Araucanian, 226;
Astraponotus, 595;
Casa Mayor, 284, 595;
Deseado, 262, 595;
Miocene, 609;
Mioc., N. Amer., 597;
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 605, 608, 609;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 206, 211, 219, 597;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 219, 221, 596, 598, 604, 605;
Pliocene. N. Amer., 221, 225, 597;
Plioc., S. Amer., 596, 598;
Santa Cruz, 245, 246, 596, 598, 605, 608, 609.
(_See also_ †Gravigrada)
Ground-squirrels, 164, 181
_†Grypotherium_, 592, 602
Guanaco, 60, 139, 178, 389 (fig.), 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400
(manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.), 490, 491;
destruction by cold, 36;
distribution, 138
Guiana, 179
Guianas, Miocene, 596
Guinea-Pig, 185;
four-toed race, 657, 660
Gulf-coast, Eocene, 104, 111, 117;
Miocene, 117;
Pliocene, 125
Gulf of Mexico, Eocene, 106, 113;
Oligocene, 113, 117;
Paleocene, 101
Gulf Stream, Oligocene, 113
_Gulo_, 152, 155 (fig.), 237, 517
Gypsy Moth, 143
HAECKEL, E., 648
Hairless skin, 45
_Halicore_, 442
_†Halmarhiphus_, 627
Handwriting, development of, 9, 13, 14
_Hapale_, 578
Hapalidæ, 172, 578, 582, 583
_†Hapalops_, 243 (restoration), 592, =605=, 606 (restor.), 609 (pes
fig.)
Hare, Arctic, 150
Hares, 59, 181, 245, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Plioc., N. Amer., 222;
Plioc., S. Amer., 226;
tailless, or whistling, 153
_†Harpagolestes_, 554, =559=, 560, 571
Harrison stage, 120, 235
HATCHER, J. B., 337, 523, 524
Hayti, 173, 185;
junction with Centr. Amer., 128;
Miocene, 123;
Pliocene, 128
Hedgehogs, 59, 276;
White River, 253
†Hegetotheriidæ, 462, 472
_†Hegetotherium_, 462, 479
_†Helaletes_, 272, 291
_†Helohyus_, 273, 361, =365=
_†Hemiacodon_, 578
_†Hemipsalodon_, 253, =565=
_†Henricosbornia_, 462
_†Heptodon_, 275, 291, =327=
Herbivora, 516
Herbivorous mammals, 45;
large, 44
_†Hipparion_, 291
_†Hippidion_, 212 (restoration), 213, 214 (restor.), 291, 296, =307=,
308 (skeleton fig.)
_Hippocamelus_, 91 (pes fig.), 180, 410 (manus and pes fig.)
Hippopotamus, 45, 54, 60, 70, 92, 358, 654
Hogs, ruminating, 372
Holarctic region, =146=, 147, 150, 588
_†Homacodon_, 273, 361, =398=
†Homalodontotheriidæ, 462;
Casa Mayor, 283
_†Homalodontotherium_, 462, =482=
_†Homalodothere_, 482
_†Homalodotheres_, 462, =482=, 509
_†Homo heidelbergensis_, 588;
_H. †neanderthalensis_, 588;
_H. sapiens_, 588
_†Homunculus_, 578, =586=
Hoofed animals, 74, 77, 81, 83, 89, 312, 313, 461;
Araucanian, 227;
Bridger, 269, 273;
Casa Mayor, 282;
clawed, 651;
Deseado, 262, 264;
massive, 654;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
†primitive, 492;
Santa Cruz, 246;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 273;
Wasatch, 277;
Wind River, 274
(_see_ Ungulata)
Hoofed mammal, clawed, 484
Hoofed mammals, 60, 456, 459, 460;
even-toed, 54, 60;
odd-toed, 60;
White River, 255
(_see_ Ungulata)
HOOKER, J., 193
_†Hoplophoneus_, 252 (restoration), 517, =535=, 536 (restoration),
539, 540, 543
Horn-cores, 416
Horse, 44, 48, 52, 62, 76 (scapula fig.), 79 (humerus fig.), 81
(fore-arm bones fig.), 85 (femur fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.), 95
(molar fig.), 294, (manus and pes fig.), 359;
Asiatic Wild, 52, 292 (fig.);
†Dawn, 302, 303 (restoration);
†forest, 200;
†Pampas, 212 (restoration), 214 (restoration), 308 (skeleton fig.);
†Texas, 195 (restoration), 200 (restoration);
†three-toed grazing, 298 (restoration);
True, 199, 213, 295;
†White River, 252 (restoration), 300 (restoration).
(_See also_ _Equus_)
Horses, 56, 60, 81, 95, 97, 289, 290, =291=, 312, 319, 330, 353, 360,
382, 397, 458, 461, 499, 504, 651, 653, 655, 656, 658, 661;
Blanco, 222;
bones of, 33;
Bridger, 272, 302;
browsing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;
Eocene, 304, 307;
grazing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;
John Day, 299;
Miocene, 295, 297, 298, 231, 232, 234, 238, 301;
North American, 39;
Oligocene, 299;
phyla of, 289, 650;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199, 208, 211, 213, 221, 295, 304, 307;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215, 307;
Pliocene, 223, 295, 307, 331;
South American, 307;
spread of, 142, 143;
three-toed, 33, 501;
tridactyl, 658;
true, 292, 308;
Uinta, 301;
Wasatch, 280, 302;
White River, 257, 299, 300;
Wind River, 275, 302, 303, 396.
(_See also_ Equidæ)
HORSFALL, R. B., 42
HRDLIČKA, A., 589
Hudsonian fauna, 151
Hudson’s Bay slope, interglacial forests, 131
Huemul, 180
Humerus, 78 (fig.)
Humid province, 164
Humidity, effect on distribution, 141
Hungary, 316
Hutias, 184
HUXLEY, T. H., 28
Hyænidæ, 518
_†Hyænodon_, 252 (restoration), 253, 555, =562=, 563 (restoration),
564 (skeleton fig.), 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth fig.), 567,
576
†Hyænodont, primitive, 567 (restoration)
†Hyænodontidæ, 253, 555, 557, =562=, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth
fig.), 569, 573, 575;
Bridger, 268;
Eocene, 254, 566, 576;
Wind River, 274
†Hyænodonts, _see_ †Hyænodontidæ
_†Hyænognathus_, 522, 524, 530
_Hydrochærus_, 183 (fig.), 185, 205
_Hydropotes_, 412
Hyena, bones of, 35
†Hyena-dogs, 222, 249, 527, 530
Hyenas, 518, 527, 553, 554
Hyoid arch, 67
†Hyopsodonta, 59
_†Hyperhippidium_, 213, 291, =307=
_†Hyperleptus_, 607
†Hypertragulidæ, 267, 362, 386, =402=, 414;
Eocene, 408;
John Day, 251, 404, 407;
Miocene, 241, 258, 404;
White River, 258, 406, 408
†Hypertragulids, _see_ †Hypertragulidæ
_†Hypertragulus_, 241, 258, 267, 362, =407=, 408
_†Hypisodus_, 258, 362, =408=
_†Hypohippus_, 291, 297, 300
Hypsodont teeth, 95 (fig.);
prevalence of, 232
_†Hyrachyus_, 271 (restoration), 272, 291, 339, =344= (restor.), 345
(skull fig.), 346, 349, 350
_†Hyracodon_, 252 (restoration), 255, 266, 291, =341= (restor.), 343
(manus fig.)
†Hyracodontidæ, 291, =403=
†Hyracodontinæ, 291, 340, =341=, 346, 350, 351, 352;
Bridger, 272, 343;
Eocene, 342;
Uinta, 266, 343;
White River, 255, 256, 341;
Wind River, 275, 276, 344
†Hyracodonts, _see_ Hyracodontinæ
Hyracoidea, 60, 458, 481, 492, 514;
distribution, 138
Hystricomorpha, 245, 262
Ice Age, 25
_Ichthyomys_, 182
_Icticyon_, 174, 212, 517, 527, 552
_†Ideodidelphys_, 627
IHERING, H. VON, 124
_†Ilingoceros_, 362
Ilium, 77
Immigrants from Old World to N. America, 229, 276, 279, 316, 365,
370, 386, 416, 417;
artiodactyls, 201, 202, 259;
bison, 420;
Carnivora, 203;
felines, 258;
†hyænodonts, 254;
insectivores, 253;
mustelines, 238, 254;
otters, 234;
Proboscidea, 422;
rhinoceroses, 234;
sheep, 419;
from North to South America, 171, 211, 226, 227, 242, 461;
from South to North America, 205, 206, 233
Immigration, 266;
Eocene, 324;
Miocene, 233;
Pleistocene, 151;
Pliocene, 151
Incisors, 93
India, 14, 213, 327, 390, 412, 418, 430, 527, 542, 551;
Permian glaciation of, 25
Indian Ocean, 442
Indians, pre-Columbian, 590
_†Indrodon_, 580
Insect-eaters, 92
Insectivora, 59, 191, 249, 459, 580;
Bridger, 268;
Miocene, 238;
Neotropical, 172;
Paleocene, 284;
Puerco, 286;
Santa Cruz, 245, 587;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 253;
Wind River, 274
Insectivores, _see_ Insectivora
Inserts, 141;
Florissant, 121;
Green River, 109
Interglacial stages, 17, 130, 207;
climate of, 134;
mammals of, 131
†Interatheriidæ, 462, 476, =479=
_†Interatherium_, 462, =481=, 636 (restoration)
Irreversibility of evolution, 541, 656
_†Ischyrocyon_, 517
†Ischyromyids, Bridger, 270;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 280
_†Ischyromys_, 254
_†Isectolophus_, 291
†Isotemnidæ, 462, =485=
_†Isotemnus_, 462
Isthmian region, geology, 120;
Pliocene, 128
Isthmus of Panama, 170;
geology, 21, 22;
Miocene, 123;
Oligocene, 117, 123;
Pleistocene, 122, 134
Jackal, bones of, 35
Jaguar, 176, 177 (fig.), 212, 545, 552
Jamaica, Miocene, 123;
mongoose introduced, 142
Japan, 135
Java, 21, 140, 327
JEFFERSON, T., 206, 597
Jerboas, 90
John Day age and stage, 17, 30, =116=, 375, 543
Jumping Mouse, 153, 160 (fig.);
mice, 182;
shrews, 59
Jurassic period, 15, 16, 642, 643
Kangaroo-rats, 163 (fig.), 182;
Miocene, 238
Kangaroos, 59, 626, 640
Kinkajou, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552
Klipdasses, 458, 481
KNIGHT, C. R., 42, 470, 478, 480, 481, 494, 502, 506, 606, 636, 639
KOWALEVSKY, W., 233, 503
Kudu, 225
Labrador, Pliocene, 125
_Lagidium_, 185
Lake, Argentine, 36;
Bonneville, 131;
Callabonna, 34;
Lahontan, 131;
Ontario, invasion by sea, 132
Lakes, relation to glaciation, 132;
sediments of, 37
_Lama_, 138, 362, =388=;
_L. huanacus_, 178, 389 (fig.);
_L. vicunia_, 178 (fig.)
_†Lambdaconus_, 489
_†Lambdotherium_, 275, 291, =315=
Land-bridges, 18
Land-connections, how ascertained, 20;
Cuba and Centr. Amer., 128;
Hayti and Centr. Amer., 128;
N. Amer. and Asia, 18, 125, 588;
N. Amer. and Europe, 18, 106, 108, 109, 118, 120;
N. Amer. and Old World, 21, 23, 109, 115, 249, 251, 267, 276, 287;
N. and S. Amer., 100, 120, 123, 233;
S. Amer. and Africa, 103, 112, 124, 587;
S. Amer. and Antarctica, 112, 124;
S. Amer. and Australia, 103, 123, 638;
S. Amer. and Old World, 262;
West Indies and Mediterranean lands, 120
La Plata, estuary, 34
Last Hope Inlet, 60
_Latax_, 517
Lava-fields, the Columbia River, 121, 127
Lavas, Miocene, 118, 121, 122;
Pleistocene, 133;
Pliocene, 127
LECHE, W., 63
LEIDY, J., 372
Lemming, 148
Lemmings, 141, 153
Lemur, †monkey-like, 581 (head restored)
_Lemur_, 578
Lemuroidea, 60, 284, 459, 577, =578=, 588;
Bridger, 270, 578;
Eocene, 579;
Wasatch, 281, 580;
Wind River, 275
†Leontiniidæ, 462, =475=
_†Leontinia_, 263 (head restored), 462, =475=
Leopard, 45;
Hunting, 543
_†Leptarctus_, 517, 547
_†Leptauchenia_, 258, 361, =377= (skull fig.), 378 (restoration), 381
†Leptochœridæ, 361
_†Leptochœrus_, 361
_†Leptomeryx_, 258, 267, 362, =407= (skull fig.), 409, 563
(restoration), 657
_†Leptoreodon_, 362
_†Leptotragulus_, 267, 362
_Lepus_, 164
_†Lestodon_, 602
_†Limnocyon_, 555, =573=
Linnæan system, 51, 56, 57
LINNÆUS, C., 1, 51, 52, 55, 578
Lion, 45, 48, 92, 204;
cubs, 46
Lions, 210, 212
Lipotyphla, 59
_†Listriodon_, 364
†Litopterna, 60, 469, =489=, 514, 651, 653;
Araucanian, 227;
Casa Mayor, 283;
Deseado, 264;
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 216 (do.);
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 215, 221;
Santa Cruz, 243 (restorations), 247
Lizards, 102;
Santa Cruz, 244
Llama, 54, 60, 490, 491;
distribution, 138
Llama-like animals, 386
Llamas, 13, 90, 241, 257, 362, 386, =388=, 390, 391, 421, 461;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 202;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224;
South American, 231
Loess, 133
_Loncheres_, 184
LOOMIS, F. B., 487
†Lophiodontidæ, 257, 272, 291, 319, 325, =326=, 341, 343, 348;
Eocene, 326;
Oligocene, 339;
Wasatch 280, 326;
White River, 257, 326;
Wind River, 275, 315
†Lophiodonts, _see_ †Lophiodontidæ
Loricata, 592, =610=
Loup Fork age and stage, 17, =121=
Loup River stage, 127
Lower Sonoran zone, 148, 164
Lowest Eocene, 99
_Loxodonta_, 423 (molar fig.)
LUCAS, F. A., 337
LULL, R., 437
Lunar, 83
_Lutra_, 152, 160 (fig.), 164, 175, 213, 517, 551
_Lutreola_, 152 (fig.)
LYDEKKER, R., 150, 181, 389, 390, 411, 412, 419
_Lyncodon_, 175, 552
_Lynx_, 153, 163, 169 (fig.), 517, 544 (dentition fig.)
Lynxes, 141, 176, 543, 544, 552;
Pleistocene, 204
†Machairodontinæ, 54, =530=, 535, 542;
cursorial, 543;
Oligocene, 535
†Machairodonts, _see_ Machairodontinæ, _also see_ †Sabre-tooth tigers
_†Machairodus_, 517, =534= (skull fig.), 536
_†Machairoides_, 555, =573=
_†Macrauchenia_, 212 (restoration), 215, 216 (do.), 217, 227, 248,
=489=, 493, 495, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 498
†Macrauchenid, Santa Cruz, 494 (restoration)
†Macrauchenidæ, 248, =489=, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 651;
Deseado, 264, 499;
Eocene, 499;
Paraná, 228, 496;
Pleistocene, 489;
Pliocene, 493;
Santa Cruz, 248, 493
_†Macrotherium_, 354
Madagascar, 173, 530;
Pleistocene, 579;
zoölogy of, 146
Magnum, 83
Malagasy region, 146
Malay Archipelago, 146, 191, 580;
islands, 281, 327, 408;
Peninsula, 137, 281
Malleolar bone, 87
Mammal, defined, 1
Mammalia, classification, 50;
evolution of, 645;
geographical distribution, 135;
skeleton and teeth of, 61
†Mammoth, 39, =196=, 207, 332, =426=, 427, 429;
Siberian, 44
Man, 60, 62, 66, 76 (scapula fig.), 77 (clavicle fig.), 79 (humerus
fig.), 80 (fore-arm bones fig.), 82 (manus fig.), 84, 88 (pes
fig.), 90, 93, 577, 578, 582;
American Pleistocene, 589;
European Palæolithic, 197;
European Pleistocene, 39, 588;
origin of, 588;
in Western Hemisphere, 588
Manatee, 207, 442
_Manatus_, 442
_†Manteoceras_, 272, 317 (head restored)
Manus, 82 (fig.)
Maples, 102
Mara, 185
Marine, fauna, Miocene, 117;
Oligocene, 117;
Pliocene, 127;
habit, 2;
mammals, 37, 45;
rocks, 37;
shells, Pleistocene, 132;
Pliocene of England, 127
_Marmosa_, 632
Marmoset, 584 (fig.)
Marmosets, 172, 578, =582=, 583
Marmot, 150, 152 (fig.)
_Marmota_, 152 (fig.), 153
Marmots, 60, 141, 153, 181, 245;
Miocene, 229;
Pliocene, 222
MARSH, O. C., 318
Marsupial, †allotherian, 286 (head restored), predaceous, Santa Cruz,
243 (restoration), 494 (do.), 636 (do.), 639 (do.)
Marsupialia, 43, 57, 59, 459, =626=;
Araucanian, 226, 634;
Australian, 145, 632, 638;
Bridger, 268;
carnivorous, 59;
Casa Mayor, 282, 638, 642;
Deseado, 261, 638, 642;
distribution, 138;
flesh-eating, 553;
herbivorous, 59;
insectivorous, 59;
Miocene, S. Amer., 226;
Paleocene, 284;
Paraná, 227, 634, 641;
predaceous, 627, =632=;
Puerco, 286, 642;
Santa Cruz, 244, 635, 640;
South American, 190, 638;
Torrejon, 285, 642;
Wasatch, 276;
White River, 251
Marten, 551
Martens, 152, 231, 517, 550, 551;
Miocene, 229;
Pleistocene, 204
_Martes_, 517
†Mastodon, 207, 426, 590;
American, 195 (restoration), 196, 207, 229 (molar fig.), 428,
(restoration), =429=, 437 (head fig.), 438, 439, 448;
Miocene, 431 (head restored)
_†Mastodon_, =429=, 430, 437 (head and molar fig.);
_†M. americanus_, _see_ †Mastodon, American;
_†M. andium_, 436
†Mastodons, 60, 264, 430, 438;
Blanco, 222;
early, 432;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 211;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 215, 221, 436;
Pliocene, 225;
Tertiary, 429
MATTHEW, W. D., 241, 257, 407, 409, 414, 531, 532, 540, 542, 546,
547, 565, 566, 657, 659
_Mazama_, 180, 181 (fig.), 362
Meadow-mice, 153, 182, 218
Mediterranean, Eocene, 104, 106
_†Megalictis_, 517, =551=
_†Megalocnus_, 592, =604=
†Megalonychidæ, 592, =598=, 610
_†Megalonychotherium_, 592
_†Megalonyx_, 195 (restoration), 206, 219, 221, 592, 597, =604=, 607
_†Megamys_, 226
_†Megatheriidæ_, 591, =598=, 607
_†Megatherium_, 206, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 591, 597, =599=,
602, 604, 608
_Mellivora_, 551
†Meniscotheriidæ, 457, =458=
_†Meniscotherium_, 457, =458=, 459 (restoration)
Menotyphla, 59
_Mephitis_, 153, 167 (fig.), 517, 552
MERRIAM, C. H., 140, 141, 147, 148, 150, 161
MERRIAM, J. C., 31, 32, 538, 543
_†Merychippus_, 291, =297=, 298
_†Merychyus_, 232, 361, 372, =373=, 374, 377, 381, 382
_†Merycochœrus_, 241, 361, 372, =373= (head restored), 374, 376, 381,
382 (manus fig.)
†Merycodontidæ, 362, =414=
_†Merycodus_, 224, 362, =414=, 415 (restoration), 417
_†Merycoidodon_, 252 (restoration), 258, 259 (do.), 361, =379= (skull
fig.), 382 (manus fig.), 536 (restoration)
_†Mesatirhinus_, 271 (restoration), 314 (do.)
Mesaxonic symmetry, 359
_†Mesocyon_, 517, =528=, 530
_†Mesohippus_, 252 (restoration), 290, =300= (restor.), 302, 305
(skull fig.), 308 (manus and pes fig.), 326, 342, 343, 396,
397, 505
†Mesonychid, 269 (restoration), 271 (do.)
†Mesonychidæ, 554, 556, =558=, 574;
Bridger, 268, 559;
Torrejon, 285, 560;
Uinta, 265, 559;
Wasatch, 277, 560;
Wind River, 274
_†Mesonyx_, 554, =559= (teeth fig.), 561
_†Mesoreodon_, 361, 372, =378=
Mesozoic era, 15, 16, 18, 23, 103, 284, 574, 632, 643
Metacarpal, 84
Metacarpus, 83
_†Metacheiromys_, 592, =616=
_†Metamynodon_, 255, 291, =346=, 347 (restoration), 352, 510
Metapodial, 90
Metatarsal, 89
Metatarsus, 89
Metatheria, 626
_†Meteutatus_, 592
Mexico, 33, 179, 181, 199, 200, 207, 229, 419, 427, 585;
Eocene, 104;
lowlands, 142, 146, 164;
mammals, 135, 141, 142;
Miocene, 118, 121;
plateau, 142;
Pliocene, 125
_†Miacidæ_, 527, 530, 554, 555, 556, =557=, 562, 576;
Bridger, 268;
Torrejon, 285;
Uinta, 519, 558;
Wasatch, 277, 279;
Wind River, 274
_†Miacis_, 555, 558
Mice, 60, 244;
groove-toothed, 182;
John Day, 249;
jumping, 182;
Miocene, 229;
Pleistocene, S. Amer., 218;
vesper, 182;
white-footed, 153, 164, 182;
White River, 254
_†Microbiotherium_, 627
_Microtus_, 153, 218
_Midas_, 578
Migration, of birds, 143;
of mammals, 18, 19, 143;
of †hyænodonts, 567;
between N. and S. Amer., 129;
Oligocene, 254;
Pleistocene, 207, 211;
pre-Wasatch, 108;
of Proboscidea, 441;
White River, 116
Milk-dentition, 94
Mink, 152 (fig.)
Minks, 213, 518, 550;
Pleistocene, 204
Miocene epoch, 17, 33, 112;
North America, =117=, 119 (map), 233, 249, 251, 284, 386, 420, 421,
438, 554, 658, 661;
European, 235, 364, 435, 441, 550;
South American, 20, =123=, 242, 261, 553, 640
_†Miohippus_, 290, 299
_†Miolabis_, 362, =391=
Mississippi, Embayment, 104, 117;
Valley, loess of, 133
Missouri River, drowning of bison in, 36
MITCHELL, P. CHALMERS, 52
_†Mœritherium_, =434=, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439, 440, 441,
442, 450
Molars, 93
Mole, 2;
Star-nosed, 152
Moles, 59, 77, 89;
American, 163;
Bridger, 268;
golden, 245;
White River, 253
Mole-shrews, 153
Mongoose, 142
Monkeys, 2, 60, 141, 282, 283, 284, 577, 578, =582=;
Bridger, 270;
eastern hemisphere, 172;
howling, 578, =585=;
Neotropical, 172, =586=;
New World, 583, 587;
Old World, 583, 587;
Pleistocene, 218, 586;
Santa Cruz, 245, 586, 587;
South American, 578, =583=, 587;
spider, 578, =584=;
Wind River, 275
Monodelphia, =58=, 59, 145
Monotremata, 59;
distribution, 138
Monte Hermoso age and stage, 20, =129=, 226, 479, 499, 508, 634
Moose, 4, 65, 141, 151, 156 (fig.), 181, 202, 208, 411, 412, 413
Moraine, Great Terminal, 131
Moraines, 25
_†Moropus_, 238, 240 (restoration), 291, =356= (manus fig.)
_†Morphippus_, 462
_Moschus_, 412
Mt. Hood, 121;
Kenya, 134;
Tacoma, 121
Mountain Lion, 153, 168 (fig.)
Mountain ranges, as barriers to mammals, 142;
history of, 23
Mouse, Jumping, 153, 160 (fig.)
Mouse-Deer, 54, 60, 358, 408.
(_See also_ Chevrotains _and_ Tragulina)
†Multituberculata, 642
Mummies of Pleistocene rodents, 40
Muntjac, Indian, 412
Muntjacs, 412, 414, 658
Musk-Ox, 148, 149 (fig.), 202, 207, 211, 418
Musk-Oxen, 27, 141, 208, 210
Muskrat, 2, 151, 153, 182
_Mustela_, 159 (fig.), 160 (fig.), 517
Mustelidæ, 174, 222, 265, 517, 518, =550=, 553, 554;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 238, 551;
Old World origin, 550;
Pleistocene, 551;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
Pliocene, 223, 551;
South American, 552;
White River, 254, 551
Mustelines, _see_ Mustelidæ
Mutation, 662
_Mycetes_, 585
†Mylagaulidæ, 222, 229, 233
†Mylagaulids, _see_ †Mylagaulidæ
_†Mylodon_, 206, 212 (restoration), 219, 592, 597, 601, =602=, 603
(restoration), 604, 607, 608 (pes fig.)
†Mylodontidæ, 206, 592, 598, 602;
Deseado, 610;
Santa Cruz, 605, 607, 609
†Mylodonts, _see_ †Mylodontidæ
_Myocastor_, 184
_Myodes_, 153
_Myrmecophaga_, 91, 187, 188 (fig.), 206, 355, 591, 600
Myrmecophagidæ, 591
Mystacoceti, 60
_Nasua_, 162, 176, 213, 517, 546, 552
Nasuas, 141
Navicular, 88
Navidad formation, 124
†Necrolestidæ, 245
_†Nematherium_, 592, 607
Neogæa, 145
Neogæic realm, 146, 164
_†Neohipparion_, 33, 291, 298 (restoration), 299 (skeleton fig.)
_†Neoplagiaulax_, 627
_Neotoma_, 153, 164
_†Neotragocerus_, 362
Neotropical region, 146, 147, =164=, 170 (map), 322, 363, 418, 436,
461, 552, 583, 591, 630
_†Nesodon_, 243 (restoration), 462, =467= (skull fig.), 470
(restoration), 473 (pes fig.), 474, 475, 478, 482, 483, 498,
510, 511
NEUMAYR, M., 663
New Guinea, 634
New York Zoölogical Society, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154-169,
176-180, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 292, 389, 584
Newfoundland, Pliocene, 125
New Zealand, 284;
Miocene, 123
Nicaragua, 218
_†Nimravus_, 249, 541, =542= (skull fig.), 543
Nomenclature, 50
North America, the circumpolar area, 148;
mammals of, 145;
zoölogical divisions, 146, 147 (map)
†Notharctidæ, 578
_†Notharctus_, 578, =579=
_†Nothocyon_, 530
_†Nothrotherium_, 592
†Notohippidæ, 262, 462, =475=
_Notohippus_, 462, =476=
Notopithecidæ, 462
_†Notopithecus_, 462
†Notostylopidæ, 282, 462, =485=
_†Notostylops_, 462
Notostylops Beds, 20, 281
Notoungulata, 461, =489=
Nova Scotia, Pliocene, 125
_Nyctipithecus_, 578, =585=
Oaks, 102
Ocelot, 176 (fig.), 212, 552
_Ochotona_, 153
_Octodon_, 184
Octodontidæ, 184
_†Octodontherium_, 262
_Odocoileus_, 95 (molar fig.), 153, 162, 202, 208, 360 (molar fig.),
362, 413;
_O. hemionus_, 46 (fawns fig.), 167 (fig.);
_O. virginianus_, 166 (fig.), 179, 412;
_O. virg. osceola_, 179 (fig.)
Odontoceti, 60
Okapi, 45
Old World, 101, 258, 266, 295, 327, 331, 332, 335, 341, 351, 353,
358, 386, 390, 413, 420, 426, 518, 550, 554, 558, 562, 583;
camels, 138;
horses, 201;
mammals, 120, 121, 142;
separation from N. A., 146
_†Oligobunis_, 517, =551=
Oligocene epoch, 17;
Europe, 324, 352, 370, 543, 552, 661;
North America, =113=, 114 (map), 204, 224, 265, 287, 378, 576, 658;
South America, 20, =117=, 282, 456, 485, 508, 512, 625
_†Omomys_, 578
_†Onohippidium_, 307
Ontogeny, 648
_†Oödectes_, 555, 558
Opossum, 161 (fig.), 627;
Water-, 627, 631
Opossum-like forms, Cretaceous, 638
Opossums, 2, 58, 59, 141, 161, 249, 626, 627, =630=;
Araucanian, 226;
Bridger, 268;
Casa Mayor, 282;
Cretaceous, 631;
Eocene, 631;
European, 631;
North American, 631;
Oligocene, 631;
Paleocene, 631;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 221;
Santa Cruz, 244;
South American, 190, 221, 631;
White River, 251;
Wind River, 274;
woolly, 631
_Opsiceros_, 327, 329, 330, 332, 350, 351
Orders, distribution of, 138
Ordovician period, 15
_Oreamnos_, 152, 158 (fig.), 202, 416
_†Oreodon_, 379
†Oreodont, White River, 252 (restoration), 259 (do.), 536 (do.)
†Oreodontidæ, 250, 361, =372=, 383, 384, 385, 404, 436, 652, 661;
Eocene, 372, 381;
grazing, 232;
John Day, 250, 375, 377, 379;
Miocene, 231, 235, 241, 372, 374;
Pliocene, 225, 373;
Uinta, 267, 380;
White River, 258, 377
Oriental region, 146
_Ornithorhynchus_, 57
_†Orohippus_, 272, 290, =302=
OSBORN, H. F., 18, 59, 102, 193, 194, 199, 207, 235, 241, 265, 273,
288, 297, 331, 340, 341, 345, 357, 406, 409, 414, 427, 450,
554, 655
_Otocyon_, 656
Ottawa valley, marine invasion of, 132
Otter, 2, 160 (fig.), 175, 213
Otters, 152, 164, 516, 517, 518, 550, 551;
Miocene, 229, 234;
Pleistocene, 204;
South American, 552
_Ovibos_, 149 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 418
_Ovis_, 152, =419=
Ox, 70
Oxen, 54, 60, 362, 409, 416, 418
_†Oxyæna_, 274, 277, 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), =571=, 572
(restoration), 573
_†Oxyænidæ_, 555, =568=, 575;
Bridger, 268, 568, 573;
Uinta, 265, 573;
Wasatch, 277, 571;
Wind River, 274, 571
_†Oxyænodon_, 555
†Oxyclænidæ, 554, 561, =562=, 568, 574
_†Oxyclænus_, 554
_†Oxydactylus_, 241, 362, =391=, 392 (restoration), 393 (skeleton
fig.)
OWEN, R., 217, 463, 467, 510, 603, 608
Paca, 183 (fig.), 185
_†Pachyæna_, 274, 277, 554, =560=
_†Pachycyon_, 522
Pachydermata, 44, 490, 492, 654
_†Pachyrukhos_, 227, 462, =478=, 479, 639 (restoration)
Pacific Coast, Eocene, 104, 111;
mingling of mammals, 140;
Miocene, 117, 120;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 101;
Pleistocene, 132;
Pleisto. volcanoes, 133
_†Palæarctonyx_, 555
_†Palæomastodon_, =432=, 434, 435, 436, 437 (head and molar fig.),
438, 439, 440, 441, 450
_†Palæonictis_, 277, 555, =574=
Palæontological method, 9, 11, 29
Palæontology, 29, 649, 660, 663
_†Palæosyops_, 272, 291, 314 (molar fig.), 317 (head restored), 318
(manus fig.)
_†Palæothentes_, 627
_†Palæotherium_, 490, 492, 661
Palæozoic era, 15
_†Palæpanorthus_, 627
Paleocene epoch, 17, =99=, 108, 253, 273, 276, 291, 443, 453, 454,
456, 459, 460, 519, 554, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562, 568, 578,
580, 625, 642
Palms, 103, 111, 116, 122
_†Paloplotherium_, 661
Pamir, 419
Pampas, 133, 142, 211, 213, 218, 219, 596
Pampean Beds, 19, 133, 136, 228, 248, 463, 471, 478, 489, 493, 496,
498, 586;
mammals, =212= (restorations), 489
Panda, 546
Pangolins, 60, 353
_†Panochthus_, 592, =618=, 620
†Pantodonta, 443, =451=
_†Pantolambda_, 285 (restoration), =453=, 454
Paraguay, 164, 178, 189
_†Parahippus_, 290, =297=
_†Parahyus_, 281, 361, =370=
Parallelism, 397, =649=, 652, 653
_†Paramylodon_, 592
_†Paramys_, 270, 271 (restoration), 280
Paraná age and stage, 20, =128=, 242, 493, 499, 507, 635
Paraná River, 34
_†Parapithecus_, =583=, 587
_†Parastrapotherium_, 509, =512=
Paraxonic symmetry, 359
Patagonia, 30, 40, 139, 178, 180, 184, 185, 189, 190, 191, 242, 263,
463, 467, 477, 586, 596;
Cretaceous, 117, 632;
Eocene, 112, 117;
marine rocks, 112;
Miocene, 123, 613;
Oligocene, 117;
Pleistocene glaciation, 133;
Pliocene, 128;
Tertiary, 20
Patagonian age and stage, 20, =123=, 474, 475, 479
Patella, 86 (fig.)
_†Patriofelis_, 271 (restoration), 274, 555, =568=, 569
(restoration), 570 (pes fig.)
_†Paulogervaisia_, 462, =488=
Peace Creek stage, 127, 221, 322
Peccaries, 141, 178, 361, =363=, 461;
Bridger, 273, 365;
John Day, 250, 365;
Miocene, 232, 235, 239, 365;
Oligocene, 365;
Pleistocene, 201;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 224, 226, 364;
Uinta, 266, 365
Peccary, 33, 60, 161, 177 (fig.), 222, 360 (molar fig.)
Pecora, 54, 60, 362, 387, 402, =409=, 420, 421;
Neotropical, 179;
Oligocene, 421;
Pleistocene, 201
_†Pelecyodon_, 592
†Peltephilidæ, 592
_†Peltephilus_, 592, =613= (skull fig.), 615
Pelvis, 77
_†Pelycodus_, 578, =580=
PENCK, A., 134
_†Peraceras_, 332
_Perameles_, 58
_Peramys_, 631
_†Peratherium_, 627, 631
_†Perchœrus_, 361, =365=
†Periptychidæ, 443
_†Periptychus_, 443, =454=
Perissodactyla, 60, 247, 248, 284, =288=, 310, 353, 354, 358, 359,
360, 383, 402, 450, 458, 484, 485, 491, 499, 507, 514, 651, 653;
Bridger, 270, 344;
†Clawed, 60, =353=;
Eocene, 289, 338, 339, 352, 354, 359;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 230, 234, 238;
Neotropical, 176;
normal, =291=, 355;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 280;
of western hemisphere, 322;
White River, 255;
Wind River, 275
Perissodactyls, _see_ Perissodactyla
Permian period, 15;
climate of, 24, 25;
glaciation, 25
Peru, 178, 179, 180, 184, 356, 393, 548
Petrifaction, 40
Petrified forests, 122
_Phacochœrus_, 363
Phalangers, Australian, 244, 626, 640, 641, 642
Phalanges, 84
_†Pharsophorus_, 627
†Phenacodontidæ, 457
_†Phenacodus_, 277, 278 (restoration), 285, =457= (skeleton fig.),
458, 459
Philippines, 579
Philology, 646
_†Phlaocyon_, 238, 517, =547=
Pholidota, 60, 353
Phylogeny, 648
Phylum, 56
Pichiciago, 190, 592, 611
Pig, 359 (fore-arm bones and manus fig.), 360 (pes fig.);
Wild Texas, 161
Pigs, 281
Pikas, 59, 153, 181
Pilosa, 60, 591, =592=
Pinnipedia, 59, 516
Pisiform, 83
_Pithecia_, 578, =585=
_Pitheculus_, 578
Placenta, 58
Placental mammals, 58, 59, 145
_†Plagiarthrus_, 481
†Plagiaulacidæ, 627
_Plagiodontia_, 185
_†Planops_, 591
Plant-feeders, 92, 95
Plantigrade, 90
Plants, distribution, 141;
Florissant, 121, 122;
Green River, 109;
Miocene, 122;
Miocene of Andes, 124;
Mioc. of Europe, 122;
Oligocene of Alaska, 116;
Oligo. of Europe, 116;
Pliocene, 127
Plateau region, 101, 111, 122;
Pleistocene upheaval of, 133
Plateaus as affecting spread of mammals, 142
_†Platygonus_, 33, 202, 222, 361, =364=
Platyrrhina, 578, =583=, 587
Pleistocene epoch, 17, =129=, 130, 172, 229, 239, 245, 246, 263, 264,
299, 324, 332, 335, 336, 350, 351, 354, 364, 365, 386, 391,
412, 413, 415, 416-419, 426-429, 436, 438, 439, 448, 485, 499,
518, 524, 530, 531, 545, 549, 551, 552, 586, 588, 614, 631, 632;
climate, 25;
effects of climate on animal distribution, 192;
glaciation, 25;
European, 661;
lowest, 127;
mammals, 195 (restorations);
South American, 19, 20, 133, 296, 465, 476, 479
_†Pleurocœlodon_, 462
_†Pliauchenia_, 362
PLINY, letter on eruption of Vesuvius, 30
Pliocene epoch, 17, 112, =125=;
North American, 126 (map), 199, 201, 202, 229, 233, 238, 242, 245,
246, 248, 258, 263, 282, 295, 298, 299, 324, 327, 333-336, 340,
353, 354, 356, 357, 364, 365, 370, 372, 373, 386, 388, 390,
391, 413, 414, 416, 417, 421, 427, 429, 430, 435, 436, 485,
486, 493, 499, 507, 508, 524, 527, 530, 531, 534, 536, 545,
546, 547, 549-552, 554, 598, 612, 614, 632;
South American, 20, =128=, 466, 467, 479
_†Pliohippus_, 291, =296=, 307
Pocket-gophers, 163, 164, 182;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Pliocene, 222;
Uinta, 265
Pocket-mice, 191
_†Poëbrotherium_, 252 (restoration), 257, 362, =394= (restor.), 397,
399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)
_†Pogonodon_, 535, =541=
†Polydolopidæ, 627, =642=
_†Polydolops_, 627
_†Polymastodon_, 286 (head restored), 627
Polyprotodonta, 59, 627, =630=, 640, 641
Pompeii, 30
Poplars, 102
Porcupine, Brazilian Tree, 182 (fig.);
Canada, 5, 151 (fig.), 153, 182, 205;
Short-tailed, 150, 182, 205
Porcupine group, 182, 262;
suborder, 245
Porcupines, 59, 184;
short-tailed, 141;
tree, Pleistocene, 218;
tree, Santa Cruz, 245
Porpoises, 3, 37, 45, 60, 94, 442, 656
Port Kennedy Cave, 30, 210
Port St. Julian, 489
Portugal, caverns, 40
_Potos_, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552, 558
Pouched mammals, 57, 59.
(_See also_ Marsupialia)
_†Prœuphractus_, 592
Prairie-Dog, 169 (fig.)
Prairie-dogs, 164, 181
_Praopus_, 611
Pre-Cambrian eras, 15
Premolars, 93
Pre-occupation, 142
_†Prepotherium_, 591, 607, 608
_†Preptoceras_, 202, 203 (restoration), 362, =418=
Primates, 60, =577=;
Bridger, 270;
Eocene, 577;
Santa Cruz, 587;
South American, 587;
Wasatch, 281, 580
_Priodontes_, 190, 592, 610, 612, 614, 616
_†Proadinotherium_, 262, 462
_†Proasmodeus_, 462
_†Proborhyæna_, 627, =638=
Proboscidea, 60, 230, 254, 264, 269, =422=, 442, 446, 448, 449, 454,
455, 469, 487, 488, 514;
African origin of, 234;
American, 485;
Eocene, 434;
Miocene, 234, 238, 430;
Oligocene, 432, 441;
Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 436.
(_See also_ Elephants _and_ †Mastodons)
Proboscis, 65
_†Procamelus_, 232 (restoration), 362, =391=, 399 (skull and tooth
fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)
_†Procladosictis_, 627
_†Procynodictis_, 517, 529, 530
_Procyon_, 163, 175, 213, 517, =546=, 547;
_P. cancrivorus_, 552;
_P. lotor_, 153, 166 (fig.), 547 (dentition fig.), 552;
_P. †ursinus_, 552
Procyonidæ, 517, 518, =546=;
Miocene, 238, 547;
South American, 552
_†Prodasypus_, 592
_†Proectocion_, 489
_†Proeutatus_, 592, =614=, 615 (skull fig.)
_†Proglires_, 59
_†Promerycochœrus_, 235, 251, 361, =375=, 376 (restoration)
_†Pronesodon_, 262, 462
Prong Buck, 202, 225, 416, 417, 420. (_See_ Antelope, Prong-horned)
_†Pronomotherium_, 231, 361, =374=, 375 (head restored), 376, 381
_†Propalæohoplophorus_, 243 (restoration), 592, 606 (restor.), =623=
_†Propolymastodon_, 627
_†Propyrotherium_, 462, =487=
_†Prosthennops_, 361
_†Protagriochœrus_, 267, 361, 383, =385=
_†Protapirus_, 257, 291, =323= (skull fig.), 324 (head restored), 325
(teeth fig.)
_†Proteodidelphys_, 627
†Proterothere, single-toed, 506 (restoration);
three-toed, 502 (restor.)
†Proterotheres, _see_ †Proterotheriidæ
†Proterotheriidæ, 227, 248, 489, =499=, 507, 653;
Araucanian, 227, 508;
Deseado, 264, 489;
Paraná, 228, 499;
Santa Cruz, 248, =501=
_†Proterotherium_, 248, 489, =504=
_†Protheosodon_, 489, =499=
_†Prothoatherium_, 489
_†Prothylacynus_, 243 (restoration), 244, 627, =635=, 636 (restor.),
637
_†Protitanotherium_, 266, 313
_†Protobradys_, 592, 595
_†Protoceras_, 252 (restoration), 258, 362, 405 (restor.), =406=
(skull fig.), 407, 445
†Protodonta, 59
_†Protogonodon_, 457
_†Protohippus_, 291, 305 (skull fig.), 306 (manus and pes fig.)
_†Protolabis_, 362, =391=
_†Protomeryx_, 241, 251, 362, 391
_†Protopithecus_, 218
_†Protoreodon_, 267, 361, =380= (skull fig.), 381
Prototheria, =57=, 59, 76
_†Protylopus_, 267, 362, =397=, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400
(manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)
_†Protypotherium_, 243 (restoration), 462, =479=, 480 (restor.)
Province, zoölogical, 145
_†Prozaëdius_, 592
_†Pseudælurus_, 517, =545=
_†Pseudocladosictis_, 627
_†Pseudolabis_, 362
_†Pseudolestodon_, 592
_†Pterodon_, 253, 555, =565= (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 567, 576
_†Ptilodus_, 627, 642 (skull fig.), 643 (head restored)
Pudu, 180
_Pudua_, 180
Puerco age and stage, 17, 99, 101, 454, 460, 561
Puma, 168 (fig.), 212, 544 (dentition fig.), 545 (skull fig.);
South American, 552
Pumas, 153, 163, 176;
Pleistocene, 204
Pyramidal, 83
Pyrenees, 104
†Pyrotheres, _see_ †Pyrotheria
†Pyrotheria, 60, 462, =485=, 500;
Casa Mayor, 283, 488;
Deseado, 262, 485
_†Pyrotherium_, 264, 462, =485=, 486 (head restored)
Pyrotherium Beds, 20, 117, 261, 486
Quadrumana, 582
Quadruped, 1
Quaggas, 292
Quaternary period, 15, 17, 61, 100, =129=, 267, 319;
South America, 19
Quicksands, burial of mammals in, 37
Rabbit, 218
Rabbits, 59, 141, 142, 164, 245;
White River, 254
Raccoon, 153, 162, 163, 166 (fig.), 175, 547 (dentition fig.), 553;
Crab-eating, 552
Raccoon-family, Miocene, 238;
Pliocene, S. Amer., 226
Raccoons, 5, 90, 213, 517, 518, 519, =546=, 553;
Miocene, 229, 547;
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 204;
Tertiary, 547
Race, geographical, 52
Radius, 80
Raised beaches, 113, 134
Rancho La Brea, 31
_Rangifer_, 70, 152, 157 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 412
Ratel, 551
Rats, 60, 245;
fish-eating, 182;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218;
spiny, 184
Rattlesnake stage, 127
RAY. J., 51
Realm, zoölogical, 145
Recent epoch, 17, 132, 335, 336;
South American, 19
Reduction of parts, 656
Region, zoölogical, 145
Reindeer, 70, 141, 412;
Lapland, 152;
Pleistocene, 27
Reptiles, _see_ Reptilia
Reptilia, 55;
as ancestral to mammals, 643;
distribution, 141;
Mesozoic, 284;
Oligocene, 117;
Paleocene, 284;
Santa Cruz, 244;
teeth of, 92;
Triassic of S. Africa, 644
Republican River age, 17, =127=
Restorations, how made, 42
_Rheithrodon_, 182
Rhinoceros, 350, 490, 492;
African, =327=, 328, 329, 337;
†aquatic, 347 (restoration);
Bornean, 44;
Broad-lipped, =329=, 351, 448;
†cursorial, 252 (restor.), 341 (do.), 343 (manus fig.), 344
(restor.);
†hornless, 252 (restor.), 256 (do.), 335 (skull fig.);
Indian, 44, 327, 328, 329;
Javan, 327, 328 (skull fig.), 473;
†paired-horned, 239 (restor.);
†primitive, 271 (restor.);
†small-horned, 230 (restor.);
Sumatran, 327, 329;
White, 329;
†Woolly, 332
_Rhinoceros_, 327;
_R. sondaicus_, 327, 328 (skull fig.), 473;
_R. unicornis_, 329
Rhinoceroses, 45, 56, 60, 63, 91, 289, 312, 382, 461, 510, 654, 655,
661;
African, 346;
†aquatic, 291, =340=;
†aquatic, Bridger, 272;
†aquatic, Uinta, 348;
†aquatic, White River, 346;
bones of, 35;
†cursorial, 291, =340=;
†cursorial, Bridger, 272, 343;
†cursorial, Uinta, 266;
†cursorial, White River, 255, =340=;
†cursorial, Wind River, 275;
Eocene, 338, 339;
hairy, 448;
John Day, 250, 256, 333;
Miocene, 230, 234, 238, 256, 332, 333;
North American, 39, 199;
Oligocene, 333;
Pliocene, 224, 331;
†paired-horned, 256, 444;
phyla of, 289, 650;
Siberian, 39;
true, 291, =326=, 340, 346, 350, 351;
true, Uinta, 266;
true, White River, 255, 333;
White River, 255, 333
Rhinocerotidæ, 291, =326=, 340, 350
_†Rhynchippus_, 462
Ribs, 74 (fig.);
sternal, 74
Rio de La Plata, 128
River deposits, 36
Robin, 50
Rocky Mts., 101, 150, 153;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131
Rodent, †primitive, 271 (restoration);
Santa Cruz, 243 (do.)
Rodentia, 5, 59, 282, 283, 284, 459, 629;
Araucanian, 226;
Boreal, 153;
Bridger, 270;
Deseado, 587;
distribution, 138;
John Day, 249;
jumping, 90;
Miocene, 229, 233, 237;
Neotropical, 183 (figs.);
Paraná, 227;
Pleistocene, 134, 205;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 218;
Pliocene, 222;
Santa Cruz, 245;
simplicidentate, 628;
Sonoran, 163;
South American, 181;
Uinta, 265;
Wasatch, 280;
White River, 254;
Wind River, 275;
West Indian, 191
Rodents, _see_ Rodentia
Roots of teeth, 95
Rootless teeth, 96
Rosebud stage, 120, 235
Ruminants, 81, 84, 87, 281, 373, 651;
hollow-horned, 328;
Miocene, 232;
true, 54, 201, 362, 387, 402, =409=, 446
RUSSELL, I. C., 589
Sables, 141
†Sabre-tooth, 32;
cat, 252 (restoration);
cats, 659;
false, 542 (skull fig.);
primitive, 539 (restor.);
Tiger, frontispiece (restor.), 195 (restor.), 517, 531 (skull
fig.), 534 (do.), 536 (restor.);
tigers, 54, 210, =530=, 552;
Miocene, 229, 234, 534;
Oligocene, 535;
Pleistocene, 204;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 211;
Pliocene, 223
†Sabre-tooths, 265, 650;
false, 249, 541;
John Day, 249, 535, 541, 542;
Miocene, 238;
White River, 254.
(_See also_ †Machairodontinæ)
Sacramento Valley, Miocene, 118
Sacrum, 73 (fig.)
_†Sadypus_, 592
Sagittal crest, 63
_Saiga_, 65
Saiga Antelope, 65
St. Elias Alps, 101
St. Lawrence Valley, invasion of, by sea, 133
Sakis, 578, =585=
Saline water, 34
SALISBURY, R. D., 130
Salt Lake, Utah, 131
Salt lakes, 24
Sand, wind-blown, 33
Santa Cruz age and stage, 20, 30, =124=, 262, 263, 264, 282, 283,
467, 470, 473, 474, 475, 477, 479, 481, 482, 485, 493, 499,
500, 501, 504, 508-512, 586, 587;
mammals, 243 (restorations)
Santa Cruz Mts., Calif., 118
Santa Cruz River, as barrier to armadillos, 139
Sapajou, 584 (fig.)
_Sarcophilus_, 634
SARMIENTO, 143
_†Scalibrinitherium_, 489, =493=, 495, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.)
_Scalops_, 163
Scalpriform teeth, 96 (fig.)
_Scapanus_, 163
Scaphoid, 83
Scapho-lunar, 83
Scapula, 76 (fig.)
_†Scelidotherium_, 592, 601, =602=, 604
_†Schismotherium_, 592
_†Schizotherium_, 291, 357
SCHLOSSER, M., 262, 380, 514, 555, 583, 625, 661
SCHUCHERT, C., 105, 114, 119, 126
_†Sciuravus_, 280
Sciuromorpha, 270
_Sciuropterus_, 164
_Sciurus_, 164 (fig.)
_†Sclerocalyptus_, 219, 592, =618=, 620
_Scleropleura_, 592, =611=
SCOTT, D. H., 288
Sea-Cow, 60, 207, 442
Sea-Otter, 517, 518
Seals, 1, 2, 3, 37, 56, 59;
Pleistocene, 132
Seas, barriers to land mammals, 139
Section, geological, 7, 9 (diagram)
Sedimentary rocks, 6
Sediments, 6
Selenodont tooth, 360 (fig.);
origin of, 651
Sewellel, 153, 233
Sewellels, 249;
Miocene, 238
Shales, Florissant, 129;
Green River, 109
Sheep, 54, 60, 93, 362, 409, 416, 418, =419=, 420;
Rocky Mt., 152, 419
Shells, fossil, 662
Sheridan stage, 33, =131=, 133, 200
Shrews, 59, 141, 173, 191;
American, 163;
jumping, 59;
Old World, 152;
tree, 59
Siberia, 197, 207, 332, 350, 426;
frozen carcasses in, 39
Sierra Nevada, 101, 122, 150, 153;
Miocene, 118;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131
_Sigmodon_, 163
Silurian period, 15
Simiidæ, 583
Simplicidentata, 60
SINCLAIR, W. J., 107, 437
_†Sinopa_, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 633
Sirenia, 60, =442=
_Sitomys_, 153, 164, 182
Skeleton, 61;
significance of, 42
Skull, 61
Skunk, 163, 167 (fig.), 213, 517;
Argentine, 174 (fig.);
Little, 174 (fig.);
Spotted, 517
Skunks, 153, 163, 174, 210, 518, 550, 551;
Pleistocene, 204;
South American, 552
Sloth, Three-toed, 186 (fig.), 591;
Two-toed, 74, 187 (fig.), 591
Sloths, 2, 60, 97, 186, 189, 592;
Araucanian, 226;
Pleistocene, 218;
Santa Cruz, 245
_†Smilodon_, frontispiece (restoration), 195 (do.), 204, 211, 517,
=531= (skull fig.), 532 (teeth fig.), 535, 536, 537, 544, 553,
622
SMITH, PERRIN, 23
SMITH, WILLIAM, 7, 9
Smith River stage, 121
Snake Creek age and stage, 17, =127=, 222, 388
Snakes, 244;
Paleocene, 284
_Solenodon_, 173 (fig.)
Solitary species, 38
Sonoran region, 146, 147 (map), 152, 153, 161, 176, 178, 191, 363
_Sorex_, 152
South Africa, 14;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Triassic reptiles, 644
South America, Eocene separation from N. Amer., 104;
Miocene junction with N. Amer., 120;
Permian glaciation, 25;
Pleistocene Man, 589;
zoölogical divisions, 173 (map);
zoölogy, 146
South Australia, dry lakes of, 34
South Shetland Islands, 124
Sparnacian stage, 108
Species, definition, 51;
distribution, 136;
origin, 20
Specific area, 136
_Spermophilus_, 163 (fig.), 164
_†Sphenophalus_, 362
_Spilogale_, 174 (fig.), 517, 552
Spiny rats, Pleistocene, 218
Sports, 660
Squirrel, Grey, 164 (fig.);
suborder, 270
Squirrels, 2, 60, 245;
flying, 164;
John Day, 249;
Miocene, 229, 238;
true, 164, 181;
White River, 254
Stag, 358;
European, 151;
Thian Shan, 151
†Stag-Moose, 195 (restoration), 208, 209 (restor.), =413=
Stage, geological, 15
Stalagmite, 30
Stations, 136
_†Stegodon_, 430, 439
†Stegodonts, 438
_†Stegotherium_, 243 (restoration), 480 (do.), 592, =614=, 615 (skull
fig.)
_†Stenomylus_, 241, 242 (restoration), 362, =393=, 408
_Sternum_, 75 (fig.)
_†Stibarus_, 361
STIRLING, E. C., 34, 35
Straits, of Lombok, 135;
of Magellan, 143
Stratified rocks, 6
Stream-channels, White River, 113
_†Stylinodon_, 274
_†Stypolophus_, 555
Subregion, zoölogical, 145
Subsidences, Pleistocene, 132
Subungulata, 514
Suillines, 661
Suina, 54, 60, 361, =362=
Sumatra, 21, 140, 327
Superposition of beds, 7, 8 (diagram)
_Sus_, 359 (fore-arm bones fig.), 363
Swamps, burial of mammals in, 33
Swan, 70
Swine, 54, 60;
American, 363;
Old World, 363, 364;
Pleistocene, 201;
true, 364, 365.
(_See also_ Peccaries)
Swine-like animals, 361, =362=
Sycamores, 102
_†Symbos_, 208, 362, =418=
_Synaptomys_, 153
_†Syndyoceras_, 241, 258, 362, 403 (restoration), =404=, 406, 407
Syria, 481
_†Systemodon_, 280, 291, =324=
_†Tæniodontia_, 60, 276, =625=;
Bridger, 267;
Puerco, 286;
Wind River, 274
_Tagassu_, 161, 177 (fig.), 178, 360 (tooth fig.), 361, 363
(dentition fig.), 364
Tagassuidæ, 361, =363=
Takin, 418
†Taligrada, 443
_Tamandua_, 187, 188 (fig.), 591
_Tamias_, 153
Tapir, 47 (fig. of young), 81 (fore-arm bones fig.), 87 (leg-bones
fig.), 289 (manus fig.), 290 (pes fig.), 320 (adult fig.),
=321= (skull fig.), 471, 490, 492;
Asiatic, 321;
Pinchaque, 322;
White River, 323 (skull fig.), 324 (head restored)
_†Tapiravus_, 291
Tapiridæ, 60, 65, 89, 141, 176, 289, 291, 312, 315, =319=, 330, 341,
348, 359, 461, 651, 653;
American, 322;
Bridger, 272;
distribution, 137;
Eocene, 323;
John Day, 250;
Miocene, 231, 234, 322;
North American, 39;
Oligocene, 323, 339;
Pleistocene, 199, 201, 208, 210, 322;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;
Pliocene, 223, 322;
South American, 324;
Uinta, 266;
Wasatch, 280, 324;
White River, 257, 322
Tapiroid, 272, 315
Tapiroids, 321
Tapirs, _see_ Tapiridæ
_Tapirus_, 176, 291;
_T. †haysii_, 201, 322;
_T. roulini_, 322;
_T. terrestris_, 47 (young fig.), 87, 201, 289 (manus fig.), 290
(pes fig.), 320 (adult fig.), =321= (skull fig.), 322, 325
(upper teeth fig.)
Tardigrada, 186, 591, 592, 610;
Araucanian, 226.
(_See also_ Sloths)
Tarija Valley, Pliocene, 129, 225
Tar-pools, 31;
Pleistocene, 32
Tarsier, 281, =580=
Tarsiids, 583
_Tarsius_, 281, =580=
Tarsus, 88
Tasmania, 138, 632, 634
Tasmanian Devil, 627, =634=;
Wolf, 43, 226, 244, 626, =632=, 633 (fig.)
_Tatu_, 160, 190 (fig.), 592, 593, 612
_Taurotragus_, 202
_Taxidea_, 153, 162, 168 (fig.), 517
_Tayra_, 175 (fig.), 213, 517, 552
Teeth, 92;
importance of fossil, 38
_†Teleoceras_, 291, =331=, 332, 333, 350
_†Telmatherium_, 291
_†Temnocyon_, 517, =528=, 530
Temperature as a barrier to species, 140, 141
Tenrecs, 173
_†Tephrocyon_, 517, 522, =527=, 530
Tertiary period, 15, 17, 19, =99=, 267, 319, 369, 413, 460, 531;
Central America, 22;
Culebra, 22;
Great Plains, 36;
Patagonia, 20;
South America, 20, 248, 461, 463;
Tierra del Fuego, 20
Terrestrial habit, 2
_†Tetrabelodon_, 430, 437
_Thalarctus_, 148 (fig.)
_†Theosodon_, 243 (restoration), 248, 489, =493=, 494 (restor.), 496
(skull fig.), 497 (do.), 498 (manus fig.)
Thian Shan, 419
_†Thinohyus_, 361
_†Thoatherium_, 243 (restoration), 248, 489, 500, 501, =504=, 505
(skull fig.), 506 (restor.), 507 (pes fig.)
_†Thomashuxleya_, 462, 485
_Thomomys_, 164
Thorax, 74
Thousand Creek age and stage, 17, 127
Thylacine, 43, =632=, 633 (fig.), 634, 635.
(_See also_ Tasmanian Wolf)
Thylacynidæ, 627, =632=
_Thylacynus_, 43, 226, 244, =632=, 633 (fig.)
Tibet, 224, 418
Tibia, 86, 87 (fig.)
Tierra del Fuego, 20, 178
Tiger, 45
†Tillodontia, 59, 276;
Bridger, 267;
Wasatch, 276;
Wind River, 274
Time, geological, 16
†Titanothere, 253 (restoration), 271 (do.), 309 (do.), 314 (restor.
and fig. of molar)
†Titanotheriidæ, 291, =308=, 317 (heads restored), 334, 352, 353,
357, 366, 445, 446, 458, 465, 654, 661;
Bridger, 270, =313=;
Oligocene, =310=, 314, 315, 339;
Uinta, 266, 313;
White River, 255, =310=, 313, 315;
Wind River, 275, 276, 315
_†Titanotherium_, 253 (restoration), 291, 309 (restor.), 310 (molar
fig.), 311 (skull fig.), 317 (head restored), 318 (fig. of
manus)
_Tolypeutes_, 189, 592, 611, 616
Toronto, interglacial beds near, 130
Torrejon age and stage, 17, 99, =101=, 286, 453, 561
Tortoises, 244;
Paleocene, 244
_†Toxodon_, 212 (restoration), 215, 217 (restor.), 462, =463=, 466
(skull fig.), 467, 468, 469, 471, 472 (pes fig.), 473, 477, 487
†Toxodont, 498;
horned, 228 (head restored), 263 (do.);
Pampean, 212 (restoration), 217 (do.);
Santa Cruz, 243 (restor.), 467 (skull fig.);
Santa Cruz horned, 474 (restor.)
†Toxodonta, 60, 282, 462, =463=, 477, 482, 483, 487, 500, 509, 511,
652;
Araucanian, 227;
Deseado, 262, 264, =474=;
Paraná, 228;
Santa Cruz, 246, =467=
†Toxodontia, 60, 355, =461=, 478, 485, 489, 492, 500, 514;
Pleistocene, 215, 221
†Toxodontidæ, 462, 474
†Toxodonts, _see_ †Toxodonta
Tragulina, 54, 60, 408, 409, 410. (_See_ Mouse-Deer)
Transition zone, 147 (map), 153
Trapezium, 83
Trapezoid, 83
Tree-sloths, 591, 593, 594, 595, 596, 609;
Pleistocene, 596;
Santa Cruz, 596.
(_See also_ Sloths)
_Tremarctos_, 172, 176 (fig.), 517, 548, 552
Trèves, 10
Triassic period, 15, 16, 642, 643;
climate, 24
†Triconodonta, 59
Trier, cathedral of, 10
_†Trigodon_, 227, 228 (head restored), 462, =466=, 473, 474
_†Trigonias_, 256, 291, =336=, 337 (skull and front teeth fig.), 338,
339 (manus fig.), 351
_†Trigonolestes_, 281, 361, =398=
†Trigonolestidæ, 361
†Trigonostylopidæ, 509, 512
_†Trigonostylops_, 509
_†Triisodon_, 554, =561=
_†Trilophodon_, 229
Trinidad, 170
Trinomial system of nomenclature, 52
_†Triplopus_, 266, 272, =343= (manus fig.), 345
_†Tritemnodon_, 271 (restoration), 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.),
=567= (restor.), 576, 633
†Trituberculata, 59
Tropical species, distribution, 141
Tse-tse Fly, 142
Tuatara, 284
Tubulidentata, 60
Tuco-tuco, 184
Tuff, Miocene, 112, 122;
Santa Cruz, 124
Turkestan, 419
Turtles, 102
Tusks, 92
Tylopoda, 54, 60, 362, =386=, 409, 410;
Pleistocene, 202
†Typothere, 243 (restoration), 480 (do.), 636 (do.), 639 (do.)
†Typotheres, _see_ †Typotheria
†Typotheria, 60, 215, 372, 462, =476=;
Araucanian, 227;
Casa Mayor, 282, 479;
Deseado, 263, 264;
Paraná, 228;
Pleistocene, 215, 221, 476;
Santa Cruz, 246, =479=;
Tertiary, 215
†Typotheriidæ, 462, =476=
_†Typotherium_, 215, 217, 263, 462, =476=, 477
Uakaris, 578, =585=
Uinta age and stage, 11, 17, =110=, 270, 271, 272, 301, 339, 345,
349, 365, 369, 370, 380, 383, 385, 386, 397-400, 409, 443, 519,
527, 529, 557, 559, 573, 579
Uinta Mts., 106, 108;
Pleistocene glaciers, 131
_†Uintacyon_, 555, 558
†Uintatheres, _see_ †Uintatheriidæ
†Uintatheriidæ, 285, =443=, 444, 445 (skull fig.), 451, 452, 454,
465, 509, 532;
Bridger, 269, 443;
Wasatch, 279, 451;
Wind River, 274, 450
_†Uintatherium_, 51, 271 (restoration), 443, =444=, 445 (skull fig.),
447 (restoration)
Ulna, 80
Unciform, 83
Unconformity, 312
Ungual phalanx, 84
Ungulata, 60, =513=, =516=;
primitive, 460;
Santa Cruz, 481, 511;
†short-footed, 443;
South American indigenous, 461, 466, 469, 486, 489, 490, 500, 509,
511, 513, 514;
White River, 258
Ungulates, _see_ Ungulata
Unguligrade, 91
University of California, 31, 32
Upheavals, Pleistocene, 132, 133;
Pliocene, 132
Upper Sonoran zone, 148, 164
Ural, Mts., 106;
Sea, 106, 108
_Urocyon_, 162, 165 (fig.), 517
_†Urotrichus_, 153
Ursidæ, 517, 518, =548=
_Ursus_, 90 (pes fig.), 156 (fig.), 163, 517, 549
Uruguay, 585
Variant, 53
Varieties, 52, =662=
Vegetation, Eocene, 111;
Paleocene, 283.
(_See also_ Flora _and_ Plants)
Vermilingua, 187, 591
Vertebra, 68;
caudal, 73 (fig.);
cervical, 70 (fig.);
dorsal, 69 (fig.), 72 (fig.);
lumbar, 72, 73 (fig.);
sacral, 73 (fig.);
thoracic, 69
Vertebral column, 67
Vertebrata, 55
Vesuvius, 30
Vicuña, 178 (fig.)
Virgin Valley stage, 127
_Viscaccia_, 183 (fig.), 185
_†Viverravus_, 555, =558=
Viverridæ, 518, 553, 554, 558
Viverrines, _see_ Viverridæ
Viviparous mammals, 59
Vizcacha, 183 (fig.), 185
Vizcachas, Pleistocene, 218
Volcanic ash, 29;
Bridger, 110, 115;
John Day, 116;
Santa Cruz, 124;
White River, 115
Volcanic dust, 29
Volcanic material, 6;
Florissant, 121;
Miocene, 118;
Pliocene, 125
Volcanoes, 133
Voles, 182
VOLTAIRE, 646
Vulcanism, Miocene, 118, 121;
Pliocene, 127
_†Vulpavus_, 555, 558
_Vulpes_, 149 (fig.), 150 (fig.), 158 (fig.), 517
WAAGEN, W., 662
WALLACE, A. R., 136, 139, 150, 170, 171
Walnuts, 102
Walruses, 1, 45, 207, 210, 516;
Pleistocene, 27, 132
Wapiti, 50, 151, 155 (fig.), 181, 202, 208, 411, 412, 413
Warm Temperate region, 161
Wart Hog, 363
Wasatch age and stage, 17, =106=, 273, 274, 275, 285, 316, 325, 370,
398, 400, 451, 452, 453, 455, 457, 459, 560, 561, 566, 568,
571, 572, 580, 581
Wasatch Mts., Pleistocene glaciers, 131
Wasatch-Sparnacian stage, 115
Water Hog, 183 (fig.), 185, 205, 211.
(_See also_ Capybara _and_ Carpincho)
Weasel, 551;
family, 174;
Miocene, 238;
Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;
tribe, 518
Weasels, 59, 152, 517;
Miocene, 229, 238;
Pleistocene, 204, 205
WEBER, M., 426
Western Hemisphere, marsupials, 626
West Indian, islands, 164, 191;
shells on N. J. coast, 113;
subregion, 170 (map)
West Indies, 583;
Eocene, 112;
Oligocene, 113;
Paleocene, 103;
Pleistocene, 134;
zoölogy, 146
Whale, Right, 48
Whales, 1, 2, 3, 37, 45, 60, 74, 442;
Miocene, 123;
Pleistocene, 132;
toothed, 60;
whalebone, 60, 94
White Mts., Labrador plants of, 193
White River age and stage, 11, 12, 17, =113=, 250, 266, 267, 270,
271, 272, 312, 325, 326, 340, 341, 346, 350, 357, 365-371, 375,
377-380, 382-385, 394-396, 399, 405, 407, 408, 523, 528-530,
535, 538-541, 546, 557, 562, 563, 565, 566, 631;
mammals, 252 (restorations)
Wild-cats, 141
Willamette Valley, Miocene, 115
WILLISTON, S. W., 33, 589
Willows, 102
Wind River age and stage, 17, =109=, 273, 315, 316, 326, 339, 350,
400, 450, 452, 456, 457, 460, 568, 571
Windward Islands, Pleistocene, 134
Winter, destruction of mammals by, 36
Wisent, 152
Wolf, 32, 62 (skull fig.), 64 (do.), 69 (dorsal vertebra fig.), 70
(atlas fig.), 71 (axis fig.), 72 (cervical and dorsal vertebræ
fig.), 73 (lumbar and caudal fig.), 74 (ribs fig.), 75 (ribs
and sternum fig.), 76 (scapula fig.), 77 (hip-bone fig.), 78
(humerus fig.), 80 (fore-arm bones fig.), 82 (manus fig.), 85
(femur fig.), 86 (femur and patella fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.),
88 (pes fig.), 92, 93 (dentition fig.);
Fox-like, 171 (fig.);
Grey, 152, 159 (fig.);
Large-eared, 656;
Miocene, 522 (skull fig.);
Timber, 159 (fig.), 162
Wolverene, 141, 152, 155 (fig.), 213, 238, 517, 551;
Pleistocene, 204
Wolves, 59, 164, 173, 249, 517, 518, 520, 523, 525, 530;
fox-like, 173, 212, 552;
Pleistocene, 204;
Pliocene, 222;
White River, 254
Wombats, 640
Woodchuck, 152 (fig.), 153
Wood-rats, 141, 153, 164
WORTMAN, J. L., 383, 385, 399, 570, 571
_†Xotodon_, 462
Yapock, 631
Yellowstone Park, petrified forests, 122;
Miocene lava, 122;
Pliocene lava, 127
Young animals, colour pattern of, 46
Yucatan, 128
Yukon Valley, Miocene, 118
_Zaëdyus_, 190, 592
_Zapus_, 153, 160 (fig.)
Zebra, 44;
bones of, 35;
Burchell’s, 200
Zebras, 213, 292, 308
†Zeuglodontia, 60
ZITTEL, K. VON, 601
Zoölogy, Experimental, 648, 663
_†Zygolestes_, 627, 641
Zygomatic arch, 65
The following pages contain advertisements of books by the same author or
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_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
An Introduction to Geology
BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT, PH.D., LL.D.
Blair Professor of Geology and Palæontology in Princeton University
=New York, 1907= =New Edition, completely revised, 1907= =Latest Reprint,
1909=
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Intended to serve as an introduction to the science of Geology, both
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Guide to the Study of Animal Ecology
BY CHARLES C. ADAMS
Associate in Animal Ecology in the University of Illinois
_Cloth, 12mo_ _183 pp._ _$1.25 net_
This work is the outgrowth of the author’s efforts during the last ten
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The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America
BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN
A.B., SC.D. PRINCETON, HON. LL.D. TRINITY, PRINCETON, COLUMBIA, HON.
D.SC. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, HON. PH.D. UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA,
PRESIDENT AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, PRESIDENT NEW YORK
ZOÖLOGICAL SOCIETY
=ILLUSTRATED BY 232 HALF-TONE AND OTHER FIGURES, INCLUDING NUMEROUS MAPS,
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MOUNTED FOSSIL SKELETONS AND OF THE FAMOUS RESTORATIONS BY CHARLES R.
KNIGHT.=
_Royal 8vo_ _$4.50 net_ _Carriage extra_
“The Age of Mammals” is not written for the palæontologist only. No
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that has been given of the succession of geological events in the
mammal-bearing continental formations of the Tertiary and Quaternary of
the Western States. The anthropologist finds in the closing chapter on
the Pleistocene a key to most of the problems which confront him as to
the time of man’s first appearance. The botanist may refer to it for the
succession and evolution of flora.
To the general reader it offers the first connected account of the
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contains glimpses into the remote past of the continental outlines, the
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geologic and geographic distribution and the popular names of all the
important genera of mammals, both living and fossil.
Comments on The Age of Mammals
“Students of palæontology have awaited impatiently the past few years
a promised work on extinct mammals by Professor Osborn. In his ‘Age of
Mammals,’ expectations have been more than realized.”—S. W. WILLISTON, in
_Science_, Feb. 17, 1911.
“Dr. H. F. Osborn is a great palæontologist; in this book he has gathered
together the work of a life-time, and that work, besides being original
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Field_, Jan. 7, 1911.
“It is in the best sense a source book, for it gives at first hand, from
the original material, the ideas of an acknowledged master in mammalian
palæontology.” “It has the clarity and directness of style so welcome,
and rare, in such a book.”—E. C. CASE, in _Bulletin American Geographical
Society_, July, 1911.
“A book of the utmost value to the student and teacher of mammalian life
and likewise to the serious reader.”—_American Journal of Science_, Feb.,
1911.
“M. Osborn ... devait s’attacher a nous présenter le tableau aussi
complet et aussi fidèle que possible des faunes de Mammifères fossiles
qui se sont succédé dans l’hémisphère Nord pendant l’ère tertiaire. Et
j’ai plaisir à dire tout de suite qu’il y a parfaitement réussi.”—M.
BOULE, in _Mouvement Scientifique_, 1911, p. 569.
“Professor Osborn has produced a book which will appeal to the learned
specialist and to the thoughtful general reader as well.” “The
work is well adapted to school and college use, and is abundantly
illustrated.”—_Education_, Boston, Jan., 1911.
“One of the most notable books on evolution since the appearance of
Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species.’”—_Forest and Stream_, Dec. 10, 1910.
“Nejlepší současný palæontolog americký, Henry Fairfield Osborn, vydal
nedàvno s titulem tuto citovaným znamenitě psanou a pěkně vypravenou
knihu o ‘věku ssavců.’”—F. Bayer in _Věstníku Ceské Akademie císaře
Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovenost a umení_.—Ročník XX, 1911.
“Written with clearness and vivacity, most admirably illustrated,
especially by the ‘restorations’ of Mr. Knight, and illuminated by maps,
Professor Osborn builds, page after page, his story-mosaic.... The reader
will soon discover that he is a brilliant generalizer, possessed of
material gathered from all around the globe, fructifying his knowledge
by the exercise of a constructive imagination, and expressing his facts
and ideas in a literary style, clear, vigorous, and entertaining.”—_The
Literary Digest_, Feb. 4, 1911.
The Cambridge Natural History
EDITED BY
S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S.
Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge; formerly Superintendent of the
University Museum of Zoölogy; Keeper of the Department of Zoölogy in the
British Museum (Natural History)
AND
A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., HON. Sc.D., Princeton, F.R.S.
Master and Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge; formerly Reader in
Zoölogy in the University; Chairman of Council of Marine Biological
Association
_In Ten Volumes_ _Fully Illustrated_ _Medium 8vo_ _Gilt Tops_ _Each
Volume, $4.75 net_
=CONTENTS=
VOL. I. Protozoa, by M. Hartog; Porifera, by Igerna Sollas;
Coelenterata and Ctenophora, by S. J. Hickson;
Echinodermata, by E. W. MacBride.
VOL. II. Flatworms and Mesozoa, by F. W. Gamble; Nemertines,
by L. Sheldon; Threadworms and Sagitta, by A. E.
Shipley; Rotifers, by M. Hartog; Polychaet Worms,
by W. B. Benham; Earthworms and Leeches, by F. E.
Beddard; Gephyrea, etc., by A. E. Shipley; Polyzoa,
by S. F. Harmer.
VOL. III. Molluscs, by H. A. Cooke; Recent Brachiopods, by A. E.
Shipley; Fossil Brachiopods, by F. R. C. Reed.
VOL. IV. Spiders, Mites, Scorpions, etc., by C. Warburton;
Trilobites, etc., by M. Laurie; Pycnogonids, by
D’Arcy W. Thompson; Lingulatulidæ and Tardigrada,
by A. E. Shipley; Crustacea, by Geoffrey Smith.
VOL. V. Peripatus, by A. Sedgwick; Myriopods, by F. G. Sinclair;
Insects, Part I, by D. Sharp.
VOL. VI. Insects, Part II, by D. Sharp.
VOL. VII. Hemichordata, by S. F. Harmer; Ascidians and Amphioxus,
by W. A. Herdman; Fishes (exclusive of systematic
account of Teleostei), by T. W. Bridge; Fishes
(systematic account of Peleostei), by G. A. Boulanger.
VOL. VIII. Amphibia and Reptiles, by Hans Gadow.
VOL. IX. Birds, by A. H. Evans.
VOL. X. Mammalia, by F. E. Beddard.
WHAT THE CRITICS SAY OF
THE
CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY
New York _Evening Post_.
Its editors may well be congratulated upon the completion of
such an undertaking, whose vastness and difficulty can be
adequately appreciated only by the skilled zoölogist. The
student of biology who turns to this volume (Vol. iv) will not
be disappointed in its value as a serviceable handbook. It is
pleasant to observe how numerous, clear, and satisfactory are
the drawings that illustrate the text.
_American Journal of Science._
The most convenient and generally useful work of reference on
the subject that has appeared in the English language in recent
years.
_Book Review Digest._
The zealous student, anxious to bring his knowledge up to date,
will find here a compendium on which he can rely.
_Field._
The Cambridge Natural History series of volumes is one of very
great value to all students of biological science.
_Times._
There are very many, not only among educated people who take
an interest in science, but even among specialists, who will
welcome a work of reasonable compass and handy form containing
a trustworthy treatment of the various departments of Natural
History by men who are familiar with, and competent to deal
with, the latest results of scientific research. Altogether,
to judge from this first volume, the Cambridge Natural History
promises to fulfil all the expectations that its prospectus
holds out.
_Academy._
The editors have aimed very high, and they have succeeded....
Well conceived, carefully coördinated, and executed with the
greatest detail and completeness, the Cambridge Natural History
is certain to rank high amongst those gigantic scientific works
to which, within the last half-century or so, the labours of so
many experts, each without hope of more glory than falls to a
mere assistant, have contributed.
_Athenæum._
The series certainly ought not to be restricted in its
circulation to lecturers and students only; and, if the
forthcoming volumes reach the standard of the one here under
notice, the success of the enterprise should be assured.
_Science Gossip._
Every library, school, and college in the country should
possess this work, which is of the highest educational value.
_Daily News_ in a Review of Vol. X.
A volume which, for the interest of its contents and for its
style and method of treatment, is not only worthy of its
predecessors, but may be regarded as one of the most successful
of a brilliant series.
_A GREAT EXPLORER’S STORY_
My Life With the Eskimo
BY VILHJÁLMUR STEFÁNSSON
_ILLUSTRATED WITH HALF-TONE REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BY THE
AUTHOR AND OTHERS_
_Decorated cloth, 8vo_
A fascinating book of description and adventure has been written by the
famous traveler and explorer, who has passed years of his life within
the Arctic Circle. Mr. Stefánsson has had a vast amount of material from
which to draw and he has made his selection wisely. He has lived with
the Eskimo for long periods; he knows their language; he has subsisted
on their food; he has heard their legends; he has seen them in their
daily lives as have few explorers. Consequently his remarks about this
primitive and matter-of-fact people are shrewd, true, and frequently
amusing. The experiences and tales which he recounts, mirroring the
hardships and the inspirations of life in a fearful but wonderful
country, compose a work quite the most absorbing on it that has ever been
published.