NEW ZEALAND--_Continued_.
RELIGION.
THE GOOD AND EVIL INFLUENCES -- THE LIZARD ATUAS -- ALARM OF THE
CHIEF -- MAORI PRAYERS -- DIFFICULTY IN TRANSLATING THEM -- THE
SACRED LANGUAGE -- THE TOHUNGAS, OR PRIESTS -- BELIEF IN THE FUTURE
STATE -- THE SACRED BRANCH -- THE MALEVOLENT SPIRITS -- HAUNTED
MOUNTAINS -- THE TIKIS, OR SUPPOSED IDOLS OF THE MAORIES -- SOME
GIGANTIC WOODEN TIKIS -- BELIEF IN WITCHCRAFT -- FATE OF A WITCH
-- COUNTRY OF THE WIZARDS -- INCANTATION OVER THE SICK -- MAORI
ANATOMISTS.
We now come to the religion of the Maories. This is a curious mixture
of simplicity and elaboration, having the usual superstitions common to
all savage tribes, and being complicated with the remarkable system of
“tapu,” or “taboo,” as the word is sometimes spelt.
Of real religion they have no idea, and, so far as is known, even their
superstitions lack that infusion of sublimity which distinguishes the
religious system of many savage nations. They have a sort of indefinite
belief in a good and evil influence; the former going by the generic
name of Atua, and the latter of Wairua. Now, Atua is a word that has a
peculiar significance of its own. It may signify the Divine Essence,
or it may be applied to any object which is considered as a visible
representative of that essence.
Thus, if a Maori wishes to speak of God, he would use the word Atua.
But he would equally apply it to a lizard, a bird, a sun-ray, or a
cloud. There is one species of lizard, of a lovely green color, called
by the natives _kakariki_, which is held in the greatest veneration
as a living representative of divinity, and is in consequence always
dreaded as an atua. The belief which the natives hold on this subject
is well shown by an anecdote told by Mr. Angas.
“The following incident will show how deeply the belief in witchcraft
and the supposed influence of the atuas obtains among those who are
still heathens. The missionary was shown some small green lizards
preserved in a phial of spirits, Muriwenua and another man being in the
room. We forgot at the moment that the little creatures in the phial
were atuas, or gods, according to the superstitious belief of Maori
polytheism, and inadvertently showed them to the man at the table.
“No sooner did he perceive the atuas than his Herculean frame shrank
back as from a mortal wound, and his face displayed signs of extreme
horror. The old chief, on discovering the cause, cried out, ‘I shall
die! I shall die!’ and crawled away on his hands and knees; while the
other man stood as a defence between the chief and the atuas, changing
his position so as to form a kind of shield, till Muriwenua was out
of the influence of their supposed power. It was a dangerous mistake
to exhibit these atuas, for the chief is very old, and in the course
of nature cannot live long, and, if he dies shortly, his death will
certainly be ascribed to the baneful sight of the lizard gods, and I
shall be accused of _makutu_ or witchcraft.” In connection with this
superstition about the lizard, the same traveller mentions a curious
notion which prevails regarding a spider.
“On the beach of the west coast is found a small, black, and very
venomous spider, called _katipo_ by the natives. Its bite is
exceedingly painful, and even dangerous, and the natives think that
if the katipo bites a man and escapes, the man will die. But if he
contrives to catch the spider, and makes a circle of fire round it so
that it perishes in the flames, then the man recovers as the spider
dies.”
The extent to which the imagination of the natives is excited by their
fear of witchcraft is scarcely credible. There was one woman named
Eko, who was the most celebrated witch of the Waikato district. She
exercised extraordinary influence over the minds of the people, who
looked upon her as a superior being. On one occasion, when angry with
a man, she told him that she had taken out his heart. The man entirely
believed her, and died from sheer terror.
Objects which they cannot understand are often considered by the
Maories as atuas. Thus a compass is an atua, because it points in
one direction, and directs the traveller by its invisible power. A
barometer is an atua, because it foretells the weather. A watch is an
atua, on account of the perpetual ticking and moving of the hands.
Fire-arms used to be atuas until they came into common use, and lost
the mystery which was at first attached to them.
Yet the Maori never addresses his prayers to any of these visible
objects, but always to the invisible Atua of whom these are but the
representatives. The prayers are almost entirely made by the priests
or tohungas, and are a set form of words known only to the priests
and those whom they instruct. The meaning of the prayers is often
uncertain, owing to the obsolete words which are profusely employed
in them, and of which, indeed, the prayer almost entirely consists.
Prayers, or incantations, as they may perhaps be called with more
precision, are made on almost every occasion of life, however trivial,
and whether the Maori desires safety in a battle, a favorable wind
when on the water, success in a campaign, or good luck in fishing, the
tohunga is called upon to repeat the appropriate prayer. Many of these
prayers or incantations have been preserved by Dr. Dieffenbach and
others. One of these prayers, which can be more correctly translated
than many of them, is uttered at the offering of a pigeon. It is
designated as “A prayer that the pigeon may be pure, that it may be
very fat: when the fire burns, the prayer is said.”
“When it is lighted, when it is lighted, the sacred fire, O Tiki! When
it burns on the sacred morning, O give, O give, O Tiki, the fat. It
burns for thee the fat of the pigeon; for thee the fat of the owl; for
thee the fat of the parrot; for thee the fat of the flycatcher; for
thee the fat of the thrush. A water of eels; where is its spring? Its
spring is in heaven; sprinkle, give, be it poured out.”
Offerings of food are common rites of Maori native worship, and
offerings are made of both vegetable and animal food. It is much to
be regretted that very many of the ancient religious rites of the New
Zealanders have perished, and that they have been entirely forgotten
by the present generation. Such a loss as this can never be replaced,
and the fact that it has occurred ought to make us the more careful in
rescuing from speedy oblivion the expiring religious customs of other
uncivilized nations.
Prayers, such as have been mentioned, are handed down by the tohungas
or priests from father to son, and the youths undergo a long course
of instruction before they can take rank among the priests. Dr.
Dieffenbach was once fortunate enough to witness a portion of this
instruction. “I was present at one of the lessons. An old priest was
sitting under a tree, and at his feet was a boy, his relative, who
listened attentively to the repetition of certain words, which seemed
to have no meaning, but which it must have required a good memory to
retain in their due order. At the old tohunga’s side was part of a
man’s skull filled with water. Into this from time to time he dipped a
green branch, which he moved over the boy’s head. At my approach the
old man smiled, as if to say. ‘See how clever I am,’ and continued his
_abracadabra_.
“I have been assured by the missionaries that many of these prayers
have no meaning; but this I am greatly inclined to doubt. The words
of the prayers are perhaps the remains of a language now forgotten;
or, what is more probable, we find here what has existed among most
of the nations of antiquity, even the most civilized, viz: that
religious mysteries were confined to a certain class of men, who kept
them concealed from the _profanum vulgus_, or communicated only such
portions of them as they thought fit.
“They often had a sacred symbolic language, the knowledge of which
was confined to the priesthood, as, for instance, the Egyptian
hieroglyphics and the Sanscrit; or, if we look nearer home, we find the
religion of Thor, Odin, and Freya enveloped in a poetical mythos, which
has for its foundation deep and grand philosophical conceptions of
morals and ethics.”
It is a rather curious fact that, contrary to the usual custom
of heathen priests, the tohungas did not oppose the Christian
missionaries, but were among the first to receive the new religion.
Some of them seem to have received it too hastily and without
sufficient knowledge of its principles, as we see from the miserable
travesty of Christianity which has sprung up of late years among the
Maories, and which is in New Zealand what the system of Taeping is in
China.
The priests are, as a rule, the most expert artists and woodcarvers in
the country; so that the word “tohunga” is often applied by the natives
to a man who is skilful in any art, no matter whether he be a priest or
not.
The illustration No. 1, on the 860th page, is a portrait of a very
celebrated tohunga, taken by Mr. Angas in 1844. His name was Te Ohu.
The portrait was obtained during a great meeting of chiefs at Aluahu.
Te Ohu distinguished himself greatly on this occasion, running about
after the fashion of Maori orators, shaking his long and grizzled
locks from side to side, stamping furiously on the ground, and uttering
his speech in a singularly deep and sonorous voice.
In the background of the sketch may be seen two remarkable articles.
The one, which is the half of a canoe, stuck upright in the ground,
marks the grave of a deceased chief; and the other is a pole, on which
are hung a calabash of water and a basket of food, with which the
spirit of the dead can refresh himself when he returns to visit the
scene of his lifetime. Sometimes a dish of cooked pigeons is added;
and in one case a model of a canoe, with its sail and paddles, was
placed on the tomb, as a conveyance for the soul of the departed when
he wished to cross the waters which lead to the eternal abodes of the
spirit.
Concerning the state of the spirit after the death of the body the
Maories seem to have very vague ideas. The sum of their notions on
this subject is as follows:--They believe that the spirit of man is
immortal, and that when it leaves the body it goes to the Reinga, or
place of departed spirits. Shooting and falling stars are thought to
be the souls of men going to this place. The entrance to the Reinga
is down the face of a rocky cliff at Cape Maria Van Diemen. Lest the
spirit should hurt itself by falling down this precipice, there is a
very old tree which grows there, on which the spirits break their fall.
One particular branch was pointed out as being the portion of the tree
on which the spirits alighted.
One of the missionaries cut off this branch, and in consequence the
natives do not regard it with quite so much awe as they did in former
days. Still Dr. Dieffenbach remarks that, when he visited the islands,
they held the spot in great veneration, and not even the Christian
natives would go near it.
All spirits do not enter the Reinga in the same manner, those of chiefs
ascending first the upper heavens, where they leave the left eye, which
becomes a new star. For this reason, if a chief is killed in war, his
left eye is eaten by the chief of the victorious party, who thinks that
he has thus incorporated into his own being the courage, skill, and
wisdom of the dead man.
Spirits are not considered as imprisoned in the Reinga, but are able to
leave it when they please, and to return to the scene of their former
life. They can also hold converse with their friends and relatives,
but only through the tohungas. Sometimes, but very rarely, the tohunga
sees the spirit; and even then it is only visible as a sunbeam or a
shadow. The voice of the spirit is a sort of low whistling sound, like
a slight breeze, and is sometimes heard by others beside the tohunga.
He, however, is the only one who can understand the mysterious voice
and can interpret the wishes of the dead to the living.
As to the life led by departed spirits, the Maories seem to have no
idea; neither do they seem to care. They have a notion that in Reinga
the kumeras, or sweet potatoes, abound; but beyond that tradition they
appear to know nothing.
As to the malevolent spirits, or wairuas, the same cloudy
indefiniteness of ideas seems to prevail. The word wairua signifies
either the soul or a dream, and is mostly used to signify the spirit
of some deceased person who desires to act malevolently toward the
living. Such spirits are supposed to haunt certain spots, which are
in consequence avoided by the New Zealander. Mountains are especial
objects of his veneration, and those which are lofty enough to have
their tops covered with perpetual snow are specially feared. He fancies
that they are inhabited by strange and monstrous animals, that fierce
birds of huge size sit continually on their whitened tops, and that
every breeze which blows from them is the voice of the spirit which
haunts it.
In consequence of these superstitions, the natives can no more be
induced to ascend one of these mountains than to approach a burial
ground. They have a curious legend about the Tongariro and Mount
Egmont, saying that they were originally brother and sister, and lived
together, but that they afterward quarrelled and separated. There is
another strange legend of a spot near Mount Egmont. Owing to the nature
of the ground, a strong chemical action is constantly taking place,
which gives out great quantities of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. The
natives say that in former days an Atua was drowned near the spot, and
that ever since that time his body has been decomposing.
As to the idols of the New Zealanders, it is very doubtful whether
they ever existed. There are, it is true, many representations of the
human form, which are popularly supposed to be idols. It was formerly
supposed that the green jade ornaments, called “tikis,” which are worn
suspended from the neck, were idols; but it is now known that they are
merely ornaments, deriving their sole value from being handed down from
one generation to another.
Three examples of the so-called idols are here given. One of them
is remarkable for its gigantic proportions and curious shape. It is
about sixteen feet in height, and instead of consisting of a single
human figure, as is usually the case, the enormous block of wood is
carved into the semblance of two figures, one above the other. This
arrangement is not uncommon in New Zealand, and is found also in
Western Africa. I possess a walking staff of both countries, which are
composed of several human figures, each upon the other’s head. The New
Zealand staff will be presently described and figured.
[Illustration: (1.) TE OHU, A NATIVE PRIEST. (See page 857.)]
[Illustration: (2.) A TIKI AT RAOERA PAH. (See page 861.)]
[Illustration: (3.) TIKI FROM WHAKAPOKOKO. (See page 861.)]
This gigantic tiki stands, together with several others, near the
tomb of the daughter of Te Whero-Whero, and, like the monument which
it seems as it were to guard, is one of the finest examples of native
carving to be found in New Zealand. The precise object of the tiki is
uncertain; but the protruding tongue of the upper figure seems to show
that it is one of the numerous defiant statues which abound in the
islands. The natives say that the lower figure represents Maui, the
Atua who, according to Maori tradition, fished up the islands from the
bottom of the sea.
As may be seen in the illustration No. 2, on the preceding page,
nearly the whole of both figures is carved with most elaborate curved
patterns, which descend over the arms, and adorn those parts of the
statue which do duty for hips. A portion of the paling of Raroera Pah
is seen in the background, and around the tiki grow many plants of the
phormium, or New Zealand flax.
Near this wonderful and mysterious piece of carving stand several
others, all of the ordinary type. Two such tikis are shown in the
illustration No. 3, opposite, drawn from sketches taken at Whakapokoko.
Although not quite so large as the double tiki of Raroera, they are of
very great size, as may be seen by contrasting them with the figure of
the woman who is standing by one of them.
The firmest belief in witchcraft prevails in New Zealand, though not
to such an extent as in many parts of Africa. In cases of illness for
which no ordinary cause can be discovered, especially if the patient be
of high rank, “makuta,” or witchcraft, is always suspected. If a chief,
for example, fancies that he has been bewitched, he thinks over the
names of those who are likely to have a spite against him, and pitches
upon some unfortunate individual, who is thereby doomed to death. One
curious example of such a murder is related by Mr. Angas.
He met a party of natives, who told him that a woman, a relation of the
chief Ngawaka, had been shot by another chief, who suspected that she
had bewitched his son. The young man had been taken ill, and, though
the woman in question did her best to cure him, he died. His father
took it into his head that she had killed him by her incantations,
and, after loading his musket with a stick, shot her through the body.
As, however, she was the relation of Ngawaka, it was expected that the
chief would demand compensation for her death, and that the murderer
would have to pay a very heavy sum. This sort of compensation is called
“taua.”
There are several modes of witchcraft; but that which is most practised
is performed by digging a hole in the ground and invoking the spirit of
the person who is to be bewitched. After the incantations are said,
the invoked spirit appears above the hole like a flickering light, and
is then solemnly cursed by the witch. Sometimes, instead of digging a
hole, the witch goes by night to the river bank, and there invokes the
spirit, who appears as a flame of fire on the opposite bank.
Dr. Dieffenbach gives rather a curious account of a district named
Urewera, which is supposed to be the special abode of witches. It is
situated in the northern island, between Taupo and Hawkes’ Bay, and
consists of steep and barren hills. The inhabitants of this district
are few and scattered, and have the reputation of being the greatest
witches in the country.
“They are much feared, and have little connection with the neighboring
tribes, who avoid them, if possible. If they come to the coast, the
natives there scarcely venture to refuse them anything, for fear of
incurring their displeasure. They are said to use the saliva of the
people whom they intend to bewitch, and visitors carefully conceal it,
to give them no opportunity of working them evil. Like our witches and
sorcerers of old, they appear to be a very harmless people, and but
little mixed up with the quarrels of their neighbors.
“It is a curious fact that many of the old settlers in the country have
become complete converts to the belief in these supernatural powers.
Witchcraft has been the cause of many murders: a few days before I
arrived at Aotea, on the western coast, three had been committed, in
consequence of people declaring on their deathbeds that they had been
bewitched....
“It is another curious fact, which has been noticed in Tahiti, Hawaii,
and the islands inhabited by the great Polynesian race, that their
first intercourse with Europeans produces civil wars and social
degradation, but that a change of ideas is quickly introduced, and that
the most ancient and deeply-rooted prejudices soon become a subject of
ridicule to the natives, and are abolished at once. The grey priest, or
tohunga, deeply versed in all the mysteries of witchcraft and native
medical treatment, gives way in his attendance on the sick to every
European who pretends to a knowledge of the science of surgery or
medicine, and derides the former credulity of his patient.
“If a chief or his wife fall sick, the most influential tohunga, or
a woman who has the odor of sanctity, attends, and continues day and
night with the patient, sometimes repeating incantations over him,
and sometimes sitting before the house and praying. The following is
an incantation which is said by the priest as a cure for headache. He
pulls out two stalks of the _Pteris esculenta_, from which the fibres
of the root must be removed, and, beating them together over the
head of the patient, says this chant.”--The chant in question is as
unintelligible as those which have already been mentioned. Its title is
“A prayer for the dead (_i. e._ the sick man) when his head aches: to
Atua this prayer is prayed, that he, the sick man, may become well.”
When a chief is ill, his relations assemble near the house and all weep
bitterly, the patient taking his part in the general sorrowing; and
when all the weeping and mourning has been got out of one village, the
patient is often carried to another, where the whole business is gone
over again. Should the sick person be of an inferior class, he goes off
to the bush, and remains there until he is well again, choosing the
neighborhood of a hot spring if he can find one, or, if no such spring
is at hand, infusing certain herbs in boiling water and inhaling the
steam.
As may be imagined from the practice which they have in cutting up
the dead for their cannibal feasts, the Maories are good practical
anatomists, and know well the position of all the principal organs and
vessels of the body. Consequently, they can operate in cases of danger,
using sharp-edged shells if they have no knives. They can also set
broken limbs well, bringing the broken surfaces together, binding the
limb with splints, laying it on a soft pillow, and surrounding it with
a wickerwork contrivance in order to guard it against injury.