Walt Whitman, the poet, has sketched in graphic language the scenes of
that most eventful fourteenth of April. His account of the assassination
has become historic, and is herewith given:
“The day (April 14, 1865) seems to have been a pleasant one throughout
the whole land--the moral atmosphere pleasant, too--the long storm, so
dark, so fratricidal, full of blood and doubt and gloom, over and ended
at last by the sunrise of such an absolute national victory, and utter
breaking down of secessionism--we almost doubted our senses! Lee had
capitulated, beneath the apple tree at Appomattox. The other armies, the
flanges of the revolt, swiftly followed.
“And could it really be, then? Out of all the affairs of this world of
woe and passion, of failure and disorder and dismay, was there really
come the confirmed, unerring sign of peace, like a shaft of pure
light--of rightful rule--of God?
“But I must not dwell on accessories. The deed hastens. The popular
afternoon paper, the little Evening Star, had scattered all over its
third page, divided among the advertisements in a sensational manner in
a hundred different places:
“‘The President and his lady will be at the theatre this evening.’
“Lincoln was fond of the theatre. I have myself seen him there several
times. I remember thinking how funny it was that he, the leading actor
in the greatest and stormiest drama known to real history’s stage,
through centuries, should sit there and be so completely interested in
those human jackstraws, moving about with their silly little gestures,
foreign spirit, and flatulent text.
“So the day, as I say, was propitious. Early herbage, early flowers,
were out. I remember where I was stopping at the time, the season being
advanced, there were many lilacs in full bloom.
“By one of those caprices that enter and give tinge to events without
being a part of them, I find myself always reminded of the great tragedy
of this day by the sight and odor of these blossoms. It never fails.
“On this occasion the theatre was crowded, many ladies in rich and gay
costumes, officers in their uniforms, many well-known citizens, young
folks, the usual cluster of gas lights, the usual magnetism of so many
people, cheerful with perfumes, music of violins and flutes--and over
all, that saturating, that vast, vague wonder, Victory, the nation’s
victory, the triumph of the Union, filling the air, the thought, the
sense, with exhilaration more than all the perfumes.
“The President came betimes, and, with his wife, witnessed the play
from the large stage boxes of the second tier, two thrown into one,
and profusely draped with the national flag. The acts and scenes of the
piece--one of those singularly witless compositions which have at the
least the merit of giving entire relief to an audience engaged in mental
action or business excitements and cares during the day, as it makes not
the slightest call on either the moral, emotional, esthetic or
spiritual nature--a piece in which among other characters, so called, a
Yankee--certainly such a one as was never seen, or at least like it
ever seen in North America, is introduced in England, with a varied
fol-de-rol of talk, plot, scenery, and such phantasmagoria as goes to
make up a modern popular drama--had progressed perhaps through a couple
of its acts, when, in the midst of this comedy, or tragedy, or non-such,
or whatever it is to be called, and to offset it, or finish it out, as
if in Nature’s and the Great Muse’s mockery of these poor mimics, comes
interpolated that scene, not really or exactly to be described at all
(for on the many hundreds who were there it seems to this hour to have
left little but a passing blur, a dream, a blotch)--and yet partially
described as I now proceed to give it:
“There is a scene in the play, representing the modern parlor, in
which two unprecedented ladies are informed by the unprecedented
and impossible Yankee that he is not a man of fortune, and therefore
undesirable for marriage-catching purposes; after which, the comments
being finished, the dramatic trio make exit, leaving the stage clear for
a moment.
“There was a pause, a hush, as it were. At this period came the death of
Abraham Lincoln.
“Great as that was, with all its manifold train circling around it, and
stretching into the future for many a century, in the politics, history,
art, etc., of the New World, in point of fact, the main thing, the
actual murder, transpired with the quiet and simplicity of any commonest
occurrence--the bursting of a bud or pod in the growth of vegetation,
for instance.
“Through the general hum following the stage pause, with the change
of positions, etc., came the muffled sound of a pistol shot, which not
one-hundredth part of the audience heard at the time--and yet a moment’s
hush--somehow, surely a vague, startled thrill--and then, through the
ornamented, draperied, starred and striped space-way of the President’s
box, a sudden figure, a man, raises himself with hands and feet,
stands a moment on the railing, leaps below to the stage, falls out of
position, catching his boot heel in the copious drapery (the American
flag), falls on one knee, quickly recovers himself, rises as if nothing
had happened (he really sprains his ankle, unfelt then)--and the figure,
Booth, the murderer, dressed in plain black broadcloth, bareheaded, with
a full head of glossy, raven hair, and his eyes, like some mad animal’s,
flashing with light and resolution, yet with a certain strange calmness
holds aloft in one hand a large knife--walks along not much back of the
footlights--turns fully towards the audience, his face of statuesque
beauty, lit by those basilisk eyes, flashing with desperation, perhaps
insanity--launches out in a firm and steady voice the words, ‘Sic
semper tyrannis’--and then walks with neither slow nor very rapid pace
diagonally across to the back of the stage, and disappears.
“(Had not all this terrible scene--making the mimic ones
preposterous--had it not all been rehearsed, in blank, by Booth,
beforehand?)
“A moment’s hush, incredulous--a scream--a cry of murder--Mrs. Lincoln
leaning out of the box, with ashy cheeks and lips, with involuntary cry,
pointing to the retreating figure, ‘He has killed the President!’
“And still a moment’s strange, incredulous suspense--and then the
deluge!--then that mixture of horror, noises, uncertainty--the sound,
somewhere back, of a horse’s hoofs clattering with speed--the people
burst through chairs and railings, and break them up--that noise adds
to the queerness of the scene--there is inextricable confusion and
terror--women faint--quite feeble persons fall, and are trampled
on--many cries of agony are heard--the broad stage suddenly fills
to suffocation with a dense and motley crowd, like some horrible
carnival--the audience rush generally upon it--at least the strong
men do--the actors and actresses are there in their play costumes
and painted faces, with mortal fright showing through the
rouge--some trembling, some in tears--the screams and calls, confused
talk--redoubled, trebled--two or three manage to pass up water from the
stage to the President’s box, others try to clamber up, etc., etc.
“In the midst of all this the soldiers of the President’s Guard,
with others, suddenly drawn to the scene, burst in--some two hundred
altogether--they storm the house, through all the tiers, especially the
upper ones--inflamed with fury, literally charging the audience with
fixed bayonets, muskets and pistols, shouting, ‘Clear out! clear out!’
“Such a wild scene, or a suggestion of it, rather, inside the playhouse
that night!
“Outside, too, in the atmosphere of shock and craze, crowds of people
filled with frenzy, ready to seize any outlet for it, came near
committing murder several times on innocent individuals.
“One such case was particularly exciting. The infuriated crowd, through
some chance, got started against one man, either for words he uttered,
or perhaps without any cause at all, and were proceeding to hang him
at once to a neighboring lamp-post, when he was rescued by a few heroic
policemen, who placed him in their midst and fought their way slowly and
amid great peril toward the station-house.
“It was a fitting episode of the whole affair. The crowd rushing
and eddying to and fro, the night, the yells, the pale faces, many
frightened people trying in vain to extricate themselves, the attacked
man, not yet freed from the jaws of death, looking like a corpse; the
silent, resolute half-dozen policemen, with no weapons but their little
clubs, yet stern and steady through all those eddying swarms, made,
indeed, a fitting side scene to the grand tragedy of the murder. They
gained the station-house with the protected man, whom they placed in
security for the night, and discharged in the morning.
“And in the midst of that night pandemonium of senseless hate,
infuriated soldiers, the audience and the crowd--the stage, and all
its actors and actresses, its paint pots, spangles, gas-light--the
life-blood from those veins, the best and sweetest of the land, drips
slowly down, and death’s ooze already begins its little bubbles on the
lips.
“Such, hurriedly sketched, were the accompaniments of the death of
President Lincoln. So suddenly, and in murder and horror unsurpassed, he
was taken from us. But his death was painless.”
The assassin’s bullet did not produce instant death, but the President
never again became conscious. He was carried to a house opposite the
theatre, where he died the next morning. In the meantime the authorities
had become aware of the wide-reaching conspiracy, and the capital was in
a state of terror.
On the night of the President’s assassination, Mr. Seward, Secretary
of State, was attacked while in bed with a broken arm, by Booth’s
fellow-conspirators, and badly wounded.
The conspirators had also planned to take the lives of Vice-President
Johnson and Secretary Stanton. Booth had called on Vice-President
Johnson the day before, and, not finding him in, left a card.
Secretary Stanton acted with his usual promptness and courage. During
the period of excitement he acted as President, and directed the plans
for the capture of Booth.
Among other things, he issued the following reward:
REWARD OFFERED BY SECRETARY STANTON. War Department, Washington, April
20, 1865. Major-General John A. Dix, New York:
The murderer of our late beloved President, Abraham Lincoln, is still at
large. Fifty thousand dollars reward will be paid by this Department
for his apprehension, in addition to any reward offered by municipal
authorities or State Executives.
Twenty-five thousand dollars reward will be paid for the apprehension
of G. W. Atzerodt, sometimes called “Port Tobacco,” one of Booth’s
accomplices. Twenty-five thousand dollars reward will be paid for the
apprehension of David C. Herold, another of Booth’s accomplices.
A liberal reward will be paid for any information that shall conduce to
the arrest of either the above-named criminals or their accomplices.
All persons harboring or secreting the said persons, or either of them,
or aiding or assisting their concealment or escape, will be treated
as accomplices in the murder of the President and the attempted
assassination of the Secretary of State, and shall be subject to trial
before a military commission, and the punishment of death.
Let the stain of innocent blood be removed from the land by the arrest
and punishment of the murderers.
All good citizens are exhorted to aid public justice on this occasion.
Every man should consider his own conscience charged with this solemn
duty, and rest neither night nor day until it be accomplished.
EDWIN M. STANTON, Secretary of War.