{ Ollinda[38]
{ Goyanna
Ollinda { Iguarassu
{ Pau d’ Alho
{ Limoeiro.
{ Recife
{ Serenhen
Recife { St. Antonio
{ St. Antao.
{ Porto Calvo
{ Alagoas
{ Atalaya
Alagoas { Anadia
{ Maceyo
{ Porto de Pedras
{ Poxim
{ Penedo.
Goyanna, situated in low ground between the rivers Capibari-mirim,
which washes it on the north, and Tracunhaen on the south, a little
more than a league above their confluence, is a large, populous,
and flourishing town, well supplied with meat, fish, and fruits. It
has a church of Our Lady of Rozario, a hermitage of the same name,
others of Amparo, Conceiçao, and the Senhor dos Martyrios, a house
of misericordia, a convent of slippered Carmelites, a Magdalen, two
bridges, and a Juiz de Fora; there is a royal professor of Latin. It
has a fair for cattle on Thursdays. A large quantity of cotton is
exported; the principal productions of the farmers of its extensive
district, where there are above twenty hermitages almost all with
chapels. It is sixty miles north-west of Ollinda, and fifteen from the
sea. In 1810 it had four thousand four hundred inhabitants, including
its district; but the town itself now contains near five thousand.
Seven miles south of the mouth of the river Goyanna, and near
the beach, is the parish of St. Lourenço de Tijucopabo, which is
augmenting. Thirty-five miles west of Goyanna is the parish of St.
Antonio de Tracunhaen, near to this river: its inhabitants cultivate
cotton.
Iguarassu is considerable, and the most ancient town of the province.
It is honoured with the title of loyal, and has a church dedicated to
the companion Saints of Cosme and Damiao, a house of misericordia,
a convent of Franciscans, a Magdalen, four hermitages, and is well
supplied with fish, meat, and fruits. It is five or six leagues north
of Ollinda, and two from the sea, upon the right bank of the river that
gives it the name, and which is formed by the small rivers Ottinga,
Pittanga, and Taype, that unite themselves above. There is a bridge
over it, and canoes arrive here with the tide, but smacks remain two
miles lower down. Sugar and cotton are the articles of exportation.
Two leagues north of Iguarassu, on the Goyanna road, is the
considerable village of Pasmado, inhabited by whites, in great part
locksmiths.
Pau d’Alho, situated upon the right bank of the Capibaribe, and
thirty-five miles from the capital, was created a town in 1812, has
a church dedicated to the Holy Spirit, a hermitage of Our Lady of
Rozario, and a market every eight days.
Limoeiro, also created a town in 1812, is upon the margin of the
Capibaribe, about thirty miles above Pau d’Alho, and has a church,
dedicated to Our Lady of Expectaçao, and a market every week. Cotton
constitutes the wealth of its inhabitants. Whilst I remained at
Pernambuco, an English gentleman proceeded to this town for the purpose
of establishing a machine for dressing cotton, in which, I understand,
he has been very successful.
Serenhen, founded in 1627 with the name of Villa Formoza, situated on
an eminence upon the margin and seven miles above the mouth of the
river from which it borrows the name, is small, and has a church,
dedicated to Our Lady of Conceiçao, two hermitages, and a convent of
Franciscans. Its environs are remarkable for fertility, abounding with
water and rich plantations of cane.
St. Antonio, so called after the patron of its church, is nine miles
north-west of Cape St. Augustin, near the margin of the Parapamba, and
has two hermitages, one of St. Braz, the other of Our Lady of Rozario.
It was erected into a town in 1812.
St. Antao, situated near the small river Tapacora, and created a town
in 1812, has a church dedicated to the same saint, and two chapels
of Rozario and Livramento, and a market every week. It produces much
cotton.
Amongst other places and considerable parishes in this comarca, is to
be remarked the Ipojuca, upon the margin of the river from which it
derives its name, two leagues distant from the sea, with a church of
St. Miguel, and a convent of Franciscans.
Muribeca, with a church of Nossa Senhora of Rozario, a hermitage of the
same name, and another of Livramento, is situated between the Recife
and Cape St. Augustin, about three miles from the sea. Sugar is the
produce of both these places.
Porto Calvo, a middling town with some commerce, and a church of Our
Lady of Aprezentaçao, is situated upon the margin of the river, from
which it takes the name, and twenty miles from the sea. Bom Successo
was its first name; to its haven formerly smacks arrived with the tide.
It is the native place of the mulatto Calabar, who, passing over to the
Dutch in 1632, was to them a great acquisition, and to the Pernambucans
a great injury; until he was delivered to the latter, as a reward for
their services, in order that he might receive the chastisement due to
his perfidy. At the taking of this town, a nephew of the Dutch general,
Count Nassau lost his life, and the celebrated Preto Henrique Dias part
of an arm. The latter afterwards distinguished himself in the battle of
the mountains of Gararappes.
Alagoas, so called from having its site upon a southern portion of the
lake Manguaba, created with the name of Magdalen, is considerable,
head of the comarca of its name, and the ordinary residence of the
ouvidor, who is also inspector of the woods of the royal marine. It
has a church of Nossa Senhora of Conceiçao, a convent of Franciscans,
another of slippered Carmelites, two orders of devout women, three
chapels, with the titles of Amparo, Rozario, and Bom Fim, and a royal
professorship of Latin. At all times it is well supplied with fish; and
abounds in the jaca and orange tree. In the beginning of last century
was exported from the district of this town, two thousand five hundred
rolls of tobacco, of eight arrobas each, and of such good quality,
that it was bought at fifty per cent. dearer than the same article
from Bahia. Sugar is at the present day the riches of its inhabitants.
A custom-house has been recently established within its jurisdiction,
in consequence of the considerable increase in the commerce of this
comarca.
Atalaya, six leagues distant from the preceding place, three by water,
and the rest by land, is in a fertile and wholesome country, possessing
excellent water, and having a church of Nossa Senhora das Brotas. Its
neighbourhood abounds with ipecacuanha, and cotton is cultivated with
the common provisions of the country. The number of its inhabitants,
including those of its district, amount to nearly two thousand; part
of them are _Caboclos_,[39] white, and with more regular features
than any other known tribe of Indians.
Anadia, a middling sized town, with a church of the Lady of Piety, is
fourteen leagues from Alagoas. Its inhabitants are Indians, Europeans,
whites of the country, and Mestiços, in number about ten thousand,
including those of the district; almost all are cultivators or
purchasers of cotton, its principal produce. By the same law, of 15th
December, 1815, which gave to the town of Penedo a Juiz de Fora, were
created the towns of Maceyo and Porto de Pedras.
Maceyo is a dismemberment of the Alagoas, having a district of more
than seven leagues of coast, computing from the river Alagoas to the
St. Antonio Grande. In this interval the following rivers run into
the sea:--The Doce, which is short, and comes from a small lake; the
Paratiji, the St. Antonio Mirim, and the Paripueira, which receives
the Cabuçu on the right, near its mouth. Maceyo is becoming a place of
some commerce, and will be the emporium of the trade of the comarca of
Alagoas. One English establishment already exists here, and shipments
are made direct from hence to Great Britain. An European first settling
in any of the towns of Brazil, and particularly in places of this
class, makes a sacrifice of all the comforts common to well regulated
society.
Porto de Pedras is a dismemberment of Porto Calvo; its district
embraces nearly nine leagues of coast, occupying the interval from the
aforesaid river St. Antonio Grande to the Manguape. The Cumuriji and
the Tatuamuhy are the principal rivers that empty themselves upon its
shores. The two last towns have each two ordinary judges, and one of
orphans; three _veradores_, or species of aldermen, a procurador
of the council, a treasurer, two clerks of the market, an alcaide,
with a scrivener of his office, two public scriveners, judicial and
notarial, the first of which holds that office in the council, also in
the customs, and is market clerk; the second also belongs to the office
of scrivener of the orphans.
Poxim, a small town upon the margin of the river of the same name,
which enters the sea three leagues to the north-east of Cururippe, has
a large bridge, and a church dedicated to Our Lady of Madre de Deos.
It is two miles from the ocean, is well supplied with fish, and has in
its district the new and yet small aldeia of Our Lady of Conceiçao, so
called after the patroness of the chapel which ornaments it; and where
upon festival days are assembled six hundred families, dispersed around
its neighbourhood. It is situated near the river Cururippe, four miles
from the sea; and its good port, where at present is only laden some
timber and oil of the _mamona_, with the fertility of the interior
territory, will contribute to render this a considerable place at some
future day. The land in the proximity of the shore is sandy, and well
adapted to the cajue-nut tree, which, in a short time grows to a large
size, and its fruit would furnish a branch of commerce.
Penedo, a considerable, populous, and commercial town, is situated
partly in a plain along the bank of the river St. Francisco, and
occasionally suffering by its inundations, and partly upon a height
at the extremity of a range, which is the first elevated land met
with on the northern margin, on ascending this river. Besides the
church dedicated to Nossa Senhora of Rozario, there is a hermitage
with the same title; another of the Lady of Corrente; others of St.
Gonçalo d’Amarante, St. Gonçalo Garcia, and a convent of Franciscans,
whose ill appropriated grounds occupy a situation the best suited for
the improvement of the povoaçao. It has a royal Latin master, and a
good house for the ouvidor. The houses were, till lately, miserable
buildings of wood; there are now many of stone, with two or three
stories, having portals of a species of grindstone. The river is here
near a mile in width, and the highest tide is three feet. The greatest
height of the river, that can be remembered, reached twenty feet. It
is about twenty-five miles from hence to the mouth of the river. The
confessional roll, which is a tolerably correct one, estimates the
population at eleven thousand five hundred and four, including that of
the district. By a law of the 15th of December, 1805, a Juiz de Fora
was granted to this town.
About twenty-five miles higher up, on the margin of the St. Francisco,
in a delightful situation, is the parish of Collegio, whose dwellers
only amount to ninety families, and are mostly Indians, of three
different nations. The Acconans who lived in the district of Logoa
Comprida, a few miles higher up the river: the Carapotos, who inhabited
the serra of Cuminaty: and the Cayriris, who dwelt in the vicinity of
the serra which takes from them its name. The main part of this colony
wander about when not occupied in fishing, according to the custom
of their ancestors, through a country six miles along the river, and
three broad, which was given to them for the purposes of agriculture.
The wives of these lazy poltroons work daily in making earthenware,
seated on the ground. They begin to make an earthen vessel by working
the clay on a banana leaf, placed upon their knees; afterwards it is
put upon a large dish, with pulverized ashes, when it receives the form
and last finish. Without any assistance from the men, they procure and
work up the clay, proceed to fetch the wood in order to set up large
fires every Saturday night for hardening the vessels made during the
week. The church was a Jesuitical chapel, which the district already
possessed.
In this comarca is the considerable arraial of St. Miguel, upon the
margin and seven leagues above the mouth of the river of the same name.
It has a church of Nossa Senhora of O, whose parishioners amount to
fifteen hundred, the main part dispersed.
The western portion of the province is much more extensive than the
preceding, but is very thinly inhabited, being a sterile and parched up
country, without other rains than those afforded by thunder showers.
In all parts, however, are met with portions of ground more or less
fertile, which would produce mandioca, Indian corn, feijao, hortulans,
cottons, fruits, and the sugar cane. Cattle are generally bred in this
vast district, and game abounds in great variety. It was included
in the jurisdiction of the ouvidor of Jacobina until 1810, when it
became a comarca, receiving the interior portion of that of Recife.
It is at present called the ouvidorship of the certam of Pernambuco,
the magistrate not having chosen the town for its head, by which it
ought to be designated. Cattle, hides, cotton, salt, and gold, are the
articles of its exportation.
RIVERS.--The Rio Grande and the Correntes are the only considerable
rivers.
The river St. Francisco, whose description we left off at the
confluence of the Carinhenha, only receives from thence to its entrance
into the ocean, five streams of any importance, namely, the Rans, the
Parimirim, the Verde, on the right, the Correntes, one hundred miles
below the first, and the Rio Grande, one hundred and forty lower on the
left, continuing from thence northward, with many small windings, being
of considerable width, and having many islands and some currents which
do not impede navigation. Its margins are flat, and in some parts so
low, that at the inundations, they are submerged for more than seven
miles. Below the confluence of Rio Grande, its course bends towards
the east, and then to the east-south-east, preserving the same width
for a long way, to the aldeia of Vargem Redonda, where the navigation
terminates from above, and the lateral lands begin to rise. Its channel
gradually becomes narrower, and the current is rapidly impelled between
blue and black rocks, to the small aldeia of Caninde, (the boundary
of the navigation from the ocean,) which is seventy miles below the
other. In this interval there are various large falls, of which the
most interesting and famous is that of Paulo Affonso. Between these
falls canoes navigate during the summer season. Through Caninde it
continues to run between stony banks, thinly covered with soil and
an impoverished vegetation, being one hundred fathoms in height, the
width of the river not exceeding a sling’s throw for the distance of
ten miles, to the mouth of the Jacare, where its elevated and rugged
banks terminate. Its bed in this part is overspread with cleft reefs,
appearing like the relics of a majestic sluice or dock.
Three leagues below is the small island of Ferro, where the margins
begin to diminish in elevation, and the river to augment in width,
exhibiting crowns of white sand, the resort of the ash-coloured and
white heron, and where myriads of black diving birds assemble; forming
themselves like a net, they encircle the fish in shoal places, not
infested by the dreaded _piranha_ fish. Here the sea-mew, and
other aquatic birds, make their nests in small holes, their young being
hatched by the heat of the sun.
Six leagues below the island of Ferro, is that of Oiro, also small,
high, and rocky, crowned with a hermitage of Nossa Senhora of Prazeres.
These are the only islands met with in the space of one hundred miles
from Caninde to the town of Penedo, where the small range of hills
that borders the left bank of the river terminates. Two miles below
Villa Nova, the elevation of the right margin also has its bounds,
and the river begins to divide its course, forming a great number
of islands, generally low, and abounding with woods, giving them an
agreeable aspect. They possess portions of fertile soil, where some
rice, maize, mandioca, sugar, and hortulans, are cultivated. Some are
sandy, others are composed of grey clay, with a bed of black above,
about a foot in depth and above this another, of yellow earth, from
three to four spans in thickness. The whole are submerged at the
period of the overflowings of this great river. The cassia tree is
here numerous, and extremely beautiful while blooming with its rosy
flowers. It affords a sort of husky fruit, two spans in length, and of
proportionable thickness, and abounds on both margins of the river for
about thirty-five miles above the town of Penedo. This river, so deep
in the interior of the continent, disembogues by two mouths of very
unequal size; the principal one is on the north, being near two miles
wide, with so little depth that the smacks can enter it only at high
water, and there wait for the full tides to get out. The navigation
from the falls, upwards, is performed in barks and _ajojos_, which
are two or more canoes moored together with cross pieces of timber
above. All produce descending the river below the falls is disembarked
at Vargem Redonda, a district of the parish and julgado of Tacaratu,
and transmitted on oxen to the port of Caninde, or Piranhas, which is
two miles lower down. The navigation from hence to Penedo, is solely
by the ajojos, and upwards always with a sail. The wind is favourable
from eight o’clock of the day to the following morning’s dawn, but
not without variation according to the age of the moon and the state
of the weather; always increasing at evening, and frequently becoming
quite calm before midnight. These craft descend always with a strong
current, whilst there is no wind to produce an agitation of the water.
When the breeze is high the current diminishes, and the river rises
above a span. Fish is more abundant above the falls, which difference,
the oldest men say originated in the extirpating system of fishing with
what are called _tapagens_, a mode of enclosing them, and which
was unjustly countenanced by the chief magistrates, who drew from this
abuse considerable revenues, which disappeared without leaving to the
public one signal of its expenditure. The most valuable fish of this
river are the _sorubin_, which grows to the size of a man; the
_mandin_, four feet in length, and proportionably thick, with
large beards; the _pira_, two feet long; and the _piranha_,
which is short and thick, with very sharp teeth, and fatal to all
living creatures that come within its reach. None of these fish have
scales. The _camurin_, with a white stripe on both sides; and the
_camurupin_, are both thick and scaly.
The dogs, as if by a natural instinct, do not approach the waters that
are muddy, but drink only at those parts where there is a current,
from an innate dread of the _piranhas_, which lurk about with
destructive intent in the dead waters.
The Correntes, which has a course of about one hundred and forty
miles, issues from a lake, and runs first under the name of Formozo,
receiving another river of the same name, and afterwards the Eguas,
Guara, and Arrojado. It affords navigation for a considerable space,
and disembogues into the St. Francisco ten miles below the chapel of
Bom Jesus da Lappa. All the branches mentioned issue from the skirts
or proximity of the serra of Paranan. Some run through auriferous
countries, where mining has originated only a few years, and which
has been the occasion of founding in the vicinity of the river Eguas
a chapel of Our Lady of Glory, whose parish contained six hundred and
eighty-four families, with one thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight
adults, in the year 1809; many being breeders of cattle, others
agriculturists.
The Rio Grande, whose original name is not known, and for which the
present one was substituted, in consequence of the ridiculous and
prevailing custom in the Brazil of designating many large rivers, of
various districts, by the term of Rio Grande, (Large River,) thereby
creating a confusion of names, has fifty leagues of course, and
originates in the serra of Paranan, near the register of St. Domingos,
about five leagues from the source of the Guara, a branch of the
Correntes. After flowing a considerable way, the Mosquito joins it, and
five leagues lower the Femeas, which rises fifteen miles from Serra
Tabatinga; twelve miles further it is entered by the Ondas, which
originates eight miles from the preceding, and nearer the Sobrado, an
arm of the Tucantines, and runs rapidly through a gold and diamond
country. Fifteen miles below, it receives the Branco, navigable to the
situation of Tres Barras, so called in consequence of the union with
it of the Riachao and the Janeiro, which enter in front of each other;
seventy miles lower also on the left, the Preto joins, which is one of
its largest tributaries, and rises in the skirts of the Serra Figuras,
which is a continuation of that of Mangabeiro, from whence issue the
other branches mentioned, excepting the Riachao. Its first name is the
river of Doirados, and its current of clear water is rapidly impelled
through a winding bed, edged with steep margins. It passes near the
village of Formoza, which has a hermitage of Senhor do Bom Fim, and
by the parish of St. Ritta, which is forty miles below the other,
and the same distance above the mouth of the river. The Rio Grande,
which enters the St. Francisco fifty miles below the confluence of
the Preto, is navigable to the mouth of the Ondas, and without falls
to the Branco, passes the parish of St. Anna de Campo Largo, which
is thirty-five miles above the embouchure of the Preto; it is well
stored with the _sorubin_, _crumatan_, large _doirados_, the _piranha_,
_piau_, _martrinchan_, and other sorts of fish. Its water has a
very different colour from the river which receives it, and remains
unchanged for a considerable distance after entering the St. Francisco.
The towns of this ouvidoria are,
Barra do Rio Grande
Santa Maria
Flores
Pilao Arcado
Assumpçao
Symbres.
The town of Barra do Rio Grande is at the northern angle of the
confluent which affords it the name, is in a state of mediocrity,
well supplied with meat and fish, and has some commerce. The church
is dedicated to St. Francisco das Chagas; and the number of its
inhabitants is included in one thousand and thirty-six families. The
passage of the St. Francisco, here a mile wide, is much frequented.
Pilao Arcado, created a town in 1810, is one hundred miles below the
preceding, and is well situated near a small hill upon the margin of
the St. Francisco, its only resource for water, and whose greatest
inundations always visit it with some injury. The church, dedicated to
St. Antonio, is new, and solidly built with bricks and lime. The houses
are generally earth and wood, and many of them covered with straw. It
has three hundred families, which are increasing, and, with those of
its vast district, comprise five thousand inhabitants, who cultivate
mandioca, maize, vegetables, good melons, and water-melons, upon the
margins of the river. The land around it is generally wild and sterile,
and alone appropriated to the breeding of cattle, which are subject
to the horrible mortality, produced by frequent droughts. There are
a great many small lakes, at various distances from the river, all
more or less brackish, and upon whose margins the salt, formed by the
ardent heat of the sun, appears like hoarfrost. The water of these
lakes (and even soft water) filtered through a contiguous earth in
wooden vessels, or leather finely perforated, and exposed on boards to
the weather, in eight days of heat crystallizes, becoming salt as white
as marine salt. Although in lands which have proprietors, they are,
like auriferous soils, reputed common to all those who wish to benefit
by them, and are a great resource for the poor, almost all the salt
here produced is transmitted to the centre of Minas Geraes.
Villa Real de Santa Maria, situated upon an island three miles long,
and a great distance below the preceding, has the aspect of an aldeia,
with one hundred and sixty families, chiefly Indians, who are hunters,
fishermen, and agriculturists, and are exempt from tribute. Their wives
spin and weave cotton, and work in the manufactory of earthenware, of
which a considerable portion is exported.
The town of N. Senhora d’Assumpçao takes the name from the patroness
of its church. The inhabitants, comprising one hundred and fifty-four
families, are all Indians; they fish, hunt, and cultivate mandioca,
maize, water-melons, hortulans, and cotton. It is at the western
extremity of an island eighteen miles long, and the same distance below
the preceding town. In front of this island is the middling arraial and
julgado of Quebrobo, with a church of Conceiçao, whose parishioners,
about eighteen hundred and twenty-seven families of all complexions,
are mostly dispersed over its vast district. Cotton and cattle are
their productions.
Flores, erected into a town in the year 1810, is yet small and in the
vicinity of the river Pajehu. A filial chapel of the parish of Quebrobo
serves it for a church. The inhabitants draw their subsistence from the
breeding of cattle, and the culture of cotton.
Symbres, formerly Ororoba, is a small town of Chucuru Indians, with
some whites and mesticos, cultivators of cotton and the provisions of
the country. The wives of the first make earthenware with considerable
art, and spin and weave cotton. They utter great lamentations when
their husbands do not bring home game from the woods. The church is
dedicated to the Lady of the Mountain; and its population consists of
four hundred and eighty families.
The considerable arraial, julgado, and parish of St. Antonio, in
the district of Garanhuns, bordering upon the preceding, is of this
comarca, having been, with the latter one, dismembered from that of the
Recife. Its people grow cotton.
In this ouvidorship is also the parish of St. Anna do Sacramento do
Angical, dismembered from that of Campo Largo, from which it is distant
thirty miles, and ten from the margin of the Rio Grande.
Having concluded the description of the province, we will now proceed
to a consideration of its capital, commonly called Pernambuco, (which
name is a corruption of Paranabuco, by which the Cahetes designated the
port, where at the present day the smallest class of vessels anchor,)
and is understood to comprehend two distinct places, the city of
Ollinda and the town of Recife, (so called from the reef in front of
it,) with an interval of a league, communicating by a narrow sand-bank
from north to south, also by an arm of the sea that enters the small
river Biberibe, which runs along the said sand-bank from one place
to the other, and likewise by a road on the main land, at no great
distance from the western margin of the same river.
RECIFE, which is the official designation of the capital,
the government documents being so signed, is large, populous, and
commercial, with tolerable houses, handsome churches, a convent of
priests of the congregation of Oratorio, another of Franciscans, a
third of slippered Carmelites, an alms and entertaining house of
Terra Santa, another of Italian Barbonios, a recolhimento of women,
an episcopal palace, and an hospital of Lazarettos. The Jesuits had
a college here, which now constitutes the palace of the governors.
This town is divided into three portions, or districts, by the river
Capibaribe, namely, Recife, St. Antonio, and Boavista. Each of these
forms a separate parish, and they communicate by two bridges; that of
Boavista, which is chiefly of wood, and paved, is three hundred and
twenty paces long; that of St. Antonio, two hundred and ninety paces
across, was in great part of stone, but having given way, the remainder
is imperfectly supplied with wood, not admitting of the passage of a
carriage, and has been allowed to remain for a considerable time in
this condition, so disreputable to the town. At each end it has a stone
arch of rather an elegant construction, above which there are small
chapels, niches, and saints, where mass is celebrated. In the street,
fronting the niches with saints, many of the inhabitants prostrate
themselves, at dusk, for some time in a posture of devotion. The
bridges are flat and not many feet above the level of the sea.
The first part, or the Recife, occupies a peninsula, and is the
emporium of the town’s commerce, the stores of the merchants being
situated in it. The tongue of land, or sand-bank before mentioned,
which extends itself from Ollinda to the south between the sea and the
river Biberibe, terminates here. It is the site of the custom-house,
which of itself is an indifferent edifice. The Rua das Cruzes is the
best street, and although short is wide and neat; the others are mostly
paved, but are narrow and inelegant. Its church, which is handsome, and
commonly designated Corpo Santo, has for its nominal patron St. Pedro
Gonsalvez.
The second portion of the town, called St. Antonio, occupies another
peninsula, which is the northern extremity of the island, formed by two
arms of the Capibaribe. It was first planted with cocoa-nut trees by
Prince Nassau, the Dutch governor, who erected Fribourg House for his
own residence, and founded the town of Mauritius upon it. It has better
streets than the Recife, although generally sandy, and not paved, with
high footways laid with bricks. Here is a small square, surrounded with
neat houses, having only a ground floor, with a piazza to the interior
front, and may be denominated a species of bazar, consisting solely
of shops, where a variety of articles are sold. The mother church is
dedicated to SS. Sacramento. The treasury and the governor’s palace are
situated here. The latter is not the residence of the governor, but
contains various public offices, and is used for a sort of levee, held
upon occasions of the birthday of any of the royal family.
The third part of the town, called Boavista, is the only portion
susceptible of any considerable increase, being situated on the
continent. It has advanced in magnitude with the others, but is
destitute of regularity, which may be attributed to the negligence of
the senate in not having marked out the streets in right lines at its
commencement. Its church is also dedicated to SS. Sacramento. Here also
the Dutch governor built the first house, which he called Boavista,
and, being a Portuguese name, the place has retained it. These three
portions, running in a line from east to west, form this large and
flourishing town, which, besides the governor, has an ouvidor, a port
admiral, a Juiz de Fora, each of them having various inspections, and
three royal professors of Latin, one of philosophy, and another of
eloquence and poetry. The usual junta, or council da fazenda real, to
decide upon all matters relative to the province, is composed of the
governor, the ouvidor, the Juiz de Fora, the attorney-general, the port
admiral, the chief of the treasury, and the judge or comptroller of the
custom-house, who hold their sittings at the treasury. The suburbs are
an extensive plain, with handsome cocoa-nut tree groves, interspersed
with _sitios_, or country-houses. The inhabitants drink the water
principally of the Biberibe, collected into a reservoir at Ollinda,
formed by a sort of barrier, denominated a _varadoiro_, which
impedes the further advance of the tide, and accumulates the fresh
water above. This bulwark, which also serves as a bridge or passage
over the river to Ollinda, is in part covered by a handsome archway,
below which the water passes through circular spouts, and at the other
parts by larger and square channels; presenting altogether twenty-four
mouths, from whence the water issues in spray, forming many pleasing
cascades. From hence it is conveyed in covered canoes for the supply of
the Recife. The water of the Capibaribe is also brought in canoes from
Monteiro.
The port of Recife, which is not deep enough for vessels of a large
class, is amongst the most wonderful works of nature. A recife, or
chain of reef, which extends itself from the entrance of Bahia to Cape
St. Roque, parallel with and at no great distance from the shore, in
no part appears so much like an operation of human art as here. It is
prolonged for the space of a league in a direct line with and about two
hundred yards from the beach, having the aspect of a large flat wall,
being always above the level of the sea, and at low water six feet is
discovered. This reef, which is perpendicular on the land side, and
gradually declining on the other, here suddenly disappears opposite
the most northern part of the Recife, having on its extremity the fort
of Picao, and forming a fine harbour, which must have been the sole
inducement for the foundation of the capital in this situation. Vessels
entering the port navigate as near as possible to the internal side of
the reef, where they require much depth till they arrive at the most
commodious place of anchorage. The occasionally agitated ocean here
finds its bounds, and dashes in tumultuous and angry waves against the
reef, the foaming spray not disturbing the smooth water within, but
affording a delightfully cooling freshness, as well as an interesting
spectacle, to the houses situated upon the beach, and principally
occupied in stores by the merchants. Large ships anchor to the north of
the fort of Picao, in a bay without shelter, fronting the forts of Brun
and Buraco, situated upon the before-mentioned sand-bank. The fort of
Brun, which the Dutch commenced on the 25th of June, 1631, and gave it
the name of a maternal relative of their General Theodore, had for some
time among the Pernambucanans the appellation of Perreril.
This place, while yet of little consequence, was taken by the Dutch
in 1630, who retained it for twenty-four years, and did more for it
in public works during that time, as was candidly admitted to me by
a Portuguese gentleman holding a public situation here, than has
ever been done since. Among the monuments which attest the spirit of
improvement that marked the Dutch possession of this part of the
Brazil, there is (or was a few years ago) a stone of European marble
bearing the following inscription:
Op Gebouwt
onder
D’Hooge Regeringe
van
Præsid^t en Raden,
Anno MDCLII.[40]
This stone was seen by several of the English merchants within the last
three years at the door of the church of Corpo Santo, among the masonry
work destined for the completion of this fine edifice; but it certainly
is not introduced into the walls of the building, nor could I discover
any trace of it.
The before-mentioned forts, and that of Cinco Pontas, at the southern
extremity of St. Antonio, are the principal ones that defend the place;
the two first are in good order.
A league to the south of Recife, near the southern arm of the
Capibaribe, is the arraial of Affogadas, which is increasing, and is
ornamented with three hermitages, of Nossa Senhora of Paz, of Rozario,
and of St. Miguel. There is here a wooden bridge communicating with St.
Antonio.
The city of Ollinda, which, as has been observed, constitutes a part
of Pernambuco, was burnt by the Dutch in 1631, and is beautifully
situated upon a cluster of eminences, which are the commencement of
a small cordillera, that extends itself towards the interior of the
continent. It was in former times rich, flourishing, and powerful, and
was erected into an episcopal city in the year 1676, but continued
to fall into decay, and is at present poor and thinly inhabited,
owing to the vicinity of the town of Recife, which has deprived it of
all its commerce. It is, however, a fine retreat for the studious,
convalescent, or misanthropical, who seek retirement from the tumult
and bustle of the world. It has a house of misericordia, with its
hospital, a recolhimento, or Magdalen house, a convent of Franciscans,
one of unslippered Carmelites, another of slippered Carmelites, and a
fourth of Benedictines; a palace in which the governors in former times
were obliged to reside six months in the year; an episcopal palace,
finely situated, but much deteriorated, being unoccupied in consequence
of the death of the bishop; a seminary in the ex-Jesuitical college,
with schools, and professors of Greek, Latin, French, geography,
rhetoric, universal history, philosophy, drawing, ecclesiastical
history, dogmatical and moral theology, a great number of hermitages,
and a garden of trees and exotic plants, chiefly Asiatic, from whence
the farmers can transplant them into their own grounds. It has also
the bread-fruit tree and Otaheitan cane, and occupies an advantageous
situation, but is not kept in good order. This city is divided into two
parishes, one of them being of the cathedral, which is a magnificent
edifice, with three naves, dedicated to St. Salvador, and contains
eight hundred and eighty houses; the other has for parochial the church
of St. Pedro Martin, and comprises three hundred and fifteen houses.
The senate is rich; almost all the houses pay to it a _testoon_
(three hundred reas) of tax for each span of front. Almost all have
large gardens, but generally of little or no utility. The ground is
appropriated to the cultivation of fruitful trees, of which mangoes are
the principal.
The last donatory of this province affirmed that Ollinda, when it was
burned, had two thousand five hundred houses, which were estimated to
contain twenty-five thousand inhabitants.
The decay of Ollinda was considered by many of its inhabitants as
a punishment for the pride of its rich and leading persons, whose
libertinism had arrived at such a pitch, that an orator preaching
on a festival day in one of the parish churches, and energetically
declaiming against the vices prevailing in the country, some of the
principal people commanded him to be silent, and dragged him with
violence from the pulpit, without the auxiliary priests being able to
prevent the outrage.
The convents, which are handsome and well-built, occupy the finest
situations in Ollinda, generally upon the acclivity or summits of
the eminences, from whence the views are interesting. Some of these
religious establishments have now but few friars, and one of them was
occupied by a military detachment. The walls surrounding the grounds of
several, I observed, were broken down in many parts, and in a state of
dilapidation; and the enclosures, which would have formed fine pleasure
grounds, were barren, unplanted, and quite neglected.
[Illustration: A MATUTO RETURNING FROM PERNAMBUCO.]
On proceeding from hence by the sand-bank to the Recife, I was
suddenly startled at the appearance of a human skull and bones,
near a pillar or beacon situated between the two forts. Considerably
impressed by so unexpected a sight, and moving slowly forward with such
feelings as it was calculated to excite, not having any other idea but
that they were the remains of some murdered person, I found myself in
the midst of human bones, over-spreading the summit of the sand-bank. I
now began to surmise that it was the cemetery of the blacks, which was
confirmed on my arrival at the Recife. The dead bodies of the negroes
are wrapped up in a piece of coarse cotton cloth, and being thinly
covered with sand is the reason of their remains soon becoming thus
indecently exposed. I understand that the white people were at one time
also interred here. The English have a burying-ground at St. Amaro, not
far from Boavista.
The roads branching off from Pernambuco into the interior are very
good for a few miles, although sandy, and in some parts deep. They
soon begin to contract into narrow bridle-ways, and are the tracks
of troops of horses coming from the certams with cotton principally,
and some other produce. The horses here are, from the sandy nature
of the roads, never shod, and those driven from the interior by
the _mattutos_[41] (inhabitants of the mattos, or woods) are
generally very miserable and poor, and seem almost to give way under
the burden of two bags of cotton, attached one on each side to a rudely
constructed pack-saddle. Cords are commonly used by these persons
for stirrups, into which they introduce the great toe. Their dress,
consisting of a coarse cotton shirt hanging loosely over drawers, or
trowsers, reaching to the calf of the leg, with a large slouching
straw or black hat, a gun occasionally borne over one shoulder, and a
sword in a wooden sheath, awkwardly suspended from a leathern belt,
gives them a singular appearance. Some of these groups are rather of
a superior order, being dressed in brown leathern overalls, a jacket,
and a low round hat of the same. Parties of men and horses are thus
continually arriving at and departing from Pernambuco. The men exhibit
a great variety of complexions, and not one is to be seen that can be
said to be of pure European descent, all having a mixture of Indian and
African physiognomy. They are generally active and well formed. Few are
Indians, more are mesticos.
The cotton planters, as well as proprietors of sugar works, visit
the emporium of Pernambucan commerce in their gayest vestments, with
their horses caparisoned in all the trappings and paraphernalia of
Portuguese saddlery. The Brazilians generally, when they go from
home, are fond of external show, without regard to much neatness,
and upon those occasions they form a striking contrast to their
general disgusting appearance in their domestic circles. There the
men are usually seen with a dressing gown, or a shirt worn loosely
over drawers, without stockings, their breasts exposed, and indulging
inert and slovenly propensities. The females, having this example
before them, claim some allowance for their loose and slatternly
mode of dressing, when at home, and their worse habit of generally
expectorating, without regard to person, time, or place. Young females
are entitled to much consideration also, on account of the illiberal
system pursued in their education and manner of bringing up. They
are, it may be said, almost excluded from society; and the suspicious
treatment they experience from their parents must tend to extinguish
every liberal and moral sentiment; in fact, it cannot be considered
that those very parents themselves possess much, or they would not
subject them to an ungracious and scrutinizing watch, by generally
keeping them shut up, so that they do not enjoy even the necessary
exercise for health, to which their Turkish mode of sitting on the
ground or upon mats, is not very congenial. If a family walk out, the
daughters precede the father and mother, and the negroes, frequently
composing the whole household, bring up the rear. Their grand
opportunities for displaying their persons are religious holidays and
festivals, and the midnight masses at the churches are said to be fully
attended by the females.
The lady of General Rego, the governor, who is a very accomplished
woman, has endeavoured, very amiably but ineffectually, to introduce
a social intercourse amongst the families, and particularly the
females, of Pernambuco; and although this lady succeeded in making a
commencement, it was afterwards declined by the families themselves,
from the ridiculous excuse that it would become expensive to have new
dresses for every fresh visit. The general also gave a public ball to
the inhabitants, which was followed by one on the part of the English
merchants; but it would appear, with the exception of some of the
leading persons, that the inhabitants, from their little intercourse
with the world, are yet inimical to any refined system of society.
The cotton planters, and senhors d’engenho in the interior, are stated
to be liberal and hospitable to strangers; and many of them, who have
been recently acquiring considerable property, live in a comparatively
comfortable style.
Apathy is a strong characteristic in the lower orders of Brazilians.
In my various excursions near Pernambuco, I have seen men, at all
hours of the day, stretched out upon tables, upon mats, or in redes,
(nets,) slumbering their time away. If this class of people can obtain
sufficient to satisfy the wants of the day, their views extend no
further, and industry is no where seen amongst them; besides, the
agricultural arm is paralysed nearly one-third of the year by holidays
and saint days.
I was very hospitably entertained during a portion of my stay at
Pernambuco by John Lempriere, Esq. the British consul, whose sitio
is at the Solidado, a small hamlet, in which is situated a palace,
formerly belonging to the bishop. It is a fine edifice, and built
with uniformity, but is now rapidly sinking into decay, which
will not be less accelerated by the use to which it is at present
appropriated--that of a barrack. I brought a letter of introduction
to Mr. Cockshott, when we immediately recognised each other as old
acquaintances, his family and mine having been upon the most intimate
terms of friendship for many years. I experienced great kindness from
him, as well as many of the English merchants residing here, and spent
a portion of my time at his country sitio, pleasantly situated at
Ponta de Cho, upon the margin of the Capibaribe, from whence I was
accompanied by Mr. Ray, the American consul, who also has a house here,
to visit many of the neighbouring places, and cannot upon this occasion
refrain from doing justice to my feelings, in acknowledging his frank
and spontaneous attention and liberality.
The rides from Recife to Ponta de Cho, by several roads, are equally
delightful, being partly bordered with lime hedges, and fences formed
of the cocoa branch, interspersed with verdant foliage, and all the
variety of fruit trees peculiar to the clime; groups of the high
towering cocoa-nut tree heighten the beauty of the scenery, every where
richly wooded.
The roads branching from Boavista, and meeting in one, about half-way
to Ponta de Cho, are adorned with some elegant white houses, in a very
excellent state of exterior repair, the grounds being enclosed by
lofty walls, and many of the front entrances, consisting of a handsome
portico, excelling any thing in this style near Rio de Janeiro. Every
hundred yards, places of this character are met with to Ponta de Cho,
where the river opens out and presents a very pleasing scene, the road
running for a short distance along its margin, fronted by the residence
of the governor, not very gracefully ornamented with a chapel in the
middle of the entrance court. From hence the main road leaves the
river, and for about two miles presents many neat houses to the Poco de
Panela, some of them being the residences of English merchants.
In this interval the village of Casa Forte is passed, celebrated
for having been one of the scenes of contest between the Dutch and
Portuguese. The village of Poço de Panela is upon the left bank of the
river, and is enlivened with houses of much more taste and neatness
than a stranger would expect to see, with the impressions made upon his
mind on landing at Recife.
It must be observed, that although the environs of Pernambuco have a
fertilized appearance, in consequence of being well wooded, the soil is
in a miserable state of cultivation, and not rendered so productive,
by two-thirds, as it might be, being very generally uncleared of the
brushwood, and a great portion remaining in its primeval condition.
Proceeding from Ponta de Cho, by the Cruz das Almas road, which leads
to Ollinda, a great proportion of the surrounding country is in a wild
state; here and there are seen small patches of mandioca, groves of
cocoa-nut, and other fruit trees, but the general aspect demonstrates
the want of industry, for it would be expected that every yard of
ground so near to a commercial city, with nearly one hundred vessels
of different classes usually lying in its port, would be in progress
at least of agricultural improvement. It is also remarkable, that
between Recife and Ollinda, which latter city was formerly the seat
of government and the centre of commerce, there is not a good road
the whole way, parts of it for a considerable distance assuming the
appearance of a mere track. The present governor has ordered a road
to be commenced by a nearer route, and in many places the germ of
improvement in this essential point is observable, new roads being
partly made and staked out. Intelligence and civilization is only
diffused through a country by facility of communication, and to General
Rego, the Pernambucanans are indebted for promoting this blessing;
the roads in the immediate vicinity of the town have been widened and
otherwise improved by his orders; and it is highly to be wished that
such a spirit, tending so much to the real benefit of the province, may
be encouraged. The revolution here, in 1817, is said to have materially
retarded improvement, as that measure was brought about, not from any
genuine sentiments of liberty, the four or five persons at the head of
it being only desirous of procuring their individual aggrandizement;
and it is said that such jealousy at last existed amongst them, that
they attended the council secretly armed. They were men of no talent,
and the principal actor, Senhor Martyens, was a decayed Portuguese
merchant, from London. They, as well as many others, paid the forfeit
of their lives for prematurely attempting a change which they did not
understand, but which the lapse of a few years has, happily for the
advancement of this country, brought about.
[Illustration: STYLE OF HOUSES AT POCO DE FERNELLA.]
[Illustration: NEGROES IMPELLING A CANOE WITH THE YARA & SCENERY AT
PONTA DECHO.]
The new constitution of Portugal, already adopted at Para and Bahia,
was spontaneously acceded to by the governor, the different
public officers, and the people, without any effusion of blood, in
the month of January, 1821. The imprisonment at Bahia, since 1818, of
some of the first men of Pernambuco, arrested on suspicion of being
implicated in the revolution, will now no doubt have its termination.
That event brought upon Pernambuco a strict military government, and
at the corner of every street after dusk, the ear was assailed by the
military watch-word; under such a system, the inhabitants could not
have been more fortunate than in the selection of General Rego for
their governor, whose military experience was acquired with much credit
in the Peninsular campaign, and whose gentlemanly and friendly conduct
would tend to soften the rigours of a military occupation of the town.
To the ready assistance and attention of the governor to all matters in
which their interests are concerned, the English merchants bear their
united testimony.
During the Christmas holidays, and the hottest weather, Poço de
Panela, Ponta de Cho, and the neighbouring, and more distant villages
of Monteiro (the road to which partly leads by a bridle-way through
woods) and of Caxanga, (where there is a spring of chalybeate water,
approached also by a bye-way after crossing the river,) are fully
occupied by the families of Recife, in their gayest attire and the
ladies are frequently seen at the windows or at the doors, the men
devoting the days of the holidays to gambling, seated in the verandas,
playing at cards or backgammon. At this season the roads are also
enlivened with horsemen going their evening rounds to these places
of resort. Another very pleasing excursion to Ponta de Cho, Poço de
Panela, and Monteiro, is by the river Capibaribe, whose winding banks
are bordered with white cottages and houses, some of a very superior
appearance, also inhabited during this period, and each having a
bathing house rudely enough formed of the branches of the cocoa-nut
tree. Innumerable canoes are seen gliding along the river, impelled
with more velocity than by the oar or the paddle, by two vara men,
who are negroes dressed in white cotton trowsers, exhibiting all the
muscular movements of their naked arms and bodies in the exertion of
using the vara, which, when well and regularly executed, is rather
a graceful labour. A whole family, with furniture, and all the et
ceteras, are moved up the river to their summer abode in this manner;
and the ladies, in their smart dresses, with French hats and white
plumes nodding to the river’s breeze, do not seem to regret that it is
but transient liberty they are going to enjoy, and which they indulge
in by a more free exhibition of themselves, and also by daily bathing
in the river, probably two or three times, remaining in the water an
hour or an hour and a half at once. They are said to be more expert
divers and swimmers than the men, and it is not rare to see parties of
them swimming about with much confidence, their hair being generally
neatly dressed and bound up. One evening, on approaching the banks of
the river beyond Monteiro, with Mr. Ray, some females were bathing,
and amongst them were an old gentleman and his young wife, with whom
Mr. R. was acquainted. We took off our hats, and the compliment was
very cordially returned by the whole party, by a low dip in the water;
on re-passing a considerable time afterwards we observed them still
enjoying this refreshing amusement. Previously to my leaving Ponta
de Cho, the _premier chuvas_ (first rains) were setting in,
and the river already conveyed many canoes with families and their
furniture on the return. The heaviest rains begin about March, when
this part of the country is partially inundated and forsaken till
the dry season recommences. There are various religious festivals
during the holidays at different churches, in honour of saints. Those
that appeared to attract the most attention were at the church of
the Mount at Ollinda, at St. Amaro, and the Poço de Panela; to the
latter, the English subscribed a certain sum each. Many people were
assembled, and the houses were dedicated to the purposes of gambling.
The multitude seemed to loiter about without any object, and there was
a deadness and want of spirit and gaiety in their general demeanor.
The church was open, which I entered in the midst of the ceremony
of christening a child; a large lighted wax candle was as quickly
introduced into my hand, and I was thus enlisted into the ranks. A band
of music was playing in the gallery, to dissipate the shrill notes of
the youngster, who was fingered rather roughly by the padre in the
course of various ceremonies he performed, and in which he applied a
considerable portion of salt. When the infant, after undergoing the
last form of having a silver crown placed upon its head, was returned
to its mother, it appeared quite exhausted; and a pretty general round
of embracing concluded the ceremony. The master of the festa, and his
wife and daughters were there: the females were splendidly dressed,
but the absence of the graces prevented these adornments from having
their due effect upon the imagination. The fire-works supplied by the
subscription, and which concluded this festival, were, I understood,
very indifferent.
[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF THE SENHOR D’ENGENHO DE TORRE. NEAR
PERNAMBUCO.]
The Christmas holidays are deemed by the merchants a great interruption
to commerce, as no shipments can be made or business transacted during
that period. The English establishments here amount to sixteen, and
through their medium this province is supplied with every species of
English manufactures. They labour, as has been previously stated, under
considerable difficulties, in consequence of the mal-operation of
the pauta. The produce shipped from hence, consists principally of
cotton and sugar; of the latter, about twenty-five thousand cases
annually, nearly one-half to England, and the remainder to Lisbon:
the quantity of the former averages about eighty thousand bags, sixty
thousand being sent to Great Britain, and the remainder principally to
Lisbon. The Pernambuco cotton is the best in the Brazil, arising in
part from the rigid inspection which it undergoes. A new inspection
house was erected here, upon the beach, called the Forte do Matto, in
the year 1815. The cotton is bought by the merchant at a certain price,
when it is submitted to inspection and divided into three qualities;
for the second quality, which is permitted to pass with the first, the
merchant receives an allowance of five hundred reas per arrobe, from
the planter; the third quality is totally rejected. The bags are then
weighed for the merchant to pay the export duty, and as one bag is
only weighed at a time, there has been considerable delay in getting
the cotton through the inspection house for shipment. The present
governor attended here, and attempted to make arrangements for weighing
the cotton quicker, but matters shortly afterwards reverted to their
anterior state. Sugar is classed into nine different qualities, and
distinguished by the following marks, commencing with the finest and
continuing by gradations downwards.
B F _Branco Fino_. }
R F _Ridondo Fino_. }
B R _Branco Ridondo_. } Paying a shipping duty of sixty
R B _Ridondo Branco_. } reas per arrobe.
B B _Branco Baixo_. }
B I _Baixo Inferior_. }
MM _Muscovado Macho_. }
MR _Muscovado Retame_. } Ditto of thirty reas per arrobe.
MB _Muscovado Brame_. }
The sugar engenhos are some of them very considerable, and the two
accompanying plates are representations of the exterior and interior of
the Engenho de Torre not far from the right margin of the Capibaribe.
The owner, who has amassed a respectable property, very politely
allowed four gentlemen with myself to see this establishment. The
juice is extracted by the compressure of the cane between three
upright rollers, the centre one moving the other two, and being itself
constantly carried round by relays of mares, which have a singular
appearance from their ears being closely cropped. The juice flows
along a channel to a lower apartment in the building, where it goes
through the different processes of boiling, and when completed is much
inferior to the West-Indian sugar, and generally in a very dirty state.
The English merchants were desirous of getting a clergyman from
England, having been without the performance of divine service for a
considerable period; and, besides the want of an opportunity to fulfil
one of the most essential and important duties in life, an unfavourable
impression could not but operate against them in the minds of the
inhabitants, from their having no public observance of religion. The
contribution fund, in the hands of the committee, amounts to upwards of
five thousand pounds, which those gentlemen have been anxious to apply
to the purposes for which it is intended, that of building a church
and an hospital, and the payment of a clergyman and a medical man,
which latter appointment is filled by Dr. Ramsay, a gentleman of great
acquirements in his profession, and deservedly and universally beloved
and esteemed.
I accompanied him and some of the merchants, upon one occasion, amongst
many others in which they had been endeavouring to obtain suitable
buildings for a church, hospital, and residences for the doctor and a
clergyman. The building which we saw had been recently erected, was
very spacious, surrounded with some grounds, and well adapted for the
purpose; the reason it was not rented or purchased arose from the
proprietor demanding an exorbitant price.[42]
We, at the same time, paid a visit to Mr. Koster, (a gentleman known to
the literary world by the publication of his travels in the northern
part of the Brazil,) who had just arrived at Recife from Goyanna, from
whence, in consequence of his indifferent state of health, he travelled
in a net suspended between two horses, which was rendered, he said,
a less disagreeable mode of conveyance, by the ambling pace of the
horses. Mr. Koster had removed his residence to Goyanna, in hopes that
the climate would be more suitable to his health and constitution; but
his very delicate appearance indicated a rapid decline, and I regret to
say that he did not long survive.
[Illustration:
_On Stone by C. Shoosmith from a Sketch by Ja^s Henderson._
_Printed by C. Hullmandel._