CONCLUDING REMARKS.
DOMESTICATION—NATURE AND CAUSES OF VARIABILITY—SELECTION—DIVERGENCE AND DISTINCTNESS OF CHARACTER—EXTINCTION OF RACES—CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO SELECTION BY MAN—ANTIQUITY OF CERTAIN RACES—THE QUESTION WHETHER EACH PARTICULAR VARIATION HAS BEEN SPECIALLY PREORDAINED ... Page 405
Index ... Page 433
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
Volume I
By Charles Darwin
Edited By His Son Francis Darwin
CONTENTS
VOLUME I
PREFACE
LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
VOLUME I.
CHAPTER 1.I. — THE DARWIN FAMILY.
CHAPTER 1.II. — AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER 1.III. — REMINISCENCES OF MY FATHER'S EVERYDAY LIFE.
CHAPTER 1.IV. — CAMBRIDGE LIFE.
CHAPTER 1.V. — THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'
CHAPTER 1.VI. — THE VOYAGE.
CHAPTER 1.VII. — LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE.
CHAPTER 1.VIII. — RELIGION.
CHAPTER 1.IX. — LIFE AT DOWN.
CHAPTER 1.X. — THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
Chapter I. "On the kind of intermediateness necessary, and the number
Chapter II. "The gradual appearance and disappearance of organic
Chapter III. "Geographical Distribution." Corresponds to Chapters XI.
Chapter IV. "Affinities and Classification of Organic beings."
Chapter V. "Unity of Type," Morphology, Embryology.
Chapter VI. Rudimentary Organs.
Chapter VII. Recapitulation and Conclusion.
CHAPTER 1.XI. — THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 1.XII. — THE UNFINISHED BOOK.
CHAPTER 1. XIII. — THE WRITING OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 1.XIV. — BY PROFESSOR HUXLEY.
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF
CHARLES DARWIN
Volume II
By Charles Darwin
Edited By His Son Francis Darwin
CONTENTS
TRANSCRIPT OF A FACSIMILE OF A PAGE FROM A NOTE-BOOK OF 1837.
LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
VOLUME II.
CHAPTER 2.I. — THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 2.II. — THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES' (continued).
CHAPTER 2.III. — SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
CHAPTER 2.IV. — THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
CHAPTER 2.V. — THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.'
CHAPTER 2.VI. — WORK ON 'MAN.'
CHAPTER 2.VII. — PUBLICATION OF THE 'DESCENT OF MAN.'
CHAPTER 2.VIII. — MISCELLANEA
CHAPTER 2.IX. — MISCELLANEA (continued)
CHAPTER 2.X. — FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
CHAPTER 2.XI. — THE 'EFFECTS OF CROSS- AND SELF-FERTILISATION
CHAPTER 2.XII. — 'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.'
CHAPTER 2.XIII. — CLIMBING AND INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
CHAPTER 2.XIV. — THE 'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS.'
CHAPTER 2.XV. — MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL LETTERS.
CHAPTER 2.XVI. — CONCLUSION.
APPENDIX I.
APPENDIX II.
Notes upon the Rhea Americana. Zoology Society Proc., Part v. 1837.
Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient Glaciers of
Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural
APPENDIX III.
APPENDIX IV.
MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
VOLUME I.
OUTLINE OF CHARLES DARWIN'S LIFE.
CHARLES DARWIN
CHAPTER 1.I.—AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL FRAGMENT, AND EARLY LETTERS.
CHAPTER 1.II.—EVOLUTION, 1844-1858.
CHAPTER 1.III.—EVOLUTION, 1859-1863.
CHAPTER 1.IV.—EVOLUTION, 1864-1869.
CHAPTER 1.V.—EVOLUTION, 1870-1882.
CHAPTER 1.VI.—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1843-1867.
MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN, VOLUME II
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
VOLUME II
CHAPTER 2.VII.—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
CHAPTER 2.VIII.—MAN.
CHAPTER 2.IX. GEOLOGY, 1840-1882.
CHAPTER 2.X.—BOTANY, 1843-1871.
CHAPTER 2.XI.—BOTANY, 1863-1881.
CHAPTER 2.XII.
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES DARWIN
From The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
By Charles Darwin
Edited by his Son Francis Darwin
CAMBRIDGE 1828-1831.
"VOYAGE OF THE 'BEAGLE' FROM DECEMBER 27, 1831, TO OCTOBER 2, 1836."
FROM MY RETURN TO ENGLAND (OCTOBER 2, 1836) TO MY MARRIAGE (JANUARY 29,
FROM MY MARRIAGE, JANUARY 29, 1839, AND RESIDENCE IN UPPER GOWER STREET,
RESIDENCE AT DOWN FROM SEPTEMBER 14, 1842, TO THE PRESENT TIME, 1876.
MY SEVERAL PUBLICATIONS.
WRITTEN MAY 1ST, 1881.
CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE TOLD IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER,
AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED LETTERS
Edited By His Son, Francis Darwin, F.R.S.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. —The Darwins 1
II. —Autobiography 5
III. —Religion 55
IV. —Reminiscences 66
V. —Cambridge Life—The Appointment to the Beagle: 1828-1831 104
VI. —The Voyage: 1831-1836 124
VII. —London and Cambridge: 1836-1842 140
VIII. —Life at Down: 1842-1854 150
IX. —The Foundations of the Origin of Species: 1831-1844 165
X. —The Growth of the Origin of Species: 1843-1858 173
XI. —The Writing of the Origin of Species, June 1858, to November 1859 185
XII. —The Publication of the Origin of Species, October to December 1859 206
XIII. —The Origin of Species—Reviews and Criticisms—Adhesions and Attacks: 1860 223
XIV. —The Spread of Evolution: 1861-1871 245
XV. —Miscellanea—Revival of Geological Work—The Vivisection Question—Honours 281
XVI. —The Fertilisation of Flowers 297
XVII. —Climbing Plants—Power of Movement in Plants—Insectivorous Plants—Kew Index of Plant Names 313
XVIII. —Conclusion 325
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX
I. —The Funeral in Westminster Abbey 329
II. —Portraits 331
Index 333
CORAL REEFS
By Charles Darwin
Plates and drawings unavailable
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL NOTE.
CORAL REEFS.
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
THE STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORAL REEFS.
CRITICAL INTRODUCTION.
CORAL-REEFS.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.—ATOLLS OR LAGOON-ISLANDS.
CHAPTER II.—BARRIER REEFS.
CHAPTER III.—FRINGING OR SHORE-REEFS.
CHAPTER IV.—ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH OF CORAL-REEFS.
CHAPTER V.—THEORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF
CHAPTER VI.—ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORAL-REEFS WITH REFERENCE TO THE
APPENDIX.
VOLCANIC ISLANDS
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL NOTE.
VOLCANIC ISLANDS.
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOLCANIC ISLANDS.
CHAPTER I.—ST. JAGO, IN THE CAPE DE VERDE ARCHIPELAGO.
CHAPTER II.—FERNANDO NORONHA; TERCEIRA; TAHITI, ETC.
CHAPTER III.—ASCENSION.
CHAPTER IV.—ST. HELENA.
CHAPTER V.—GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO.
CHAPTER VI.—TRACHYTE AND BASALT.—DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANIC ISLES.
CHAPTER VII.—AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
INDEX TO VOLCANIC ISLANDS.
A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA (Vol. 1 of 2)
The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
List of Species
Lepas 67
1. Lepas anatifera 73
2. Lepas Hillii 77
3. Lepas anserifera 81
4. Lepas pectinata 86
5. Lepas australis 89
6. Lepas fascicularis 92
Pæcilasma 99
1. Pæcilasma Kæmpferi 102
2. Pæcilasma aurantia 105
3. Pæcilasma crassa 107
4. Pæcilasma fissa 109
5. Pæcilasma eburnea 112
Dichelaspis 115
1. Dichelaspis Warwickii 120
2. Dichelaspis Grayii 123
3. Dichelaspis pellucida 125
4. Dichelaspis Lowei 128
5. Dichelaspis orthogonia 130
Oxynaspis 133
1. Oxynaspis celata 134
Conchoderma 136
1. Conchoderma aurita 141
2. Conchoderma virgata 146
C. virgata, var. chelonophilus 151
C. virgata, var. Olfersii 152
3. Conchoderma Hunteri 153
Alepas 156
1. Alepas minuta 160
2. Alepas parasita 163
3. Alepas cornuta 165
4. Alepas tubulosa 169
Anelasma 169
1. Anelasma squalicola 170
Ibla 180
1. Ibla Cumingii 183
2. Ibla quadrivalvis 203
Scalpellum 215
Sub-Carinâ Nullâ 222
1. Scalpellum vulgare 222
2. Scalpellum ornatum 244
3. Scalpellum rutilum 253
Sub-Carinâ Presente 259
4. Scalpellum rostratum 259
5. Scalpellum Peronii 264
6. Scalpellum villosum 274
Pollicipes 293
1. Pollicipes cornucopia 298
2. Pollicipes elegans 304
3. Pollicipes polymerus 307
4. Pollicipes mitella 316
5. Pollicipes spinosus 324
6. Pollicipes sertus 327
Lithotrya 331
1. Lithotrya dorsalis 351
2. Lithotrya cauta 356
3. Lithotrya nicobarica 359
4. Lithotrya rhodiopus 363
5. Lithotrya truncata 366
6. Lithotrya Valentiana 371
A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA (VOL. 2 OF 2)
THE BALANIDÆ, (OR SESSILE CIRRIPEDES); THE VERRUCIDÆ, ETC., ETC.
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
Page
Dedication v
Preface vii
Monograph on the Cirripedia 1
Introduction 1
On the Names given to the different parts of Cirripedes 3
Class Crustacea, Sub-Class Cirripedia 9
On the Sexual Relation of Cirripedes 23
Order I.-Thoracica 30
Family Balanidæ 33
Table of Contents 33
Structure of Shell 34
Structure of the Individual Compartments 43
Structure of the Radii 45
Structure of the Alæ 47
Structure of the Sheath 48
Structure of the Basis 49
Structure of the Opercular Valves (Scuta and Terga) 51
Growth of the Whole Shell, and Its Microscopical Structure 54
Muscles of Sack 61
Branchiæ 63
Thorax and Body 65
Muscular System 68
Movements and Muscles of the Cirri 71
Mouth 74
Cirri 81
Caudal Appendages 85
Alimentary Canal 85
Circulatory System 87
Nervous System 88
Eyes and Vision 93
Acoustic Organs 95
Olfactory Sacks 97
Male Organs of Generation 97
Female Organs of Generation 100
Metamorphoses and Homologies 102
Larva, First Stage 103
Larva, Second Stage 109
Larva in the Last or Pupal Stage 110
Act of Metamorphosis 126
On the Homologies of the Carapace and Shelly Valves 131
Cementing Apparatus 133
Affinities, Classification, Variation 152
Rate of Growth, Exuviation, Powers of Repairing Injuries 156
Geographical Range and Habits 159
Geological History 172
Sub-Family Balaninæ 175
1. Genus Balanus 177
Sections of the Genus 193
Section A 194
1. Balanus tintinnabulum 194
Var. communis, vesiculosus, validus, zebra, crispatus, spinosus, coccopoma, concinnus, intermedius, occator, d'Orbignii
Varieties 201
2. Balanus tulipiformis 204
3. Balanus psittacus 206
4. Balanus Capensis 209
5. Balanus Nigrescens 210
6. Balanus decorus 212
7. Balanus vinaceus 213
8. Balanus Ajax 214
Section B 216
9. Balanus stultus 216
10. Balanus calceolus 218
11. Balanus galeatus 220
12. Balanus cymbiformis 221
13. Balanus navicula 221
Section C 223
14. Balanus trigonus 223
15. Balanus spongicola 225
16. Balanus lævis 227
Var. nitidus, Coquimbensis
17. Balanus perforatus 231
Var. angustus, Cranchii, fistulosus, mirabilis
18. Balanus concavus 235
19. Balanus amphitrite 240
Var. communis, venustus, pallidus, niveus, modestus, Stutsburi, obscurus, variegatus, cirratus
Varieties 245
20. Balanus pocilus 245
21. Balanus eburneus 248
22. Balanus improvisus 250
Var. assimilis
23. Balanus nubilus 253
24. Balanus corrugatus 254
Section D 256
25. Balanus porcatus 256
26. Balanus patellaris 259
27. Balanus crenatus 261
28. Balanus glandula 265
Section E 267
29. Balanus balanoides 267
Varieties 270
30. Balanus cariosus 273
31. Balanus declivis 275
Section F 277
32. Balanus Hameri 277
33. Balanus amaryllis 279
34. Balanus allium 281
35. Balanus cepa 283
36. Balanus quadrivittatus 284
37. Balanus terebratus 285
38. Balanus vestitus 286
39. Balanus Imperator 288
40. Balanus flosculus 290
Var. sordidus
41. Balanus bisulcatus 293
Var. plicatus
42. Balanus dolosus 295
43. Balanus unguiformis 296
Var. erisma
44. Balanus varians 298
45. Balanus inclusus 299
2. Sub-Genus Acasta 302
1. Acasta spongites 308
2. Acasta sulcata 310
3. Acasta cyathus 312
4. Acasta undulata 313
5. Acasta glans 314
6. Acasta lævigata 315
7. Acasta fenestrata 316
8. Acasta purpurata 318
9. Acasta sporillus 319
3. Genus Tetraclita 321
1. Tetraclita porosa 329
Var. communis, nigrescens, viridis, rubescens, elegans, communis (young), patellaris
2. Tetraclita serrata 334
3. Tetraclita rosea 335
4. Tetraclita purpurascens 337
5. Tetraclita costata 339
6. Tetraclita vitiata 340
7. Tetraclita corulescens 342
8. Tetraclita radiata 343
4. Genus Elminius 345
1. Elminius Kingii 348
2. Elminius modestus 350
3. Elminius plicatus 351
4. Elminius simplex 353
5. Genus Pyrgoma 355
1. Pyrgoma anglicum 360
2. Pyrgoma Stokesii 361
3. Pyrgoma cancellatum 362
4. Pyrgoma conjugatum 364
5. Pyrgoma grande 365
6. Pyrgoma milleporæ 367
7. Pyrgoma dentatum 369
8. Pyrgoma crenatum 370
9. Pyrgoma monticulariæ 372
Species dubiæ 374
6. Sub-Genus Creusia 375
1. Creusia spinulosa 376
Varieties with the Scuta and Terga calcified together 380
7. Genus Chelonobia 382
1. Chelonobia testudinaria 392
2. Chelonobia caretta 394
3. Chelonobia patula 396
Second Section of the Sub-Family of Balaninæ 397
8. Genus Coronula 397
1. Coronula balænaris 415
2. Coronula diadema 417
3. Coronula reginæ 419
4. Coronula barbara 421
Species Dubiæ 423
9. Genus Platylepas 424
1. Platylepas bissexlobata 428
2. Platylepas decorata 429
Species Dubiæ 430
10. Genus Tubicinella 430
1. Tubicinella trachealis 431
11. Genus Xenobalanus 438
1. Xenobalanus globicipitis 440
Sub-Family Chthamalinæ 446
12. Genus Chthamalus 447
1. Chthamalus stellatus 455
Var. communis, fragilis, depressus
2. Chthamalus antennatus 460
3. Chthamalus cirratus 461
4. Chthamalus fissus 462
5. Chthamalus dentatus 463
6. Chthamalus Hembeli 465
7. Chthamalus intertextus 467
8. Chthamalus scabrosus 468
13. Nov. Genus Chamæsipho 470
1. Chamæsipho columna 470
2. Chamæsipho scutelliformis 472
14. Nov. Genus Pachylasma 475
1. Pachylasma giganteum 477
2. Pachylasma aurantiacum 480
15. Genus Octomeris 482
1. Octomeris angulosa 483
2. Octomeris brunnea 484
16. Genus Catophragmus 485
1. Catophragmus polymerus 487
2. Catophragmus imbricatus 490
Remarks on Bronn's List of Fossil Balaninæ and Chthamalinæ 492
Family Verrucidæ 495
Genus Verruca 496
Powers of Excavation 512
1. Verruca Strömia 518
2. Verruca lævigata 520
3. Verruca Spengleri 521
4. Verruca nexa 522
5. Verruca prisca 525
Family Lepadidæ 526
Genus Alcippe 529
Alcippe lampas 530
Female 530
Male 555
Order II.-Abdominalia 563
Cryptophialus minutus 566
Female 566
Male 584
Order III.-Apoda 587
Proteolepas bivincta 589
Synopsis et Index Systematicus 606
Synopsis et Index Systematicus Specierum, et recentium, et fossilum 611
Description of plates 641
Plate 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 641
Plate 2. Genus Balanus 641
Plate 3. Genus Balanus 642
Plate 4. Genus Balanus 642
Plate 5. Genus Balanus 642
Plate 6. Genus Balanus 643
Plate 7. Genus Balanus 643
Plate 8. Genus Balanus 644
Plate 9. Sub-Genus Acasta 644
Plate 10. Genus Tetraclita 645
Plate 11. Genera Tetraclita and Elminius 645
Plate 12. Genera Elminius and Pyrgoma 646
Plate 13. Genera Pyrgoma and Creusia 646
Plate 14. Genera Creusia and Chelonobia 647
Plate 15. Genera Chelonobia and Coronula 648
Plate 16. Genus Coronula 649
Plate 17. Genera Platylepas, Tubicinella, and Xenobalanus 651
Plate 18. Genus Chthamalus 652
Plate 19. Genera Chthamalus, Chamæsipho, and Pachylasma 652
Plate 20. Genera Pachylasma, Octomeris, and Catophragmus 653
Plate 21. Genus Verruca 654
Plate 22. Alcippe lampas 655
Plate 23. Genera Alcippe and Cryptophialus 658
Plate 24. Genera Cryptophialus and Proteolepas 660
Plate 25. Genera Proteolepas and Balanus 662
Plate 26. Structure of the Mouth and Thorax 664
Plate 27. Nervous System and Senses 666
Plate 28. Cementing Apparatus 667
Plate 29. Cirri and Larvæ, first stages 669
Plate 30. Larvæ of Lepas: second and last stages of development 671
Errata 674
Index 675
Plates 685
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Woodcuts on page 3*
Figure 1. Shell 3*
Figure 2. Compartments 3*
Figure 3. Compartments 3*
Figure 4. Compartments 3*
Figure 5. Scutum (internal view of) 3*
Figure 6. Tergum (external view) 3*
Figure 7. Tergum (internal view) 3*
Woodcuts on other pages
Figure 1. Rostrum with two radii, serving in Chthamalinæ for rostro-lateral compartments 36
Figure 2. Always serving for lateral and carino-lateral compartments 36
Figure 3. Carina, serving in the Chthamalinæ, also, as a rostrum 36
Figure 4. Octomeris 39
Figure 5. Chthamalus 39
Figure 6. Chamæsipho 39
Figure 7. Balanus 39
Figure 8. Tetraclita 39
Figure 9. Basal edge of wall of compartment in Balanus tintinnabulum 43
Figure 10. Edge of the radius of Balanus tintinnabulum 46
Figure 11. Portion of edge of basis of Balanus tintinnabulum 50
Plates
Plate 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 685
Plate 2. Balanus 686
Plate 3. Balanus 687
Plate 4. Balanus 688
Plate 5. Balanus 689
Plate 6. Balanus 690
Plate 7. Balanus 691
Plate 8. Balanus 692
Plate 9. Acasta 693
Plate 10. Tetraclita 694
Plate 11. Tetraclita: Elminius 695
Plate 12. Elminius: Pyrgoma 696
Plate 13. Pyrgoma: Creusia 697
Plate 14. Creusia: Chelonobia 698
Plate 15. Chelonobia: Coronula 699
Plate 16. Coronula 700
Plate 17. Platylepas: Tubicinella: Xenobalanus 701
Plate 18. Chthamalus 702
Plate 19. Chthamalus: Chamæsipho: Pachylasma 703
Plate 20. Pachylasma: Octomeris: Catophragmus 704
Plate 21. Verruca 705
Plate 22. Alcippe lampas 706
Plate 23. Alcippe: Cryptophialus 707
Plate 24. Cryptophialus: Proteolepas 708
Plate 25. Proteolepas: Balanus 709
Plate 26. Mouth: Thorax 710
Plate 27. Nervous System 711
Plate 28. Cementing Apparatus 712
Plate 29. Cirri: Larvæ, first stages 713
Plate 30. Larvæ, last stages 714
GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL NOTE.
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS.
GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA
CRITICAL INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. ON THE ELEVATION OF THE EASTERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
CHAPTER II. ON THE ELEVATION OF THE WESTERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
CHAPTER III. ON THE PLAINS AND VALLEYS OF CHILE:—SALIFEROUS SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.
CHAPTER IV. ON THE FORMATIONS OF THE PAMPAS.
CHAPTER V. ON THE OLDER TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF PATAGONIA AND CHILE.
CHAPTER VI. PLUTONIC AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS:—CLEAVAGE AND FOLIATION.
CHAPTER VII. CENTRAL CHILE:—STRUCTURE OF THE CORDILLERA.
CHAPTER VIII. NORTHERN CHILE. CONCLUSION.
THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. HETEROSTYLED DIMORPHIC PLANTS: PRIMULACEAE.
CHAPTER II. HYBRID PRIMULAS.
CHAPTER III. HETEROSTYLED DIMORPHIC PLANTS—continued.
CHAPTER IV. HETEROSTYLED TRIMORPHIC PLANTS.
CHAPTER V. ILLEGITIMATE OFFSPRING OF HETEROSTYLED PLANTS.
CONCLUSIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE EQUAL-STYLED VARIETY OF P. Sinensis.
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON HETEROSTYLED PLANTS.
CHAPTER VII. POLYGAMOUS, DIOECIOUS, AND GYNO-DIOECIOUS PLANTS.
CHAPTER VIII. CLEISTOGAMIC FLOWERS.
THE EFFECTS OF CROSS & SELF-FERTILISATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE EFFECTS OF CROSS AND SELF-FERTILISATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
CHAPTER II. CONVOLVULACEAE.
CHAPTER III. SCROPHULARIACEAE, GESNERIACEAE, LABIATAE, ETC.
CHAPTER IV. CRUCIFERAE, PAPAVERACEAE, RESEDACEAE, ETC.
CHAPTER V. GERANIACEAE, LEGUMINOSAE, ONAGRACEAE, ETC.
CHAPTER VI. SOLANACEAE, PRIMULACEAE, POLYGONEAE, ETC.
CHAPTER VII. A SUMMARY OF THE HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF THE CROSSED AND SELF-FERTILISED PLANTS.
CHAPTER VIII. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROSSED AND SELF-FERTILISED PLANTS IN CONSTITUTIONAL VIGOUR AND IN OTHER RESPECTS.
CHAPTER IX. THE EFFECTS OF CROSS-FERTILISATION AND SELF-FERTILISATION ON THE PRODUCTION OF SEEDS.
CHAPTER X. MEANS OF FERTILISATION.
CHAPTER XI. THE HABITS OF INSECTS IN RELATION TO THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
CHAPTER XII. GENERAL RESULTS.
THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS
With Photographic And Other Illustrations
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
DETAILED CONTENTS.
ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.
CHAPTER II. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—continued.
CHAPTER III. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—concluded.
CHAPTER IV. — MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS.
CHAPTER V. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS.
CHAPTER VI. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING.
CHAPTER VII. — LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR.
CHAPTER VIII. — JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION.
CHAPTER IX. — REFLECTION—MEDITATION-ILL-TEMPER—SULKINESS—DETERMINATION.
CHAPTER X. — HATRED AND ANGER.
CHAPTER XI. — DISDAIN—CONTEMPT—DISGUST-GUILT—PRIDE, ETC.
CHAPTER XII. — SURPRISE—ASTONISHMENT—FEAR—HORROR.
CHAPTER XIII. — SELF-ATTENTION—SHAME—SHYNESS—MODESTY: BLUSHING.
CHAPTER XIV. — CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY.
FOOTNOTES:
ILLUSTRATIONS
Muscles of the Human Face. Fig 1-2
Muscles of the Human Face. Fig 3
Small Dog Watching a Cat on A Table. Figure 4
Dog in a Hostile Frame of Mind. Fig. 5
Dog in a humble and Affectionate Frame of Mind. Fig. 6
Dog in a Hostile Frame of Mind. Fig. 7
Dog Carressing his Master. Fig. 8
Cat, Savage, and Prepared to Fight. Fig. 9
Cat in an Affectionate Frame of Mind. Fig. 10
Sound Producing Quills from Tail of a Porcupine. Fig. 11
Hen Driving Away a Dog from Her Chickens. Fig. 12
Swan Driving Away an Intruder. Fig 13
Head of Snarling Dog. Fig 14
Cat Terrified at a Dog. Fig.15
Cynopithecus Niger, Pleased by Being Caressed. Fig.17
Chimpanzee Disappointed and Sulky. Fig. 18
Screaming Infants. Plate I.
Obliquity of the Eyebrows. Plate II
Moderate Laughter and Smiling. Plate III
Ill-temper. Plate IV
Anger and Indignation. Plate VI
Scorn and Disdain. Plate V
Gestures of the Body. Plate VII
Photograph of an Insane Woman. Fig. 19
Terror. Fig. 20
Horror and Agony. Fig. 21
THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD
THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
Introduction
Page 1–6
CHAPTER I.
HABITS OF WORMS.
Nature of the sites inhabited—Can live long under water—Nocturnal—Wander about at night—Often lie close to the mouths of their burrows, and are thus destroyed in large numbers by birds—Structure—Do not possess eyes, but can distinguish between light and darkness—Retreat rapidly when brightly illuminated, not by a reflex action—Power of attention—Sensitive to heat and cold—Completely deaf—Sensitive to vibrations and to touch—Feeble power of smell—Taste—Mental qualities—Nature of food—Omnivorous—Digestion—Leaves before being swallowed, moistened with a fluid of the nature of the pancreatic secretion—Extra-stomachal digestion—Calciferous glands, structure of—Calcareous concretions formed in the anterior pair of glands—The calcareous matter primarily an excretion, but secondarily serves to neutralise the acids generated during the digestive process.
7–15
CHAPTER II.
HABITS OF WORMS—continued.
Manner in which worms seize objects—Their power of suction—The instinct of plugging up the mouths of their burrows—Stones piled over the burrows—The advantages thus gained—Intelligence shown by worms in their manner of plugging up their burrows—Various kinds of leaves and other objects thus used—Triangles of paper—Summary of reasons for believing that worms exhibit some intelligence—Means by which they excavate their burrows, by pushing away the earth and swallowing it—Earth also swallowed for the nutritious matter which it contains—Depth to which worms burrow, and the construction of their burrows—Burrows lined with castings, and in the upper part with leaves—The lowest part paved with little stones or seeds—Manner in which the castings are ejected—The collapse of old burrows—Distribution of worms—Tower-like castings in Bengal—Gigantic castings on the Nilgiri Mountains—Castings ejected in all countries.
52–120
CHAPTER III.
THE AMOUNT OF FINE EARTH BROUGHT UP BY WORMS TO THE SURFACE.
Rate at which various objects strewed on the surface of grass-fields are covered up by the castings of worms—The burial of a paved path—The slow subsidence of great stones left on the surface—The number of worms which live within a given space—The weight of earth ejected from a burrow, and from all the burrows within a given space—The thickness of the layer of mould which the castings on a given space would form within a given time if uniformly spread out—The slow rate at which mould can increase to a great thickness—Conclusion.
121–163
CHAPTER IV.
THE PART WHICH WORMS HAVE PLAYED IN THE BURIAL OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS.
The accumulation of rubbish on the sites of great cities independent of the action of worms—The burial of a Roman villa at Abinger—The floors and walls penetrated by worms—Subsidence of a modern pavement—The buried pavement at Beaulieu Abbey—Roman villas at Chedworth and Brading—The remains of the Roman town at Silchester—The nature of the débris by which the remains are covered—The penetration of the tesselated floors and walls by worms—Subsidence of the floors—Thickness of the mould—The old Roman city of Wroxeter—Thickness of the mould—Depth of the foundations of some of the Buildings—Conclusion.
164–208
CHAPTER V.
THE ACTION OF WORMS IN THE DENUDATION OF THE LAND.
Evidence of the amount of denudation which the land has undergone—Sub-aerial denudation—The deposition of dust—Vegetable mould, its dark colour and fine texture largely due to the action of worms—The disintegration of rocks by the humus-acids—Similar acids apparently generated within the bodies of worms—The action of these acids facilitated by the continued movement of the particles of earth—A thick bed of mould checks the disintegration of the underlying soil and rocks. Particles of stone worn or triturated in the gizzards of worms—Swallowed stones serve as mill-stones—The levigated state of the castings—Fragments of brick in the castings over ancient buildings well rounded. The triturating power of worms not quite insignificant under a geological point of view.
209–236
CHAPTER VI.
THE DENUDATION OF THE LAND—continued.
Denudation aided by recently ejected castings flowing down inclined grass-covered surfaces—The amount of earth which annually flows downwards—The effect of tropical rain on worm castings—The finest particles of earth washed completely away from castings—The disintegration of dried castings into pellets, and their rolling down inclined surfaces—The formation of little ledges on hill-sides, in part due to the accumulation of disintegrated castings—Castings blown to leeward over level land—An attempt to estimate the amount thus blown—The degradation of ancient encampments and tumuli—The preservation of the crowns and furrows on land anciently ploughed—The formation and amount of mould over the Chalk formation.
237–279
CHAPTER VII.
CONCLUSION.
Summary of the part which worms have played in the history of the world—Their aid in the disintegration of rocks—In the denudation of the land—In the preservation of ancient remains—In the preparation of the soil for the growth of plants—Mental powers of worms—Conclusion.
280–288
THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD
THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
Introduction
Page 1–6
CHAPTER I.
HABITS OF WORMS.
Nature of the sites inhabited—Can live long under water—Nocturnal—Wander about at night—Often lie close to the mouths of their burrows, and are thus destroyed in large numbers by birds—Structure—Do not possess eyes, but can distinguish between light and darkness—Retreat rapidly when brightly illuminated, not by a reflex action—Power of attention—Sensitive to heat and cold—Completely deaf—Sensitive to vibrations and to touch—Feeble power of smell—Taste—Mental qualities—Nature of food—Omnivorous—Digestion—Leaves before being swallowed, moistened with a fluid of the nature of the pancreatic secretion—Extra-stomachal digestion—Calciferous glands, structure of—Calcareous concretions formed in the anterior pair of glands—The calcareous matter primarily an excretion, but secondarily serves to neutralise the acids generated during the digestive process.
7–15
CHAPTER II.
HABITS OF WORMS—continued.
Manner in which worms seize objects—Their power of suction—The instinct of plugging up the mouths of their burrows—Stones piled over the burrows—The advantages thus gained—Intelligence shown by worms in their manner of plugging up their burrows—Various kinds of leaves and other objects thus used—Triangles of paper—Summary of reasons for believing that worms exhibit some intelligence—Means by which they excavate their burrows, by pushing away the earth and swallowing it—Earth also swallowed for the nutritious matter which it contains—Depth to which worms burrow, and the construction of their burrows—Burrows lined with castings, and in the upper part with leaves—The lowest part paved with little stones or seeds—Manner in which the castings are ejected—The collapse of old burrows—Distribution of worms—Tower-like castings in Bengal—Gigantic castings on the Nilgiri Mountains—Castings ejected in all countries.
52–120
CHAPTER III.
THE AMOUNT OF FINE EARTH BROUGHT UP BY WORMS TO THE SURFACE.
Rate at which various objects strewed on the surface of grass-fields are covered up by the castings of worms—The burial of a paved path—The slow subsidence of great stones left on the surface—The number of worms which live within a given space—The weight of earth ejected from a burrow, and from all the burrows within a given space—The thickness of the layer of mould which the castings on a given space would form within a given time if uniformly spread out—The slow rate at which mould can increase to a great thickness—Conclusion.
121–163
CHAPTER IV.
THE PART WHICH WORMS HAVE PLAYED IN THE BURIAL OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS.
The accumulation of rubbish on the sites of great cities independent of the action of worms—The burial of a Roman villa at Abinger—The floors and walls penetrated by worms—Subsidence of a modern pavement—The buried pavement at Beaulieu Abbey—Roman villas at Chedworth and Brading—The remains of the Roman town at Silchester—The nature of the débris by which the remains are covered—The penetration of the tesselated floors and walls by worms—Subsidence of the floors—Thickness of the mould—The old Roman city of Wroxeter—Thickness of the mould—Depth of the foundations of some of the Buildings—Conclusion.
164–208
CHAPTER V.
THE ACTION OF WORMS IN THE DENUDATION OF THE LAND.
Evidence of the amount of denudation which the land has undergone—Sub-aerial denudation—The deposition of dust—Vegetable mould, its dark colour and fine texture largely due to the action of worms—The disintegration of rocks by the humus-acids—Similar acids apparently generated within the bodies of worms—The action of these acids facilitated by the continued movement of the particles of earth—A thick bed of mould checks the disintegration of the underlying soil and rocks. Particles of stone worn or triturated in the gizzards of worms—Swallowed stones serve as mill-stones—The levigated state of the castings—Fragments of brick in the castings over ancient buildings well rounded. The triturating power of worms not quite insignificant under a geological point of view.
209–236
CHAPTER VI.
THE DENUDATION OF THE LAND—continued.
Denudation aided by recently ejected castings flowing down inclined grass-covered surfaces—The amount of earth which annually flows downwards—The effect of tropical rain on worm castings—The finest particles of earth washed completely away from castings—The disintegration of dried castings into pellets, and their rolling down inclined surfaces—The formation of little ledges on hill-sides, in part due to the accumulation of disintegrated castings—Castings blown to leeward over level land—An attempt to estimate the amount thus blown—The degradation of ancient encampments and tumuli—The preservation of the crowns and furrows on land anciently ploughed—The formation and amount of mould over the Chalk formation.
237–279
CHAPTER VII.
CONCLUSION.
Summary of the part which worms have played in the history of the world—Their aid in the disintegration of rocks—In the denudation of the land—In the preservation of ancient remains—In the preparation of the soil for the growth of plants—Mental powers of worms—Conclusion.
280–288
INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS
By Charles Darwin
CONTENTS
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
CHAPTER I. DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA, OR THE COMMON SUN-DEW.
CHAPTER II. THE MOVEMENTS OF THE TENTACLES FROM THE CONTACT OF SOLID BODIES.
CHAPTER III. AGGREGATION OF THE PROTOPLASM WITHIN THE CELLS OF THE TENTACLES.
CHAPTER IV. THE EFFECTS OF HEAT ON THE LEAVES.
CHAPTER V. THE EFFECTS OF NON-NITROGENOUS AND NITROGENOUS ORGANIC FLUIDS ON THE LEAVES.
CHAPTER VI. THE DIGESTIVE POWER OF THE SECRETION OF DROSERA.
CHAPTER VII. THE EFFECTS OF SALTS OF AMMONIA.
CHAPTER VIII. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS OTHER SALTS AND ACIDS ON THE LEAVES.
CHAPTER IX. THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN ALKALOID POISONS, OTHER SUBSTANCES AND VAPOURS.
CHAPTER X. ON THE SENSITIVENESS OF THE LEAVES, AND ON THE LINES OF TRANSMISSION OF THE MOTOR IMPULSE.
CHAPTER XI. RECAPITULATION OF THE CHIEF OBSERVATIONS ON DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA.
CHAPTER XII. ON THE STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENTS OF SOME OTHER SPECIES OF DROSERA.
CHAPTER XIII. DIONAEA MUSCIPULA.
CHAPTER XIV. ALDROVANDA VESICULOSA.
CHAPTER XV. DROSOPHYLLUM—RORIDULA—BYBLIS—GLANDULAR HAIRS OF OTHER PLANTS—CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE DROSERACEAE.
CHAPTER XVI. PINGUICULA.
CHAPTER XVII. UTRICULARIA.
CHAPTER XVIII. UTRICULARIA (continued).
CONCLUSION.
INDEX.
THE POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS
By Charles Darwin
Assisted By Francis Darwin
CONTENTS
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS.
THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. THE CIRCUMNUTATING MOVEMENTS OF SEEDLING PLANTS.
CHAPTER II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE MOVEMENTS AND GROWTH OF SEEDLING PLANTS.
CHAPTER III. SENSITIVENESS OF THE APEX OF THE RADICLE TO CONTACT AND TO OTHER IRRITANTS.
CHAPTER IV. THE CIRCUMNUTATING MOVEMENTS OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF MATURE PLANTS.
CHAPTER V. MODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: CLIMBING PLANTS; EPINASTIC AND HYPONASTIC MOVEMENTS.
CHAPTER VI.MMODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: SLEEP OR NYCTITROPIC MOVEMENTS, THEIR USE: SLEEP OF COTYLEDONS.
CHAPTER VII. MODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: NYCTITROPIC OR SLEEP MOVEMENTS OF LEAVES.
CHAPTER VIII. MODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: MOVEMENTS EXCITED BY LIGHT.
CHAPTER IX. SENSITIVENESS OF PLANTS TO LIGHT: ITS TRANSMITTED EFFECTS.
CHAPTER X. MODIFIED CIRCUMNUTATION: MOVEMENTS EXCITED BY GRAVITATION.
CHAPTER XI. LOCALISED SENSITIVENESS TO GRAVITATION, AND ITS TRANSMITTED EFFECTS.
CHAPTER XII. CONCLUDING REMARKS.