A LITTLE CAMPAIGN FROM TARIFA.
To relate the many and divers occurrences which took place during our
stay at Tarifa, although all more or less interesting, would swell
these pages to an imprudent size. I shall therefore pass over many and
come down to the month of January 1811.
[Sidenote: PLANS OF GENERAL GRAHAM.]
The Duke of Dalmatia, who directed the operations carried on against
Cadiz and commanded the French force in Andalusia, was ordered by the
Emperor to proceed into Estremadura, principally for the purpose of
reducing the fortresses of Olivenza and Badajoz. Pursuant to these
instructions he marched from Seville in the first days of the month
with an army of sixteen thousand men, having withdrawn a part of the
troops from before Cadiz. The British troops stationed in this fortress
were commanded by General Graham. This active officer, indignant at
seeing the gallant troops under his command ignobly and unnecessarily
caged up in a fortress by an inferior force, (counting each Spaniard
who wore military uniform a soldier), and anxious to shake off the dead
weight of his sluggish ally, General La Peña, who impeded the Spaniards
under his command both in working on the fortifications and fighting
against the enemy, eagerly seized the opportunity offered by Soult’s
departure of bursting the trammels which fettered British valour and
striking a decisive blow against the enemy. To carry into full effect
his well-digested plans, he proposed to the drowsy Spanish general, La
Peña, and to the active British admiral, Sir R. Keats, a sortie from
the Isla de Leon, purposing to attack the whole French line, beat back
the besiegers and bring the disgracefully pent-up Spanish and British
troops into open air and active movement in the field. This bold and
masterly project was eagerly embraced by Sir R. Keats, and apparently
so by La Peña. It was therefore agreed that whilst a bridge should be
thrown across the River Santi Petri, a general attack should take place
by the gunboats against the whole advanced French line from Ronda to
Santa Maria. One obstacle however opposed: the bank opposite the Isla,
upon which the proposed bridge was to rest, was with a strong force
held by the enemy. To obviate this it was determined that a diversion
should be made on the outposts in rear of the French lines, to call
off his attention, whilst the bridge was laid down. In furtherance of
this plan General Graham requested General Campbell to allow Colonel
Browne, who commanded at Tarifa, to move forward and attack Casa
Vieja. Orders at the same time were sent by La Peña to the Spanish
general, Beguines, who commanded at Alcala de los Gazules, to attack
Medina Sidonia, distant from his post about fifteen miles due west and
directly leading to Chiclana. A despatch dated January 25th was late
that night received at Tarifa by Colonel Browne, containing orders from
General Campbell to move forward, with all the troops he could take
with him, to attack Casa Vieja, and at the same time to favour as much
as possible the movement against Medina Sidonia by the Spanish troops.
Pursuant to his instructions, Browne, with four hundred and seventy
bayonets of the 28th Regiment and thirty artillerymen commanded by
Lieutenant Mitchell, left Tarifa at three o’clock on the afternoon of
the 26th and arrived at Fascinas--a distance of about twelve miles--at
eight o’clock. Here we halted for a few hours; and Captain Bowles of
the regiment was detached with his company to watch the Vejer road and
prevent our return to Tarifa being cut off by any troops coming from
that direction, since Vejer was in possession of the French.
About twelve o’clock at night we again moved forward and at seven in
the morning we came in sight of Casa Vieja, a large convent with some
outhouses strongly fortified and garrisoned by French troops, amounting
to upwards of a hundred men and having two twenty-four pounders on
top of the building. This building is situated twenty-five miles from
Tarifa, in the direction of Chiclana and Medina Sidonia, with which
places it forms a triangle. We now moved forward, crossing the River
Barbate immersed to our middle, when we were warmly saluted from the
“Blessed old House,” as the Spaniards called it, which at the same time
sent out from twenty to thirty sharpshooters. The regiment circled
round to get in rear of the convent, while the light company driving
in the sharpshooters took a more direct line and soon gained the crown
of the hill immediately over the building. We now lay down, after
descending to within pistol-shot of the place, and opened so hot a
fire that even a sparrow could not live on the walls. A parley was now
sounded and the garrison summoned to surrender, which the commandant
without any hesitation resolutely refused to do. Colonel Browne thought
of attacking the convent by storm, although he had no scaling ladders
and the walls were very high; but reflected that even though we should
succeed (which must be attended with severe loss from the great
strength of the works lately constructed), its possession to us would
be useless. He judged correctly that his instructions would be more
effectually carried out by allowing the post to remain in the hands of
the enemy, and by continuing to threaten it so as to induce the French
at Medina to detach a force to its aid. Since it was no part of our
object to come upon the place by stealth, the commandant there had time
in the morning, previous to the investment, to apprise the garrison at
Medina of our approach and of his own danger; and consequently both
infantry and cavalry were immediately sent to his succour.
[Sidenote: TACTICS OF COLONEL BROWNE.]
Leaving the light company to look down on the convent and prevent all
communication, Colonel Browne, with the rest of the regiment, marched
towards Medina to favour any attack on that place. As he advanced he
encountered the detachment sent from Medina, whom he attacked and put
to the rout. He then halted giving his harassed men, who were soaked
through with mud and rain and with wading rivers, an opportunity of
refreshing and hoping also to induce the enemy at Medina to come
forward. In both he fully succeeded. We had already with us some
mounted guerillas, who were of more or less use; and during Colonel
Browne’s halt he was fortunately joined by from thirty to forty Spanish
cavalry commanded by an officer, who gallantly did their duty as long
as they remained with us; and it was a well-authenticated fact in
those days that a small body of Spaniards attached to or acting with a
British force, when there were no Spanish generals with false pride to
interfere, would proudly imitate the heroic conduct of their allies.
The French force who now advanced from Medina were at least equal
in infantry and far superior in cavalry to that commanded by Browne,
who, his men now refreshed by their halt, retired steadily on Casa
Vieja, followed by the enemy, whose numbers increased every moment,
particularly in cavalry. The light company were now imperceptibly
withdrawn from the high ground, which prevented those within the
convent from seeing either our troops or those who were advancing to
their aid. A few of the company, in very extended order and partly
covered by the brushwood, were left, and these fired at any showing
themselves on the walls, so that those in the fort were in total
ignorance of what was passing so near them; and thus we dreaded no
attack from our rear. The light company having joined the regiment and
the Spanish dragoons closed in, Colonel Browne formed line, placing
some cavalry on either flank. The main body of cavalry, together with
the few baggage horses and those which carried our provisions, were
judiciously posted on a gently rising ground immediately in rear of our
centre, which gave an imposing appearance. On coming closer the enemy
halted, no doubt awaiting still stronger reinforcements, or probably
imagining that we did not show our entire force.
As the dusk of evening advanced, Colonel Browne, covering his whole
front with the Spanish cavalry who commenced skirmishing with that of
the enemy, and considering that he had a French garrison in his rear,
a superior force in his front, and the ground favourable for cavalry
in which the enemy exceeded him by far, silently retired in the dark,
recrossed the Barbate, and entered the gorge of the mountain pass,
which being thickly planted with wood secured us against an attack
of horsemen. On this night the Spaniards were to attack Medina; but
reports coming in frequently during the night and down to a late hour
on the morning of the 28th, showed us that the enemy’s troops, whom we
had drawn on at such risk, had not retired, and therefore that Medina
had not been attacked.
[Sidenote: NUTS TO OUR AID.]
Among the many messengers we sent out to collect information as to
the movements of the Spaniards, one returned that forenoon, bringing
a letter from the Spanish general stating that his troops were still
in Alcalá, but that he intended moving forward immediately. Thus all
our hardships and risk counted for nothing. We felt much mortified,
and would willingly have returned to Tarifa from a scene where in
appearance at least deceit had been used. But Browne, faithful to
his instructions, moved out of his stronghold as soon as he learned
that the enemy, whom we had drawn forward, had commenced a retrograde
movement. Succeeding again in drawing them back, he again retired.
The opposing cavalry were by this time much increased. On this day we
were joined by forty men of the Tarifa Volunteers. Our situation was
comfortless, neither houses, tents nor huts to shelter us, and the
rain falling heavily. It was the first time that Meacham’s corps were
ever washed clean, and the Blind Nuts began to see what was the varied
life of a soldier. However we kept up a blazing fire. Frequent reports
during the night stated that the enemy were collecting in considerable
numbers in our front with intent to attack us; but, confiding in the
vigilance of the Spanish cavalry, we felt no alarm.
Between three and four o’clock on the morning of the 29th our attention
was suddenly called by the trampling of horses quickly approaching.
Springing up from our seats round the fire (lying down was out of the
question from the heavy rain), we were instantly under arms, when
an officer, two orderly dragoons, and a couple of armed guides rode
up, whom we immediately recognised as Spaniards. The officer was
aide-de-camp to General Beguines, by whom he was sent to Colonel Browne
to inform him that untoward circumstances prevented an earlier attack
on Medina Sidonia, but that it was his decided intention to storm it
next morning, and he requested the colonel to make every exertion in
his power to aid the assault. From what had already passed we felt
very dubious as to Beguines’ intentions. But there was something so
noble and ingenuous in the deportment of the aide-de-camp, who solemnly
pledged himself for the attack taking place, that for the first time
we strongly suspected a Spanish general of sincerity; in this instance
we were not deceived. Colonel Browne told him that his support might
be relied on, and instantly gave orders to prepare for march. The
aide-de-camp having sparingly partaken of our greatest luxuries--salt
pork and rum--mounted his steed with all that grace so peculiar to a
Spaniard (and he was as fine-looking and handsome a man as I ever met),
and bidding us a cordial farewell commended us with religious fervency
to God and Saint Anthony and so rode off over bad roads and through
French vedettes to inform his general that the English troops were
already under way.
Groping our way in the dark, we advanced, and, having crossed the
Barbate, were informed that the enemy were again retiring. Hurrying
on to the convent, where we arrived at daybreak, we instantly opened
a roaring fire of musketry against the building, more to make a noise
than with the expectation of producing any other effect. Leaving
the Tarifa Volunteers with a few red soldiers interspersed, Colonel
Browne with the regiment moved towards Medina. We had not proceeded
far before we encountered a party of about sixty men, infantry and
cavalry, who, upon hearing our fire at the convent, had turned round.
They were instantly put to flight. Pressing forward towards a mill
about a league and a half from Medina, our cavalry and guerillas, now
exceeding sixty in number, were detached to the mill, as we knew it
to be a post occupied by the enemy. On their approach the enemy fled,
when the mill, together with strong fieldworks and extensive stabling
recently finished, was set fire to, thus informing the enemy at Medina
of our advance. Upon this, a formidable detachment were sent against
us. Coming close, they halted for a short time, but soon displayed
their boldness by a menacing advance, while we showed our judgment
by steadily retiring, covered by our cavalry and the light company.
As we fell back on Casa Vieja, firing was heard in the direction of
Medina Sidonia. The enemy halted; we conformed. On both sides the
cavalry skirmished by long shots. This petty warfare continued nearly
two hours, when we retired gradually to our position over the convent.
Here Colonel Browne received a despatch from General Beguines informing
him that he had taken Medina, but that the enemy were in strong force
before him, and that he anxiously awaited the result of the sortie from
the Isla de Leon.
[Sidenote: A GALLANT FRENCHMAN.]
Soon after this despatch had been received, the garrison in the convent
were made acquainted with all that had happened in a very extraordinary
manner. A large body of the enemy’s cavalry bore directly for our
position. So menacing was their aspect that our attention was entirely
directed towards them, and Colonel Browne prepared to form square.
In the meantime a French officer, winding unperceived round the base
of the high ground which overlooked the convent, had the boldness to
approach it so near as to be enabled verbally to communicate with the
garrison. The verge of the hill, as I have already stated, was lined
by the Tarifa Volunteers, who, not being accustomed to active warfare
and being drenched by incessant rain, did not use that vigilance which
such hostile close neighbours required; and it was the loud voice of
the French officer which first called their attention. Many of them
now fired, and some of the light company running up followed the
example; but, the mischief being done, we all rejoiced to see that the
gallant officer escaped unhurt. It was subsequently ascertained that
the communication thus heroically conveyed directed the commandant on
no account to surrender, for although Medina had fallen that morning,
it would be attacked during the night and the commandant strongly
reinforced next morning. However we conjectured at the moment from the
fact of the enemy having lost Medina, that the communication directed
the commandant to seek an opportunity of escape with his garrison. The
light company therefore resumed their old position over the convent,
and the few guerillas now with us were ordered to be excessively alert.
The regular Spanish cavalry, with the greater part of the guerillas,
were skirmishing with the enemy in our front.
[Sidenote: DESPATCHES FOR COLONEL BROWNE.]
From the time we left Tarifa, about three o’clock on the 26th, up to
the same hour on the 29th, the weather was so rainy and boisterous
as to frustrate all the plans of the British general commanding at
Cadiz. In consequence of this, double despatches were sent to Colonel
Browne, one from Sir R. Keats (I could never learn why), the other
from General Graham, stating that from the boisterous state of the
weather the intended movements and the sortie from the Isla were
postponed, and therefore directing his return to Tarifa as soon as
possible. The gunboat which carried these despatches arrived at Tarifa
only on the morning of the 29th. The naval officer in charge was
strictly enjoined to give his despatches into no other hands than
those of Colonel Browne, or in his absence to a commissioned officer,
who should be held responsible personally for their delivery to the
colonel. There was no officer left in Tarifa except Lieutenant Light of
the Grenadiers (shortly afterwards shot through the body at Barossa),
and he but just recovering from a severe fit of illness. He, though
willing to undertake the duty, was incapable from weakness; and as the
naval officer insisted on the absolute necessity of delivering the
despatches immediately, Assistant-Surgeon Johnson, who had charge of
the sick, volunteered to be the bearer and unhesitatingly set forth.
Having arrived at a small hamlet about two miles short of Casa Vieja
and rather out of his direct road (he had no guide and was never
there before), he enquired where the British troops were, when he was
answered, “At Casa Vieja”; and they pointed to the convent. He rode
directly to the gate, and was instantly fired at from within. This took
place at the very moment when, as I have mentioned, the light company
were replaced immediately over the convent and the guerillas ordered
to maintain a vigilant look-out. As soon as the doctor was fired at
by the French from within, he, as was natural, wheeled round and
galloped away at full speed, but not knowing what direction to take,
he unfortunately took the road to Vejer, of which place in our present
situation we felt particularly jealous. As the convent intervened, the
doctor’s approach from the hamlet had not been seen by us; but when
we saw him gallop away from it at full speed, the light company would
certainly have fired at him had he not been instantly covered by the
mountain round which he rode. To protect himself from the inclemency of
the weather, which continued wet and stormy, he wore a blue greatcoat
buttoned up to the chin, over which he carried a loose camlet cloak.
His cocked hat was covered with oilskin, strapped also under his chin;
and in all he showed no appearance of a British officer. In his flight
he was unfortunately discovered by some of the guerillas, who like us
mistaking him for a French officer endeavouring to escape, rode at him
with their lances. On such occasions the lower end of the lance, which
is formed of an iron slide or wedge, is driven into a box of the same
metal fitted to receive it, and is always attached to the saddle. The
horse, when an attack is made, is put to his full speed thus adding his
velocity to his strength; and with this full force Johnson was struck
by a lance under the elbow, breaking one of the bones of the forearm,
and striking him to an incredible distance from his horse. So far the
act admitted of some shade of justification; but while the doctor lay
on the ground he received many wounds before it was found that he was a
British officer; and before any of the regiment came up the guerillas
had actually commenced sharing his garments; one took his hat, another
his cloak, and so on. Johnson declared that on the advance of the
guerillas, whom he knew to be such, he pulled open his outer vestments
to show his British uniform, while his assailants asserted that they
themselves opened his surtout to take it away, and only then discovered
the red coat by which his life was saved. However that might be, the
act was cowardly, as they were told at the time, for eight or nine of
these butchers attacked him at once with full intent to kill him. Their
duty as soldiers was to take the doctor prisoner, supposing him to be
a French officer which I firmly believe they did at the onset, and to
ascertain what information he possessed; but they then would have lost
the spoil, being well aware that in our presence they would not have
been permitted to rob a prisoner naked.
[Sidenote: A DOCTOR UNHORSED.]
On perusing the despatches carried by the ill-fated doctor (who
received all the attention and assistance possible and was immediately
forwarded to Tarifa), Colonel Browne immediately saw the perilous
situation in which we were placed. He was open to attack in front by
an overwhelming force from Chiclana, where the failure of the sortie
from Cadiz must have been known long before the information could
have reached us, and the object of our advanced movement consequently
discovered. His return to Tarifa was liable to be anticipated by
pushing a force through Vejer, which, by moving along the coast road
would have a much shorter distance to get to Tarifa than we had; and
that town, being left without any troops for its defence, except a few
sick in hospital, must immediately surrender. Or again, should the
enemy force Captain Bowles’ company, detached to watch the Vejer road,
they could come immediately in our rear and cut off our retreat over
the mountain road which alone was left to us. Any one of these measures
could easily have been carried into effect had the enemy been a little
more lively. They had the intelligence of the failure of the sortie
from Cadiz long before we had; and when General Graham’s despatch was
received we were then upwards of eight miles from Bowles, and therefore
could give him no support were he attacked. Under these circumstances
Browne hesitated not a moment how to act, and instantly marched from
the convent, exposed to its fire, the Spanish cavalry still remaining
behind as a check on the garrison. During our march Browne wrote to
General Beguines, informing him of his communication from Cadiz and
demanding to know whether, notwithstanding the failure of the sortie,
he could maintain Medina Sidonia, at the same time candidly stating
that he felt compelled to retire to prevent being cut off from Tarifa
but that, although the risk was great, yet he would at all hazard await
the general’s answer on the skirts of the wood.
We remained during the night in the comfortless and slobbery gorge. The
despatch to Beguines was never answered; but next morning the colonel
received a report from the cavalry officer left behind to awe the
convent, that the French had again entered Medina the previous night
at twelve o’clock, that Beguines was retiring to Alcalá, and that he
himself with the whole of his detachment had been recalled to cover the
retrograde movement. This report was dated three o’clock on the morning
of the 30th, but reached us only at ten o’clock. An hour’s time would
have been sufficient to bring it from where it was dated. Whether this
delay of six hours was made designedly to keep us from retiring, which
would prevent the troops in the convent from coming out, we could not
say; however, it looked suspicious, and to us, critically situated as
we then were, might have proved fatal. Orders were immediately sent to
Captain Bowles to retire along the mountains and meet us at Fascinas,
while we retired direct to that place.
[Sidenote: THE VALUE OF FOOLING.]
Soon after Bowles joined, which was some time after our arrival at
Fascinas, we all pushed forward for Tarifa and about dark arrived
at Torre la Peña. Here we came on to the plain of Tarifa, which in
consequence of the late continued rains now presented a sheet of water
extending to the town, a distance of from three to four miles. Our
way seemed a continuation of the ocean close on our right, the waters
frequently intermixing; however, wade it we must. This operation to
strangers would be attended with much danger from the numerous pits
and deep ruts throughout; but as scarcely a day had passed during nine
months upon which some of us had not ridden or walked from the town to
the tower, we trusted to our recollection and pushed forward to Tarifa,
where we safely arrived late at night without any serious accident.
While we were wading through the waters a lieutenant of the regiment
was soused over head and ears, and when drawn out ejaculated, ’twixt
joke and earnest, “Ah, if my poor mother saw me now!” This pathetic
speech caused a general laugh, and whenever any similar accident
befell, some mother sister or lover was called upon, which kept up the
merriment until we arrived. A laughable or humorous expression coming
from a fellow sufferer has more effect in rousing the energies and
diverting the men from bending under fatigue than the most studied and
eloquent harangue delivered by any who do not actually participate in
their hardships. Were I to undertake a long and fatiguing march with
a body of soldiers, I should prefer being accompanied by a man in the
ranks who could and would occasionally sing a humorous or exhilarating
song than by a Demosthenes or a Cicero travelling at his ease. Those
who have accompanied soldiers in long and forced marches must have
remarked how quickly and cheerfully the men fall into their proper
places, timing their step to the cadence of the song, and with what
renovated vigour they press forward.
In this expedition, as in all others which we made from Tarifa (too
numerous to be mentioned), we were accompanied by Lieutenant Mitchell,
Royal Artillery. In Tarifa he was an artilleryman, pointing the guns
from the bastion most exposed; in the field he was a light bob,
foremost in pricking for the foe; and on the occasion just mentioned
he acted in a third capacity, for he reconnoitred the fort of Casa
Vieja, guessed its capabilities from outward demonstration, ascertained
the strength of its defences by personal observation and formally
reported thereon with all the inherent pomp and acquired gravity of a
Royal Engineer.
Although our little campaign lasted no more than five days, yet it was
very severe from our having suffered much hardship and privation. We
were sparingly fed; during the whole time drenched through by continual
exposure to rain, without any sort of shelter whatever. Six times we
crossed the Barbate River up to our middle; we approached no habitation
save the “Blessed old House,” its fire not wholesome; we had enough of
marching over infamous roads; and we finally terminated our expedition
on the evening of the fifth day by wading for the last three miles
through a lake. Yet as soon as we changed our dress and sat down to a
smoking mess dinner, all our hardships were forgotten, and long before
we retired to repose our thoughts and conversation were occupied alone
in speculations on our next enterprise. So lives a soldier! Our men
were again ready for the field on the next day but one. Poor Meacham
was sadly annoyed at being recommended to expose his Nuts to the sun
for at least a fortnight to save them from perishing by mildew.