(Grübler) 2 grms., and water 200 cc. After the mixture has
boiled a few seconds add 25 cc. of liquor-ferri sesquichlor.,
Pharm. Germ. III. Stir well and boil for 5 minutes. When cool,
filter. Carefully loosen the filter from the funnel, transfer it
to the same porcelain dish which still contains a small amount
of sediment, and add 200 cc. of 94 per cent alcohol. Boil and
stir carefully. Remove the filter-paper when all the sediment is
dissolved. Cool, filter; make up the filtrate to 200 cc. with 94
per cent alcohol, and to these 200 cc. add 8 cc. of hydrochloric
acid. Resorcin-fuchsin may be obtained from Grübler, but the
freshly-prepared stain gives better results.
1. Fix in any ordinary solution; imbed; cut.
2. Stain with lithium-carmine and differentiate in acid alcohol;
wash thoroughly.
3. Stain in the resorcin-fuchsin mixture for 20-60 minutes.
4. Wash rapidly in acid alcohol.
5. Dehydrate and differentiate in absolute alcohol until section
is red.
6. Clear in xylol; balsam.
Nuclei are red; elastic fibres blue-black. Should the stain when
old give a diffuse staining differentiate for a longer time in acid
alcohol.
_c._ =Fat Tissue.= Use same methods as advised for the
demonstration of fatty degeneration and infiltration (osmic acid,
scharlach R, sudan III).
V. EAR.
Remove temporal bone; fix in formol-Müller’s; decalcify in
trichloracetic acid; wash; after-harden in alcohol; imbed in
celloidin. For nerve-endings use Golgi’s and methylene-blue methods.
VI. EYE.
Fix in Müller’s, formol-Müller’s, Zenker’s, formol, Flemming’s
or Marchi’s solution. Aid fixation by incisions into sclera. The
eye should not be left in formol for more than 3 days. Section as
desired; imbed larger pieces in celloidin, small ones in paraffin.
Use alum-carmine, iron-hæmatoxylin, Van Gieson’s, Weigert’s
elastic stain, Levaditi’s silver-method, Golgi’s nerve-stain,
methylene-blue method, etc., according to the object of the
investigation.
VII. LIVER.
For the demonstration of the bile-capillaries _Weigert’s neuroglia
method_ gives the best results. (See Page 300.) This method may be
used with sections cut on the freezing-microtome after fixation
in formol. Such sections are placed in a ½ per cent solution of
chromic acid for 1 hour, transferred to the neuroglia mordant for
5-6 hours, washed well with water, and then treated as for the
neuroglia method. Van Gieson’s method may also be used for frozen
sections of formol-fixed tissue. The walls of the capillaries show
as fuchsin-colored streaks.
VIII. MUSCLE.
Van Gieson’s is the best general stain for both striped and
unstriped muscle, as it differentiates the muscle perfectly from
the connective-tissue. Mallory’s reticulum stain may also be
used for the same purpose. For the study of myoglia fibrils the
tissue must be fixed within a few minutes after its removal from
the living body. Autopsy material cannot be used. These fibrils
can be demonstrated by Mallory’s fibroglia stain, or by Mallory’s
phosphotungstic-acid hæmatoxylin stain for neuroglia. (See below.)
IX. NERVOUS SYSTEM.
It is impossible in a book on general pathologic technic to consider
all of the numerous staining methods that have been devised for
the study of the nervous system. I have attempted, therefore, to
pick out the best selective methods for the staining of the more
important nervous structures, so as to cover adequately the general
held of nervous pathology. Formol has now replaced Müller’s for the
preliminary fixation of nervous tissue, because of its quick action,
and because after its use chromic acid may be employed to mordant the
tissue, when it is desired to use certain staining methods requiring
such mordanting. _Celloidin imbedding_ is preferable, although
paraffin may be used for general work. _General stains_, such as
_hæmatoxylin and eosin_, and _Van Gieson’s_ are used for general
impressions.
1. =METHODS FOR STAINING GANGLION CELLS.=
A. Lenhossék’s Method.
1. Fix in equal parts of saturated watery picric acid and
mercuric chloride (Rabl’s mixture); after-harden in absolute
alcohol; imbed in paraffin; cut.
2. Stain in saturated watery solution of toluidin blue, or
thionin blue, for 12 hours.
3. Wash rapidly in water.
4. Differentiate carefully in absolute alcohol, or in
aniline-alcohol (1-10).
5. Carbol xylol; xylol (quickly); balsam.
Nissl’s granules are blue. This method is easy, and the best for
general work.
B. Nissl’s Method.
1. Fix in 96 per cent alcohol for 2-5 days; mount tissue in
gum arabic on block; harden in 96 per cent alcohol; cut; place
sections in 96 per cent alcohol.
2. Stain in methylene-blue soap mixture (methylene-blue B 3.75
grms., Venetian soap shavings 1.75 grms., water 1,000 cc. Shake
well. Keep 3 months before using. Shake and filter before
using.), warming, until bubbles arise.
3. Differentiate in aniline alcohol (aniline oil 10 parts, 96 per
cent alcohol 90 parts) very rapidly.
4. Arrange section on slide; dry with blotting-paper; cover with
cajuput oil.
5. Blot; wash off oil with benzene.
6. Remove benzene; mount the wet section in xylol colophonium,
slightly warming; press on cover, and remove excess of
colophonium.
Nuclei of ganglion cells light blue: granules dark blue. Toluidin
blue, thionin, dahlia, Bismarck brown or neutral red may be used
instead of methylene-blue, and often give better results.
2. METHODS FOR STAINING MYELIN SHEATHS.
A. Weigert’s Method.
1. Fix in formol 2-3 days.
2. Primary mordant (potassium bichromate 5 grms., fluorchrom 2.5
grms., water 100 cc.: boil and filter) 4-6 days.
3. Without washing after-harden in graded alcohols, in the dark.
4. Imbed in celloidin.
5. Secondary mordant (neutral copper acetate 5 grms., fluorchrom
2.5 grms., water 100 cc., boil and add 36 per cent acetic 5 cc.)
for 1 day at 37°C.
6. Transfer to 70-80 per cent alcohol.
7. Cut.
8. Stain in Weigert’s iron-hæmatoxylin, 24 hours.
9. Wash in water, 30 minutes or longer.
10. Differentiate in borax-potassium ferricyanide (potassium
ferricyanide 2.5 grms., borax 2 grms., water 100 cc.) until the
gray substance appears yellow to white. Control under microscope.
11. Wash thoroughly in water.
12. Dehydrate in absolute alcohol; clear in xylol; mount in
balsam.
Myelinated fibres, blue-black, upon a colorless or light yellow
background; red blood cells may be blue-black. Weigert’s method is
better than any of the numerous modifications.
B. Orr’s Osmic-Acid Method.
1. Place fresh tissue from cerebral cortex or cord, not more than
⅛ inch in thickness, in 1 per cent acetic, 2 cc., and 2 per cent
osmic acid 8 cc., for 48 hours. If mixture is darkened at end of
24 hours, renew.
2. Transfer to 10 per cent formol for 3 days, in order to
complete reduction and hardening.
3. Imbed in celloidin or paraffin; cut.
4. Remove paraffin; alcohol; water; differentiate in ⅛-1/12 per
cent potassium permanganate.
5. Transfer to a 1 per cent oxalic acid solution, until sections
become yellowish-green.
6. Wash; dehydrate; xylol; balsam.
Nerves and fat black: tissue yellowish-green. A very reliable
method.
3. STAINING OF AXIS CYLINDERS.
Stain with Van Gieson’s (red), Mallory’s aniline blue method (red),
lithium carmine (red), or
Williamson’s Modification of Bielschowsky’s Method.
1. Fix in Müller’s; imbed; cut.
2. Place sections in 10 cc. of tap water containing a few drops
of formalin, 5 minutes.
3. Wash in water.
4. Place in the following silver bath 5-10 minutes: 3 drops of
liq. ammoniæ (B.P.) are dropped into a test tube. Add 10 per
cent silver nitrate solution, drop by drop, until a brownish
precipitate is formed. Dissolve the latter by adding ammonia,
drop by drop, until the fluid is quite clear. Add tap water up to
10 cc.
5. Wash thoroughly in water.
6. Transfer to the dilute formol solution until sections become
grayish-black (1-3 minutes).
7. Place in the following solution for a few minutes: To 10 cc.
of water add 2 drops of 1 per cent watery solution of chloride of
gold, a few drops of saturated borax solution, and a few drops of
a 10 per cent solution of potassium carbonate.
8. Transfer to a 10 per cent aqueous solution of sodium
hyposulphite for a few minutes.
9. Wash in water; dehydrate in alcohol; clear in oil of cajuput;
xylol; balsam.
Axis-cylinders, intracellular fibrils and Golgi’s network are
stained.
4. =STAINING OF NEURO-FIBRILLAR STRUCTURES.=
These are stained by Bielschowsky’s method, and by acid fuchsin
after fixation with osmic acid. The special methods (Apathy’s
gold method, Bethe’s molybdic method, the silver methods of
Ramen y Cajal and Robertson) have little practical application
in pathologic work, and are used chiefly in the study of normal
histology.
5. =THE STAINING OF NEUROGLIA.=
A. Weigert’s Method.
1. Fix small pieces of fresh tissue in 10 per cent formol for 24
hours.
2. Mordant. 8 days at room temperature (4 days at 37°C.) in
copper acetate 5 grms., fluorchrom 2.5 grms., acetic acid 5 cc.,
water 100 cc.
Or, harden and mordant at the same time in 9 parts of the copper
mordant, and 1 part of commercial formol for 8 days, changing on
the second day, and once again later.
3. Wash in water: after-harden in alcohol; imbed in celloidin;
cut.
4. Place sections in ⅓ per cent aqueous solution of potassium
permanganate.
5. Wash in two changes of water.
6. Place in the following reducing mixture, 2-4 hours: Chromogen
5 grms., formic acid (sp. gr. 1.2) 5 cc., water 100 cc.; filter;
to 90 cc. add 10 cc. of 10 per cent sodium sulphite solution just
before using.
7. Wash twice in water.
8. Place sections in 5 per cent carefully filtered aqueous
chromogen solution 10-12 hours. (The glia fibres become darker,
and a yellowish contrast is obtained for the ganglion and
ependymal cells and thicker axis cylinders. Connective-tissue is
stained red.)
9. Wash in water.
10. Place section on a slide freshly cleaned with alcohol; dry
with filter paper; stain in the following mixture for about 30
seconds: Saturated solution of methyl violet in 70-80 per cent
alcohol 100 cc., oxalic acid 5 per cent solution, 5 cc.
11. Remove excess of stain; dry with filter paper; cover slide
with saturated solution of iodine in 5 per cent potassium-iodide
solution, 30 seconds.
12. Remove iodine solution; dry with filter paper; differentiate
in a mixture of equal parts aniline oil and xylol until no more
heavy clouds of stain are given off. Control under microscope.
13. Dry section with filter-paper; add xylol; blot; repeat three
times.
14. Mount in balsam or turpentine colophonium.
Neuroglia fibres and nuclei, blue; connective-tissue, blue-violet;
thicker myelin sheaths, ganglion and ependymal cells, yellowish.
This is the best method, none of the modifications giving as good
results. No method, however, will stain every neuroglia-fibre.
B. Mallory’s Neuroglia Method.
1. Fix small pieces in 10 per cent formol, 4 days.
2. After-harden in saturated watery picric solution 4-8 days:
or combine 1 and 2 by using formol 10 cc. with 90 cc. saturated
picric acid solution.
3. Place in a 5 per cent aqueous solution of ammonium bichromate,
4-7 days at 37°C., changing solution 011 second day; or 3-4 weeks
at room-temperature.
4. Without washing, harden in alcohol; imbed in celloidin or
paraffin; cut.
5. Place sections in ¼ per cent aqueous solution of potassium
permanganate, 15-30 minutes.
6. Wash in water.
7. Immerse in 5 per cent aqueous oxalic acid, 5-30 minutes.
8. Wash in several changes of water.
9. Stain in following solution, 1-several days: Hæmatoxylin 0.1
grm., 10 per cent phosphotungstic acid 20 cc., hydrogen peroxide
0.2 cc., water 80 cc.
10. Wash rapidly in water.
11. Differentiate in freshly prepared 30 per cent alcoholic
solution of ferric chloride, 5-20 minutes.
12. Wash in water.
13. Dehydrate in 95 per cent and absolute alcohol or blot with
xylol.
14. Clear in xylol; balsam.
When Zenker’s fixation is used, omit 2 and 3, and after cutting
sections treat with Lugol’s to remove mercury and then with 95 per
cent alcohol to wash out iodine; then wash in water and proceed
with 5.
Neuroglia, nuclei and fibrin, dark-blue; all else is pale yellow or
gray. If the differentiation in 11 is omitted, the axis-cylinders
and ganglion-cells are rose-pink; the connective-tissues, dark
red-pink.
6. =COMBINED STAINING OF SEVERAL NERVOUS STRUCTURES.=
Various methods of impregnation with silver, gold or lead are used
in histologic work, the Golgi methods and their modifications in
particular. They have but little application in pathologic work,
and for that reason are omitted here, as is also a consideration of
Ehrlich’s vital methylene-blue method and its modifications. Full
details of these methods can be found in laboratory textbooks on
histology.
7. =METHODS FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF NERVE-DEGENERATION.=
A. Marchi’s Method.
1. Harden small fresh pieces of tissue in Müller’s fluid for at
least 8 days. Handle tissue very carefully to prevent mechanical
injury. The tissue may be placed first in formol, and then later
transferred to Müller’s fluid.
2. Place in freshly prepared Marchi’s fluid (Müller’s fluid 2
parts, 1 per cent osmic acid solution 1 part) for about 8 days in
the incubator at 37°C. The brain requires a longer time. When the
mixture loses the osmic acid smell renew it.
3. Wash in running water, 24 hours.
4. Harden in graded alcohols.
5. Imbed in celloidin; cut; dehydrate; clear; mount.
Degenerated nervous tissue (fat) is black: all else brownish gray.
Contrast stain in Van Gieson’s, lithium carmine, etc. This method
is good for the demonstration of early degenerations.
B. Donaggio’s Methods for Early Degeneration.
Method I—
1. Fix in Müller’s fluid or in 4 per cent potassium-bichromate
solution. The tissue may remain in the fluid for any length of
time.
2. Transfer directly, without washing, to alcohol. Dehydrate;
imbed in celloidin; cut sections 20-30 microns. Place sections in
distilled water for a few seconds.
3. Transfer to the following mixture for 10-20 minutes: To 20 per
cent solution of ammoniated chloride of tin add an equal amount
of 1 per cent aqueous hæmatoxylin. Allow to stand for five days.
Keep in the dark, and in a cool place.
4. Wash rapidly in distilled water.
5. Differentiate in Pal’s solution (oxalic acid 0.5 grm.,
potassium sulphite 0.5 grm., water 100 cc.) until the normal
fibres are entirely decolorized.
6. Dehydrate; xylol; neutral balsam.
Degenerated fibres blue; normal, decolorized.
Method II—
1. Fix in Müller’s fluid: imbed as in Method I.
2. Place sections in 0.5-1 per cent aqueous hæmatoxylin solution,
10-20 minutes.
3. Transfer directly to a saturated aqueous solution of neutral
acetate of copper, 30 minutes. Renew copper solution once.
4. Decolorize as in Method I.
5. Wash rapidly in distilled water.
6. Dehydrate in graded alcohols; xylol; balsam.
Degenerated fibres black; normal fibres unstained, except for a
narrow circle at periphery.
Method III—
1. Fix and imbed as in Method I.
2. Stain in 0.5-1 per cent aqueous hæmaloxylin solution, 10-20
minutes.
3. Transfer directly to 10-20 per cent solution of perchloride of
iron. The section becomes black. After a few seconds they lose
their color. If washed in water, they regain their color.
4. Without washing, differentiate in acid alcohol (0.75 cc. HCl
in 100 cc. alcohol).
5. Dehydrate in absolute alcohol; xylol; balsam.
Degenerated fibres appear as small black streaks or circular areas.
C. Staining of Fat-granule Cells.
Fix in Flemming’s or Marchi’s mixtures; or in formol, staining with
sudan III or scharlach R. The tissues may be examined also in the
fresh condition.
D. Old Degenerations.
Use Weigert’s myelin method to show absence of myelinated fibres.
Van Gieson’s method stains the neuroglia of degenerated areas a
deep red; it is very useful combined with Weigert’s myelin stain.
Weigert’s neuroglia stain may be used to demonstrate the relative
parts played by neuroglia and connective-tissue in the formation
of sclerotic patches. When Weigert’s iron-hæmatoxylin is used
with Van Gieson’s the neuroglia remains unstained, while the
connective-tissue stains red. With other hæmatoxylins the neuroglia
cannot be sharply differentiated from connective-tissue when
stained with Van Gieson’s.
8. =PERIPHERAL NERVES.=
Use any of the above methods for the staining of myelin sheaths,
ganglion cells, axis cylinders, etc. Van Gieson’s is good for the
demonstration of connective-tissue increase. For the demonstration
of peripheral fibrils and nerve-endings consult textbooks on
histology for Golgi methods, Ehrlich’s vital methylene-blue method,
and the modifications of May, Drasch, and others.
Platner’s Method.
1. Harden in 25 per cent solution of liq. ferri sesquichlor., 1-5
days.
2. Wash in water, until the addition of KCNS to the water yields
no reaction.
3. Place in 75 per cent alcohol containing an excess of
di-nitroresorcin, 2-30 days, according to the size of the piece
of tissue.
4. Dehydrate in absolute alcohol.
5. Imbed; cut; dehydrate; clear; mount.
Axis cylinders, emerald green. A good method for the rapid
demonstration of pathological processes connected with the
peripheral nerves.
9. =CHROMAFFINIC TISSUES.=
Wiesel’s Method.
1. Fix 1-4 days in 10 parts of a 5 per cent potassium bichromate
solution, 20 parts of 10 per cent formol, 20 parts distilled
water.
2. 1-2 days in 5 per cent potassium bichromate.
3. Wash thoroughly in running water, 24 hours; harden in graded
alcohols; imbed in paraffin.
4. Stain sections in a 1 per cent aqueous toluidin-blue or
water-blue solution.
5. 5 minutes in tap-water.
6. Stain 20 minutes in a 1 per cent watery safranin solution.
7. 96 per cent, and then absolute alcohol, until the blue color
appears.
8. Xylol; balsam.
Chromaffinic cells green; other cells light blue, nuclei red.
X. SKIN.
Skin should be fixed in formol-Müller’s or formol, and should
not be left too long in alcohol or xylol. Imbed in celloidin
preferably. For general use the ordinary stains suffice; for the
study of pigment stain with alum or lithium-carmine. Use Weigert’s
elastic-tissue stain for the demonstration of elastic fibrils.
The intercellular bridges may be demonstrated by Van Gieson’s
(remaining unstained), or by various special staining methods.
Herxheimer’s Method for Epithelial Fibrillae.
1. Harden; imbed; cut.
2. Stain in a saturated watery solution of kresyl-echt-violett.
3. Dehydrate in absolute alcohol; clear in clove oil; balsam.
CHAPTER XXIX.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS FOR MEDICOLEGAL PURPOSES.
1. =BLOOD.= Fresh spots should be scraped off and examined in
physiologic salt solution. Older spots are scraped off when possible,
or if the spots are on clothing or other fabrics, a piece of the
stained portion is cut out, and the scraping or piece of material
is placed on a slide in a macerating fluid (30 per cent caustic
potash; glycerin 3 parts and concentrated sulphuric acid 1 part; 15
per cent tartaric acid; equal parts alcohol and ether; or Pacini’s
fluid [mercuric chloride 1 grm., sodium chloride 2.0 grm., glycerin
100 cc., water 300 cc.]). Even in very old clots or stains some red
cells may retain their characteristic form. The process of maceration
should be observed directly under the microscope, as the macerating
fluid gradually changes the cells after they become loosened.
_Schmorl_ advises the following method:—
Moisten a small piece of the fabric in water and stain with
hæmatoxylin. Differentiate in acid alcohol, wash thoroughly in water,
stain with 1/1000 watery eosin solution, wash in water (3-6 hours),
place in alcohol, and then again in water. Tease with great care
into fine threads on the slide, and examine the isolated fibres in a
drop of glycerin. The red corpuscles are easily recognized; and the
nuclei of the white cells or of the red cells of birds and amphibia
stand out distinctly. Permanent mounts may be made by passing the
specimen through alcohol, xylol, and mounting in balsam. A portion of
the stained fabric may be imbedded in celloidin, sections cut, and
stained with hæmatoxylin and eosin.
The =red cells= may be measured by the ocular micrometer. Those
of man are somewhat larger than those of other mammals, but the
difference in size is so slight that an absolute determination of
the source of the blood is not possible from the consideration of
size alone. Human corpuscles measure 0.0077 mm. in diameter; the
nearest in size are the corpuscles of the dog, rabbit, hog, cow,
horse, cat and sheep, in the order given, those of the sheep being
smaller. The measurements of a large number of corpuscles must be
taken if the question of size is to be considered. When red cells
cannot be found the stains must be tested for the presence of blood
=pigment= (_Teichmann’s hæmin crystals_). A small piece of the
scraping or stained fabric is placed upon a slide in glacial acetic
acid; the fluid is expressed; and a small crystal of sodium chloride
or sodium iodide is added to the fluid. Cover with cover-glass and
heat gently until bubbles are given off, and continue carefully
until the acetic acid has evaporated. The slower the evaporation
the larger the crystals will be. Examine with a ⅙ inch or No. 7
objective. The hæmin crystals are brown or claret-colored, of the
shape of rhombic plates single or superimposed. They are insoluble
in water, alcohol and ether; dissolve slowly in ammonia, dilute
sulphuric and nitric acids, and easily in caustic potash. The form of
the crystal and the color determines the diagnosis of the presence
of blood, but does not distinguish between human and animal blood.
Old stains should be treated with acetic acid 12-24 hours before
attempting to obtain the crystals. Contamination of the fabric with
fat interferes with the reaction; the fat should be removed first
with ether. If the suspected stain occurs on iron, steel, sand, clay
or coal, the crystals usually cannot be obtained. Decomposition may
also interfere with the reaction. In such cases a solution of the
stain in a saturated solution of borax should be made and submitted
to spectroscopic examination. The presence of blood-pigment on any
substance can be demonstrated by means of the =spectroscope= or
=microspectroscope=. Within recent years the =biologic= test for
blood and albumins has been turned to medicolegal uses, in the
differential diagnosis of human and animal blood or albumins. This
test rests upon the principle that in the serum of an animal treated
with human blood or albumin there are developed antibodies having a
strong specific hæmolytic or precipitating action upon human blood or
albumin.
2. =Semen.= Suspected seminal stains may be tested first by the
=Florence sperm reaction=. A portion of the material is mixed on the
slide with a drop of an iodine solution (1.65 iodine, 2.54 potassium
iodide, 30 water). Cover and examine with low power. The formation of
characteristic long rhombic, brown or violet crystals is evidence of
the presence of semen. The reaction is hindered by decomposition. The
=spermatozoa= may also be demonstrated in seminal stains by soaking
the fabric, carefully flattened out, in a watch-glass containing
dilute hydrochloric acid (1 drop to 40 cc. distilled water), for 5
minutes to 5 hours, according to the age of the stain. The fabric
is then removed and gently rubbed on a slide; the smear is covered
with a No. 1 cover-slip, and examined with the oil immersion or the
highest dry objectives. The smear may be stained by adding neutral
red solution to the macerating fluid, or by drying the smear in
the air, fixing in the flame, and staining with hæmatoxylin and
eosin, neutral carmine or fuchsin. The staining and macerating
solutions may be combined in one. The piece of fabric containing the
suspected seminal stain is soaked in a mixture of methyl green 1
grm., hydrochloric acid 15 drops, distilled water 350 cc., for 1-6
hours. It is then removed with the forceps and smeared on the slide,
examined in the moist state, or dried, fixed and mounted. The head is
stained an intense green.
3. =Decidua and Foetal Tissues.= Clots, curettings and discharges
may be examined in the fresh state by teasing; or the material
may be fixed in formol, formol-Müller’s or mercuric chloride. The
characteristic structures of the decidual cells, chorionic villi and
other fœtal tissues are easily recognized and the presence of any
one of these determines the occurrence of pregnancy, abortion or
child-birth.
4. =Hair.= The most important medicolegal question concerning hair is
the differential diagnosis between animal and human. The following
points must be considered:—
_1._ The cells of the outer layer (cuticle) of the hair are much
larger in the majority of animals than in man, and are much more
distinctly seen. The cuticle is much more dentate or serrate in the
hair of animals than in that of man.
_2._ The cortical layer in human hair is much thicker than in animal
hairs, as compared to the thickness of the medulla; in animal hair
the medulla is thicker than the cortical layer.
_3._ The cellular structure of the medullary substance is indistinct
in human hair; in animal hair it is very prominent. In human hair
the medulla is often absent, especially in certain portions of the
hair, while in animals it is rarely absent, and then only in sharply
localized portions. The hair should always be examined throughout its
entire length.
Hairs of the beard are usually thickest (0.14-0.15 mm. in diameter),
then follow in order of size the pubic hairs of the female, the hairs
of the eye-lids, male pubis, male head, and female head (0.06 mm. in
diameter). There are, however, marked individual differences, and
the hair of infants is much finer than that of older children and
adults. The hairs of the new-born are pointed, as are also the hairs
of adults that are protected from cutting, rubbing, maceration, etc.
Cut hairs are at first blunt; later more rounded. Hairs that have
been torn out usually show a bulbous end with the remains of the
hair-follicle; fallen hairs have a closed, smooth, atrophic root.
When the question arises as to the definite individual from whom
certain hairs may have come a very careful comparison of the given
hairs with those of the individual concerned must be carried out, as
to color, size, thickness of different layers, shape and size of the
transverse section, etc. Paraffin imbedding should be employed for
this purpose.
CHAPTER XXX.
THE STUDY OF MOUNTED PREPARATIONS.
1. =Preparation.= Analyze the method of preparation of the specimen,
noting-methods of fixation, hardening, imbedding, injection,
impregnation, staining, etc. Note the reaction of nucleus,
protoplasm, red blood-cells and connective-tissue to the stain. Look
for special staining reactions (hyalin. amyloid, mucin, etc.) and
metachromasia.
2. =Histology.= Look for histologic landmarks by which the organ, or
part of the body, from which the specimen is taken can be recognized.
If such landmarks cannot be found, analyze the section, element
by element, until its histologic features are fully noted and
recognized. Answer the question, “From what part of the body does the
tissue come?” Carry the differential diagnosis as far as possible,
with regard to sex, age, side of the body or organ (for example, in
the heart decide as to auricle or ventricle, left ventricle or right,
etc.).
3. =Pathology.= Study next the deviations from the normal. Answer
these questions: “Is the tissue normal?” “If not, in what respects
does it differ from the normal?” Study pathologic conditions with
the low power first, then use the high power for the finer details.
Consider the histologic features of the organ (capsule, stroma,
parenchyma, ducts, etc.) with respect to pathologic changes.
4. =Diagnosis.= After the pathologic changes have been fully studied,
the diagnosis should be formulated. If the pathologic changes found
can be correlated as factors in some specific conditions they should
not be considered separately, but the specific condition itself
would constitute the diagnosis. When the pathologic conditions
have no definite relation to each other they should be classified
separately. If a section of kidney shows cloudy swelling, congestion,
œdema, small-celled infiltration, hæmorrhage and casts, these
different conditions would all be included in the diagnosis of an
acute parenchymatous degenerative nephritis. If the general picture
corresponds to that of tuberculosis, syphilis, neoplasm, etc., the
various associated changes need not be considered alone, but the
broad and comprehensive diagnosis should be expressed in as concise
terms as possible.
Written descriptions of microscopic appearances should be so
full and clear that it is possible to make a diagnosis from the
word-picture. A full and adequate analysis of the preparation set
forth in concise and clear language is of more objective value
than the bare diagnosis. Reproductions by means of drawings are
also of great value in assisting the memory or in communicating
the results of the observation to others. A technique sufficient
for ordinary purposes may soon be obtained. Color work is usually
easiest, since the majority of sections are stained in color. The
camera lucida or Edinger’s drawing apparatus may be of great service
in the enlargement and placing of the various elements of the
section; with these instruments but little practice is necessary to
produce rapid and accurate representations. The close inspection
of the preparation during the drawing often reveals features that
previously had escaped attention. Many workers object to drawings
on the ground of subjectivity, but the same criticism applies even
more to word-descriptions. Especial attention must, however, be paid
to this danger, both in the case of drawings and word-descriptions.
In the case of scientific work the written description is best
backed up by photographs, rather than by drawings. Microphotography
has the very great advantage of being purely objective, although
dishonest photographs are possible. There are, however, certain
limitations to microphotography. Differential details are lost in
sections; all parts of the section cannot be fairly represented;
and focal and color limitations are great disadvantages. I believe,
however, that for pure scientific work word-descriptions should be
accompanied by objective microphotographs instead of drawings. The
microphotographic outfit of Zeiss has already been recommended as the
best. It is impossible to take up the subject of microphotographic
technique in this book. The reader is referred to the chapter on
“Microphotography” in Aschoff and Gaylord’s Atlas, and to the works
of Cresbie, Bagshaw, Kaiserling, Neuhauss, and others. (See article
on “_Mikrophotographic_” in the _Enzyklopädie der mikroscopischen
Tecknik_.)
INDEX.
A.
Abdomen:
Inspection of, 45
Section of, 140
Abdominal cavity, pathology of, 102
Abdominal organs, pathology of, 104
Abortion, death from, 191
Acetic acid fuchsin, 220
Acetone, 226, 237
Acetone-colophonium, 278
Acetone-xylol, 278
Acids:
Acetic, 220
Chromic, 228
Fatty, 268
Mineral, 220
Osmic, 220, 230, 267, 299
Picric, 231, 258
Poisoning with, 189
Acid fuchsin, 258
Acid stains, 253
Adrenals, examination of, 145, 146
Left, 145, 155
Right, 146, 155
Special pathology of, 155
African relapsing fever, 284
Agar-formol, 237
Age of new-born, 182
Alcohol, 220, 227
Alcohol poisoning, 189
Alkalies, poisoning with, 190
Alum carmine, 256
Alum cochineal, 283
Alum hæmatoxylin, 254
Altmann’s granules, 230, 265
Ammonium sulphide test, 275
Amœba coli, 285
Amyloid, staining of, 262
Aniline dyes, 253
Aniline-xylol, 270, 278
Animal parasites, 285
Anomalies, 45
Antimony, poisoning with, 190
Antrums, examination of, 86
Aorta, 120, 130
Abdominal, 158
Apathy’s method, 300
Aronson-Philipp stain, 292
Arsenic, poisoning with, 190
Artefacts, 251
Asphyxia, death from, 191
Atrophy, 264
Atropine, poisoning with, 190
Autopsy:
General considerations, 3
Heller’s method, 30
Importance of, 3
Instruments, 9
Legal aspects of, 5
Letulle’s method for, 30
Medicolegal, 187
of new-born, 177
in animals, 196
Order of, 24
Permit for, 8
Preparation for, 15
Technique, 20
Time of, 42
Axis-cylinders, staining, 299
Azur-blau, 290
B.
Back, inspection of, 45
Bacteria:
Acid fast, 280
Actinomyces, 278, 283
Bacillus:
Aërogenes capsulatus, 278, 281
of anthrax, 278, 280
of bubonic plague, 279, 281
of chancroid (Ducrez-Unna), 279, 281
Coli communis, 279, 281
Diphtheriæ, 278, 281
Dysenteriæ, 279
of epidemic conjunctivitis, 279, 281
of fowl cholera, 279
of Friedländer, 282
of glanders, 279, 281
of influenza, 279, 281
of Koch-Weeks, 270, 281
of leprosy, 278, 280, 283
of Lustgarten, 280
Mallei, 279, 281
of malignant œdema, 279, 280
of mouse septicæmia, 278
Paratyphoid, 281
Pestis, 279, 281
Pneumoniæ, 279, 282
Proteus, 279
Pyocyaneus, 279, 281
of rabbit septicæmia, 279
Rhinoscleroma, 278, 282
Smegma, 280
of swine erysipelas, 278
of swine plague, 279
of tetanus, 278, 281
Tuberculosis, 278, 280, 282
of typhoid fever, 279, 281
Cladothrix, 283
Diplococcus pneumoniæ, 278, 280
Gonococcus, 279, 280
Gram-negative, 278
Gram-positive, 278
Leptothrix, 283
Meningococcus, 279, 280
Micrococcus:
Catarrhalis, 280
Melitensis, 279
Tetragenus, 278, 280
Nocardia, 283
Oïdium Albicans, 278, 285
Spirilla and spirochaetes, 283
Spirillum:
of Asiatic cholera, 279
Obermeieri, 284
of recurrent fever, 283
of Vincent’s angina, 284
Spirochæte:
of African relapsing fever, 284
of fowl-spirillosis, 284
Pallida, 279, 284
Refringens, 284
Staphylococcus:
Pyogenes albus, 278, 280
Pyogenes aureus, 278, 280
Pyogenes citreus, 278, 280
Streptococcus pyogenes, 278, 280
Vibrios:
Staining of, 283
of cholera, 283
Balantidium coli, 286
Basic stains, 253
Basic aniline dyes, 257
Beale’s glycerin carmine, 218
Béclard’s center, 181
Benda’s method, 268
Iron hæmatoxylin, 273
Beneke’s method, 147
Best’s glycogen methods, 270
Bethe’s method, 300
Biebrich scarlet, 293
Bielschowsky’s method, 299, 300
Bignami’s method, 286
Bile capillaries, demonstration of, 297
Bile passages, 151
Birch-Hirschfeld’s method, 263
Bismarck brown, 257
Bladder, urinary, 161, 163, 165, 169
Blastomycetes, 285
Bleu Borrel, 290
Blood:
Biologic test for, 306
Examination of, 288
Fat in, 293
Films, 288
Fixing of, 288
Medicolegal examination of, 305
Parasites of, 293
Sections, 293
Size of red cells, 305
Staining of, 289
Blood-content, 39
Blood platelets, 292
Blood vessels, peripheral, 174, 176
Body, heat of, 50
Böhmer’s hæmatoxylin, 254
Bone marrow:
Examination of, 173
Special pathology of, 174
Staining of, 293
Staining methods, 294
Bones:
Examination of, 173
Special pathology of, 174
Borax carmine, 257
Bordeaux red, 273
Brain:
Basal vessels, 89
Removal of, 69
Section of, 70
Section in skull, 76
Section, Déjerine method, 77
Section, Meynert method, 77
Section, Pitres method, 75
Section, Virchow method, 70
Special pathology of, 93
Bremer’s reaction, 292
Broad ligament, 165, 172
Bronchi, 118, 120, 128
Bunge’s fluid, 275
Burckhardt’s fluid, 231
Burns, death from, 192
Buzzi’s method, 267
C.
Cadaver:
Age of, 42
Build of, 44
External examination of, 41
Facies of, 44
Head of, 44
Identification of, 41, 187
Legal status of, 5
Nationality of, 42
Nutrition of, 44
Occupation of, 42
Orifices of, 52
Palpation of, 52
Percussion of, 52
Restoration of, 193
Sex of, 41
Status of, 42
Calcification, 220, 264
Canada balsam, 250
Carotids, 134, 139
Carbol-kresyl-echt-violett, 220, 263
Carbol-xylol, 249
Carbon-monoxide poisoning, 190
Carmine, 256
Carmine, ammonia, 258
Carmine and picric acid, 260
Carnoy’s fluid, 231
Cartilage:
Béclard’s center, 181
Costal, 99, 105
Staining of, 295
Cell granules, 265
Cell inclusions, 265
Cellodin, 234, 235, 239, 240, 243, 245, 247, 251
Cercomonas, 286
Cerebellum:
Examination of, 92
Pathology of, 92
Section of, 74
Cerebrum:
Examination of, 90
Section of, 70
Size, 90
Weight, 90
Cestodes, 287
Chancroid, bacillus of, 281
Chisel, 12
Brunetti, 15, 56
Curved, 55
Esquirol, 55
Straight, 55
Tomahawk, 55
Cholera, vibrio of, 283
Cholesterin, 266
Chorioid plexus, 92
Chloral hydrate, poisoning with, 190
Chloroform, poisoning with, 190
Chromaffinic tissues, 304
Chromic acid, 228
Chromogen, 300
Chromophilic cells, 276
Claudius’ method, 223
Clearing, 249
Clearing fluids, 249
Cloudy swelling, 266
Cocci, staining of, 278, 279, 280
Coccidia, 286
Cold, death from, 192
Collagen, staining of, 296
Colloid, 266
Colophonium, 250, 278
Color:
of hair, 48
of organs, 35
Congo red, 293
Connective tissue, staining of, 295
Consistence, 36
Copper, test for, 276
Cord, spinal:
Examination of, 53, 61
Pathology of, 61, 62
Removal of, 57, 59
Size, 61
Weight, 61
Cornification, 266
Courmont and Andre’s method, 276
Cover-glass preparations, 244
Cowper’s gland, 161
Cranium:
Examination of, 64
Examination of base, 78, 93
Crushing, 210
Crystal-violet, 224
Cut surface, 38
D.
Dahlia, 271
Damar, 250
Dark field, 205, 284
Condenser, 284
Death:
Apparent, 43
Icard’s test for, 43
Larcher’s sign of, 43
Magnus’ sign of, 44
Positive signs of, 42
Ripault’s test for, 43
Tests for, 43
Time of, 42
Decalcification, methods of, 232
Combined with fixation, 232
Ebner’s fluid, 233
Haug’s solution, 233
Phloroglucin, 233
Schaffer’s, 233
Sulphurous acid, 232
Trichloracetic acid, 232
Decidua, demonstration of, 307
Deetjen’s agar solution, 292
Deformities, 45
Dehydration, 249
Déjerine method, 77
Delafield’s hæmatoxylin, 255
Delépine’s method, 261
Diaphragm, 98, 104, 148, 159
Differentiation, 246, 247
Diffuse stains, 258
Diffusion spots, 51
Digestion, 210, 217, 296
Diplococcus pneumoniæ, 278, 280
Dissociation fluids, 219
Donaggio’s methods, 302
Dorsal incision, 60
Drawing, 310
Duodenum, 143, 150
Dura:
Basal, 93
of brain, 88
of cord, 60
E.
Ear, 81, 82, 83, 94
Examination of, 81, 82, 83, 94
Politzer method of examining, 85
Microscopic examination of, 297
Edinger drawing apparatus, 310
Ehrlich:
Acid hæmatoxylin, 255
Dahlia method, 271
Triple stain, 261, 292
Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain stain, 273
Ejaculatory ducts, 161
Elastic fibres:
Orcein stain for, 296
Resorcin-fuchsin, 296
Staining of, 296
Weigert’s method, 296
Electricity, death from, 192
Eleidin, 266, 267
Eosin, 258, 259, 260
Epithelial fibres, 304
Ergot, poisoning with, 190
Erlitzky’s fluid, 228
Ether, 220
Eustachian tube, 83, 84, 85
Eyes, 45, 94
Microscopic examination of, 297
Pathology of, 94
F.
Face, 86
Facies, 44
Fat, in blood, 293
Indophenol stain for, 268
Osmic acid stain for, 267
Scarlet R stain for, 268
Scharlach R stain for, 268
Staining of, 267
Sudan III stain for, 268
Fat-granule cells, 303
Fat tissue, staining of, 297
Fatty acids, 268
Fett Ponceau, 220
Fibres, elastic, 296
Epithelial, 304
Sharpey’s, 295
Fibrin:
Staining of, 269
Weigert’s method of staining, 269
Fibroglia, 296
Mallory’s stain for, 296
Filaria, staining of, 287
Films, blood, 288
Fisher’s milk injection, 218
Fixation, 225, 288
Fixation and hardening, 225
Acetone method, 226
Alcohol, 227
Altmann’s solution, 230
Burckhardt’s fluid, 231
Carnoy’s fluid, 231
Chromic acid and salts, 228
Combined with decalcification, 232
Determination of method, 231
Erlitzky’s fluid, 228
Flemming’s solution, 230
Flemming’s chroma-cetic solution, 231
Formalin, 229
Formol, 229
Formol-acetone, 227
Formol-alcohol, 228
Freezing and drying, 229
Heat, 229
Hermann’s solution, 230
Marchi’s solution, 230
Mercuric chloride solution, 230
Merkel’s fluid, 231
Orth’s fluid, 228
Osmic acid, 230
Pianese’s solution, 230
Picric acid solution, 230
Rabl’s fluid, 231
Rawitz’s fluid, 231
Rules for, 226
Sublamine, 230
Zenker’s solution, 230
Flemming’s solution, 230
Flemming’s solution and safranin, 272
Fluids:
Burckhardt, 231
Carnoy, 231
Dissociation, 219
Ebner, 233
Erlitzky’s, 228
Indifferent, 219
Maceration, 219
Merkel, 231
Müller’s, 228
Orth, 228
Pacini, 305
Physiologic, 219
Rabl, 231
Rawitz, 231
Fluorchrom, 299
Florence sperm reaction, 300
Fœtal tissues, demonstration of, 307
Formalin, 229
Formol, 229
Formol-agar, 237
Formol-alcohol, 228
Formol-gelatin, 237
Fowl-spirillosis, 284
Freezing, 211
Freezing and drying, 229
Freezing microtome, 211, 214, 216
Fresh material, examination of, 208
Staining of, 220, 243
Treatment of, 221
Fuchsin, 257
G.
Gaffky’s method, 281
Gall bladder, 145, 155
Ganglia:
Cerebral, 92
Spinal, 60
Sympathetic, 148, 158
Ganglion cells, staining of, 298
Gelatin preparations, 223
Gentian violet, 263, 279
Giemsa’s method, 291
Stain, 284, 290, 291
Glycerin, 219, 250
Glycerin-gelatin, 250
Glycogen:
Best’s method for, 270
in leucocytes, 293
Staining of, 270
Golgi’s network, 300
Gonococcus, 279, 280
Gram-positive bacteria, 278
Gram-negative bacteria, 278
Gram-Weigert stain, 269
Granules:
Altmann’s, 230, 265
Basophile, 290, 291, 292
Cell:
Plasma, 271, 272
Mast, 271, 272
Eosinophile, 290, 291, 292
Neutrophile, 290, 291, 292
Nissl’s, 298
Green’s method, 263
H.
Hæmalum, 255
Mayer’s, 255
Mayer’s acid, 255
Staining with, 256
Hæmatoxylin, 234
Alum, 254
and acid fuchsin, 259
and eosin, 259
and orange G, 259
and picric acid, 259
Benda’s iron, 273
Böhmer’s, 254
Delafield’s, 255
Ehrlich’s acid, 255
Hansen’s, 255
Heidenhain’s iron, 273
Weigert’s iron, 255
Hæmolymphnodes, 148, 158
Hæmosiderin, 275
Hair, 48
Medicolegal examination of, 307
Hansen’s hæmatoxylin, 255
Hardening, methods of, 225
Harke’s method, 85
Hasting’s stain, 290
Haug’s solution, 233
Head, 44
Examination of, 63
Inspection of, 44
Heart:
Left, 125
Nauwerck’s method of opening, 114
Orifices and valves of, 125
Prausnitz’s method of opening, 116
Right, 124
Section of, 107
Size and weight of, 123
Special pathology of, 126
Vessels of, 125
Virchow’s method of opening, 113
Heat, death from, 192
fixation by, 229
Heidenhain’s iron hæmatoxylin, 273
Heller’s method, 30
Hermann’s solution, 230
Herxheimer’s method, 304
Hey saw, 14, 85
Histologic features, 39
Huber and Snow’s plate method, 245
Hyalin, staining of, 271
Hydrocyanic acid, poisoning with, 190
Hydropic degeneration, 271
Hydroxides, potassium and sodium, 220
Hypertrophy, 271
Hypophysis, 80, 92
Hypostasis, 50
I.
Icard’s test, 43
Identification of cadaver, 41, 187
Iliacs, 158
Iliopsoas muscle, 148, 159
Illuminating gas, poisoning with, 190
Imbedding, methods of, 234
Acetone, 237
Celloidin, 234, 235
Formol-agar, 237
Formol-gelatin, 237
Paraffin, 234, 236
Pyridin, 237
Incision, main, 96
India ink method, 284
Indophenol, 268
Infanticide, 191
Infiltration, 234
Inflammation, 271
Injection, methods of, 217
Beale’s glycerin carmine, 218
Fisher’s milk, 218
Silbermann’s, 218
Thiersch’s Berlin blue gelatin, 218
Instruments, autopsy, 9
Intestines, 141, 150
Iodine-glycerin, 220
Iodine, test for, 272
Iodine green, 263
Iodine test for amyloid, 262
Iron:
Ammonium sulphide test, 275
Combined or masked, 275
Potassium ferrocyanide test, 275
Tests for, 275
J.
Joints, 174, 176
Jugulars, 133, 139
Justus’ test, 272
K.
Kaiserling’s method, 222
Keratin, 267
Keratohyalin, 266, 267
Kidney:
Left, 145, 155
Removal of, 145-147
Right, 146, 155
v. Kölliker’s method, 295
v. Kossa’s silver method, 264
Kresyl-echt-violett, 263, 273
L.
Laboratory, outfit, 201
Utensils, 207
Lævulose, 250
Lake, 253
Langhans’ method, 240
Larcher’s sign, 43
Larynx, section of, 133
Pathology of, 136
Lead, poisoning with, 190
Test for, 276
Legal aspects of autopsy, 5
Leishman-Donovan bodies, 286
Leishman’s stain, 290
v. Lenhossék’s method, 298
Leptothrix, 283
Letulle’s method, 30
Leukocytes, staining of, 291
Levaditi’s method, 284
Ligaments, broad, 165, 172
Uterine, 172
Lithium carmine, 257
Liver, pathology of, 153
Section of, 144
Staining of, 297
Location of organs, 34
Luer’s rhachiotome, 14, 55
Lugol’s solution, 220
Lungs, section of, 116
Pathology of, 126, 127
Lustgarten’s bacillus, 280
Lymphatics, 158
Uterine, 172
Lymphnodes:
Bronchial, 118, 120, 129
Cervical, 134, 138
Mesenteric, 145, 155
Microscopic examination, 293
Pelvic, 165
Portal, 145
Regional, 174, 176
Retroperitoneal, 148
Lymphocytes, staining of, 292
M.
Maceration, 210
Fluids, 219
Macroscopic preparations, 222
Magnus’ sign, 44
Malarial organisms, 286, 291, 292
Mallory’s method for actinomyces, 283
for amœba, 285
for fibroglia, 296
for neuroglia, 301
for reticulum, 295
Mallory-Wright method:
Serial sections, 240
Tubercle-stain, 282
Mall’s digestion-method, 296
Mamma, 99, 105
Mann’s method, 287
Marchi’s fluid, 230
Method, 302
Marking of plates, 246
Mast cells, staining of, 271
Material, examination of fresh, 208
Treatment of, 199
Mayer’s acid-hæmalum, 255
Hæmalum, 255
Mediastinum, anterior, 121
Medicolegal examination, 305
Medulla, 75, 92
Megastoma entericum, 286
Melnikow-Raswedenkow, 223
Meninges of cord, 60, 61
Basal, 89, 93
Inner, 61, 89
Vessels of, 88
Meningococcus, 279, 280
Mercuric chloride fixation, 230
Mercury, test for, 276
Merkel’s fluid, 231
Mesenteric lymphnodes, 145, 155
Mesentery, 145, 155
Metachromasia, 247, 254
Methods:
Apathy’s, 300
Benda’s, 268
Best’s, 270
Bethe’s, 300
Bielschowsky’s, 299, 300
Bignami’s, 286
Birch-Hirschfeld’s, 263
Buzzi’s, 267
Claudius’, 223
Courmont and Andre’s, 276
Delépine’s, 261
Donaggio’s, 302
Ehrlich’s dahlia, 271
Ehrlich’s triple stain, 261, 292
Fick’s, 267
Gaffky’s, 281
Giemsa’s, 284, 291
Golgi’s, 300
Green’s, 263
Herxheimer’s, 304
Huber and Snow’s, 245
India-ink, 284
Jenner’s, 290
Kaiserling’s, 222
v. Kölliker’s, 295
v. Kossa’s, 264
Langhans’, 240
v. Lenhossék’s, 298
Levaditi’s, 284
Mallory’s, 240, 285, 295, 296, 301
Mallory and Wright’s, 240, 282
Mann’s, 287
Marchi’s, 302
Melnikow-Raswedenkow, 222
Meynert’s, 77
Molasses plate, 245
Morse’s, 263
Nikiforoff’s, 283
Nissl’s, 298
Noniewicz’s, 281
Pappenheim’s, 279, 292
Pianese’s, 265
Pick’s, 223
Platner’s, 303
Politzer’s, 85
Ramon j Cajal, 300
Romanowsky, 272, 286, 290
Schaffer’s, 233
Schmorl’s, 294
Schmorl-Giemsa, 284
Schmorl-Obregia, 240, 245
Silbermann’s, 218
Smith’s, 269
Strouse’s, 220
Trambusi’s, 293
Unna’s chancroid, 281
Collagen, 296
Fungi, 285
Mast cell, 271
Van Gieson’s, 260
Warthin’s plate, 221, 245
Weigert’s, elastic tissue, 296
Fibrin, 269
Gram, 269, 278
Myelin sheath, 299
Neuroglia, 300
Westenhoeffer’s, 223
White’s, 261
Wiesel’s, 304
Williamson-Bielschowsky, 299
Wolkowitsch’s, 282
Wood’s, 220
Wright’s blood, 284, 290
Ziehl-Neelsen, 280
Zieler’s, 279
Methods of staining, 246
Methyl blue, 287
Methylene blue, 257, 260, 289
Methyl green, 257, 263
Methyl green-pyronin, 279, 292
Methyl violet, 262
Meynert’s method, 77
Micrococcus, catarrhalis, 280
Melitensis, 279
Tetragenus, 278, 280
Micro-organisms, pathogenic, 277
Microscope, accessories, 201-205
Choice of, 201
Polarization, 205
Use of, 203
Microspectroscope, 205, 306
Microtome, choice of, 206
Freezing, 206
Knives, 206, 211
Milk-injection, 218
Mineral acids, 220
Mitotic figures, 272
Molasses method, 221, 245
Mordant, 253
Morse’s method, 263
Moulds, pathogenic, 220, 285
Mounted preparations, drawing of, 310
Photographing of, 310
Study of, 309
Mounting, 243, 250, 251
Mouth, 135
Muchæmatin, 274
Mucin, 273
Mucicarmin, 274
Mucous membranes, 49
Müller’s fluid, 228
Muscles, 49, 102, 148, 159, 297
Myelin, 274
Myelin-sheath staining, 299
Myoglia, 297
N.
Nails, 49
Natural dyes, 253
Neck, 45
Neck organs, pathology of, 135
Removal of, 131
Section in situ, 134
Necrosis, 274
Negri bodies, 286
Nematodes, 287
Neoplasms, 274
Nerve-degeneration, 302, 303
Nerves, cranial, 93
Inferior laryngeal, 134, 139
Peripheral, 174, 176, 303
Superior laryngeal, 134, 139
Nervous tissue, staining of, 298
Neurofibrillar structures, 300
Neuroglia, staining of, 300, 301
New-born:
Age of, 182
Autopsy of, 177, 182
Cause of death, 185
Organs of, 183
Size of, 182
Nikiforoff’s method, 283
Nissl’s granules, 298
Method, 298
Nitrobenzol, poisoning with, 191
Nocardia, 283
Nocht’s stain, 290
Noniewicz’s method, 281
Nose, pathology of, 95, 136
Section of, 85
Nuclear stains, 246, 254
Nucleolus, staining of, 258
O.
Occupation, 42
Odor, 37
Oedema, 50
Oesophagus, pathology of, 130, 136
Section of, 120, 133
Oïdium albicans, 278, 285
Omentum, 104
Opium, poisoning with, 191
Orange G, 258, 259
Orbit, examination of, 81
Orcein, 279, 296
Organs, abdominal, 104
of new-born, 183
of special sense, 174, 176
Thoracic, 121
Orifices, 52
Orr’s osmic-acid method, 299
Orth’s fluid, 228
Osmic acid, 220, 230, 267
Ovary, pathology of, 172
Section of, 165
P.
Pacchionian bodies, 88
Pacini’s fluid, 305
Palate, 133, 135
Palpation, 52
Pal’s solution, 302
Pancreas, 144, 152
Panniculus, 50, 102
Pappenheim’s method, 279, 292
Paraffin, imbedding in, 234, 236
Mounting of sections, 251
Ovens, 207
Preparation of sections, 244, 245, 246
Sections, 241
Serial sections, 242
Staining of sections, 247
Parametrium, 165
Parasites, animal, 285
Parathyroids, 134, 138
Parotid, 86, 134, 138
Parovarium, 165
Pathogenic, bacteria, 277
Moulds, 220, 285
Yeasts, 285
Peduncles, 92
Pelvis, examination of female, 163
Examination of male, 160
Penciling, 216
Penis, 163, 166
Percussion of cadaver, 52
Pericardium, 106, 122
Peripheral nerves, 174, 176, 303
Peritoneum, 148
Pharynx, 133, 135
Phosphomolybdic acid, 294
Phosphorus, poisoning with, 190
Phosphotungstic acid, 294
Pianese’s method, 265
Solution, 230
Pick’s method, 223
Picric acid, 231, 258, 259, 260
Picrocarmine, 260
Pigment, 274
Pineal gland, 92
Pitre’s method, 75
Plasmodium malariæ, 286, 291, 292
Plate method, 245, 246
Platner’s method, 303
Plimmer’s bodies, 266
Poisoning:
Acids, 189
Alcohol, 189
Alkalies, 190
Antimony, 190
Arsenic, 190
Atropine, 190
Carbon monoxide, 190
Chloral hydrate, 190
Chloroform, 190
Ergot, 190
Formalin, 190
Hydrocyanic acid, 190
Illuminating gas, 190
Lead, 190
Mercury, 190
Morphine, 191
Nitrobenzol, 191
Opium, 191
Phosphorus, 191
Potassium chlorate, 191
Potassium cyanide, 190
Ptomaine, 191
Strychnine, 191
Suspected, 188
Polarization microscope, 205
Politzer’s method, 85
Polychrome methylene blue, 264
Pons, 92
Portal vein, 145, 155
Potassium acetate, 219, 250
Potassium ferrocyanide, 275
Progressive staining, 247
Prostate, 161, 163, 168
Protocol, 33
Pseudomucin, 276
Purin bodies, 276
Putrefaction, 51
Pyridin, 237
Pyronin, 279, 292
Pyrosoma bigeminum, 286
R.
Rabl’s fluid, 231
Rawitz’s fluid, 231
Reagents for fresh tissue, 219
Rectum, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169
Regeneration, 276
Regressive staining, 247
Repair, 276
Resorcin-fuchsin, 296
Reticulum, 295, 296
Rhachiotome of Amussat, 55
of Luer, 14, 55
Rigor mortis, 49
Ripault’s test, 43
Romanowsky method, 272, 286, 290
Ross’ electrical warmer, 218
Russell’s bodies, 265
S.
Sarcosporidia, 286
Scalp, 87
Scalds, death from, 192
Scars, 46
Schmorl’s bone methods, 295
Schmorl-Obregia method, 240, 245
Schmorl’s method of examining blood, 305
Scraping, 209
Scrotum, 167
Section cutting, 210, 238
of celloidin blocks, 239
of frozen tissue, 239
of paraffin blocks, 241
serial of celloidin, 240
serial of paraffin, 242
without imbedding, 238
Sedimentation, 209
Semen, tests for, 306
Seminal vesicles, 161, 163, 168
Sex, 41
Shaking, 216
Shape of organs, 35
Sharpey’s fibres, 295
Silbermann’s method, 218
Silver, test for, 276
Sinus, basal, 93
Longitudinal, 88
Size of organs, 34
Skin, 46
Staining of, 304
Skull:
Base of, 78, 93
Pathology of, 87
Periosteum of, 87
Removal of cap, 63
Smears, 209
Soap, Venetian, 298
Soaps, staining of, 268
Sperm-reaction, 306
Spermatozoa, 306
Spinal cord, 53, 57, 59, 61
Ganglia, 60
Spirillum, Obermeieri, 283, 284
of African relapsing fever, 284
of fowls, 284
of recurrent fever, 283
of Vincent’s angina, 284
Staining of, 283
Spirochæte:
Pallida, 284, 292
Refringens, 284
Staining of, 283
Spleen, 140, 148, 293
Stage, mechanical, 204
Warm, 205, 218
Staining, 246, 247, 253
General rules for, 248
Huber and Snow’s method, 245
In bulk, 247
Intravital, 217
Methods, 246, 247, 253
of bacteria in tissue, 277
of blood, 288
of celloidin sections, 243, 247
of cover-glass preparations, 244
of fresh tissue, 220, 243, 247
of leukocytes, 291
of paraffin sections, 243, 247
of unimbedded tissue, 243, 247
on slide, 244
Plate method, 245
Preparation for, 243
Progressive, 247
Regressive, 247
Schmorl and Obregia method, 245
Strouse’s method, 220
Supravital, 217
Theories, 253
Warthin’s molasses method, 245
Wood’s method, 220
Stains:
Acid, 253
Acid fuchsin, 258
Alum carmine, 256
Alum cochineal, 283
Ammonia carmine, 258
Aniline, 253
Aniline blue, 295
Aniline-gentian-violet, 269, 282
Aronson-Philipp, 292
Azur Blau, 290
Basic, 253
Basic aniline, 257
Benda’s, 268
Benda’s iron hæmatoxylin, 273
Best’s glycogen, 270
Biebrich scarlet, 293
Birch-Hirschfeld, 263
Bismarck brown, 257
Bleu Borrel, 290
Borax carmine, 257
Bordeaux red, 273
Carbol-fuchsin, 280
Carbol-kresyl-echt-violett, 220
Carbol-thionin, 220, 286
Carmine, 256
Carmine and picric acid, 260
Combined, 259
Congo red, 267, 293
Crystal violet, 224
Dahlia, 271
Delépine’s, 261
Diffuse, 246, 258
Eosin, 258
Eosin and methylene blue, 260
Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain, 273
Ehrlich’s dahlia method, 271
Ehrlich’s triple, 261, 292
Erythrosin, 253, 259, 261
Fett Ponceau, 220
Fuchsin, 257
Gentian violet, 263, 279
Giemsa’s, 284, 290, 291
Gram-Weigert, 269
Green’s, 263
Hæmatoxylin, 254
Alum, 254
Böhmer’s, 254
Delafield’s, 255
Ehrlich’s acid, 255
Hansen’s, 255
Weigert’s iron, 255
Hæmatoxylin and acid fuchsin, 259
Hæmatoxylin and eosin, 259
Hæmatoxylin and orange G, 259
Hæmatoxylin and picric acid, 259
Hasting’s, 290
Heidenhain’s iron, 273
Indigo carmine, 295
Indophenol, 268
Iodine green, 220, 263, 265
Jenner’s, 290
Kresyl-echt-violett, 263, 271, 273
Leishman’s, 290
Lithium carmine, 257
Löffler’s methylene blue, 278
Magenta, 286
Malachite green, 265
Mallory’s fibroglia, 296
Mallory’s neuroglia, 301
Mallory’s reticulum, 295
Martius yellow, 265
Mayer’s acid hæmalum, 255
Mayer’s hæmalum, 255
Methyl blue, 287
Methyl green, 257, 263
Methyl green-pyronin, 279, 292
Methyl violet, 262
Methylene azure, 254
Methylene blue, 257, 260, 289
Alkaline, 257, 278
Morse’s, 263, 273
Muchæmatin, 274
Mucicarmin, 274
Natural dyes, 253
Neutral red, 217, 266
Nile blue, 269
Nocht’s, 290
Nuclear, 246, 254
Orange G, 258, 259
Orcein, 279, 296
Pappenheim’s, 279, 292
Phlosin-red, 218
Picric acid, 258
Picrocarmin, 260
Polychrome methylene blue, 264, 271, 276
Pranter’s, 279
Protoplasmic, 246, 258
Resorcin fuchsin, 296
Romanowsky’s, 272, 286, 290
Rubin, 259, 261
Safranin, 272
Scarlet R, 220, 264, 268
Scharlach R, 220, 264, 268
Schmorl’s, for bone, 294
Schmorl-Giemsa, 284
Selective, 246
Smith’s, 269
Specific, 246
Sudan III, 220, 264, 268
Thionin, 220, 254, 264, 273
Thionin and phosphotungstic acid, 294
Thionin and phosphomolybdic acid, 294
Thionin-picric acid, 294
Toluidin blue, 253, 264
Unna’s mast cell, 271
Unna’s methylene blue, 257, 271, 276
Unna’s orcein, 296
Van Gieson’s, 260
Vesuvin, 253
Water blue, 304
Weigert’s elastic tissue, 296
Weigert’s fibrin, 269
Weigert’s neuroglia, 297, 300
White’s, 261
Wright’s, 284, 290
Ziehl-Neelsen, 280
Zieler’s, 279
Staphylococcus, 278, 280
Starvation, death from, 192
Status of cadaver, 42
Sternum, 105
Stomach, 144, 151
Streptococcus, 278, 280
Sublamine, 230
Sublingual gland, 134, 138
Submaxillary gland, 134, 138
Sulphurous acid, 232
Supreme Court decisions, 6, 7
Surgical operation, material from, 196
Surgical material, care of, 198
Description of, 197
Removal of, 196
Surgical wounds, 46
Sympathetic, abdominal, 148, 158
Cervical, 134, 139
Peripheral, 174, 176
T.
Teasing, 210
Technique, autopsy, 20
Teeth, inspection of, 49
Microscopic examination, 295
Teichmann’s crystals, 301
Testicles, 161, 162, 167
Tests, to determine death, 43
Icard’s, 43
Ripault’s, 43
Tetanus bacillus, 278, 281
Thiersch’s Berlin-blue gelatin, 218
Thionin, 220, 254, 264, 294
Thoracic cavity, 106, 121
Duct, 120, 130, 134
Great vessels of, 129
Vertebræ, 120, 130
Thorax, 45, 121
Thymus, 106, 121, 184
Thyroid, 134, 137
Time of death, 42
Tissue, cultivation of, 219
Tongue, 133, 135
Tonsils, 133, 135
Trachea, 133, 136
Trambusi’s method, 293
Trauma, signs of, 46
Trematodes, 287
Treponema pallidum, 284
Trichina, 287
Trichloracetic acid, 232
Trichomonas, 286
Trichomycetes, 283
Trypanosoma, 286
Tubercle-bacillus, 278, 280, 282
Tubes, 165, 171
Typhoid-fever bacillus, 279, 281
U.
Unimbedded tissue, 243
Unna’s alkaline methylene blue, 257
Chancroid bacillus, 281
Collagen stain, 296
Glycerin-ether, 271
Mast cell stain, 271
Orcein stain, 296
Polychrome methylene blue, 271, 276
Stain for fungi, 285
Ureters, 158, 161
Urethra, 161, 165, 168, 169
Uric acid, 233, 276
Uterus, 165, 170
Uvula, 133, 135
V.
Vaccine bodies, 287
Vagina, 165, 169
Vagus, 134, 139
Van Gieson’s stain, 260
Vena cava, 158
Ventricles, 72, 91
Venetian soap, 298
Vermes, 287
Vertebræ, 60, 62, 139, 148, 159
Vessels, basal, 89
Meningeal, 88
Peripheral, 174, 176
Uterine, 172
Vesuvin, 253
Vibrios, 283
Vincent’s angina, 284
Violence, death from, 192
Virchow method, 70
Viscera, hollow, 34, 40
Vulva, 169
W.
Warthin’s molasses method, 245
Washing, 248
Weigert’s copper-fluorochrom, 268
Elastic tissue stain, 296
Fibrin stain, 269
Gram method, 269
Iron-hæmatoxylin, 255
Myelin-sheath stain, 299
Neuroglia, 297, 300
Weight, of organs, 34
Westenhoeffer’s method, 223
White’s method, 261
Wiesel’s method, 304
Williamson-Bielschowsky method, 299
Wright’s blood-stain, 284, 290
X.
Xylol, 249, 250
Acetone, 278
Aniline, 270, 278
Xylol-balsam, 250
Xylol-damar, 250
Y.
Yeasts, pathogenic, 285
Z.
Zenker’s solution, 230
Ziehl-Neelsen method, 280
Zieler’s method, 279
Transcriber’s Notes
pg 159 Changed: gangrenous inflammations, tuberculosis, atinomycosis
to: gangrenous inflammations, tuberculosis, actinomycosis
pg 193 Changed: A little ingenunity will suffice
to: A little ingenuity will suffice
pg 254 Changed: one of the most valuable when odidized
to: one of the most valuable when oxidized
pg 259 Changed: Stain with hæmaotxylin, and after washing
to: Stain with hæmatoxylin, and after washing
pg 295 Changed: Cartilage stains deeply with hæmatoxlyin
to: Cartilage stains deeply with hæmatoxylin
pg 303 Changed: stains the neroglia of degenerated areas
to: stains the neuroglia of degenerated areas
Errata changes have been made in text.