──────────────────┬─────────┬───────────_Race Distinctions in American Law

STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational

TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Maine[744] │ │ │Able to read

│ │ │Constitution

│ │ │in English

│ │ │and write

│ │ │name.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Maryland[745] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Massachusetts[746]│ │ │Able to read

│ │ │Constitution

│ │ │in English

│ │ │and write

│ │ │name.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Michigan[747] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Minnesota[748] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Mississippi[710] │All taxes│ │Able to read

│for 2 │ │Constitution

│preceding│ │of State.

│years │ │

│paid. │ │

──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────

STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding

TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Maine[744] │Educational │ │

│test did not │ │

│apply to men │ │

│who were │ │

│entitled to │ │

│vote when │ │

│amendment │ │

│took effect │ │

│in 1893 or to│ │

│men 60 years │ │

│old at that │ │

│time. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Maryland[745] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Massachusetts[746]│Educational │ │

│test did not │ │

│apply to men │ │

│who were │ │

│entitled to │ │

│vote when │ │

│amendment │ │

│went into │ │

│effect in │ │

│1857 or to │ │

│men 60 years │ │

│old at that │ │

│time. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Michigan[747] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Minnesota[748] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Mississippi[710] │ │ │One without

│ │ │ability to

│ │ │read may vote

│ │ │if he can

│ │ │understand or

│ │ │reasonably

│ │ │interpret the

│ │ │Constitution.

──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.

TERRITORY. │

──────────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬────────

│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.

──────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼────────

Maine[744] │Paupers. │Persons under│ │Indians not │

│ │guardianship.│ │taxed. │

│ │ │ │ │

Maryland[745] │ │Lunatics, │Unpardoned │ │

│ │_non compos │convicts of │ │

│ │mentis_. │felony and │ │

│ │ │bribery. │ │

Massachusetts[746]│Paupers. │Persons under│ │ │

│ │guardianship.│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Michigan[747] │ │ │Duelists and │Tribal │

│ │ │accessories. │Indians. │

Minnesota[748] │ │Insane and │Unpardoned │Tribal │

│ │persons under│convicts of │Indians. │

│ │guardianship.│treason and │ │

│ │ │felony. │ │

Mississippi[710] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │Indians not │

│ │insane. │felony and │taxed. │

│ │ │bigamy. │ │

│ │ │ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴────────

──────────────────┬────────────┬────┬───────┬───────────────────────────────

STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—

TERRITORY. │ │ │ │

──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┬──────────────┬─────────

│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.

──────────────────┼────────────┼────┼───────┼──────┼──────────────┼─────────

Missouri[749] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │60 da. │20 da.

│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │

│alien who │ │ │ │ │

│has declared│ │ │ │ │

│intention │ │ │ │ │

│not less │ │ │ │ │

│than 1 nor │ │ │ │ │

│more than 5 │ │ │ │ │

│years before│ │ │ │ │

│election. │ │ │ │ │

Montana[750] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │30 da. │30 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

Nebraska[751] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │40 da. │10 da.

│U.S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │

│alien who │ │ │ │ │

│has declared│ │ │ │ │

│intention 30│ │ │ │ │

│days before │ │ │ │ │

│election. │ │ │ │ │

Nevada[752] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │30 da. │30 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

New Hampshire[753]│Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │6 mo. │6 mo.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

New Jersey[754] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │5 mo. │

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

New York[755] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │4 mo. │30 da.

│U. S. 90 │yrs.│ │ │ │

│days before │ │ │ │ │

│election. │ │ │ │ │

──────────────────┴────────────┴────┴───────┴──────┴──────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────

STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational

TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Missouri[749] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Montana[750] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Nebraska[751] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Nevada[752] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

New Hampshire[753]│ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

New Jersey[754] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

New York[755] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────

STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding

TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Missouri[749] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Montana[750] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Nebraska[751] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Nevada[752] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

New Hampshire[753]│One who │ │

│served in the│ │

│Rebellion and│ │

│has been │ │

│honorably │ │

│discharged is│ │

│not │ │

│disfranchised│ │

│because he │ │

│has received │ │

│help from the│ │

│public. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

New Jersey[754] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

New York[755] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.

TERRITORY. │

│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.

Missouri[749] │Inmates of │ │Unpardoned │ │

│poorhouses or│ │convicts of │ │

│asylums at │ │infamous │ │

│public │ │crimes. │ │

│expense. │ │ │ │

Montana[750] │Inmates of │Idiots and │Unpardoned │Indians. │

│public │insane. │felons. │ │

│institutions.│ │ │ │

Nebraska[751] │ │_Non compos │Unrestored │ │

│ │mentis._ │convicts of │ │

│ │ │treason and │ │

│ │ │felony. │ │

Nevada[752] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │Indians. │Natives

│ │insane. │convicts. │ │of

│ │ │ │ │China.

New Hampshire[753]│Paupers. │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

New Jersey[754] │Paupers. │Idiots and │Unpardoned or│ │

│ │insane. │unrestored │ │

│ │ │convicts. │ │

New York[755] │ │ │Unrestored │ │

│ │ │convicts of │ │

│ │ │crimes │ │

│ │ │against │ │

│ │ │suffrage. │ │

STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—

TERRITORY. │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.

North │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│6 mo. │4 mo.

Carolina[713] │U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

North Dakota[756] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │90 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

Ohio[757] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │30 da. │20 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

Oklahoma[758] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │30 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

Oregon[759] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │ │

│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │

│alien who │ │ │ │ │

│has declared│ │ │ │ │

│intention 1 │ │ │ │ │

│year before │ │ │ │ │

│election. │ │ │ │ │

Pennsylvania[760] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │2 mo. │2 mo.

│U. S. 1 │yrs.│ │ │ │

│month before│ │ │ │ │

│election. │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

Rhode Island[761] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│6 mo. in town.│

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────

STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational

TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

North │Poll tax │ │Able to read

Carolina[713] │for │ │and write

│preceding│ │Constitution

│year │ │in English.

│paid. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

North Dakota[756] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Ohio[757] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Oklahoma[758] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Oregon[759] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Pennsylvania[760] │State or │ │

│county │ │

│tax paid │ │

│within 2 │ │

│years, │ │

│and 1 mo.│ │

│before │ │

│election.│ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Rhode Island[761] │ │Owner of │

│ │property │

│ │worth $134 on│

│ │which taxes │

│ │of preceding │

│ │year paid, or│

│ │payer of a │

│ │rental of $7 │

│ │a year to │

│ │vote for city│

│ │councillors │

│ │or on │

│ │finances. │

──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────

STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding

TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

North │One might be │ │

Carolina[713] │permanently │ │

│registered │ │

│before Dec. │ │

│1, 1908 (1) │ │

│if he was │ │

│entitled to │ │

│vote Jan. 1, │ │

│1867, or (2) │ │

│the lineal │ │

│descendant of│ │

│such a one. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

North Dakota[756] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Ohio[757] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Oklahoma[758] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Oregon[759] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Pennsylvania[760] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Rhode Island[761] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.

TERRITORY. │

│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.

North │ │Idiots and │Unrestored │ │

Carolina[713] │ │lunatics. │convicts of │ │

│ │ │felony and │ │

│ │ │infamous │ │

│ │ │crimes. │ │

│ │ │ │ │

North Dakota[756] │ │Insane, _non │Unrestored │Tribal │

│ │compos │convicts of │Indians. │

│ │mentis_, │treason and │ │

│ │under │felony. │ │

│ │guardianship.│ │ │

Ohio[757] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │

│ │insane. │convicts. │ │

Oklahoma[758] │Inmates of │Idiots and │Convicts of │Tribal │

│poorhouses │insane. │felony. │Indians. │

│and asylums, │ │ │ │

│except │ │ │ │

│soldiers’ │ │ │ │

│homes. │ │ │ │

Oregon[759] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │Natives

│ │insane. │felony. │ │of

│ │ │ │ │China.

Pennsylvania[760] │ │ │Convicts of │ │

│ │ │crimes │ │

│ │ │against │ │

│ │ │suffrage. │ │

Rhode Island[761] │Paupers. │Insane, _non │Unrestored │ │

│ │compos │convicts. │ │

│ │mentis_, │ │ │

│ │under │ │ │

│ │guardianship.│ │ │

STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—

TERRITORY. │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.

South │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│1 yr. │4 mo.

Carolina[711] │U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

South Dakota[762] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │30 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

│resident in │ │ │ │ │

│U. S. 1 │ │ │ │ │

│year, or │ │ │ │ │

│alien who │ │ │ │ │

│has declared│ │ │ │ │

│intention. │ │ │ │ │

Tennessee[763] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

Texas[764] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. │

│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │

│alien who │ │ │ │ │

│has declared│ │ │ │ │

│intention 6 │ │ │ │ │

│mo. before │ │ │ │ │

│election. │ │ │ │ │

Utah[765] │Citizen of │21 │Male or│1 yr. │4 mo. │60 da.

│U. S. 90 da.│yrs.│female.│ │ │

│before │ │ │ │ │

│election. │ │ │ │ │

Vermont[766] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │3 mo. │3 mo.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────

STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational

TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

South │All taxes│Owner of │Able to read

Carolina[711] │for │property │and write

│preceding│worth $300 │Constitution.

│year │upon which │

│paid. │taxes for │

│Poll tax │preceding │

│paid 6 │year paid. │

│mo. │ │

│before │ │

│election.│ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

South Dakota[762] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Tennessee[763] │Poll tax │ │

│for │ │

│preceding│ │

│year │ │

│paid. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Texas[764] │Poll tax │ │

│paid by │ │

│Feb. 1, │ │

│before │ │

│election.│ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Utah[765] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Vermont[766] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────

STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding

TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

South │One might │ │One without

Carolina[721] │permanently │ │ability to

│register │ │read might

│before Jan. │ │register

│1, 1898, if │ │before Jan. 1,

│he could read│ │1898, if he

│the │ │could

│Constitution │ │understand and

│or understand│ │explain the

│and explain │ │Constitution.

│it. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

South Dakota[762] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Tennessee[763] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Texas[764] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Utah[765] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Vermont[766] │ │Voter must │

│ │be of │

│ │“quiet and │

│ │peaceable │

│ │behavior.” │

──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.

TERRITORY. │

│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.

South │Paupers │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │

Carolina[721] │persons in │insane. │convicts. │ │

│public │ │ │ │

│institutions.│ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

South Dakota[762] │ │Idiots, _non │Unpardoned │ │

│ │compos │convicts. │ │

│ │mentis_, │ │ │

│ │under │ │ │

│ │guardianship.│ │ │

Tennessee[763] │ │ │Unpardoned │ │

│ │ │convicts. │ │

Texas[764] │Paupers. │Idiots and │Unpardoned or│ │

│ │lunatics. │unrestored │ │

│ │ │convicts. │ │

Utah[765] │ │Idiots and │Unpardoned │ │

│ │insane. │convicts. │ │

Vermont[766] │ │ │Unpardoned │ │

│ │ │convicts. │ │

│ │ │ │ │

STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—

TERRITORY. │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.

Virginia[725] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │2 yrs.│1 yr. │30 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

Washington[767] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │90 da. │30 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

West Virginia[768]│Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │60 da. │Actual

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │and _bona

│ │ │ │ │ │fide_

│ │ │ │ │ │resident.

Wisconsin[769] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │10 da. │10 da.

│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │ │

│alien who │ │ │ │ │

│has declared│ │ │ │ │

│intention. │ │ │ │ │

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────

STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational

TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Virginia[725] │State │One might be │Able to make

│poll tax │permanently │application

│for 3 │registered │for

│years │before 1904 │registration

│preceding│if he was the│in his own

│election │owner of │handwriting,

│paid, │property on │and to

│unless an│which the │prepare and

│old │State tax was│deposit

│soldier. │$1. │ballot

│ │ │without aid.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Washington[767] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

West Virginia[768]│ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Wisconsin[769] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────

STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding

TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Virginia[715] │One might be │ │One without

│permanently │ │ability to

│registered │ │read might be

│before 1904 │ │permanently

│(1) if, │ │registered

│before 1902, │ │before 1904,

│he served in │ │if he could

│the army or │ │understand and

│navy of the │ │explain the

│U. S. or of │ │Constitution

│the │ │of Va.

│Confederate │ │

│States or (2)│ │

│if he was the│ │

│son of such a│ │

│one, or if he│ │

│was the owner│ │

│of property │ │

│on which the │ │

│State tax was│ │

│$1, or (3) if│ │

│he was able │ │

│to read and │ │

│explain or │ │

│understand │ │

│and explain │ │

│the │ │

│Constitution │ │

│of Va. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Washington[767] │One who was │ │

│entitled to │ │

│vote in 1889 │ │

│continued to │ │

│be a voter │ │

│under the │ │

│State │ │

│Constitution.│ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

West Virginia[768]│ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Wisconsin[769] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.

TERRITORY. │

│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.

Virginia[715] │Paupers. │Idiots and │Unrestored │ │

│ │insane. │convicts and │ │

│ │ │duellists. │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Washington[767] │ │Idiots and │Unrestored │Indians not │

│ │insane. │convicts. │taxed. │

│ │ │ │ │

West Virginia[768]│Paupers. │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │

│ │lunatics. │treason, │ │

│ │ │felony, and │ │

│ │ │bribery in │ │

│ │ │elections. │ │

Wisconsin[769] │ │Insane, under│Convicts. │Tribal │

│ │guardianship.│ │Indians. │

STATE OR │Citizenship.│Age.│ Sex. │ PREVIOUS RESIDENCE IN—

TERRITORY. │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │State.│ County. │Precinct.

Wyoming[770] │Citizen of │21 │Male or│1 yr. │60 da. │10 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│female.│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

Alaska[771] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │6 mo. in │

│U. S. or │yrs.│ │ │corporation. │

│alien who │ │ │ │ │

│has declared│ │ │ │ │

│intention. │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

Arizona[772] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │30 da. │30 da.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

Hawaii[773] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │3 mo. in │

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │representative│

│ │ │ │ │district. │

│ │ │ │ │ │

New Mexico[774] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │6 mo. │3 mo. │3 mo.

│U. S. │yrs.│ │ │ │

Philippines[775] │Native of │23 │Male. │ │6 mo. in │

│Philippines.│yrs.│ │ │district. │

│ │ │ │ │ │

Porto Rico[723] │Citizen of │21 │Male. │1 yr. │ │

│Porto Rico. │yrs.│ │ │ │

──────────────────┬─────────┬─────────────┬─────────────

STATE OR │ Payment │Ownership of │ Educational

TERRITORY. │of Taxes.│ Property. │ Test.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Wyoming[770] │ │ │Able to read

│ │ │Constitution

│ │ │of State in

│ │ │English.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Alaska[771] │ │To be voter │

│ │in municipal │

│ │election, one│

│ │must own │

│ │substantial │

│ │property │

│ │interests in │

│ │the │

│ │municipality.│

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Arizona[772] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Hawaii[773] │ │ │Able to

│ │ │speak, read

│ │ │and write

│ │ │English or

│ │ │Hawaiian.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

New Mexico[774] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Philippines[775] │Annual │Owner of │Able to

│tax of │property │speak, read

│$15 paid.│assets at │and write

│ │$250. │English or

│ │ │Spanish.

──────────────────┼─────────┼─────────────┼─────────────

Porto Rico[723] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

──────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┬──────────────

STATE OR │“Grandfather │“Character │“Understanding

TERRITORY. │ Clause.” │ Clause.” │ Clause.”

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Wyoming[770] │One entitled │ │

│to vote under│ │

│old │ │

│Constitution │ │

│might │ │

│continue to │ │

│vote under │ │

│new │ │

│Constitution │ │

│of 1889. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Alaska[771] │ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Arizona[772] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Hawaii[773] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

New Mexico[774] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Philippines[775] │One may vote │ │

│if he held │ │

│substantial │ │

│office under │ │

│the Spanish │ │

│régime. │ │

──────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────┼──────────────

Porto Rico[723] │ │ │

│ │ │

──────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┴──────────────

STATE OR │ PERSONS EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE.

TERRITORY. │

│ Paupers. │ Insane. │ Criminals. │ Indians. │Chinese.

Wyoming[770] │ │Idiots and │Convicts of │ │

│ │insane. │felony. │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Alaska[771] │ │ │ │ │

Arizona[772] │ │Idiots, │Convicts of │ │

│ │insane under │felony. │ │

│ │guardianship.│ │ │

Hawaii[773] │ │Idiots and │Unrestored │ │

│ │insane. │convicts. │ │

New Mexico[774] │ │ │Unpardoned │Indians, │

│ │ │convicts. │until │

│ │ │ │disabilities│

│ │ │ │removed by │

│ │ │ │Congress. │

Philippines[775] │ │ │ │ │

│ │ │ │ │

Porto Rico[723] │ │Insane. │Unpardoned │ │

│ │ │felons. │ │

NOTES

Footnote 661:

The following table, giving the dates of the Constitutions of the

various States and the Organic Laws of the Territories with the

sections referring to suffrage, up to and including 1865, indicates

the extent to which suffrage was restricted to white people before and

at that date. “White,” “white freeman,” “free white,” etc., mean that

only white persons or white freemen or free white persons had the

elective franchise. Where the suffrage is given to male “citizens” or

“inhabitants” whether Negroes were included depends upon whether they

were treated in those States as “citizens” or “inhabitants.”

Alabama, Const., 1819, art. III, sec. 5 White.

Const., 1865, art. VIII, sec. 1 White.

Arkansas, Const., 1836, art. IV, sec. 2 Free white.

Const., 1864, art. IV, sec. 2 Free white.

California, Const., 1849, art. II, sec. 2 White.

Colorado, Ter. 1861, sec. 5 Free white.

Govt.,

Connecticut, Const., 1818, art. VI, sec. 2 White.

Amend., 1845, art. VIII, sec.

Delaware, Const., 1792, art. IV, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1831, art. IV, sec. 1 Free white.

Florida, Ter. 1822, sec. 11 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1838, art. VI, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1865, art. VI, sec. 1 Free white.

Georgia, Const., 1777, art. IX, White.

Const., 1789, art. IV, sec. 1 Citizens and

inhabitants.

Const., 1798, art. IV, sec. 1 Citizens and

inhabitants.

Const., 1865, art. V, sec. 1 Free white.

Illinois, Const., 1818, art. II, sec. 27 White.

Const., 1848, art. VI, sec. 1 White.

Indiana, Const., 1816, art. VI, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1851, art. II, sec. 2 White.

Iowa, Ter. 1838, sec. 5 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1846, art. II, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1857, art. II, sec. 1 White.

Kansas, Ter. 1854, sec. 5 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1855, art. II, sec. 2 White.

Const., 1857, art. VIII, sec. 1 Citizens.

Const., 1858, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

Const., 1859, art. V, sec. 1 White.

Kentucky, Const., 1792, art. III, Free citizens.

Const., 1799, art. II, sec. 8 Free citizens.

Const., 1850, art. II, sec. 8 Free white.

Louisiana, Const., 1812, art. II, sec. 8 Free white.

Const., 1845, tit. II, art. 10 Free white.

Const., 1852, tit. II, art. 10 Free white.

Const., 1864, tit. III, art. 14 White.

Maine, Const., 1820, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

Maryland, Const., 1776, art. II, Free men.

Amend., 1810, art. XIV, Free white.

Const., 1851, art. I, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1864, art. I, sec. 1 White.

Massachusetts, Const., 1780, chap. I, art. 4 Freeholders.

Amend., 1822, art. III, Citizens.

Michigan, Const., 1835, art. II, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1850, art. VII, sec. 1 White.

Minnesota, Ter. 1849, sec. 5 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1857, art. VII, sec. 1 White.

Mississippi, Ter. 1808, sec. 1 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1817, art. III, sec. 1 Free white.

Const., 1832, art. III, sec. 1 Free white.

Missouri, Ter. 1812, sec. 11 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1820, art. III, sec. 10 Free white.

Const., 1865, art. II, sec. 18 White.

Nevada, Ter. 1850, sec. 5 Free white.

Govt.,

Ter. 1861, sec. 5 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1864, art. II, sec. 1 White.

New Hampshire, Const., 1784, part II, Inhabitants.

Const., 1792, part II, sec. 28 Inhabitants.

New Jersey, Const., 1776, art. IV, Inhabitants.

Const., 1844, art. II, sec. 1 White.

New York, Const., 1777, art. VII, Inhabitants.

Const., 1821, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

Const., 1846, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

North Const., 1776, art. VII, sec. Freemen.

Carolina,

Amend., 1835, art. I, sec. 3 Freemen. (Negroes

excepted).

Amend., 1854, Free white.

Ohio, Const., 1802, art. IV, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1851, art. V, sec. 1 White.

Oregon, Ter. 1848, sec. 5 White.

Govt.,

Const., 1857, art. II, sec. 2 White. (Negroes

excepted).

Pennsylvania, Const., 1776, art. II, sec. 6 Freemen.

Const., 1790, art. III, sec. 1 Freemen.

Const., 1838, art. III, sec. 1 White freemen.

Rhode Island, Const., 1842, art. II, sec. 1 Citizens.

South Const., 1776, res. XI, “As required by

Carolina, law.”

Const., 1778, res. XIII, sec. Free white.

Const., 1790, art. I, sec. 4 Free white.

Amend., 1810, Free white.

Tennessee, Const., 1796, art. III, sec. 1 Freemen.

Const., 1834, art. IV, sec. 1 Free white.

Texas, Const., 1836, art. VI, sec. 11 Citizens.

Const., 1845, art. III, Free (Negroes

excepted).

Vermont, Const., 1777, chap. II, sec. 6 Men of quiet and

peaceable

behavior.

Const., 1786, chap. I, sec. 9 Men of quiet and

peaceable

behavior.

Const., 1793, chap. II, sec. 21 Men of quiet and

peaceable

behavior.

Virginia, Const., 1830, art. III, sec. 14 White.

Const., 1850, art. III, sec. 1 White.

Const., 1864, art. III, sec. 1 White.

West Virginia, Const., 1861–63, art. III, sec. 1 White.

Wisconsin, Ter. 1836, sec. 5 Free white.

Govt.,

Const., 1848, art. III, sec. 1 White.

Footnote 662:

Art. II, sec. 2.

Footnote 663:

Art. VII, sec. 1.

Footnote 664:

Const., 1799, art. III.

Footnote 665:

Const., 1845, art. III.

Footnote 666:

Art. II, sec. 1.

Footnote 667:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 668:

B. P. Poore: “Charters and Constitutions,” II, p. 1353.

Footnote 669:

Amends. to Const. of 1776, art. I, sec. 3, par. 3.

Footnote 670:

Congressional Record, vol. 33, part 8, app. pp. 297, _et seq._

Footnote 671:

Art. IV, sec. 1.

Footnote 672:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 673:

Gillespie v. Palmer, 1866, 20 Wis. 544; Laws of Wis. 1849, p. 85.

Footnote 674:

Albert Bushnell Hart: “Slavery and Abolition,” p. 83; “The Realities

of Negro Suffrage” in the Proceedings of the American Political

Science Association for 1906.

Footnote 675:

Ala., 1867, art. VII, sec. 1; Ark, 1868, art. VIII, sec. 2; Fla.,

1868, art. XV, sec. 1; Ga., 1868, art. II, sec. 2; La., 1868, tit. VI,

art. 98; Miss., 1868, art. VII, sec. 2; N. C., 1868, art. VI, sec. 1;

S. C. 1868, art. VIII, sec. 1; and Texas, 1868, art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 676:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 677:

Art. II, sec. 2.

Footnote 678:

B. P. Poore: “Charters and Constitutions,” II, p. 1353.

Footnote 679:

Laws of Colo., 1861, pp. 71–72.

Footnote 680:

_Ibid._, 1864, pp. 79–80.

Footnote 681:

Pub. Acts of Conn., 1865, pp. 94–95.

Footnote 682:

Laws of Minn., 1865, pp. 118–19.

Footnote 683:

Laws of Wis., 1865, pp. 517–18.

Footnote 684:

Congressional Record, vol. 35, part 2, pp. 1270 _et seq._

Footnote 685:

Laws of Ia., 1868, pp. 290–91.

Footnote 686:

Art. VII.

Footnote 687:

Laws of Dak. Ty., 1867–68, p. 255.

Footnote 688:

Congressional Record, vol. 35, part 2, pp. 1270 _et seq._

Footnote 689:

Art. VII, sec. 1.

Footnote 690:

Amend., 1870, art II, sec. 1.

Footnote 691:

Art. III, sec. 1.

Footnote 692:

Const., 1867, art. I, sec. 1.

Footnote 693:

Neal v. Del., 1880, 103 U. S. 370.

Footnote 694:

Laws of Ore., 1870, pp. 190–91.

Footnote 695:

Laws of N. Y., 1870, I, p. 922.

Footnote 696:

16 Stat. L., 140–46, chap. 94.

Footnote 697:

U. S. v. Reese, 1875, 92 U. S. 214.

Footnote 698:

U. S. v. Canter, 1870, Fed. Case No. 14,719.

Footnote 699:

U. S. v. Crosby, 1871, Fed. Case No. 14,893.

Footnote 700:

Anthony v. Halderman, 1871, 7 Kan. 50.

Footnote 701:

Kellogg v. Warmouth, 1872, Fed. Case No. 7,667.

Footnote 702:

U. S. v. Given, 1873, Fed. Case Nos. 15,210 and 15,211.

Footnote 703:

U. S. v. Cruikshank, 1874, Fed. Case No. 14,897; 92 U. S. 542 (1875).

Footnote 704:

U. S. v. Petersburg (Va.) Judges of Election, 1874, Fed. Case No.

16,036.

Footnote 705:

Bernier v. Russell, 1878, 89 Ill. 60.

Footnote 706:

_Ex parte_ Yarborough, 1884, 110 U. S. 651.

Footnote 707:

Minor v. Happersett, 1874, 21 Wall. 162.

Footnote 708:

92 U. S. 214 (1875).

Footnote 709:

Ratliff v. Beale, 1896, 20 S. 865.

Footnote 710:

Const., 1890, art. XII, secs. 241 _et seq._

Footnote 711:

Const., 1895, art. II.

Footnote 712:

Const., 1898, arts. 197, 198, and 202.

Footnote 713:

Revised Stat., 1905, secs. 4315–17; Const., 1875, as amended 1900,

art. VI.

Footnote 714:

Const., 1902, secs. 177–82.

Footnote 715:

Const., 1902, art. II, secs. 18 _et seq._

Footnote 716:

Laws of Ga., 1908, pp. 27–31.

Footnote 717:

W. P. Pickett: “The Negro Problem,” 1909, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, p. 250;

Laws of Md., 1908, pp. 301–04.

Footnote 718:

Const. of U. S., art. I, sec. 8, par. 4.

Footnote 719:

22 Stat. L., 61.

Footnote 720:

Federal Stat., annotated, vol. 5, pp. 207–08.

Footnote 721:

Hedgman v. Bd. of Registration, 1872, 26 Mich. 51.

Footnote 722:

_The American Political Science Review_, vol. 4, p. 63 (Feb., 1910).

Footnote 723:

31 Stat. L., 82–83, chap. 191; Sixty-first Cong., 2d sess., H. Doc.

No. 615; Congressional Record, vol. 45, p. 1199.

Footnote 724:

Williams v. Miss., 1898, 170 U. S. 213, at p. 225.

Footnote 725:

Mills v. Green, 1895, 159 U. S. 651; Jones v. Montague, 1904, 194 U.

S. 147; Selden v. Montague, 1904, 194 U. S. 153; Giles v. Teasley,

1904, 136 Ala. 164, and 193 U. S. 146; Giles v. Harris, 1903, 189 U.

S. 475. For discussions of the constitutionality of the suffrage laws

of the South see _The American Political Science Review_, vol. I, pp.

17, _et seq._, and John Mabry Mathews: “History of the Fifteenth

Amendment,” 1909, The Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 97–127.

Footnote 726:

Mathews: History of the Fifteenth Amendment, pp. 125–26.

Footnote 727:

Raleigh, N. C., _News and Observer_, Nov. 9, 1907; Feb. 24, 25, and

28, 1909.

Footnote 728:

See Poindexter v. Greenhow, 1884, 114 U. S. 270, at p. 304; and

Spraigue v. Thompson, 1886, 118 U. S. 90, at p. 95.

Footnote 729:

Laws of Md., 1910, chap. 253.

Footnote 730:

_The Harvard Law Review_, vol. XXIII, p. 169.

Footnote 731:

W. P. Pickett: The Negro Problem, pp. 259–84.

Footnote 732:

Kirby’s Digest, 1904, sec. 2767.

Footnote 733:

Const., 1880, art. II, sec. 1, as amended 1894.

Footnote 734:

Const., 1876, art. VII, sec. 1, as amended 1893; Revised Stat., 1908,

secs. 2027 and 2146–50.

Footnote 735:

Const., 1818, art. VI, secs. 2 and 3, as amended 1897; General Stat.,

1902, secs. 1593–94.

Footnote 736:

Const., 1831, art. IV, sec. 1.

Footnote 737:

Const., 1887, art. VI, sec. 1; General Stat., 1906, sec. 170.

Footnote 738:

Const., 1889, art. VI, sec. 2.

Footnote 739:

Const., 1870, art. VII, sec. 1.

Footnote 740:

Const., 1851, art. II, secs. 84–85; Burns’s Stat., 1908, II, sec.

6877.

Footnote 741:

Const., 1881, art. II.

Footnote 742:

Const., 1859, art. V.

Footnote 743:

Const., 1891, sec. 145.

Footnote 744:

Const., 1819, art. II, as amended 1893.

Footnote 745:

Const., 1867, art. I, secs. 1–3.

Footnote 746:

Const., 1780, as amended 1821 and 1857.

Footnote 747:

Const., 1850, art. VII, secs. 1 and 8.

Footnote 748:

Const., 1858, art. VII.

Footnote 749:

Const., 1875, art. VIII, secs. 2, 8, 10, and 11.

Footnote 750:

Const., 1889, art. IX.

Footnote 751:

Const., 1866, art. VII.

Footnote 752:

Const., 1864, art. II.

Footnote 753:

Public Stat., 1901, pp. 136–37.

Footnote 754:

Const., 1864, art. II.

Footnote 755:

Const., 1894, art. II.

Footnote 756:

Const., 1889, as amended, sec. 121.

Footnote 757:

Const., 1851, art. V.

Footnote 758:

Const., 1907, art. III.

Footnote 759:

Const., 1859, art. II.

Footnote 760:

Const., 1874, art. VIII.

Footnote 761:

Const., 1842, as amended 1888, art. II.

Footnote 762:

Const., 1889, art. VII.

Footnote 763:

Const., 1870, art. IV.

Footnote 764:

Herron’s Sup. to Sayles’s Civil Stat., 1906, p. 165.

Footnote 765:

Const., 1895, art. IV.

Footnote 766:

Statutes, 1906, p. 104.

Footnote 767:

Const., 1889, art. VI.

Footnote 768:

Const., 1872, art. IV, sec. 1.

Footnote 769:

Const., 1848, art. III.

Footnote 770:

Const., 1889, art. VI.

Footnote 771:

Code, 1907, part V, sec. 199.

Footnote 772:

Revised Stat., 1901, sec. 2282.

Footnote 773:

Revised Laws, 1901, secs. 18, 60, and 63.

Footnote 774:

Organic Act, 1850, sec. 6; Compiled Laws, 1897, secs. 1647, 1672, and

1677–78.

Footnote 775:

_The Outlook_, vol. 91, p. 78.