[1] Pliny (v. 30) makes it the Maeonian name.
[2] See Sir W. M. Ramsay in the _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, ii. 2.
LYDUS ("THE LYDIAN"), JOANNES LAURENTIUS, Byzantine writer on
antiquarian subjects, was born at Philadelphia in Lydia about A.D. 490.
At an early age he set out to seek his fortune in Constantinople, and
held high court and state offices under Anastasius and Justinian. In 552
he lost favour, and was dismissed. The date of his death is not known,
but he was probably alive during the early years of Justin II. (reigned
565-578). During his retirement he occupied himself in the compilation
of works on the antiquities of Rome, three of which have been preserved:
(1) _De Ostentis_ ([Greek: Peri diosemeion]), on the origin and progress
of the art of divination; (2) _De Magistratibus reipublicae Romanae_
([Greek: Peri archon tes Rhomaion politeias]), especially valuable for
the administrative details of the time of Justinian; (3) _De Mensibus_
([Greek: Peri menon]), a history of the different festivals of the year.
The chief value of these books consists in the fact that the author made
use of the works (now lost) of old Roman writers on similar subjects.
Lydus was also commissioned by Justinian to compose a panegyric on the
emperor, and a history of his successful campaign against Persia; but
these, as well as some poetical compositions, are lost.
Editions of (1) by C. Wachsmuth (1897), with full account of the
authorities in the prolegomena; of (2) and (3) by R. Wünsch
(1898-1903); see also the essay by C. B. Hase (the first editor of the
_De Ostentis_) prefixed to I. Bekker's edition of Lydus (1837) in the
Bonn _Corpus scriptorum hist. Byzantinae_.
LYE (O. Eng. _leag_, cf. Dutch _loog_, Ger. _Lauge_, from the root
meaning to wash, see in Lat. _lavare_, and Eng. "lather," froth of soap
and water, and "laundry"), the name given to the solution of alkaline
salts obtained by leaching or lixiviating wood ashes with water, and
sometimes to a solution of a caustic alkali. Lixiviation (Lat.
_lixivium_, lye, _lix_, ashes) is the action of separating, by the
percolation of water, a soluble from an insoluble substance. "Leaching,"
the native English term for this process, is from "leach," to water, the
root probably being the same as in "lake."
LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875), British geologist, was the eldest son of
Charles Lyell of Kinnordy, Forfarshire, and was born on the 14th of
November 1797, on the family estate in Scotland. His father (1767-1849)
was known both as a botanist and as the translator of the _Vita Nuova_
and the _Convito_ of Dante: the plant _Lyellia_ was named after him.
From his boyhood Lyell had a strong inclination for natural history,
especially entomology, a taste which he cultivated at Bartley Lodge in
the New Forest, to which his family had removed soon after his birth. In
1816 he entered Exeter College, Oxford, where the lectures of Dr
Buckland first drew his attention to geological study. After taking his
degree of B.A. in 1819 (M.A. in 1821) he entered Lincoln's Inn, and in
1825, after a delay caused by chronic weakness of the eyes, he was
called to the bar, and went on the western circuit for two years. During
this time he was slowly gravitating towards the life of a student of
science. In 1819 he had been elected a fellow of the Linnean and
Geological Societies, communicating his first paper, "On a Recent
Formation of Freshwater Limestone in Forfarshire," to the latter society
in 1822, and acting as one of the honorary secretaries in 1823. In that
year he went to France, with introductions to Cuvier, Humboldt and other
men of science, and in 1824 made a geological tour in Scotland in
company with Dr Buckland. In 1826 he was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society, from which in later years he received both the Copley and Royal
medals; and in 1827 he finally abandoned the legal profession, and
devoted himself to geology.
At this time he had already begun to plan his chief work, _The
Principles of Geology_. The subsidiary title, "An Attempt to Explain the
Former Changes of the Earth's Surface by Reference to Causes now in
Operation," gives the keynote of the task to which Lyell devoted his
life. A journey with Murchison in 1828 gave rise to joint papers on the
volcanic district of Auvergne and the Tertiary formations of
Aix-en-Provence. After parting with Murchison he studied the marine
remains of the Italian Tertiary Strata and then conceived the idea of
dividing this geological system into three or four groups, characterized
by the proportion of recent to extinct species of shells. To these
groups, after consulting Dr Whewell as to the best nomenclature, he gave
the names now universally adopted--Eocene (_dawn of recent_), Miocene
(_less of recent_), and Pliocene (_more of recent_); and with the
assistance of G. P. Deshayes he drew up a table of shells in
illustration of this classification. The first volume of the _Principles
of Geology_ appeared in 1830, and the second in January 1832. Received
at first with some opposition, so far as its leading theory was
concerned, the work had ultimately a great success, and the two volumes
had already reached a second edition in 1833 when the third, dealing
with the successive formations of the earth's crust, was added. Between
1830 and 1872 eleven editions of this work were published, each so much
enriched with new material and the results of riper thought as to form a
complete history of the progress of geology during that interval. Only a
few days before his death Sir Charles finished revising the first volume
of the 12th edition; the revision of the second volume was completed by
his nephew Mr (afterwards Sir) Leonard Lyell; and the work appeared in
1876.
In August 1838 Lyell published the _Elements of Geology_, which, from
being originally an expansion of one section of the _Principles_, became
a standard work on stratigraphical and palaeontological geology. This
book went through six editions in Lyell's lifetime (some intermediate
editions being styled _Manual of Elementary Geology_), and in 1871 a
smaller work, the _Student's Elements of Geology_, was based upon it.
His third great work, _The Antiquity of Man_, appeared in 1863, and ran
through three editions in one year. In this he gave a general survey of
the arguments for man's early appearance on the earth, derived from the
discoveries of flint implements in post-Pliocene strata in the Somme
valley and elsewhere; he discussed also the deposits of the Glacial
epoch, and in the same volume he first gave in his adhesion to Darwin's
theory of the origin of species. A fourth edition appeared in 1873.
In 1831-1833 Lyell was professor of geology at King's College, London,
and delivered while there a course of lectures, which became the
foundation of the _Elements of Geology_. In 1832 he married Mary
(1809-1873) eldest daughter of Leonard Horner (q.v.), and she became
thenceforward associated with him in all his work, and by her social
qualities making his home a centre of attraction. In 1834 he made an
excursion to Denmark and Sweden, the result of which was his Bakerian
lecture to the Royal Society "On the Proofs of the gradual Rising of
Land in certain Parts of Sweden." He also brought before the Geological
Society a paper "On the Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata of Seeland and
Möen." In 1835 he became president of the Geological Society. In 1837 he
was again in Norway and Denmark, and in 1841 he spent a year in
travelling through the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. This last
journey, together with a second one to America in 1845, resulted not
only in papers, but also in two works not exclusively geological,
_Travels in North America_ (1845) and _A Second Visit to the United
States_ (1849). During these journeys he estimated the rate of recession
of the falls of Niagara, the annual average accumulation of alluvial
matter in the delta of the Mississippi, and studied those vegetable
accumulations in the "Great Dismal Swamp" of Virginia, which he
afterwards used in illustrating the formation of beds of coal. He also
studied the coal-formations in Nova Scotia, and discovered in company
with Dr (afterwards Sir J. W.) Dawson (q.v.) of Montreal, the earliest
known landshell, _Pupa vetusta_, in the hollow stem of a Sigillaria. In
bringing a knowledge of European geology to bear upon the extended
formations of North America Lyell rendered immense service. Having
visited Madeira and Teneriffe in company with G. Hartung, he accumulated
much valuable evidence on the age and deposition of lava-beds and the
formation of volcanic cones. He also revisited Sicily in 1858, when he
made such observations upon the structure of Etna as refuted the theory
of "craters of elevation" upheld by Von Buch and Élie de Beaumont (see
_Phil. Trans._, 1859).
Lyell was knighted in 1848, and was created a baronet in 1864, in which
year he was president of the British Association at Bath. He was elected
corresponding member of the French Institute and of the Royal Academy of
Sciences at Berlin, and was created a knight of the Prussian Order of
Merit.
During the later years of his life his sight, always weak, failed him
altogether. He died on the 22nd of February 1875, and was buried in
Westminster Abbey. Among his characteristics were his great thirst for
knowledge, his perfect fairness and sound judgment; while the extreme
freshness of his mind enabled him to accept and appreciate the work of
younger men.
The LYELL MEDAL, established in 1875 under the will of Sir Charles
Lyell, is cast in bronze and is to be awarded annually (or from time
to time) by the Council of the Geological Society. The medallist may
be of any country or either sex. Not less than one-third of the annual
interest of a sum of £2000 is to be awarded with the medal; the
remaining interest, known as the LYELL GEOLOGICAL FUND, is to be given
in one or more portions at the discretion of the Council for the
encouragement of geological science.
See _Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart._, edited
by his sister-in-law, Mrs Lyell (2 vols., 1881); _Charles Lyell and
Modern Geology_, by T. G. Bonney (1895). (H. B. Wo.)
LYLY (LILLY, or LYLIE), JOHN (1553-1606), English writer, the famous
author of _Euphues_, was born in Kent in 1553 or 1554. At the age of
sixteen, according to Wood, he became a student of Magdalen College,
Oxford, where in due time he proceeded to his bachelor's and master's
degrees (1573 and 1575), and from whence we find him in 1574 applying to
Lord Burghley "for the queen's letters to Magdalen College to admit him
fellow." The fellowship, however, was not granted, and Lyly shortly
after left the university. He complains of what seems to have been a
sentence of rustication passed upon him at some period in his academical
career, in his address to the gentlemen scholars of Oxford affixed to
the second edition of the first part of _Euphues_, but in the absence of
any further evidence it is impossible to fix either its date or its
cause. If we are to believe Wood, he never took kindly to the proper
studies of the university. "For so it was that his genius being
naturally bent to the pleasant paths of poetry (as if Apollo had given
to him a wreath of his own bays without snatching or struggling) did in
a manner neglect academical studies, yet not so much but that he took
the degrees in arts, that of master being compleated 1575." After he
left Oxford, where he had already the reputation of "a noted wit," Lyly
seems to have attached himself to Lord Burghley. "This noble man," he
writes in the "Glasse for Europe," in the second part of _Euphues_
(1580), "I found so ready being but a straunger to do me good, that
neyther I ought to forget him, neyther cease to pray for him, that as he
hath the wisdom of Nestor, so he may have the age, that having the
policies of Ulysses he may have his honor, worthy to lyve long, by whom
so many lyve in quiet, and not unworthy to be advaunced by whose care so
many have been preferred." Two years later we possess a letter of Lyly
to the treasurer, dated July 1582, in which the writer protests against
some accusation of dishonesty which had brought him into trouble with
his patron, and demands a personal interview for the purpose of clearing
his character. What the further relations between them were we have no
means of knowing, but it is clear that neither from Burghley nor from
the queen did Lyly ever receive any substantial patronage. In 1578 he
began his literary career by the composition of _Euphues, or the Anatomy
of Wit_, which was licensed to Gabriel Cawood on the 2nd of December,
1578, and published in the spring of 1579. In the same year the author
was incorporated M.A. at Cambridge, and possibly saw his hopes of court
advancement dashed by the appointment in July of Edmund Tylney to the
office of master of the revels, a post at which, as he reminds the queen
some years later, he had all along been encouraged to "aim his courses."
_Euphues and his England_ appeared in 1580, and, like the first part of
the book, won immediate popularity. For a time Lyly was the most
successful and fashionable of English writers. He was hailed as the
author of "a new English," as a "raffineur de l'Anglois"; and, as Edmund
Blount, the editor of his plays, tells us in 1632, "that beautie in
court which could not parley Euphuism was as little regarded as she
which nowe there speakes not French." After the publication of
_Euphues_, however, Lyly seems to have entirely deserted the novel form
himself, which passed into the hands of his imitators, and to have
thrown himself almost exclusively into play-writing, probably with a
view to the mastership of revels whenever a vacancy should occur. Eight
plays by him were probably acted before the queen by the children of the
Chapel Royal and the children of St Paul's between the years 1584 and
1589, one or two of them being repeated before a popular audience at the
Blackfriars Theatre. Their brisk lively dialogue, classical colour and
frequent allusions to persons and events of the day maintained that
popularity with the court which _Euphues_ had won. Lyly sat in
parliament as member for Hindon in 1589, for Aylesbury in 1593, for
Appleby in 1597 and for Aylesbury a second time in 1601. In 1589 Lyly
published a tract in the Martin Marprelate controversy, called _Pappe
with an hatchet, alias a figge for my Godsonne; Or Crack me this nut; Or
a Countrie Cuffe, &c._[1] About the same time we may probably date his
first petition to Queen Elizabeth. The two petitions, transcripts of
which are extant among the Harleian MSS., are undated, but in the first
of them he speaks of having been ten years hanging about the court in
hope of preferment, and in the second he extends the period to thirteen
years. It may be conjectured with great probability that the ten years
date from 1579, when Edmund Tylney was appointed master of the revels
with a tacit understanding that Lyly was to have the next reversion of
the post. "I was entertained your Majestie's servaunt by your own
gratious favor," he says, "strengthened with condicions that I should
ayme all my courses at the Revells (I dare not say with a promise, but
with a hopeful Item to the Revercion) for which these ten yeres I have
attended with an unwearyed patience." But in 1589 or 1590 the mastership
of the revels was as far off as ever--Tylney in fact held the post for
thirty-one years--and that Lyly's petition brought him no compensation
in other directions may be inferred from the second petition of 1593.
"Thirteen yeres your highnes servant but yet nothing. Twenty freinds
that though they saye they will be sure, I finde them sure to be slowe.
A thousand hopes, but all nothing; a hundred promises but yet nothing.
Thus casting up the inventory of my friends, hopes, promises and tymes,
the _summa totalis_ amounteth to just nothing." What may have been
Lyly's subsequent fortunes at court we do not know. Edmund Blount says
vaguely that Elizabeth "graced and rewarded" him, but of this there is
no other evidence. After 1590 his works steadily declined in influence
and reputation; other stars were in possession of the horizon; and so
far as we know he died poor and neglected in the early part of James
I.'s reign. He was buried in London at St Bartholomew the Less on the
20th of November, 1606. He was married, and we hear of two sons and a
daughter.
_Comedies._--In 1632 Edmund Blount published "Six Court Comedies,"
including _Endymion_ (1591), _Sappho and Phao_ (1584), _Alexander and
Campaspe_ (1584), _Midas_ (1592), _Mother Bombie_ (1594) and _Gallathea_
(1592). To these should be added the _Woman in the Moone_ (Lyly's
earliest play, to judge from a passage in the prologue and therefore
earlier than 1584, the date of _Alexander and Campaspe_), and _Love's
Metamorphosis_, first printed in 1601. Of these, all but the last are in
prose. A _Warning for Faire Women_ (1599) and _The Maid's Metamorphosis_
(1600) have been attributed to Lyly, but on altogether insufficient
grounds. The first editions of all these plays were issued between 1584
and 1601, and the majority of them between 1584 and 1592, in what were
Lyly's most successful and popular years. His importance as a dramatist
has been very differently estimated. Lyly's dialogue is still a long way
removed from the dialogue of Shakespeare. But at the same time it is a
great advance in rapidity and resource upon anything which had gone
before it; it represents an important step in English dramatic art. His
nimbleness, and the wit which struggles with his pedantry, found their
full development in the dialogue of _Twelfth Night_ and _Much Ado about
Nothing_, just as "Marlowe's mighty line" led up to and was eclipsed by
the majesty and music of Shakespearian passion. One or two of the songs
introduced into his plays are justly famous and show a real lyrical
gift. Nor in estimating his dramatic position and his effect upon his
time must it be forgotten that his classical and mythological plots,
flavourless and dull as they would be to a modern audience, were charged
with interest to those courtly hearers who saw in Midas Philip II.,
Elizabeth in Cynthia and perhaps Leicester's unwelcome marriage with
Lady Sheffield in the love affair between Endymion and Tellus which
brings the former under Cynthia's displeasure. As a matter of fact his
reputation and popularity as a play-writer were considerable. Gabriel
Harvey dreaded lest Lyly should make a play upon their quarrel; Meres,
as is well known, places him among "the best for comedy"; and Ben Jonson
names him among those foremost rivals who were "outshone" and outsung by
Shakespeare.
_Euphues._--It was not, however, as a dramatist, but as the author of
_Euphues_, that Lyly made most mark upon the Elizabethan world. His
plays amused the court circle, but the "new English" of his novel
threatened to permanently change the course of English style. The plot
of _Euphues_ is extremely simple. The hero, whose name may very possibly
have been suggested by a passage in Ascham's _Schoolmaster_, is
introduced to us as still in bondage to the follies of youth,
"preferring fancy before friends, and this present humour before honour
to come." His travels bring him to Naples, where he falls in love with
Lucilla, the governor's light-minded daughter. Lucilla is already
pledged to Euphues's friend Philautus, but Euphues's passion betrays his
friendship, and the old lover finds himself thrown over by both friend
and mistress. Euphues himself, however, is very soon forsaken for a more
attractive suitor. He and Philautus make up their quarrel, and Euphues
writes his friend "a cooling card," to be "applied to all lovers," which
is so severe upon the fair sex that Lyly feels it necessary to balance
it by a sort of apology addressed "to the grave matrons and honest
maidens of Italy." Euphues then leaves Naples for his native Athens,
where he gives himself up to study, of which the first fruits are two
long treatises--the first, "Euphues and his Ephoebus," a disquisition on
the art of education addressed to parents, and the second, "Euphues and
Atheos," a discussion of the first principles of religion. The remainder
of the book is filled up with correspondence between Euphues and his
friends. We have letters from Euphues to Philautus on the death of
Lucilla, to another friend on the death of his daughter, to one Botonio
"to take his exile patiently," and to the youth Alcius, remonstrating
with him on his bad behaviour at the university. Finally a pair of
letters, the first from Livia "at the emperour's court to Euphues at
Athens," answered by "Euphues to Livia," wind up the first part, and
announce to us Euphues's intention of visiting England. An address from
Lyly to Lord Delawarr is affixed, to which was added in the second
edition "An Address to the Gentlemen Scholars of England."
_Euphues and his England_ is rather longer than the first part. Euphues
and Philautus travel from Naples to England. They arrive at Dover, halt
for the night at Fidus's house at Canterbury, and then proceed to
London, where they make acquaintance with Surius, a young English
gentleman of great birth and noble blood; Psellus, an Italian nobleman
reputed "great in magick"; Martius, an elderly Englishman; Camilla, a
beautiful English girl of insignificant family; Lady Flavia and her
niece Fraunces. After endless correspondence and conversation on all
kinds of topics, Euphues is recalled to Athens, and from there
corresponds with his friends. "Euphues' Glasse for Europe" is a
flattering description of England sent to Livia at Naples. It is the
most interesting portion of the book, and throws light upon one or two
points of Lyly's own biography. The author naturally seized the
opportunity for paying his inevitable tribute to the queen, and pays it
in his most exalted style. "O fortunate England that hath such a queene,
ungratefull if thou praye not for hir, wicked if thou do not love hir,
miserable if thou lose hir!"--and so on. The book ends with Philautus's
announcement of his marriage to Fraunces, upon which Euphues sends
characteristic congratulations and retires, "tormented in body and
grieved in mind," to the Mount of Silexedra, "where I leave him to his
musing or Muses."
Such is a brief outline of the book which for a time set the fashion for
English prose. Two editions of each part appeared within the first year
after publication, and thirteen editions of both are enumerated up to
1636, after which, with the exception of a modernized version in 1718,
_Euphues_ was never reprinted until 1868, when Dr Arber took it in hand.
The reasons for its popularity are not far to seek. As far as matter was
concerned it fell in with all the prevailing literary fashions. Its long
disquisitions on love, religion, exile, women or education, on court
life and country pleasures, handled all the most favourite topics in the
secularized speculation of the time; its foreign background and travel
talk pleased a society of which Lyly himself said "trafic and travel
hath woven the nature of all nations into ours and made this land like
arras full of device which was broadcloth full of workmanship"; and,
although Lyly steered clear in it of the worst classical pedantries of
the day, the book was more than sufficiently steeped in classical
learning, and based upon classical material, to attract a literary
circle which was nothing if not humanist. A large proportion of its
matter indeed was drawn from classical sources. The general tone of
sententious moralizing may be traced to Plutarch, from whom the treatise
on education, "Euphues and his Ephoebus," and that on exile, "Letter to
Botonio to take his exile patiently," are literally translated, as well
as a number of other shorter passages either taken direct from the Latin
versions or from some of the numerous English translations of Plutarch
then current. The innumerable illustrations based upon a kind of pseudo
natural history are largely taken from Pliny, while the mythology is
that of Virgil and Ovid.
It was not the matter of _Euphues_, however, so much as the style which
made it famous (see EUPHUISM). The source of Lyly's peculiar style has
been traced by Dr Landmann (_Der Euphuismus_, _sein Wesen_, _seine
Quelle_, _seine Geschichte_, &c. Giessen, 1881) to the influence of Don
Antonio de Guevara, whose _Libro Aureo de Marco Aurelio_ (1529)--a sort
of historical romance based upon Plutarch and upon Marcus Aurelius's
_Meditations_, the object of which was to produce a "mirror for
princes," of the kind so popular throughout the Renaissance--became
almost immediately popular in England. The first edition, or rather a
French version of it, was translated into English by Lord Berners in
1531, and published in 1534. Before 1560 twelve editions of Lord
Berners's translation had been printed, and before 1578 six different
translators of this and later works of Guevara had appeared. The
translation, however, which had most influence upon English literature
was that by North, the well-known translator of Plutarch, in 1557,
called _The Dial for Princes, Compiled by the Reverend Father in God Don
Antony of Guevara, Byshop of Guadix, &c., Englished out of the Frenche
by Th. North_. The sententious and antithetical style of the _Dial for
Princes_ is substantially that of _Euphues_, though Guevara on the whole
handles it better than his imitator, and has many passages of real force
and dignity. The general plan of the two books is also much the same. In
both the biography is merely a peg on which to hang moral disquisitions
and treatises. The use made of letters is the same in both. Even the
names of some of the characters are similar. Thus Guevara's Lucilla is
the flighty daughter of Marcus Aurelius. Lyly's Lucilla is the flighty
daughter of Ferardo, governor of Naples; Guevara's Livia is a lady at
the court of Marcus Aurelius, Lyly's Livia is a lady at the court "of
the emperor," of whom no further description is given. The 9th, 10th,
11th and 12th chapters of the _Dial for Princes_ suggested the
discussion between Euphues and Atheos. The letter from Euphues to Alcius
is substantially the same in subject and treatment as that from Marcus
Aurelius to his nephew Epesipo. Both Guevara and Lyly translated
Plutarch's work _De educatione liberorum_, Lyly, however, keeping closer
than the Spanish author to the original. The use made by Lyly of the
university of Athens was an anachronism in a novel intended to describe
his own time. He borrowed it, however, from Guevara, in whose book a
university of Athens was of course entirely in place. The "cooling card
for all fond lovers" and the address to the ladies and gentlemen of
Italy have their counterparts among the miscellaneous letters by Guevara
affixed by North to the _Dial for Princes_; and other instances of
Lyly's use of these letters, and of two other treatises by Guevara on
court and country life, could be pointed out.
Lyly was not the first to appropriate and develop the Guevaristic style.
The earliest book in which it was fully adopted was _A petite Pallace of
Pettie his Pleasure_, by George Pettie, which appeared in 1576, a
production so closely akin to _Euphues_ in tone and style that it is
difficult to believe it was not by Lyly. Lyly, however, carried the
style to its highest point, and made it the dominant literary fashion.
His principal followers in it were Greene, Lodge and Nash, his principal
opponent Sir Philip Sidney; the _Arcadia_ in fact supplanted _Euphues_,
and the Euphuistic taste proper may be said to have died out about 1590
after a reign of some twelve years. According to Landmann, Shakespeare's
_Love's Labour Lost_ is a caricature of the Italianate and pedantic
fashions of the day, not of the peculiar style of _Euphues_. The only
certain allusion in Shakespeare to the characteristics of Lyly's famous
book is to be found in _Henry IV._, where Falstaff, playing the part of
the king, says to Prince Hal, "Harry, I do not only marvel where thou
spendest thy time, but also how thou art accompanied; for, though the
camomile the more it is trodden on the faster it grows, yet youth the
more it is wasted the sooner it wears." Here the pompous antithesis is
evidently meant to caricature the peculiar Euphuistic sentence of court
parlance. (M. A. W.)
See Lyly's _Complete Works_, ed. R. W. Bond (3 vols., 1902);
_Euphues_, from early editions, by Edward Arber (1868); A. W. Ward,
_English Dramatic Literature_, i. 151; J. P. Collier, _History of
Dramatis Poetry_, iii. 172; "John Lilly and Shakespeare," by C. C.
Hense in the _Jahrbuch der deutschen Shakesp. Gesellschaft_, vols.
vii. and viii. (1872, 1873); F. W. Fairholt, _Dramatic Works of John
Lilly_ (2 vols., 1858); _Shakespeare's Euphuism_, by W. L. Rushton;
H. Morley, "Euphuism" in the _Quarterly Review_ (1861); R. W. Bond,
"John Lyly, Novelist and Dramatist," in the _Quarterly Review_ (Jan.
1896); J. A. Symonds, _Shakespeare's Predecessors_ (1883); J. D.
Wilson, _John Lyly_ (Cambridge, 1905); A. Ainger, "Euphuism," in
_Lectures and Essays_ (1905); and Albert Feuillerat, _John Lyly.
Contribution à l'histoire de la Renaissance en Angleterre_ (1910).