_SUGGESTIONS._
IF, in offering a few practical suggestions, we either repeat ourselves,
or communicate common-place hints, those who may know already all we
shall essay to tell them will please to pardon and pass on.
All the information essential under this head relates to collecting,
examining, and preserving microscopic fungi.
Collecting does not differ, except in the objects themselves, from any
other botanical collecting. Those who attempt it must be prepared to
sacrifice their kid gloves and patent-leather boots, to put on
waterproofs and perseverance, and come home sometimes disappointed. The
requisites for good work are but few, and easily supplied. A strong
knife, a pocket lens, and a box or leather bag, will be all that is
really essential. But where shall we go—and when? Hedge-banks, the sides
of ditches, borders of woods, anywhere, if the plants are to be found on
which the fungi are parasitic. We flatter ourselves on being rather
successful in collecting, and our favourite localities have always been
the dampest places in woods, railway-banks, and waste places. It is a
great mistake to endeavour to go over a large tract of ground. We have
spent a whole day in a little chalkpit, which had fallen into disuse,
and grown wild. Fifty yards into a wood is as much, as we attempt, when
alone; and a spot six yards square has afforded us occupation for hours.
It is better to examine a small space thoroughly than to scamper on,
mile after mile, and find nothing.
When? is as much to be noted as where! All the year round we shall be
sure of finding something of interest. As soon as the last patch of
winter’s snow has melted from the ground, and green leaves begin to
unfold themselves, the search may begin. Cluster-cups (_Æcidium_) will
be the earliest forms encountered. On the leaves of _Lapsana communis_,
and the pilewort, these will be found before the majority of plants have
burst their buds. Henceforth, other forms will gradually appear, until
May or June. One or two species of _Puccinia_ will be seen in April or
May, but from that period until autumn, species of _Trichobasis_ will be
common. In June and July the smuts belonging to the genus _Ustilago_ are
most plentiful, and from August to October _Puccinia_ and its allied
genera will have the ascendant; so that from March to October there is
continually succeeding each other some species of parasitic fungus
belonging to the Uredines. From October to March need be no more a
season of repose from the search of these minute plants than from March
to October. So long as the ground is not covered with snow there will
always be something to find on dead leaves, rotten sticks, &c., when
there is not a green leaf to be seen. But these belong to a section to
which we have studiously avoided all reference in the foregoing pages.
General instructions will not always apply; but in most instances, the
lowest and earliest leaves, in which vitality appears to decline, will
be most likely to suffer from the attacks of fungi. This rule must not
be too stringently applied; the species of _Æcidium_, for instance, will
generally be found on vigorous green leaves.
Having found a plant infected with some rust or brand, and by means of a
pocket lens assured yourself that it is such, although the power is
insufficient to tell what it is, collect as many leaves as you are
likely to require; place them flat one upon the other, to prevent their
curling up at the edges, should the weather be hot, and yourself far
from home, and lay them in your box; or if you should take in preference
an old book with stiff covers, place them separately between the leaves
of your book, and they will be in still better condition, if you desire
to preserve them. Arrived at home with the results of your trip, proceed
at once to lay them between folds of blotting-paper, submit them to a
gentle pressure, and change the papers daily until your leaves are dry,
not forgetting to keep a scrap of paper with each collection, stating
date and locality, to which, after microscopical examination, the name
may be added. When thoroughly dry, your leaves may be preserved for
reference in old envelopes, with the particulars endorsed on the
outside. Fungi on leaves will generally be examined to the greatest
advantage in the fresh state, but if too much pressure is not employed
in the drying, it will not be difficult even in that condition to make
out their characteristic features. Care must be taken, by changing their
position, that moulds of other kinds do not establish themselves upon
the specimens in drying, or that when dried they do not fall a prey to
_Eurotium herbariorum_.
If it is intended to add these leaves to your herbarium, or to form a
special herbarium for them, they should be mounted on white paper, first
by affixing one or two leaves by means of thin glue to a paper about
four inches square, on which the name, date, and locality may be
written, and attaching several of these _species_-papers to a larger or
_genus_-paper, or by devoting each larger paper to a species, adding in
future other varieties, and enclosing all the _species_-papers of the
same genus within a folded sheet, on which the name of the genus is
written.
We have adopted, for our own herbarium, the “foolscap” size. A sheet of
paper receives within its fold the specimens of a single species; these
are affixed to the right-hand page, when the sheet is open, and a small
envelope is attached by its face to the same page at the bottom, in
which loose specimens are kept for minute and special examination, or as
duplicates. When the sheet is folded, the specific name is written at
the right-hand lower corner, or, what is better, a strip containing that
name and its number is cut from a copy of the “Index Fungorum,” kept for
the purpose, and gummed in its place. The remainder of this page, which
is of white cartridge paper, is occupied with memoranda referring to the
species enclosed, sketches of the spores, synonyms, references to
descriptions, &c. All the species-papers of each genus are placed
together within a sheet of brown paper, half an inch larger in each
direction, with the name of the genus written at the left-hand corner. A
piece of millboard, the size of the covers when folded, separates each
order.
When a leaf, or other portion of a plant, is to be examined under the
microscope, with the view of determining the genus and species of its
parasite, it may be fastened with small pins to a piece of sheet cork,
two or three inches square, and about one-eighth of an inch in
thickness, such as used for lining entomological cabinets, and so placed
under a lens that it may easily be brought into focus, and both hands
left at liberty; or a dissecting microscope may be used for the purpose.
From one of the pustules the spores may be removed on the sharp point of
a penknife, and placed in a drop of water on a glass slide. A thin glass
cover is placed over the drop of water, and the slide is submitted to
examination. For further satisfaction it will often be found necessary
to make carefully a thin section of a pustule, and place this under the
microscope, a more troublesome but also much more satisfactory method.
Reference to the Appendix will soon determine the name and position of
the fungus, provided it belongs to the section to which this volume is
devoted.
If it is thought desirable to mount the spores as permanent objects,
there is no obstacle to such a proceeding. The spores of the different
species of _Aregma_, of _Triphragmium_, and many of the _Pucciniæ_, will
be worth the trouble. We have tried several media, and only adopted
Glycerine or Balsam; either of these, especially the former, if the
greater difficulty of securely closing can be overcome, will answer the
purpose.
It should be remarked that in the examination of moulds, such as those
of the genus _Peronospora_, included in this work, if any fluid be
added, the acrospores are immediately disconnected from the threads, and
float in the medium; so that if their mode of attachment or arrangement
would be studied, that must be achieved without the addition of any
fluid whatever.
The best methods of observing germination, the production of zoospores,
&c., have been detailed already.
Thus do we arrive at the close of the task which we had set ourselves to
perform. This fragment of a history of microscopic fungi goes forth to
plead for students, and prepare the path for somewhat more complete. Is
it not a shame that more than two thousand species of plants (never mind
how minute, how insignificant) should be known to exist, and constitute
a flora, in a nation amongst the foremost in civilization, and yet be
without a complete record? It is nevertheless true that hundreds of
minute organisms, exquisite in form, marvellous in structure, mysterious
in development, injurious to some, linked with the existence of all, are
known to flourish in Britain without a history or description, in the
language of, or produced in, the country they inhabit. It is also true
that the descriptions, by which they should be known, of hundreds of the
rest lie buried in a floating literature whence the youthful and ardent
student needs, not only youth and ardour, but leisure and perseverance
unlimited to unearth them. This, however, by the way; we may be too
great dotards on our native land, and foolish in our desire to see her
in advance, and not in the rear in scientific attainments, pursuits, and
productions of other and, perhaps, less favoured nations.
Already we fear that some of our readers will have thought our story of
rust, brand, and mildew interminable, and looked anxiously for the
close. On the other hand, we would flatter ourselves into the belief
that some have made a new acquaintance with these minute and mysterious
forms, and would fain know more. The groups of fungi which we have
endeavoured to illustrate have, with but few exceptions, one feature in
common, _i.e._, that they are parasitic on living plants. These
constitute but a small portion of the microscopical species found in
this country. To the elegant forms of mould which inhabit decaying
vegetable substances no allusion has been made. These constitute a fairy
flora of forests and gardens with features as varied, and fruits as
multiform, as those of the trees and flowers of the earth. The numerous,
and often marvellous, phases of low life developed upon dead leaves and
rotten sticks, would in description occupy a far greater space than we
have devoted to our subject. Yet, for all these, we have not spared so
much as a passing word. The treasures still left unopened are far richer
than even those we have revealed. The gates of another world have been
thrown open, but we have scarcely passed the threshold. A minutely and
elaborately illuminated page of the book of Nature has been turned, and
we have only perused a single line. We might traverse the primeval
forests of the new world, and explore the unknown regions of the old,
and not encounter so much to excite our admiration, or cause our wonder,
as lies about our feet at home; marvels which we tread beneath our feet,
or kick from our path, because they appear to be only rotten sticks,
withered grass, and decaying leaves. All this may appear as the dream of
an enthusiast, or the ravings of one on whom the moon has shone too
often. When Columbus spoke of a new world beyond the seas, which he
longed to seek and explore, some believed him duped, and others called
him mad. We write of no chimerical El Dorado, we speak of no
undiscovered world, and yet we seem to allude to wonders still unknown,
because so few have had the courage to venture upon the journey for
themselves.
In sober earnestness, however, let us commend this pursuit to all who
possess a microscope and leisure to use it. It may be for a time the
“pursuit of knowledge under difficulties,” on account of the condition
of our literature on this special subject; but many workers will produce
more readers, and good books will come when there are more to purchase
and appreciate. It is not improbable that in more cases than have come
under our own observation, microscopists wearied of diatoms and allied
forms, or deeming themselves in possession of all that is novel or
interesting in this direction, are seeking for a new field of labour,
and a new subject to kindle up a new enthusiasm. To these we have
advised, and to any more such we continue to advise, that fungi should
have a fair trial. If variety is desired, here they will have at least
2,000 species for a knowledge of which the microscope is essential. If
they thirst for discovery, let them be assured that here also the
earnest worker is sure to meet with such a reward. Or if they would
acquaint themselves with the manifestations of Divine power as developed
in the most minute of created things, let them follow such observers as
Tulasne and De Bary, and seek the “why and the wherefore” of the
phenomena of mycetal life.
If there should still be any hesitation whether there is in this pursuit
sufficient of the element of variety, for those who do not desire to
pursue the subject into its deepest scientific recesses, to render it
available for them, let them go to a good public library, such as that
of the British Museum, and inquire for the large illustrated work by
Corda, entitled “Icones Fungorum,” or the more recent volumes by Tulasne
(Selecta Fungorum Carpologia), and examine the figures of microscopic
fungi in either of those works, and decide for themselves.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX A.
----------
CLASSIFICATION & DESCRIPTIONS OF FUNGI CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.
-------
=ÆCIDIACEI=.
Peridium elongated—
separating in threads _Rœstelia_.
rupturing irregularly _Peridermium_.
Peridium abbreviated, or _Æcidium_.
semi-immersed
Peridium immersed _Endophyllum_.
RŒSTELIA, _Reb._
_Peridium_ elongated, at length opening by lateral fissures, or a
terminal lacerated mouth. _Spermogonia_ on the opposite surface,
on the same or on different leaves.
=Rœstelia cancellata=, Reb. PEAR-LEAF RŒSTELIA; spots yellow, then red,
prominent; peridia split to the base into laciniæ, which remain united
at the apex.—On Pear leaves. Not very common. Autumn. (Plate II. figs.
20, 21.)
=Rœstelia cornuta=, Tul. HORN-LIKE RŒSTELIA; spots rusty-brown; peridia
cylindrical, slightly curved, yellowish-brown; spores greyish, at length
brown.—On the under surface of the leaves of Mountain-Ash. Not common.
August. (Plate II. figs. 18, 19.)
=Rœstelia lacerata=, Tul. LACERATED RŒSTELIA; peridia clustered in
tufts, brown, elongated, splitting to the base in segments; spores light
brown.—On the under surface of the leaves, and on the petioles and fruit
of the Hawthorn. Not uncommon. May to July. (Plate II. figs. 22, 26.)
PERIDERMIUM, _Chev._
_Peridium_ elongated, at length bursting irregularly. _Spermogonia_
scattered, conspicuous.
=Peridermium Pini=, Chev.; peridia oblong, scattered, large; spores
orange, abundant; spermogonia vernal or autumnal, or both; spermatia
large, white.—On leaves and young branches of Scotch Fir. Common in
Scotland, occasional in England. Summer. (Plate II. figs. 27, 28.)
=Peridermium elatinum=, Lk.; simple, immersed; peridia elliptic, pallid;
sporidia orange.—On Silver Fir, altering both foliage and ramification.
Not common.
ÆCIDIUM, _Pers._
_Peridium_ seldom elongated, opening by a terminal mouth, surrounded
by a fringe of recurved teeth, or when short bursting
irregularly. _Spores_ disposed in chains. _Spermogonia_ on the
same or the opposite surface, clustered or scattered, central or
intermixed.
SECT. I.—_Peridia scattered_ (_not collected in tufts or clusters_).
=Æcidium leucospermum=, DC. WHITE-SPORED CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellowish;
peridia scattered, often covering the whole under surface; spores white,
ovate.—On both sides of the leaves of the wood-anemone. Common. June.
(Plate I. figs. 4-6.)
=Æcidium quadrifidum=, DC. FOUR-LOBED CLUSTER-CUPS; spots brownish;
peridia scattered, occupying almost the entire under surface; spores
brown, subglobose.—On the under side of leaves of Anemone in gardens.
(Lobes at the mouth of the peridium not constantly four.) April to May.
=Æcidium albescens=, Grev. MOSCHATEL CLUSTER-CUPS; leaf blistered,
whitish, scattered; peridia white, split into a few large teeth; spores
yellowish-white.—On leaves and petioles of _Adoxa moschatellina_. Not
uncommon. April.
=Æcidium Epilobii=, DC. WILLOW-HERB CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated;
peridia scattered, at length oval, wider above; spores orange, at length
brown.—On the under side of leaves of _Epilobium montanum_, _E.
hirsutum_, and _E. palustre_, rarely on the upper. Common. June to
August.
=Æcidium Thesii=, Desv. BASTARD-TOADFLAX CLUSTER-CUPS; spots
obliterated; peridia scattered or biseriate; short, cylindrical, margin
irregularly toothed, erect; spores yellowish, then dingy.—On _Thesium
humifusum_. Downs near Winchester. July, 1864. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct.
14, 1864. (Plate III. figs. 50, 51.)
=Æcidium Soldanellæ=, Hornsch. SOLDANELLA CLUSTER-CUPS; spots
obliterated; peridia solitary, scattered over the inferior surface;
spores orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of _Soldanella
alpina_.
=Æcidium Tragopogonis=, Pers. GOATSBEARD CLUSTER-CUPS; spots
obliterated; peridia scattered, torn, wider above; spores orange, at
length black.—On stems, leaves, and involucres of common Goatsbeard.
Very common. May to June. (Plate I. figs. 1-3.)
=Æcidium Euphorbiæ=, Pers. SPURGE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, leaf
thickened; peridia scattered or crowded, distinct; spores orange.—On the
under surface of the leaves of Spurge. Common. May to June.
SECT. II. _Peridia in tufts or clusters._
α. _Elongatæ._
=Æcidium Berberidis=, Pers. BERBERRY CLUSTER-CUPS; spots roundish,
bright red; subiculum thickened; peridia in subrotund or oval patches,
often elongated; spores orange.—On leaves, peduncles, and fruit of the
common Berberry. Common. May to July. (Plate I. figs. 7-9.)
=Æcidium Thalictri=, Grev. MEADOW-RUE CLUSTER-CUPS; collected in
roundish clusters; peridia oblong; spores bright orange.—On _Thalictrum
alpinum_. Not uncommon in Scotland.
=Æcidium crassum=, Pers. BUCKTHORN CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow-brown,
subiculum thickened; peridia crowded into a roundish heap, at first
globose, yellow, at length open; spores orange.—On _Rhamnus catharticus_
and _R. frangula_. Common.
=Æcidium Periclymeni=, DC. HONEYSUCKLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots variegated,
yellow and brown, subiculum thickened; peridia sometimes elongated, in
roundish or effused heaps; spores orange.—On the under surface of
Honeysuckle leaves. Not common. June to August.
β. _Poculiformæ._
=Æcidium Calthæ.= Grev. MARSH-MARIGOLD CLUSTER-CUPS; aggregate; peridia
somewhat campanulate, with numerous minute marginal teeth; spores bright
orange, subglobose or oval.—On leaves and petioles of _Caltha
palustris_. Margin of peridia pale and brittle. Rare. Spring.
=Æcidium Ranunculacearum=, DC. CROWFOOT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated,
subiculum thickened; peridia in irregular heaps, densely crowded
together; spores orange.—On leaves of various _Ranunculaceæ_; very
common on _R. Ficaria_, not uncommon on _R. repens_, more rarely on _R.
acris_ and _R. bulbosus_. Spring. (Plate II. figs. 12-14.)
=Æcidium Galii=, Pers. BEDSTRAW CLUSTER-CUPS; spots linear or oblong,
obscurely brown; peridia scattered, rarely aggregate, dentate, whitish;
spores white.—On the leaves of _Galium verum_ and _G. mollugo_. (Plate
II. figs. 15-17.)
I am doubtful whether the _Æcidium_ on _Galium mollugo_ is really this
species.—(_M. C. C._)
=Æcidium Bunii=, DC. PIG-NUT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum
thickened; peridia in irregular subrotund or oval heaps; spores
orange.—On _Bunium bulbocastanum_ and _Pimpinella saxifraga_. Spring.
=Æcidium Valerianacearum=, Dub. VALERIAN CLUSTER-CUPS; hypogenous,
rarely cauline, spots on a thickened subcircular or oblong base; peridia
scattered, more or less crowded, cup-shaped, tawny, margin erect,
denticulate; spores dirty-yellow.—On _Valeriana officinalis_ and _V.
dioica_. North Britain.
=Æcidium Asperifolii=, Pers. BORAGE CLUSTER-CUPS; clusters subrotund, on
a slightly thickened subiculum; peridia scattered; spores
yellowish-white.—On leaves of various _Boragineæ_. Summer. The parts of
the leaves on which it occurs are rendered concave on one side and
convex on the other.
=Æcidium Grossulariæ=, DC. GOOSEBERRY CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, bright
red on the opposite side, with a yellow border; peridia crowded in
roundish heaps, at length brown, and surrounded with a brown area;
spores orange.—On leaves and fruit of Gooseberry and Currant. Common.
May to June.
=Æcidium Urticæ=, DC. NETTLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum
thickened; peridia disposed in elongated or subrotund heaps, at first
subglobose, then gaping; spores orange.—On leaves and stems of Nettles,
distorting them very much. Common. June. (Plate I. figs. 10, 11.)
=Æcidium Behenis=, DC. BLADDER-CAMPION CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, brown
on opposite side; peridia somewhat circinating, in subrotund heaps;
spores brown.—On _Silene inflata_. Not common. Some of the peridia are
short and open, others larger and closed.
=Æcidium Orobi=, DC. BITTER-VETCH CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, effused;
peridia scattered and disposed in small heaps; spores at length
white.—On stems and leaves of _Orobus tuberosus_. Scotland.
γ. _Subimmersæ._
=Æcidium Compositarum=, Mart. COMPOSITE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purplish,
subrotund, confluent above; peridia crowded, in orbicular patches, or
circinating, on the under surface; spores orange, oval.
Var. _a._ _Taraxaci_, Grev.; clusters small, scattered.—On leaves of the
Dandelion. June to July.
Var. _b._ _Prenanthis_, Pers.; spots circular or irregular, purplish;
subiculum incrassated.—On leaves of Hawkweed (_Hieracium paludosum_).
Summer.
Var. _c._ _Tussilaginis_, Pers.; clusters round, on a thickened base;
peridia circinating.—On the under surface of leaves of Coltsfoot and
Butter-bur. Common. Autumn.
Var. _d._ _Jacobæa_, Grev.; pustular, soon becoming agglomerated,
numerous, depressed; peridia splitting into short, brittle,
yellowish-white teeth.—On leaves of _Senecio Jacobæa_ and _Sonchus
arvensis_. June to August.
Var. _e._ _Lapsani_, Purt.; spots purplish, irregular, confluent, on
both sides of the leaves; peridia amphigenous, in irregular patches or
scattered, not prominent, teeth numerous, minute, reflexed; spores
yellow, oval.—On both surfaces of the leaves of _Lapsana communis_.
April. Not uncommon.
=Æcidium Saniculæ=, Carm. SANICLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purplish, slightly
incrassated, small, scattered, roundish; peridia in small circulate
clusters, hypogenous, and on the petioles, at first hemispherical, at
length open, margin with from 4 to 6 spreading lobes; spores yellowish,
elliptical.—On the under surface of the leaves and on the petioles of
_Sanicula Europæa_. Not uncommon. May and June.
=Æcidium Violæ=, Schum. _Violet Cluster-Cups_; spots yellowish; peridia
in irregular heaps, seriate and scattered; spores orange, at length
brown.—On leaves, petioles, and sepals of Violets. Common. May and June.
=Æcidium Poterii=, Cooke. BURNET CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated,
clusters subrotund or elongated; peridia hypogenous and on the petioles,
circinating or scattered, immersed, margin irregularly fringed with
numerous minute teeth, soon falling away; spores yellowish, oval.—On the
under surface of the leaflets and on the petioles of _Poterium
Sanguisorba_. Rare. May and June. Dartford Brent, Kent.
=Æcidium Geranii=, DC. CRANESBILL CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow and purple;
peridia in circinating clusters; spores yellow, at length brown.—On the
under surface of leaves of _Geranium pratense_ and _G. dissectum_. Not
common.
=Æcidium Menthæ=, DC. MINT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; subiculum
thickened; peridia scattered, emersed, or aggregate immersed; spores
orange, elliptic.—On various Mints. Common.
=Æcidium Scrophulariæ=, DC. FIGWORT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellowish;
peridia in roundish circinate clusters (rarely scattered) on the under
surface; spores whitish, becoming tawny.—On the leaves of _Scrophularia
aquatica_. Thame and Sydenham, Oxon.
=Æcidium Pedicularis=, Lobosch. RED-RATTLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots
obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia thickly and irregularly
clustered, subimmersed; spores dirty, pallid orange.—On petioles,
leaves, and stems of _Pedicularis palustris_. Not common.
=Æcidium Primulæ=, DC. PRIMROSE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia
solitary, scattered, and crowded, hypogenous; spores whitish-yellow.—On
the under surface of leaves of Primroses. Not common. May.
=Æcidium rubellum=, Pers. DOCK CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purple; peridia
circinating, centre free; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves of Dock and
Sorrel. Not uncommon in moist localities. May and June.
=Æcidium Ari=, Berk. WAKE-ROBIN CLUSTER-CUPS; spots round, confluent;
peridia circinating, not crowded, central ones abortive.—On leaves of
_Arum maculatum_. Not common. June and July.
=Æcidium Dracontii=, Schwein. ARUM CLUSTER-CUPS; spots pallid,
extensively scattered over the leaves, sometimes nearly covering them;
peridia large, scattered, abundant, disposed without order on the spots;
spores orange.—On _Arum triphyllum_, in gardens. Melbury, 1863 (_Rev. M.
J. B._) A North American species.
=Æcidium Allii=, Grev. GARLIC CLUSTER-CUPS; spots pale; peridia
circinating, not contiguous; spores yellowish.—On leaves of broad-leaved
Garlic (_Allium ursinum_). June and July.
ENDOPHYLLUM, _Lév._
_Peridium_ enclosed within the substance of the leaf, bursting
irregularly.
=Endophyllum Sempervivi=, Lév.; peridia immersed, elliptic or roundish;
spores ochraceous, becoming brownish.—On leaves of Houseleek.
PUCCINIÆI.
_a._ _Spores stipitate._
Spores multiseptate—
moniliform _Xenodochus_.
cylindrical _Aregma_.
biseptate _Triphragmium_.
uniseptate _Puccinia_.
_b._ _Spores immersed in gelatine._
Stroma tremelloid and expanded _Gymnosporangium_.
clavate or club-shaped _Podisoma_.
XENODOCHUS, Schl.
Spores multiseptate, moniliform, breaking up into many distinct
articulations.—_Berk. Outl._, pp. 328.
=Xenodochus carbonarius=, Schl. BURNET CHAIN-BRAND; scattered, in small
tufts, hypogenous; spores curved or straight, composed of from 5 to 15
articulations; obtuse at one extremity, slightly attenuate at the
other.—On Burnet. Very rare. (Plate III. fig. 29.)
AREGMA, Fr.
Spores cylindrical, multiseptate, scarcely moniliform, borne on a
long peduncle.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 329.
=Aregma mucronatum=, Fr. ROSE BRAND; hypogenous, scattered over the
leaves in minute tufts; spores 5- to 7-septate, terminal joint
mucronate; peduncles incrassated below, fusiform.—On leaves of various
Roses. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate III. fig. 38.)
=Aregma acuminatum=, Fr. BURNET BRAND; hypogenous, scattered in minute
tufts; spores multiseptate, terminal joint acuminate; peduncles
equal.—On Burnet leaves. July. Common. (Plate III. fig. 32.)
=Aregma bulbosum=, Fr. BRAMBLE BRAND; hypogenous, with a dull red stain
on the upper surface; spores in large tufts, 4-septate, terminal joint
apiculate; peduncles incrassated, and bulbous at the base.—On Bramble
leaves. Autumn. Very common. (Plate III. fig. 41.)
=Aregma gracile=, Berk. RASPBERRY BRAND; hypogenous, scattered, in small
tufts; spores 7- to 9-septate, the terminal joint apiculate; peduncles
slender.—On Raspberry leaves. Autumn. (Plate III. fig. 43.)
=Aregma obtusatum=, Fr. STRAWBERRY BRAND; hypogenous, scattered, in
minute tufts; spores multiseptate, terminal joint obtuse; peduncles
equal.—On leaves of barren Strawberry. Autumn. Common. (Plate III. fig.
35.)
TRIPHRAGMIUM, Lk.
Spores trilocular, septa mostly vertical and horizontal.—_Berk.
Outl._, p. 332.
=Triphragmium Ulmariæ=, Lk. MEADOW-SWEET BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
at first subrotund, covered with the epidermis; at length, when the
cuticle has vanished, effuse; spores brown, subturbinate, divided by a
vertical dissepiment, shortly pedicellate.—On leaves of Meadow-sweet,
_Spiræa ulmaria_. Autumn. (Plate III. fig. 48.)
PUCCINIA, Pers.
Spores uniseptate, supported on a distinct peduncle.—_Berk. Outl._,
p. 329.
=Puccinia graminis=, Pers. CORN MILDEW; spots pale, diffuse; sori
linear, confluent, amphigenous; spores at length black, clavate, very
slightly constricted.—On the leaves and culms of corn and grass. Autumn.
Very common, and injurious to corn. (Plate IV. figs. 57-59.)
Var. _β. Arundinis_, Grev. Sori broad; spores more constricted and with
longer peduncles.—On the leaves and sheaths of reeds. Very common.
=Puccinia striola=, Lk. SEDGE MILDEW; spots pallid; sori linear,
crowded, distinct, subconvex; spores at length black, oblong and
slightly constricted, or obovate, and not constricted.—On Sedges,
Rushes, &c. Autumn. Common.
=Puccinia coronata=, Cd. CORONATED MILDEW; spots pallid; sori linear,
short, crowded, not confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis;
spores shortly pedicellate, pallid; the apex surrounded by obtuse
radiating teeth.—On various Grasses. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV.
figs. 60-62.)
=Puccinia truncata=, B. and Br. IRIS BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
oblong, brown, surrounded by the scarious epidermis; spores
obovate-oblong, even, attenuated below, upper cell abruptly truncate.—On
_Iris fœtidissima_. Autumn.
=Puccinia Asparagi=, DC. ASPARAGUS BRAND; spots none; sori
reddish-brown, generally on the stems, scattered and crowded, surrounded
by the ruptured epidermis; spores oblong, obtuse, constricted; peduncle
white, long, thread-like.—On dead stems of _Asparagus_. Autumn.
=Puccinia Polygonorum=, Lk. POLYGONUM BRAND; spots yellowish; sori
minute, crowded into orbicular patches; spores brown-black,
obovate-oblong, frequently constricted, with the upper joint globose.—On
the under surface of the leaves of various species of _Polygonum_.
Autumn. Common.
=Puccinia vaginalium=, Lk. KNOTGRASS BRAND; spots none; sori hypogenous,
subrotund or oblong, at first surrounded by the ruptured epidermis;
spores brown, obtusely ovate; pedicels long, filiform.—On leaves and
stems of Knotgrass, _Polygonum aviculare_. Autumn.
=Puccinia Thesii=, Chaill. BASTARD-TOADFLAX BRAND; cauline and
amphigenous; sori blackish-brown, small, roundish, or oblong, convex,
scattered or aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores
ovate, obtuse, scarcely constricted; pedicels elongated.—On _Thesium
humifusum_, in company with _Æcidium Thesii_. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct.
14, 1864. (_A. Grugeon._)
=Puccinia Primulæ=, Grev. PRIMROSE BRAND; hypogenous, deep brown,
solitary, scattered, or concentric and subconfluent spores
obovate-oblong, slightly constricted.—On Primrose leaves. Not common.
=Puccinia Veronicarum=, DC. VERONICA BRAND; spots yellowish; sori
subglobose, aggregate, or circinating, central one large; spores brown,
obovate-oblong, more or less constricted.—On the under surface of the
leaves of several species of _Veronica_. Not common.
=Puccinia Glechomatis=, DC. GROUND-IVY BRAND; spots brownish; sori
subrotund, scattered, hypogenous; spots brown, rather short,
subelliptic, scarcely at all constricted.—On leaves of Ground-Ivy,
_Glechoma hederacea_. September and October. Not uncommon. (Plate IV.
figs. 73, 74.)
=Puccinia Menthæ=, Pers. MINT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori varying in
size, hypogenous, subrotund, scattered; spores at length black,
subglobose, or angular; peduncles short.—On leaves of Mint, Wild Thyme,
Marjoram, &c. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 69, 70.)
=Puccinia Scorodoniæ=, Lk. WOOD-SAGE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
small, confluent in subrotund patches, hypogenous; spores cinnamon;
peduncles very long.—On leaves of Wood-sage. Darenth Wood. Not common.
=Puccinia Scrophulariæ=, Lib. FIGWORT BRAND; spots pallid; sori
subrotund, oblong, or linear and confluent, surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis; spores very much crowded, subglobose or oval, brownish,
plicate, but not truly septate; pedicels elongated.—On _Scrophularia
aquatica_. Penzance. Very rare.
=Puccinia Betonicæ=, DC. BETONY BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
hypogenous, subrotund, aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis;
spores very pale-brown, short, obovate, elliptic; peduncles short.—On
_Stachys Betonica_. Rare.
=Puccinia Vincæ=, Berk. PERIWINKLE BRAND; spots yellowish; sori
hypogenous, scattered, subrotund, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis;
spores brown, oblong, slightly constricted, lower cell rather
attenuated; peduncle very short.—On leaves of _Vinca major_. (Plate VI.
fig. 132.) Autumn. Not uncommon.
=Puccinia Campanulæ=, Carm. CAMPANULA BRAND; spots apparently none; sori
large, irregular, crowded, for a long time covered with the epidermis,
at length surrounded by it; spores oblong-ovate, or slightly
constricted; peduncles very short.—On _Campanulæ_. Not common.
=Puccinia clandestina=, Carm. SCABIOUS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori very
minute, distinct, but collected together in great numbers, dark brown;
epidermis evanescent; spores oblong, very slightly constricted,
pedunculate.—On _Scabiosa succisa_. Not common.
=Puccinia Compositarum=, Sch. COMPOSITÆ BRAND; spots obliterated or
whitish; sori small, subrotund, generally hypogenous, encircled with the
ruptured epidermis; spores brown, oval, scarcely constricted.—On the
leaves of _Centaureæ_, &c. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 67, 68.)
=Puccinia Syngenesiarum=, Lk. THISTLE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
minute, collected in oval blackish-brown, raised spots, covered with the
epidermis; spores brown; peduncles very short.—On the leaves of
Thistles. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 63, 64.)
=Puccinia glomerata=, Grev. RAGWORT BRAND; spots pale; sori roundish,
depressed, often confluent; spores oblong, very variable; peduncles
short.—On leaves of Ragwort, _Senecio Jacobæa_. Not common.
=Puccinia variabilis=, Grev. VARIABLE BRAND; sori amphigenous, minute,
roundish, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, nearly black; spores
variable, obtuse, cells often subdivided; peduncle very short.—On leaves
of Dandelion. Summer and Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 82, 83.)
=Puccinia Valantiæ=, Pers. CROSSWORT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
small, subrotund, scattered or crowded; spores pale-brown, obovate,
attenuated below, the upper segment globular, easily separating.—On
_Galium cruciatum_. Autumn. Not common.
=Puccinia Galiorum=, Lk. BEDSTRAW BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
hypogenous, partly covered with and surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis, scattered; spores brown.—On the leaves of several species of
_Galium_ and _Asperula odorata_. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 172,
173.)
=Puccinia Umbelliferarum=, DC. PIG-NUT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
small and scattered, subrotund, surrounded by the remains of the
ruptured epidermis; spores brown, broadly elliptic, much constricted;
peduncle short.—On various _Umbelliferæ_. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 71,
72.)
=Puccinia Ægopodii=, Lk. GOUTWEED BRAND; spots brown; sori minute,
subrotund and elongated, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, often
circinating, and forming roundish patches; spores brown; peduncles very
short.—On _Ægopodium podagraria_.
=Puccinia Saniculæ=, Grev. SANICLE BRAND; orbicular, variable in size,
blackish-brown, scattered, rather confluent; spores very obtuse;
peduncles somewhat elongated.—On _Sanicula Europæa_. Not uncommon.
Summer and Autumn.
=Puccinia bullaria=, Lk. HEMLOCK BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
subrotund or oblong, covered with the epidermis; spores brown, peduncle
short, nearly obsolete.—On dry stems of _Conium maculatum_ and other
_Umbelliferæ_. August and Sept.
=Puccinia Smyrnii=, Cd. ALEXANDER’S BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
hypogenous, large, solitary, scattered, brown; spores ovoid, obtuse,
verrucose, slightly constricted, minutely pedicellate.—On _Smyrnium
olusatrum_. (Plate III. figs. 55, 56.)
=Puccinia Anemones=, Pers. ANEMONE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
subrotund, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered, aggregate,
and confluent; spores brown, very much constricted, consisting of two
nearly globose portions, echinulate; peduncles very short.—On various
species of _Anemone_. Very common on _Anemone nemorosa_. April and May.
(Plate IV. figs. 64, 65.)
=Puccinia Calthæ=, Lk. MARSH-MARIGOLD BRAND; spots brownish; sori small,
subrotund, convex, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered;
spores obovate, attenuated below, slightly constricted; peduncle very
short.—On leaves of Marsh Marigold. Spring. Rare.
=Puccinia Noli-tangeris=, Corda. BALSAM BRAND; spots irregular,
confluent, brownish; sori gregarious, reddish-brown; spores oblong,
obtuse or attenuated, distinctly apiculate, brown; peduncles
rudimentary. On leaves of _Impatiens noli-tangere_. Gathered at Albury,
Surrey, by the Rev. L. Jenyns.—(_M. J. B._)
=Puccinia Violarum=, Lk. VIOLET BRAND; spots yellowish; sori hypogenous,
small, crowded, covered with the epidermis, then surrounded by it;
spores brown, elliptic or broadly elliptic, slightly constricted.—On
Violets. Autumn. Common.
=Puccinia Lychnidearum=, Lk. LYCHNIS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund or oblong, unequal, scattered, rarely confluent; spores white,
at length brown, elongated, oblong, slightly constricted.—On leaves and
stems of _Lychnidæ_, _Sagina procumbens_. Autumn. Common.
=Puccinia umbilici=, Guep. PENNY-WORT BRAND; seated on pallid spots;
sori round, convex, compact, at length confluent in large orbicular
patches; spores subglobose, not constricted, shortly pedicellate.—On
_Cotyledon umbilicus_. Penzance, Guernsey, Corwen, N. Wales. _W.
Pamplin._ (Plate IV. figs. 80, 81.)
=Puccinia Rhodiolæ=, B. and Br. STONECROP BRAND; spots orbicular, brown;
sori minute, crowded; spores shortly pedicellate, articulations
depressed, sometimes spuriously subdivided.—On leaves of _Sedum
Rhodiola_. Summer. Not common.
=Puccinia Saxifragarum=, Schl. MOSCHATEL BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
subrotund, scattered, crowded and confluent, when young surrounded by
the epidermis; spores red-brown, rather short, oblong, slightly
constricted.—On both surfaces of the leaves of _Adoxa moschatellina_.
Not uncommon. Summer.
=Puccinia Chrysosplenii=, Grey. GOLDEN-SAXIFRAGE BRAND; sori of various
sizes, few together and confluent, pale brown; spores long, somewhat
waved, much attenuated at either extremity; peduncle elongated.—On the
under surface of the leaves of _Chrysosplenium oppositifolium_. Rare.
=Puccinia Epilobii=, DC. WILLOW-HERB BRAND; spots pale; sori hypogenous,
subrotund, crowded; epidermis evanescent; spores effuse, cinnamon,
broadly elliptic, strongly constricted; peduncles very short.—On the
leaves of _Epilobium palustre_. Not common.
=Puccinia pulverulenta=, Grev. GREAT WILLOW-HERB BRAND; sori hypogenous,
dark brown, scattered or subconfluent, open concentric; spores minute,
obovate, slightly constricted, lower cell rather attenuated; peduncle
not very short.—On the leaves of _Epilobium montanum_ and _E. hirsutum_.
August and September. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 78, 79.)
=Puccinia Circææ=, Pers. NIGHTSHADE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
minute, semiglobose, crowded into subrotund patches, occasionally
confluent, generally covered with the epidermis; spores brown, oblong,
often acute, sometimes obtuse; peduncles long, thick.—On the leaves of
_Circæa lutetiana_ and _C. alpina_. Autumn. Not common.
=Puccinia Prunorum=, Lk. PLUM-TREE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori
hypogenous, subrotund scattered, epidermis obliterated; spores brown,
peduncles very short.—On the leaves of Plum-trees. September and
October. Very common.
=Puccinia Fabæ=, Lk. BEAN BRAND; spots none; sori subrotund, or
elongated, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores at length black,
ovato-globose; peduncle slender.—On Beans. August and September. Not
uncommon.
=Puccinia Buxi=, DC. BOX BRAND; spots none; sori subrotund, convex,
scattered; spores brown, oblong, rather strongly constricted, lower cell
slightly attenuated; peduncle very long.—On both surfaces of Box-leaves.
April and May. Not uncommon.
GYMNOSPORANGIUM, DC.
Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a tremelloid
expanded mass. Spores uniseptate.
=Gymnosporangium Juniperi=, Lk.; forming a soft gelatinous, irregular,
orange mass; spores ovate or subelliptic, filled with subglobose
granules.—On living twigs of _Juniperus communis_.
PODISOMA, _Lk._
Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a common stem,
spreading out above into a _clavariæform_ mass; spores mostly
uniseptate.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 331.
=Podisoma Juniperi=, Fr.; orange, clavariæform, somewhat branched;
stroma simple; spores very long, lanceolate, filled with elliptic
granules.—On living branches of _Juniperus communis_. Not common.
=Podisoma foliicolum=, B.; epiphyllous, brown-black masses, subglobose,
subelliptic, or irregular, consisting of radiating, crowded, very
slender, agglutinated filaments, each bearing an elliptic or clavate,
very obtuse spore, 3- to 5-septate.—On living leaves of _Juniperus
communis_. Rare.
=Podisoma Sabinæ=, Fr.; red-brown, tuberculiform and clavate, simple;
stroma obliterated; spores obovate, uniseptate.—On living branches of
_Juniperus Sabinæ_. April. Not uncommon.
=CÆOMACEI=.
Simple and free.
Without appendages,
Springing from delicate threads. _Tilletia_.
Produced in separate cells.—
Deeply seated, pulverulent, } _Ustilago_
generally nearly black }
Superficial, yellow or brown _Uredo_.
Not enclosed in separate cells _Lecythea_.
With appendages,
Deciduous _Trichobasis_.
Permanent _Uromyces_.
Compound.
Irregular _Polycystis_.
Subglobose or shell-shaped _Tuburcinia_.
Spores of two orders—
1. Spherical } _Coleosporium_.
2. Cylindrical, septate }
1. Spherical } _Melampsora_.
2. Wedge-shaped, compact }
1. Concatenate, exposed } _Cystopus_.
2. Spherical, concealed }
TILLETIA, _Tul._
Spores spherical, reticulated, proceeding from delicate branched
threads.
=Tilletia caries=, Tul. BUNT; included within the germen; spores
spherical, rather large, black.—On wheat, filling the grains with
dark-coloured spores, fetid when crushed. Autumn. Very common. (Plate V.
figs. 84-91.)
USTILAGO, _Link._
Plant deeply seated. Spores simple, springing from delicate threads,
or in closely-packed cells, ultimately breaking up into a
powdery mass.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 335.
_Ustilago segetum_, Ditm. CORN SMUT; produced on the receptacle and
rachis; epidermis soon ruptured; spores loose, minute, globose,
black.—On the ears of corn and grasses. Autumn. Very common. (Plate V.
figs. 98, 99.)
=Ustilago urceolorum=, Tul. SEDGE SMUT; produced on the glumes and
utricles; epidermis soon bursting; spores in a compact mass, afterwards
breaking up, globose, rather large, granulated.—Surrounding the seed of
various _Carices_; as, _Carex prœcox_, _stellulata_, _recurva_, and
_pseudo-cyperus_. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 109-111.)
=Ustilago longissima=, Tul. ELONGATED SMUT; produced on the leaves in
linear, long, parallel, dirty-olive patches; epidermis bursting
longitudinally; spores globose, breaking up into minute granules,
olive-black.—On leaves of _Poa aquatica_ and _fluitans_. Summer. Common.
(Plate V. figs. 105-107.)
=Ustilago olivacea=, Tul. OLIVE SMUT; infesting the enlarged receptacle;
epidermis soon bursting; spores olive-green, powdery, minute, mixed with
filaments.—On _Carex riparia_. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 126, 127.)
=Ustilago hypodytes=, Fr. GRASS-CULM SMUT; produced on the culms beneath
the sheaths, afterwards exposed; spores minute, subglobose,
brownish-black.—On the culms of various Grasses. Summer. Sometimes not
uncommon. (Plate V. figs. 100, 101.)
=Ustilago Maydis=, Corda. MAIZE SMUT; produced on the stems, germens,
&c.; epidermis at length bursting; spores spherical, minute,
brownish-black, surface covered with echinulate warts.—On stems, &c., of
_Zea mays_. (Plate V. fig. 108.)
=Ustilago Montagnei=, Tul. BEAKSEDGE SMUT; produced on the seeds;
epidermis bursting; spores slightly angular, small, dark-coloured,
intermixed sparingly with fragile filaments.—On seeds of _Rhyncospora
alba_. Not common. (Plate V. figs. 96, 97.)
=Ustilago typhoides=, B. and Br. REED SMUT; prodded on the stems of
reeds, forming thick bullate patches several inches long, occupying
whole internodes, covered by their sheath; spores globose, rather
large.—On stems of _Arundo phragmitis_. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI.
figs. 128, 129.)
=Ustilago Salveii=, B. and Br. COCKSFOOT SMUT; produced on the leaves,
forming elongated parallel sori on the upper surface; spores obovate,
rather large, rough with minute granules.—On leaves of _Dactylis
glomerata_ and other Grasses. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 117-119.)
=Ustilago grammica=, B. and Br. BANDED SMUT; forming little transverse
bands consisting of short parallel black lines, 1/12 of an inch or more
in length; spores globose, very minute.—On stems of _Aira aquatica_ and
_A. cæspitosa_. Uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 120-122.)
=Ustilago vinosa=, Tul. OXYRIA SMUT; produced on the swollen
receptacles; spores roundish, very small, and minutely papillose,
separately pellucid, in clusters, violaceous.—On the receptacles of
_Oxyria reniformis_. Uncommon.
=Ustilago utriculosa=, Tul. UTRICLE SMUT; produced in the germen and
perigonium; epidermis soon ruptured; spores effuse, minute, globose,
purple-black.—On _Polygonum hydropiper_ and other _Polygona_. Autumn.
Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 112-116.)
=Ustilago flosculorum=, Fr. FLORET SMUT; produced within the florets;
spores minute, purplish-brown.—On the florets of _Scabiosa arvensis_.
Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 123-125.)
=Ustilago receptaculorum=, Fr. GOATSBEARD SMUT; produced within the
receptacles; spores ovate, minute, reticulated, violet-brown, nearly
black, very profuse, filling the receptacle.—On the receptacles of
Goatsbeard. June, July. Common. (Plate V. figs. 92-95.)
=Ustilago antherarum=, Fr. ANTHER SMUT; produced on the anthers and
germens; spores subglobose, effuse, violet.—On the anthers of _Silene
inflata_, &c. (Plate V. figs. 102-104.)
UREDO, _Lév._
_Stroma_ composed of little irregular cells forming a lentiform disk,
whose surface is covered with many layers of cells, each of
which encloses a spore; _spores_ simple, always without any
appendage.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 331.
-------
* _Spores more or less yellow._
=Uredo Potentillarum=, DC. POTENTILLA UREDO; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund and oval, bullate, aggregate, open, confluent; spores
subglobose, subcoherent, orange.—On various _Rosaceæ_. Common.
=Uredo Saxifragarum=, DC. SAXIFRAGE UREDO; spots pallid; sori subrotund
and oval, raised, scattered and aggregate on the under surface;
epidermis ruptured, persistent; spores subglobose, yellow.—On various
_Saxifrages_.
=Uredo Filicum=, Desm. FERN UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund,
bullate, scattered and aggregate on the under surface; epidermis at
length bursting; spores subglobose, yellow.—On Ferns (_Cystopteris_,
&c.) Not common.
=Uredo pustulata=, P. WILLOW-HERB UREDO; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund, minute, closed, scattered and confluent on both surfaces;
spores globose, yellow.—On _Epilobium palustre_.
=Uredo Hypericorum=, DC. ST. JOHN’S-WORT UREDO; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund, small, bullate, distinct, scattered on the under surface;
epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, cohering, orange.—On
various _Hyperica_. August. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 174, 175.)
=Uredo Caryophyllacearum=, Johnst. STITCHWORT UREDO; spots yellowish;
sori subglobose, scattered and aggregate, minute, generally on the under
surface; epidermis closed; spores oval, at length yellow.—On various
_Caryophyllaceæ_. Autumn.
=Uredo Quercus=, Brond. OAK-LEAF UREDO; on the under surface; sori
yellow, then orange, minute, ovate, and orbicular, slightly prominent,
scattered, solitary or agglomerated into minute patches, surrounded by
the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, pellucid, not cohering.—On
Oak-leaves. September. Not common.
=Uredo porphyrogenita=, Kze. BIRD-CHERRY UREDO; spots purplish; sori
subrotund, small, aggregate, hypogenous; epidermis at length ruptured;
spores coherent, subglobose.—On leaves of _Prunus Padus_. Scotland,
1863. (_Rev. M. J. Berkeley._)
=Uredo Vacciniorum=, P. BILBERRY UREDO; spots yellow-brown; sori
subrotund, minute, aggregate, and scattered, on the under surface of the
leaves; epidermis seldom ruptured; spores ovoid, yellowish.—On
_Vaccinium Myrtillus_ and _V. vitis-idæa_. Scotland.
=Uredo confluens=, DC. MERCURY UREDO; on the under surface, depressed,
yellow, oblong, concentric, at length confluent; spores nearly oval.—On
_Mercurialis perennis_ and _M. annua_. May, June. Common. (Plate VII.
figs. 133, 134.)
=Uredo Alliorum=, DC. GARLIC UREDO; spots obliterated; sori linear,
oblong, and oval, on both surfaces; spores ovoid or subglobose, yellow
or whitish.—On various species of _Allium_. Common.
* * _Spores brown._
=Uredo Statices=, Desm. SEA-LAVENDER UREDO; sori few and scattered,
orbicular or oval; spores sessile, globose, brown.—On various
species of _Statice_.
=Uredo Circææ=, A. & S. NIGHTSHADE UREDO; sori minute, crowded,
subrotund, slightly confluent, on the under surface; spores irregular,
ovate, small, ochraceous.—On leaves of _Circæa lutetiana_. June, July.
Common. (Plate VII. figs. 135, 136.)
=Uredo bifrons=, Grev. TWIN-FACED UREDO. On both surfaces of the leaves,
often opposite, scattered, round, light brown, girt with the remains of
the epidermis; spores globose.—On Sorrel leaves (_Rumex acetosa_ and _R.
acetosella_). July, September. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 137-139)
LECYTHEA, _Lév._
_Stroma_ surrounded or sprinkled with elongated abortive spores.
_Spores_ free, invested with their mother-cell, or
concatenate.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 334.
* _Spores free._
=Lecythea Ruborum=, Lév. BRAMBLE RUST. Spots pale, brown or purple on
the opposite side, sometimes depressed above; sori subrotund, aggregate;
epidermis soon bursting; spores globose or subglobose, echinulate,
bright ochraceous-yellow.—On the under surface of Bramble leaves. July
and August. Very common. (Plate II. fig. 40.)
=Lecythea Rosæ=, Lév. ROSE RUST; spots yellow, small, scattered; spores
sub-oval, sometimes minutely pedicellate, orange.—On Rose-leaves. July,
September. Extremely common. (Plate II. fig. 37.)
=Lecythea Poterii=, Lév. BURNET RUST; spots obliterated, rufous on the
opposite side; sori subrotund, scattered, minute on the under surface;
epidermis bursting; spores subglobose, often pedicellate, intense
orange; barren spores pale, cylindrical, and slightly curved.—On
_Poterium Sanguisorba_. Summer. Common. (Plate III. fig. 31.)
=Lecythea Populina=, Lév. POPLAR RUST; hypogenous; sori yellow, roundish
or oblong, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores copious,
elongated or ovate.—On Poplar and Birch leaves. Summer. Common.
=Lecythea Euphorbiæ=, Lév. SPURGE RUST; spots obliterated; sori
subrotund, small, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis;
barren spores pyriform or subglobose, pedicellate; fertile spores
subglobose, orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of various
species of _Euphorbia_, especially _E. helioscopia_ and _E. peplus_.
August. Very common.
=Lecythea epitea=, Lév. TAWNY WILLOW RUST; sori roundish, scattered, at
first tawny, at length growing pale, surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis; spores subrotund and pyriform.—On the under surface of
Willow-leaves.
=Lecythea mixta=, Lév. ORANGE WILLOW RUST; spots yellow; sori subrotund,
aggregate, confluent, effuse, permanently surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis; spores oblong and pyriform, orange.—On both surfaces of the
leaves of Willows.
=Lecythea Saliceti=, Lév. COMMON WILLOW RUST; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund, solitary, or in circles, surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis; barren spores subglobose and pedicellate or pyriform; fertile
spores subglobose, orange.—On the under surface of Willow-leaves.
Autumn. Common.
=Lecythea Baryi=, Berk. DE BARY’S RUST; sori few; cystidia with an
abrupt globose head; spores subglobose.—On leaves of _Brachypodium
pennatum_. Very rare.
=Lecythea Valerianæ=, Berk. VALERIAN RUST; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund, small, confluent, sometimes circinating; epidermis at length
bursting; spores reddish-brown, subglobose or clavate, shortly
pedicellate.—On _Valeriana officinalis_. August.
* * _Spores invested._
=Lecythea gyrosa=, Berk. RINGED RUST; spots obliterated; sori minute,
confluent, and forming a small distinct ring; epidermis bursting; spores
globose and elongato-pyriform, yellow or pale.—On the upper surface of
Raspberry and Bramble leaves, forming a more or less perfect ring with
the centre unoccupied. September. (Plate VIII. figs. 162-164.)
* * * _Spores concatenate._
=Lecythea Capræarum=, Berk. SALLOW RUST; spots obliterated, yellow on
the opposite side; sori varied in form, here and there confluent,
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; barren spores subglobose and
pyriform, pedicellate; fertile spores subglobose, dirty yellow.—On the
under surface of the leaves of Sallows. June to August. Very common.
(Plate VIII. figs. 160, 161.)
=Lecythea Lini=, Berk. FLAX RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund,
scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores globose or
pyriform, sometimes pedicellate.—On _Linum catharticum_. July. Not
uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 165-167.)
TRICHOBASIS, _Lév._
_Spores_ free; attached at first to a short peduncle, which at length
falls away.—_Berk. Outl._, pp. 332.
* _Spores yellow._
=Trichobasis rubigo-vera=, Lév. ROUND CORN RUST; spots yellow, heaps
oval, scattered, generally on the upper surface; epidermis at length
bursting longitudinally; spores subglobose, reddish-brown, easily
dispersed.—On Grasses and Corn. Throughout the Summer. Very common.
(Plate VII. figs. 140-142.)
=Trichobasis linearis=, Lév. LONG CORN RUST; spots yellow-brown. Sori
elliptic, then elongated and linear; epidermis bursting; spores oblong
or globose, yellow.—On leaves and sheaths of Corn and Grasses. Summer.
Common. Plate VII. figs. 143, 144.)
=Trichobasis Glumarum=, Lév. GLUME RUST; sori minute, round, scarcely
convex, subgregarious, often confluent. Spores globose or subovoid,
orange, not pedicellate; epispore smooth.—On the glumes of Cereals.
August.
=Trichobasis Symphyti=, Lév. COMFREY RUST; Sori minute, very numerous,
scattered, roundish, then confluent; epidermis ruptured, scarcely
conspicuous around the margin; spores subglobose, pallid orange.—On
Comfrey.
=Trichobasis Pyrolæ=, B. WINTERGREEN RUST; spots yellowish-brown on the
opposite side; sori globose, minute, scattered or aggregate, on the
under surface; epidermis generally closed; spores subglobose, yellow.—On
_Pyrola rotundifolia_, &c.
=Trichobasis Petroselini=, B. PARSLEY RUST; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund and oval, confluent, on both surfaces; epidermis at length
ruptured; spores globose or subglobose, occasionally obsoletely
pedicellate, pale yellow.—On various _Umbelliferæ_.
=Trichobasis Senecionis=, B. GROUNDSEL RUST; spots obliterated; sori
solitary or regularly crowded, subrotund and oval, on the under surface,
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, orange.—On
various species of Groundsel. July. Very common. Plate VII. figs. 145,
146.)
=Trichobasis Caricina=, B. SEDGE RUST; spots red; sori oval, minute,
scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose,
reddish, then brown.—On _Carex pendula_, _C. pseudo-cyperus_, &c. June
to August. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 170, 171.)
* * _Spores brown._
=Trichobasis oblongata=, B. LUZULA RUST; spots oblong, often confluent,
yellow-brown; sori elliptic, on both surfaces; epidermis closed; spores
brown, obtuse at either extremity.—On _Luzulæ_. May to July. (Plate VII.
figs. 158, 159.)
=Trichobasis Scillarum=, B. HYACINTH RUST; spots oblong or subrotund,
crowded into patches; epidermis bursting longitudinally; spores
rubiginous, obovate, shortly pedunculate.—On the Wild Hyacinth, &c.
=Trichobasis Cichoracearum=, Lév. HAWKWEED RUST; on both sides of the
leaf, dark, fuscous, minute, round, scattered: spores globose, rarely
minutely pedicellate.—On Thistles and Hawkweed. July to September.
Common.
=Trichobasis Artemisiæ=, B. MUGWORT RUST; spots obliterated, brownish on
the opposite side; sori subglobose and oval, minute, scattered, on both
surfaces; epidermis soon ruptured; spores subglobose, brownish.—On
_Artemisia vulgaris_, &c. Not common.
=Trichobasis Labiatarum=, Lév. MINT RUST; spots yellowish and brown;
sori subrotund, scattered, subaggregate, on the under surface; epidermis
ruptured; spores subglobose, brown.—On various _Labiatæ_. August to
September. Common.
=Trichobasis Lychnidearum=, Lév. CHICKWEED RUST; spots pallid yellowish;
sori subrotund plane, scattered on the under surface, cinnamon, at
length brownish; epidermis ruptured; spores globoso-ovoid, sessile, or
shortly pedicellate.—On _Caryophyllaceæ_. Summer and Autumn.
=Trichobasis Umbellatarum=, Lév. HEMLOCK RUST; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund and ovate, scattered, on the under surface, surrounded by the
ruptured epidermis; spores ovate, oval, and oblong in the same heap,
brown.—On _Conium maculatum_, _Apium graveolens_, and other
_Umbelliferæ_. August and September.
=Trichobasis Heraclei=, B. HOGWEED RUST; on the under surface,
scattered, sometimes subconfluent, roundish, light brown, girt by the
remains of the epidermis; spores obovate, with a very short peduncle.—On
_Heracleum spondylium_. June and July.
=Trichobasis Hydrocotyles=, Cooke. FLUKEWORT RUST; without definite
spots; sori chiefly on the upper, sometimes on the under surface,
scattered, variable, roundish, erumpent, surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis; spores subglobose, at length brown; epispore rough with
minute tubercles.—On _Hydrocotyle vulgaris_. Epping, July to September,
1863 and 1864. (Plate VIII. figs. 168, 169.)
=Trichobasis Betæ=, Lév. BEET-LEAF RUST; spots yellow; heaps subrotund
and oval, scattered and concentric, on the upper surface; epidermis at
length bursting; spores subglobose, shortly pedicellate, brown.—On the
leaves of Beet. August and September. Common.
=Trichobasis Fabæ=, Lév. BEAN RUST; spots obliterated; sori subrotund
and oval; bullate, scattered and aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis; spores ovoid, brown.—On Beans. August and September. Common.
=Trichobasis Galii=, Lév. BEDSTRAW RUST; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund, aggregate, closed; spores globose, reddish.—On _Galium
verum_, _saxatile_, &c. July and August.
=Trichobasis suaveolens=, Lév. THISTLE RUST; spots obliterated, yellow
on the opposite side; sori subrotund, nearly plane, scattered, at length
confluent, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis;
spores globose, brown.—On leaves of Thistles, frequently covering the
whole under surface. Summer. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 151-153.)
=Trichobasis Polygonorum=, B. KNOTGRASS RUST; spots red-yellow, widely
effused; sori subrotund, scattered, sometimes forming a ring, epidermis
at length bursting; spores somewhat obovate, brown.—On _Polygonum
aviculare_, _amphibium_, and other species. July to September. Common.
=Trichobasis Vincæ=, B. PERIWINKLE RUST; spots yellowish; sori small,
subrotund, and oval, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured
epidermis; spores oval, rather ovoid, brown.—On leaves of _Vinca major_.
May and June. (Plate VI. fig. 130, 131.)
=Trichobasis Geranii=, B. GERANIUM RUST; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund, nearly plane, scattered or confluent; spores subglobose,
brown.—On various species of Geranium.
=Trichobasis Violarum=, B. VIOLET RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund,
scattered, generally on the under surface; epidermis ruptured,
persistent; spores subglobose, brown.—On leaves and petioles of Violets.
July. Not uncommon.
=Trichobasis Parnassiæ=, Cooke. GRASS OF PARNASSUS RUST; on both
surfaces of the leaves; sori at first bullate, at length rupturing the
epidermis, scattered, often confluent; spores globose or nearly so,
rather large, tawny brown.—On _Parnassia palustris_. Irstead, Norfolk.
September, 1864.
=Trichobasis Epilobii=, Berk. WILLOW-HERB RUST; spots yellowish; sori
subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, often on the
under surface; spores subglobose, brown.—On _Epilobium montanum_, &c.
June and July.
=Trichobasis Rhamni=, Cooke. BUCKTHORN RUST; seated on definite
yellowish spots; sori occurring only on the under surface of the leaves,
scattered or collected in clusters, very minute, roundish, or oblong;
spores at length rusty brown, subglobose.—On _Rhamnus catharticus_.
Selsdon, Surrey. September 16, 1864. (_A. Grugeon._)
UROMYCES, _Lév._
_Spores_ unilocular, attached permanently to a decided peduncle of
greater or less length.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 333.
=Uromyces Alliorum=, DC. GARLIC RUST; spots obliterated, sori linear,
oblong, or oval, amphigenous; spores subglobose, yellow.—On species of
_Allium_.
=Uromyces Ulmariæ=, Lév. GOLDEN RUST; broad, pulverulent, on the under
surface of leaves, nerves, and petioles; spores numerous, subglobose,
bright reddish-orange.—On _Spiræa Ulmariæ_, Roses, &c. Common. (Plate
VII. figs. 147, 148.)
=Uromyces appendiculata=, Lév. LONG-STEMMED RUST; spots yellowish-brown,
sori subrotund and oval, confluent, nearly plane, on the under surface.
Epidermis bursting, spores ovoid, brown, with a long peduncle.—On
_Leguminosæ_ and other plants. August and September. (Plate VII. figs.
149, 150.)
=Uromyces apiculosa.=, Lév. SHORT-STEMMED RUST: spots yellow or brown,
sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores
ovoid, brown, shortly pedunculate.—On dock and various other plants.
August and September. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 154, 155.)
=Uromyces Limonii=, Lév. SEA-LAVENDER RUST; epiphyllous, sori bullate,
scattered or disposed in rings; spores ovate.—On _Statice limonia_.
=Uromyces Ficariæ=, Lév. PILEWORT RUST; spots yellowish, sori scattered,
aggregate, confluent, and expanded; epidermis ruptured; spores ovoid,
brown.—On _Ranunculus Ficaria_. May and June. Common. (Plate VII. figs.
156, 157.)
=Uromyces Primulæ=, Lév. PRIMROSE RUST; spots yellowish, sori subrotund
and oval, aggregate, on the under surface; epidermis at length bursting;
spores ovoid, brown.—On Primroses.
=Uromyces intrusa=, Lév. LADY’S-MANTLE RUST; on the under surface,
scattered, or partially aggregate, reddish-brown, rounded, somewhat
prominent, minute, very unequal; spores roundish or oval.—On _Alchemilla
vulgaris_.
=Uromyces Iridis=, Lév. IRIS RUST; on the under, rarely on the upper,
surface; spots yellow, sori small, pale red-brown, oblong and linear,
scattered or aggregate, scarcely convex; epidermis bullate, rarely
bursting longitudinally; spores globose or broadly elliptic, pale brown,
pellucid.—On _Iris fœtidissima_. August to September. Not uncommon.
POLYCYSTIS, _Lév._
_Spores_ irregular, consisting of several cells.—_Berk. Outl._, p.
334.
=Polycystis Colchici=, Tul. MEADOW-SAFFRON SMUT; sori elongated,
bursting irregularly; spores smooth or slightly papillose.—On leaves of
Meadow-Saffron. Not common.
=Polycystis Violæ=, B. and Br. VIOLET SMUT; sori scattered, elongated,
on both surfaces of the leaves and petioles; spores more or less
globose, consisting of several cells surrounded by a common irregular
crust.—On leaves and petioles of Violets. August. Common. (Plate IX.
figs. 185, 186.)
=Polycystis pompholygodes=, Lév. BUTTERCUP SMUT; sori varied in form,
bullate, epidermis inflated, at first entire, then bursting irregularly,
its remains surrounding the clusters; spores copious, subglobose, black,
opaque or pellucid.—On _Ranunculus repens_ and other _Ranunculaceæ_.
Summer. Very common. (Plate IX. figs. 183, 184.)
=Polycystis parallela=, B. and Br. RYE SMUT; sori very long, linear,
epidermis bursting longitudinally, spores globose, with several
projecting nodules, dark brown.—On culms and sheaths of Rye and on the
leaves of Carices. (Plate IX. figs. 187, 188.)
TUBURCINIA, _Fr._
_Plant_ deeply seated; _spores_ multicellular, subglobose, or
conchiform. _Berk. Outl._, p. 335.
=Tuburcinia scabies=, B. POTATO SMUT; spores globose composed of minute
cells forming together a hollow globe with one or more lacunæ, generally
attached laterally by a slender thread, olive. On Potatoes. Common.
(Plate III. fig. 54.)
=Tuburcinia Trientalis=, B. and Br. TRIENTALIS SMUT; sori two lines
broad, bullate, containing a black mass of rather irregular depressed
subglobose spores, which are very opaque and distinctly cellular.
Hyphasma white, branched, creeping, delicate.—On leaves of _Trientalis
Europæa_. August and September. Scotland. (Plate III. figs. 52, 53.)
COLEOSPORIUM, _Lév._
_Spores_ cylindrical, septate, some separating at the joints, some of
a different nature, persistent.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 333.
=Coleosporium Tussilaginis=, Lév. COLTSFOOT RUST; on the under surface,
prominent, crowded, generally forming circles, becoming very confluent;
spores numerous, sub-ovate, orange-yellow.—On _Tussilago Farfara_.
Summer. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 180, 181.)
=Coleosporium pingue=, Lév. TAWNY ROSE RUST; spots obliterated, sori
effuse, on the nerves and petioles of the leaves; spores ovoid,
yellowish-brown.—On Roses, &c.
=Coleosporium Petasitis=, Lév. BUTTERBUR RUST; on the under surface,
minute, depressed, spreading, somewhat aggregate, subconfluent,
irregular in form; spores oval, orange, or orange-red.—On _Tussilago
Petasites_. Autumn. Common.
=Coleosporium Campanulæ=, Lév. CAMPANULA RUST; spots obliterated, brown
on the opposite side, sori irregular, confluent, plane, on the under
surface; spores subglobose, cohering, yellow, at length pale. On leaves
of various Campanulæ. September and October.
=Coleosporium Sonchi-arvensis=, Lév. SOW-THISTLE RUST; on the under
surface, depressed, irregular in form, scattered, partially confluent;
spores ovate, reddish orange.—On _Sonchus oleraceus_ and _arvensis_.
Summer. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 178, 179.)
=Coleosporium Rhinanthacearum=, Lév. COW-WHEAT RUST; spots none or
subferruginous; sori irregular, confluent, on the under, rarely on both
surfaces; spores subglobose, compact, golden-yellow.—On _Euphrasia
officinalis_, _Bartsia odontites_, _Melampyrum arvense_, &c. August and
September. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 170, 177.)
MELAMPSORA, _Cast_.
Spores of two orders, crowded into a dense compact mass, with or
without a covering, wedge-shaped. _Berk. Outl._, p. 333.
=Melampsora Euphorbiæ=, Cast. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores
golden-yellow, scattered, distinct, sometimes cauline; spores small,
subglobose; sori of perfect spores becoming black, small, roundish,
spores prismatic, membrane thickened above, dark brown.—On leaves and
stems of _Euphorbia helioscopia_, _E. exigua_, and other species of
spurge. Common. (Plate IX. figs. 193, 194.)
=Melampsora Populina=, Lév. Hypophyllous, epiphyllous, or amphigenous,
at first yellow or orange; summer spores obovate-oblong, attenuated or
truncate, echinulate; paraphyses obovate, capitate or claviform,
abundant in fully-ripened sori; sori of perfect spores at first tawny
yellow, becoming black during the winter, swelling in the spring, and
becoming of a cinnamon-colour, hypophyllous, roundish, or oblong; spores
prism-shaped, 5-6 together, yellowish, smooth.—On leaves of _Populus
nigra_. Common. Spores perfected in February. (Plate IX. figs. 195,
196.)
=Melampsora Tremulæ=, Tul. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores
punctiform, prominent, or papillæform, numerous; spores tawny-yellow,
elliptical or obovate; paraphyses slender; sori of perfect spores
scattered, at length blackish; spores elongated, compressed, attenuated
downwards, yellowish.—On leaves of _Populus tremula_. Common. Spores
perfected during the winter.
=Melampsora Betulina=, Desm. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores bright
yellow or orange, oblong, cylindrical, or obovate, truncate at the base,
echinulate; paraphyses encircling or intermixed, obovate, smooth,
hyaline; sori of perfect spores confluent, of an obscure brown in the
winter, becoming of a bright orange when mature; spores elongated,
attenuated below, polygonal, ochraceous.—On leaves of _Betula alba_.
Common. Spores perfected in January and February. (Plate IX. figs. 189,
190.)
=Melampsora Salicina=, Lév. Epiphyllous or hypophyllous; sori, or heaps
of summer spores, scattered, pale orange, bright orange, or cinereous;
spores ovato-globose, paraphyses capitate, rarely obovate; sori of
perfect spores epiphyllous, scattered or aggregate, at first
yellowish-tawny, then brownish, at length nearly black, bullate; spores
oblong, closely packed, and laterally compressed.—On _Salix viminalis_
and _S. capræa_. Common. Spores perfected in February. (Plate IX. figs.
191, 192.)
CYSTOPUS.
Receptacle consisting of thick branched threads; conidia concatenate,
at length separating; oospores deeply seated on the mycelium.
=Cystopus candidus=, Lév. CRUCIFER WHITE RUST; conidia equal, globose;
membrane equal, ochraceous; oospores subglobose, epispore
yellowish-brown, with irregular obtuse warts; warts solid.—On
Shepherd’s-purse, Cabbages, and other Cruciferæ. Summer. Very common.
(Plate X. figs. 198-200, 205-207.)
=Cystopus cubicus=, Str. GOATSBEARD WHITE RUST; conidia unequal;
terminal cell sterile, larger than the rest; membrane thickened,
ochraceous, rarely yellowish; fertile cells shortly cylindrical;
membrane hyaline; oospores globose; epispore brown, verrucose; warts
hollow, round, or irregular.—On goatsbeard, salsify, and scorzonera.
Summer and autumn. Common. (Plate X. figs. 201, 202, 210.)
=Cystopus Lepigoni=, De By. SANDWORT WHITE RUST; conidia unequal;
terminal cell sterile, globose; membrane thickened; fertile cells
subglobose or cylindrical; membrane hyaline; oospores globose; epispore
brown, tubercles minute, irregular, very convex, often resembling
spines.—On _Spergutaria rubra_. Swanscombe Marshes, September, 1864.
(_R. G. Keeley._)
PERONOSPOREI, De By.
PERONOSPORA, _Casp._
Parasitic threads mostly inarticulate. Spores of two kinds:—1.
Acrospores on the tips of the branchlets; 2. Oospores large,
globose, on the creeping mycelium.
=Peronospora infestans=, Mont. POTATO MOULD; threads of mycelium
slender, always destitute of suckers; fertile threads thin, gradually
attenuated upwards, with one to five branches, one or more inflated
vesicles near the apices of the branches; branches either simple or with
short branchlets; acrospores ellipsoid or ovoid; apex furnished with a
prominent papilla.—On leaves, stems, and tubers of the Potato, causing
the potato-murrain. Very common since 1845. (Plate XIV. fig. 264.)
=Peronospora nivea=, Ung. (_P. macrospora_, B.). PARSNIP MOULD; threads
of mycelium stout, often torulose; suckers numerous, vesicular, obovate;
fertile threads fasciculate, dwarfish, tapering or subulate, or once or
twice shortly bifurcate, rarely trifurcate, with one to four horizontal
branches near the summit, once, twice, or three times bifurcate;
acrospores subglobose or ovoid, with an obtuse papilla at the apex.—On
various _Umbelliferæ_. Common and variable.
=Peronospora pygmæa=, Ung. (_P. curta_, Berk.). ANEMONE MOULD; threads
of mycelium thickened, often constricted and varicose; suckers minute,
obovate, or pear-shaped; fertile threads fasciculate (2-5 or more),
simple above or divided at the apex into 2-4 short simple branches, or
shortly twice dichotomous, or all simple, obtuse, surmounted by 2-4
short spicules; acrospores ovoid or ellipsoid, variable in size; apices
broadly and obtusely papillate.—On Wood-anemone. Not uncommon. (Plate
XV. fig. 267.)
=Peronospora gangliformis=, Berk. LETTUCE MOULD; threads of the mycelium
stout, now and then torulose; suckers vesicular, obovate or clavate;
fertile threads 2-6 times dichotomous, sometimes trichotomous; stems and
primary branches slender, dilated or inflated above; the ultimate ramuli
inflated at the apex into a turbinate or subglobose vesicle bearing from
2-8 subulate processes or spicules; acrospores minute, subglobose;
apices with broad depressed papillæ, produced on the spicular processes,
On Lettuces and other _Compositæ_. Frequent. (Plate XIV. fig. 265.)
=Peronospora parasitica=, Pers. CABBAGE MOULD; threads of the mycelium
thickened and much branched; suckers numerous, branched; branches
clavate, obtuse; fertile threads thick, soft, flexile, equal or unequal,
5-8 times dichotomous, rarely trichotomous; branches always repeatedly
trifurcate; acrospores broadly elliptical, very obtuse at the apex,
white.—On Cabbages, Shepherd’s-purse, and other Cruciferæ, sometimes in
company with _Cystopus candidus_. Summer and autumn. Common. (Plate
XIII. fig. 262.)
=Peronospora Viciæ=, Berk. PEA MOULD; fertile threads densely cæspitose,
erect, equal, rarely unequal, 6-7-8 times dichotomous; ultimate ramuli
shortly subulate, acute; acrospores ellipsoid, very obtuse at the apex,
obtuse or slightly acute at the base; membrane with a violaceous
tint.—On Tares, Peas, &c. Frequent. (Plate XV. fig. 266; Plate X. fig.
212.)
=Peronospora Arenariæ=, Berk. SANDWORT MOULD; fertile threads slender,
6-7 times equally, rarely unequally, dichotomous; branches spreading;
ultimate ramuli slender, acute, subulate, nearly erect; acrospores
broadly elliptical, oftentimes very obtuse, small; membrane scarcely
violaceous.—On _Arenaria serpyllifolia_ and _A. trinervis_.—June. (Plate
XVI. fig. 268; Plate X. fig. 211.)
=Peronospora effusa=, Grev. SPINACH MOULD; fertile threads fasciculate,
short, thick, 2-6, rarely 7 times dichotomous above; acrospores broadly
ellipsoid, sometimes very obtuse; membrane with a violaceous tint. On
Spinach, Goosefoot, and some other allied plants. Spring and autumn. Not
uncommon. (Plate X. figs. 214, 215.)
=Peronospora Urticæ=, Casp. NETTLE MOULD; fertile threads small, loosely
4-6 times dichotomous; branches flexuose, ultimate ramuli subulate,
arcuate, often deflexed; acrospores large, broadly ovoid or subglobose,
distinctly pedicellate; apices very obtuse; membrane violaceous.—On
leaves of the common Nettle.
=Peronospora trifoliorum=, De By. CLOVER MOULD; fertile threads
cæspitose, equally or unequally 6-7 times dichotomous, rarely
trichotomous; ultimate branches subulate, acute, slightly curved;
acrospores ellipsoid, very obtuse; membrane with a slightly violaceous
tint; oospores large; epispore brown.—On Lucern (_Medicago sativa_).
Highgate and Hampstead, 1864.
=Peronospora grisea=, Ung. VERONICA MOULD; fertile threads erect,
fasciculate, grey, 5-7 times regularly dichotomous; branches gradually
attenuated; primary oblique erect; others spreading, flexuose; ultimate
mostly unequal, slightly arcuate; acrospores ellipsoid or ovoid, obtuse;
membrane pale and dirty violet.—On leaves of _Veronica beccabunga_. May,
1846. (Plate X. fig. 213.)
=Peronospora arborescens=, Berk. POPPY MOULD; fertile threads slender,
erect, 7-10 times dichotomous above; branches more or less flexuose,
squarrose, spreading, gradually attenuated; ultimate ramuli shortly
subulate, more or less arcuate; acrospores very small, subglobose;
membrane scarcely violaceous.—On the Corn Poppy. June. Common.
=Peronospora Schleideniana=, De By. (_P. Destructor_, B.) ONION MOULD;
fertile threads robust, erect, not septate, branched alternately;
ultimate ramuli forked and uncinate or divaricate; acrospores seated on
the tips of the ultimate ramuli, obovoid or nearly pear-shaped,
attenuated at the base; membrane of a dirty violet-colour.—On the leaves
of various species of _Allium_. Often plentiful. (Plate XIII. fig. 263.)
=Peronospora violacea=, Berk. SCABIOUS MOULD; fertile threads branched;
acrospores sub-elliptical, violet-coloured. All that is known of this
species is contained in the following note from the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley:—“It grew on the petals of the common scabious. I have not
found it again, and have either lost or mislaid my specimens. You may
describe it as _læte violacea_; _floccis ramosis_; _sporis
subellipticis_, _violaceis_. It is probably the _Farinaria_ on Scabious
of Sowerby.” (M. J. B.)
=Peronospora sordida=, Berk. FIGWORT MOULD; forming broad, irregular,
dirty, pallid spots on the under surface of the leaves; fertile threads
loosely dichotomous above; tips forked, unequal; acrospores obovate,
apiculate.—On leaves of _Scrophularia_. Jedburgh.
=Peronospora sparsa=, Berk. ROSE MOULD; fertile threads scattered, by no
means torulose, ultimate branches scarcely uncinate, dichotomous, pallid
grey; acrospores sub-elliptical.—On the under side of rose-leaves in
conservatories.
=Peronospora obliqua=, Cooke. DOCK MOULD; threads of the mycelium
slender; fertile threads fasciculate, erect, simple, rarely bifurcate,
attenuated upwards; acrospores large, ellipsoid, attached obliquely near
the base.—On the under surface of dock leaves. Winter and spring.
Probably not uncommon. Brownish circular spots on the leaves indicate
the presence of this mould, which is so minute that it might otherwise
be overlooked. (Plate XVI. fig. 269.)
=Erysiphei=.
_Conceptacle with one sporangium._
Appendages floccose _Sphærotheca_.
_Conceptacle with many sporangia._
Appendages needle-shaped, rigid _Phyllactinia_.
Appendages hooked _Uncinula_.
Appendages dichotomous _Microsphæria_.
Appendages floccose _Erysiphe_.
SPHÆROTHECA, _Lév._
Mycelium arachnoid; perithecia globose, containing a single globose
sporangium; appendages numerous, floccose.—_Berk. Outl._, p.
404.
=Sphærotheca pannosa=, Lév. ROSE BLIGHT; mycelium thickened, woolly,
felted, persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages
floccose, white; sporangium many-spored.—On the branches, calyces,
petioles, and leaves of Roses. Very common. (Plate XI. figs. 217, 218.)
=Sphærotheca Castagnei=, Lév. HOP BLIGHT; on both surfaces; mycelium
effuse, web-like, commonly evanescent; conceptacles minute, scattered,
globose; appendages numerous, short, flexuose above; sporangium
many-spored.—On the leaves of the Hop, Meadow-sweet, and various other
plants. Common. (Plate XI. fig. 216.)
PHYLLACTINIA, _Lév._
Perithecia hemispherical, at length depressed, seated on a persistent
or evanescent membranaceo-granular receptacle; appendages
straight, rigid, acicular, at length bent back.—_Berk. Outl._,
p. 404.
=Phyllactinia guttata=, Lév. HAZEL BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium
web-like, often evanescent; conceptacles large, scattered,
hemispherical, at length depressed; appendages hyaline, rigid, simple;
sporangia 4-20, containing 2-4 spores.—On the leaves of Hawthorn, Hazel,
Ash, Elm, Alder, Beech, Birch, Oak, Hornbeam, and various other plants.
Common. (Plate XI. figs. 219, 220.)
UNCINULA, _Lév._