mentioned,
‘Jerks in from Short-leg,’ once urged the importance of putting
the ‘witty man’ short-leg as a convenient spot for cracking jokes.
Certainly conversation in the field is often of great service towards
keeping the men brisk. Short-leg has to back up all the returns from
the off side, dropping well back if short-slip comes across for this
purpose, and in any case leaving ten or fifteen yards between himself
and the wicket. A captain of an eleven feels himself very often bound
by an unwritten tradition to put the notoriously worst field in his
eleven short-leg. No doubt it is exceedingly difficult to judge which
is the natural position for a bad field, but we unhesitatingly say that
several matches have been lost by bad fields at short-leg. In the days
of his prime people used to watch W. G. Grace playing ball after ball
in the direction of short-leg, especially when left-handed bowlers were
on. The late famous J. C. Shaw was not a good field in any sense of the
word; he was consequently often to be seen fielding at short-leg, and
we wonder how many times he has missed W. G. Grace in that position?
Missing Grace was, and is still, a most expensive mistake. There are
several players who are weak in their play off their legs, and these
players are continually sending chances to short-leg, while other
players are extremely fond of playing off their legs, and score very
heavily by the stroke; and it is wonderful to see how many runs a quick
field will save when such men are batting.
LONG-STOP.
In these days of slow bowling and fine turf captains of elevens do not
bother themselves with providing long-stops at all. Wicket-keepers are
so good, the bowling is so straight, that, in the present year (1898),
it is impossible to say who is the best long-stop in England, for the
simple reason that no long-stops are wanted. But in the days of yore,
every schoolboy who was fond of cricket could tell you of the prowess
of Mortlock, H. M. Marshall, and A. Diver. Mr. Powys was a splendid
bowler, and so was Mr. R. Lang. But had not Mr. H. M. Marshall been
found to stop Mr. Lang’s balls, and Mr. F. Tobin those of Mr. Powys,
neither one bowler nor the other could have been put on at all. Such
long-stops as these stand rather on the leg side, and if the bowling
is very fast, just deep enough to take the ball as it rises after its
second pitch. This is not easy to do, and young hands feel tempted
to leave more room. But this, when the ball is very swift, scarcely
diminishes its speed at all, and the further off long-stop stands, the
more chance there is of the ball bounding awkwardly by the time it
reaches him. Long-stop, however, would be in an awkward position if
the batsmen ran every bye that is possible. To prevent their doing so,
he must throw over to the bowler, for the old reason that the striker
has the whole distance to run and has his back to the danger. Again, a
hard throw, straight down the pitch, places both batsmen in jeopardy,
the striker especially, and that is why he so often runs with his hand
to the back of his head, of course retarding his speed by so doing. It
is a harassing run to steal; and that, combined with the fact that it
is not scored to either batsman, is doubtless the reason why it is not
oftener stolen. Long-stop should accordingly be a strong thrower, and
mid-off a conscientious backer-up. Long-stop should back up (behind
short-leg) the returns from cover-point and mid-off.
* * * * *
Before concluding these technical remarks, let us draw attention to
one or two circumstances connected with cricket affairs now which are
different from what they were formerly. We have said that in these
days long-stopping is a lost art, or rather it is not an art that
is required in modern elevens. It would appear miraculous to an old
cricketer who had seen nothing of the game for the last fifteen years
could he watch Spofforth bowling, and Blackham keeping wicket with no
long-stop, when the ground was hard. Such a thing would not have been
dreamt of twenty years ago. Then a ball used to shoot five or six times
in an innings of 135 runs, and the occasional shooter that occurs now
always results in four byes if it escapes the bat and the wicket. Hence
one important reason why formerly a long-stop was indispensable. Though
there are or were, a very few years since, some very fast bowlers, the
average pace now-a-days is far slower than twenty-five years ago, and
that is another reason for dispensing with long-stop. But the change
of tactics in not having a long-stop has had one effect that we regard
as pernicious, and that is, that it has spoilt one part of the skill
of wicket-keeping, and on the whole worked an enormous change for the
worse in the fielding of short-slips generally. The long-stop is not
there, both wicket-keeper and short-slip are conscious of this, and
they are aware that his place must be filled up by themselves. If a
ball goes in the least to leg, even if it only just misses leg-stump,
short-slip is usually to be seen backing up the wicket-keeper; for
four byes make an appreciable addition to the score. But though the
ball is on the leg side, it is quite possible for the batsman to hit
it on the off side, and send it straight to short-slip’s hands, if he
only could have been in his proper place. He is abused if he does
not back up the wicket-keeper, and in any case the mere feeling that
runs must result from the wicket-keeper not handling the ball makes
it impossible for him to give his undivided attention to fielding at
short-slip proper. He is continually shifting towards his left hand,
and numerous balls that he would have fielded if only there had been a
long-stop, now result in runs. The wicket-keeper is also in more danger
of being hurt, and as his position is necessarily one attended by
extreme responsibility and considerable pain, this further danger ought
to be spared him if possible. The risks he runs are from fast balls
outside the batsman’s legs. He cannot see the ball accurately so that
he may judge where to put his hands without moving his feet; in order,
then, to prevent the ball going to the ropes, he has to rush right in
front of it, at the risk, if the ball should bump or do anything odd,
of getting hit on the face or elsewhere. If a long-stop were behind
him, he would try and take the ball for the sake of a possible catch
or stump-out, but he would not expose himself to danger by getting in
front of it.
Two corollaries must be drawn from what has been already said. The
first is that the bowler should be just as prepared to receive a
throw-in as the wicket-keeper. When both wickets are menaced, the
danger of a short run is doubled, and an overthrow is oftener due to
the bowler and backer-up than to the field. But it is said ‘This is all
very fine, but the bowler cannot get behind his wicket in time.’ No
assertion could be wider of the mark. Take some genuine cricketer as an
example, and no better one could be chosen than Mr. A. W. Ridley, some
sixteen years ago. Lob-bowlers follow their own ball further down the
wicket than any other kind of bowler, and of all lob-bowlers Mr. Ridley
did this the most. But no one has ever seen a short run got off his
bowling, without, at least, at the same moment seeing him dart behind
the wicket, and be ready to put down the hardest throw anyone might
send to him. He is always there in time, and any bowler in the country
might do the same if he were cricketer enough to see what is wanted.
The second inference to be drawn is, that it is highly important to
pursue a medium hit with all possible speed, and to throw it in as if
it burnt the fingers to retain the ball a moment. We do not remember an
eleven who neglected this less, as a whole, than the Players eleven of
the year 1887, and the number of runs that can be saved by observance
of the rule is immense.
These are the two most important directions which can be given to any
young cricketer, and especially to any young captain of a side, in
order that he may select his men with a view to these requirements of
the game. The general fielding capacity of a whole team depends on the
attention devoted to such dull points by the eleven minds, not less
than on the suppleness of the eleven backbones. No directions, it has
already been said, will make a bad field into a good one. But it is
equally true that no advice should be offered which cannot be acted
upon. Consequently only some duties of a fieldsman have been described.
But it is not too much to say that a careful attention to these points
would ultimately turn eleven indifferent cricket players into a good
fielding team.
In a work necessarily somewhat didactic as this is, it may be
advisable to remind youngsters that the finger of scorn is pointed
even more to the very bad field than it is to the very bad batsman
or bowler. A very bad bowler will not be asked to bowl unless the
bowling is hit into a thoroughly entangled knot--as was the case in an
Australian _v._ England match in 1884, when every member of the English
team, including Shrewsbury, had to bowl--and then, if he fails, he has
only done what was expected of him. But it is difficult for anybody
to explain, except on the ground of gross carelessness, how a man who
is a good bat or bowler can be so utterly useless as a field as some
have turned out to be. The cricketer who never appears to have grasped
the rudiments of the laws concerning twist, who is lazy and will not
run after the ball, and who hardly by accident holds a catch, is an
eyesore in cricket. And let us also assure the young practitioner that
an intelligent audience, though a somewhat rough one, such as you
may see at places like Bramall Lane, Sheffield, will jeer in audible
and not too polite tones at the bad field long before it will do the
like at bad batsmen or bowlers. Every cricketer knows the different
eccentricities of indifferent fields, their wonderful varieties of
error, and the specious appearance of some that fatally delude the most
patient captain. There are some men who are fairly fast runners, and
can throw hard, and yet are fields of a character to make angels weep.
They dash in at the ball like a man charging at football, with the
result that they half stop it, or, after they stop it, in attempting
to pick it up, they kick it eight or ten yards behind them. They never
seem to be able to judge what sort of length the ball will come into
their hands, and never under any circumstances is the ball cleanly
handled. And yet they go at it so heartily, they move so quickly, and,
at first sight, look so alert and full of promise, that it is difficult
to condemn them until you have had two or three days’ experience of
them. This sort belongs to the class we call the specious fieldsman.
Then there is the man who might look at a batsman for two hours and yet
never discover where his favourite stroke is likely to go, who obeys
orders strictly, and when he has taken up the position assigned to
him, stands there like a tree, despite the fact that every ball hit in
his direction is a little too much on his right or on his left hand.
This individual may safely be assumed to be a creature of a low order
of intelligence, to whom Providence has probably vouchsafed a natural
instinct for bowling, in the absence of which he would never be seen on
any cricket-ground again, except as a spectator. He is so stupid that
he never can excel in batting. Then there is the man who is very slow
and has not acquired the merit of being what may be called an eminently
safe field. His position when endeavouring to stop the ball is that
illustrated by the figure on the opposite page, which shows what is
essentially the wrong position to assume. Probably he will not touch
the ball with his hands, and it certainly cannot be stopped by his legs
or feet. He can hold a catch sometimes and stop a ball occasionally,
but he does not succeed in these two particulars often enough to make
one forget or forgive his extraordinary slowness. Another variety is
the man who fields tolerably well sometimes, but, when he fails to stop
a ball, either runs after it very slowly, which is the sulky form,
or else dashes after it and throws it wildly and very hard anywhere,
causing overthrows by the dozen, and maiming his comrades’ fingers.
This is the angry form--an odious type; let every youngster beware of
such and develop not into it. Every cricketer ought to try to become as
good a field as he can by assiduous practice--for this reason, if for
no other: bowlers get disorganised when the fielding is loose.
A natural curiosity is always evinced where a critic shows a tendency
to name certain celebrities in any form of game. This is the reason why
we now proceed to praise famous men and famous fielding elevens; but
let us add that we do not profess to name every good man who has ever
fielded, and can only beg for forgiveness if we omit to mention some
who have deserved recognition.
[Illustration: The wrong position for stopping the ball.]
The various Australian elevens have earned great fame for their
fielding in England, and it was no doubt very good. At the same time we
think it was not so good as their batting, and certainly not so good as
their bowling. The elevens of 1882 and 1884, which were the best, no
doubt won their matches by all-round play; but if we had to name a weak
point we should say that, as compared with the batting and bowling,
it was their fielding, although this was very good. The Australians
themselves say--at least, so we have heard--that the fielding in
Australia of the Hon. Ivo Bligh’s eleven was never surpassed in the
colony; and that must be high praise. Still, judging by what we know
of that team, we think that we can point out higher standards in
England. The finest fielding we have ever seen was that of the Players
in 1887 in their annual match at Lord’s against the Gentlemen, and at
the Oval it was nearly as good. But that was only for two matches. As
is natural, University teams, from their youth and habit of playing
together, have earned great fame as fielding elevens, and if we had to
select four elevens whose fielding reputation ought to be inscribed
on the highest pinnacles of fame, we should name the Cambridge
representatives of 1861 and 1862 and the Oxford of 1874 and 1875.
The Cambridge celebrities of 1861 and 1862 have faded away into
distance, and the present generation know not their names. Both those
elevens had several fast bowlers in them, and one--Mr. R. Lang--was
superlatively good. It was owing to this fact that Cambridge had
to provide itself with a long-stop, and Mr. H. M. Marshall in that
capacity has earned undying fame; for long-stopping on Lord’s Ground in
1861 and 1862 was no laughing matter. As general out-field Mr. Marshall
also stood very high, and was a perfectly safe catch. Contemporary
cricketers of that day are nearly unanimous in their praise of Mr. W.
Bury as a fieldsman; at long-leg he has never been excelled. There
were besides these the Hon. C. G. Lyttelton at point, and Mr. R. Lang
at short-slip. ‘Bell’s Life’ of that date mentions as a fact that
the fielding of Cambridge in the University match of 1862 was never
equalled on Lord’s or any other ground. Those were the days when the
bowling was mainly fast, the ground rough, and the cautious safe field
who got stolidly and fixedly in a certain position was often defeated
owing to the ball making unspeakable bounds. It required a touch of
genius to be a grand field at Lord’s in those times, and several
members of those two Cambridge elevens possessed it. The two Oxford
elevens of 1874 and 1875 had each only one fast bowler, but they had
magnificent fielding teams to support their slow bowlers. When the
bowling is generally slow, amateur wicket-keepers can hold their own.
This was the case in 1874 and 1875, and in Mr. H. G. Tylecote Oxford
possessed a wicket-keeper fully up to the mark for the work he had to
do. It used to be a bone of contention between Messrs. W. Law and A.
W. Ridley, the captains respectively of ’74 and ’75, as to which of
the two elevens was the greater in this particular line of fielding.
Mr. Law, whose early death everyone who knew him deplores, contended
that his eleven in 1874 made no mistake in the Inter-University match,
whereas the 1875 eleven did. But the Cambridge batting in 1874 was
fatuous to a degree, and the Oxford eleven had nothing to stop, whereas
Cambridge in 1875 batted very well and kept their opponents hard at it.
We are willing to give equal credit to each, and to enshrine the names
of Law, Game, Ridley, T. B. Jones, and Royle in the temple of fame.
It is not easy to gauge the merits of the fieldsmen of forty years
ago. Some of them have made their names live: Mr. T. A. Anson as
wicket-keeper, Mr. R. T. King at point, and the famous W. Pickering
at cover-point, for instance. But, though they had rougher ground to
field on, still the scoring was nothing like so large, matches were not
nearly so numerous, and the wear and tear far from being so great. The
first thing that strikes one on reading over old scores and comparing
them with those of the present day, is the enormous number of extras
that were then given. Bowlers were, no doubt, faster, but they bowled
many more wides. Taking one year at random, 1880, we find that for the
whole season Yorkshire in all matches only bowled eight wides, five
of which were delivered by the famous Tom Emmett, who is, no doubt, a
slightly erratic bowler. In the days of Redgate and Mynn the wides were
numerous, so were the no-balls, and frequently the extras contributed
more to the total than any one batsman. If the bowling was fast and
erratic, one cannot wonder that byes became numerous, especially when
the rough ground is also considered. In the University match of 1841
Oxford gave Cambridge 56 extras out of a combined total of 223--a
very large average. In 1887 Cambridge only gave Oxford 14 extras in a
combined total of 461, and Oxford lost but three wickets in the second
innings. In the same year Oxford gave Cambridge only 20 extras in a
grand total of 459. Though bowling is generally slower now than forty
years ago, still in former days they used to have long-stops to bowling
that even amateur wicket-keepers would now stop. The long-stopping
wicket-keeper--that is, the wicket-keeper that lets nothing pass
him--is a marvellous testimony to the excellence of modern grounds, the
accuracy of modern bowling, and the skill of the men themselves. The
sight of Blackham, standing close up to the wicket, stopping Spofforth
and Palmer would have made our forefathers look on aghast. In the
well-known print of the Sussex and Kent match in 1840, old Lillywhite
is bowling, and he was a slow medium-pace bowler; yet, though Tom Box
was reckoned the best wicket-keeper of the day, he has a long-stop to
Lillywhite’s bowling.
We may now try to enumerate the greater fields of cricket history. We
read of the marvellous feat of Mr. T. A. Anson at the wicket, when he
stumped a man off a leg-shooter of Alfred Mynn, one of the fastest
bowlers of the period. We yield the place of honour to Mr. Anson for an
individual feat, but it is alleged to have taken place a long time ago,
and is it certain to be true? The greatest wicket-keepers since 1860
in England have been Lockyer, Pooley, Pilling, Pinder, Storer, Lilley,
and D. Hunter; and we ask Plumb and Sherwin to forgive us. It is not
easy to discriminate between these; we merely remark that to genuine
slows of the pace of Southerton, Peate, and Tyler, we reckon Pooley
to have been the best that ever lived; and to the very fast, Pinder
and Storer were unequalled. Still Pooley was relatively not so good to
fast, nor Pinder to slow; and, on the whole, they may be left on an
equality. The best wicket-keepers of old days were Mr. Herbert Jenner,
Mr. T. A. Anson, Mr. W. Ridding, and Mr. W. Nicholson among amateurs,
and E. G. Wenman and Tom Box among professionals. The two best English
amateur wicket-keepers that ever lived, in our opinion, are Mr. Alfred
Lyttelton and Mr. McGregor, and besides them, since 1860, there have
been Mr. Leatham, Mr. Bush, Mr. Newton, Mr. E. F. S. Tylecote, Mr.
Philipson, Mr. Kemble, and Mr. Gay.
Perhaps a word would not be out of place here respecting Mr. Blackham,
the celebrated Australian wicket-keeper. When the Colonial Eleven
came over in 1878, 1880, 1882, and 1884, practically the whole of the
wicket-keeping had to be done by Mr. Blackham. In 1880 and 1886 Mr.
Jarvis assisted him. Now wicket-keeping is essentially an amusement
you can have too much of. In old days, when there was a lot of fast
bowling, the cream of the wicket-keeping used to be seen during the
first six weeks of the season, because during that time the hands of
the wicket-keeper were more or less sound. The famous George Pinder, at
the beginning of his career, had faster bowling to keep to consistently
than any other cricketer before or since. Freeman, Emmett, and Atkinson
were three very fast bowlers, and they all three played for Yorkshire,
and after them came Hill and Ulyett. Pinder in consequence very
frequently damaged his hands, and no wonder. Blackham, however, during
all the four years we have mentioned, had Spofforth and either Garratt
or Palmer to stop. Now although these were not so fast as the Yorkshire
lot, they bowled a goodish pace; the Australian season consisted of two
matches a week from the beginning to the end of the cricket year, and
Blackham did not get very many days off. When his record is examined,
therefore, we think that his performances during these four years
constitute the greatest wicket-keeping feats on record. Not unless
Spofforth bowled his fastest did he ever have a long-stop, and he
held his hands closer to the wicket than any other wicket-keeper we
ever saw. If the batsman was an inch out of his ground for a second
or so, the ball would be put down, and a stump-out resulted, for the
hands had no distance to travel, and no time was lost. Of course the
bowling he had to stop was very accurate, but when the amount of
wicket-keeping that he had to go through and the number of wickets he
got are considered, our opinion is that Mr. Blackham was the finest
wicket-keeper to bowling of all paces that the world has ever seen.
There have been numerous fieldsmen at point who have made themselves
a name, and by universal testimony, in his day, Mr. R. T. King,
of Cambridge University, was not approached in excellence in this
position. The late Mr. John Walker, who was intimately acquainted with
cricket of that period as well as with that of a later date, once told
the writer that in his opinion none of the modern points ever came
quite up to Mr. King’s level. Since 1860 Carpenter, R. C. Tinley, E. M.
Grace, and F. W. Wright have earned high reputations in this position,
but a great many excel at point, and in the University match alone
there has been some admirable fielding here; the Hon. J. W. Mansfield
for Cambridge, and Mr. Hildyard for Oxford, both being very good.
The place where good fielding is most conspicuous is midway between
cover-point and mid-off, and with this post the name of Mr. G. B. Studd
is for ever identified. In later days, Briggs, Moorhouse, Gregory the
Australian, Mr. Andrews of Sussex, and Wainwright excel in this place.
Mr. Royle at cover-point has never been excelled, and the same may be
said of Gunn at third man. The celebrated fieldsmen of old were Mr. W.
Pickering at cover-point; John Bickley and Mr. R. Lang at short-slip;
Mr. E. S. E. Hartopp, Mr. H. M. Marshall, W. Pilch, A. Diver, W.
Mortlock, and J. Thewlis at long-stop; while F. Bell, W. Bury, John
Smith, and A. Lubbock were excellent at a distance from the wicket.
There have been also, and are, many fields who were and are good at any
place; for instance, the renowned Mr. V. E. Walker, and the still more
famous Mr. W. G. Grace. We have said before, and we say it again, that
the fielding, though probably as good as ever it was, is not so good as
it ought to be. The nuisance of the day is the long scoring; we wonder
how many innings of 100 are played where you do not read the well-known
remark, ‘the batsman gave a chance at 24, another at 62, and a third
just before he was out, but none the less he played a fine innings.’
The following brief epigram is undoubtedly true--‘Good fielding makes
weak bowling strong and strong batsmen weak.’ An eleven that is really
A1 in fielding very rarely has to field out for 300 runs. When we say
this we feel inclined to go further and add that if no feasible catches
are dropped this total of 300 runs would not be of anything but the
rarest occurrence. This fact ought of itself to be sufficient to make
every true cricketer try and become, if not a brilliant field, at any
rate one who, when a catch is sent him, does not cause a thrill of
agonising anxiety to arise in the minds of the supporters of the side
to which he belongs.
[Illustration: An anxious moment.]
FOOTNOTES:
[33] We are largely indebted to an article on this subject by the Hon.
and Rev. E. Lyttelton, which appeared in _Lillywhite’s Annual_ for 1881.