[478] Dollinger, "The Gentile and the Jew," II, p. 265.
[479] Aristotle, "Politics," I, 3-4.
[480] Plato, "The Laws," VI, p. 233.
[481] Cardinal Gibbons, "Our Christian Heritage," pp. 416-420.
[482] Cardinal Gibbons, "Our Christian Heritage," p. 432.
[483] Cardinal Gibbons, "Our Christian Heritage," pp. 429-430.
[484] P. Allard, "Les Esclaves Chretiens," p. 215.
[485] Cardinal Gibbons, _op. cit._, p. 436.
[486] Lecky, "History of European Morals," Vol. II, p. 76.
[487] St. Gregory I, "Letter VI."
[488] In treating of an early period of Spanish American history,
undue importance seems to be given by some writers and historians,
such as Bancroft, Robertson and Blyden, to the fact that Bartholomew
de Las Casas, Bishop of Chiapa, when before the Court of Charles V of
Spain, in 1517, counseled that Negro slaves take the place of Indians,
as he considered the Negroes a hardier race. Other reliable
authorities, such as Fiske and MacNutt, claim that Las Casas merely
tolerated for a time, what already existed and what he could not
prevent. All agree that Las Casas in later life bitterly regretted
having approved of slavery under any form or condition whatever. John
Fiske, in his "The Discovery of America," Vol. II, p. 458, says, "that
the life work of Las Casas did much to diminish the volume of Negro
slavery and the spiritual corruption attendant upon it." This
non-Catholic writer furthermore declares that "when the work of Las
Casas is deeply considered, we cannot make him anything else but an
antagonist of human slavery in all its forms, and the mightiest and
most effective antagonist, withal, that has ever lived." F. A. MacNutt
in his work "Bartholomew De Las Casas," page 98, speaks of him in like
manner. In connection with Negro slavery in the West Indies it should
be said that the famous Cardinal Ximenes, of Spain, had protested
already in 1516 against the recruiting of Negro slaves in Africa as
then carried on for the West Indies.
[489] Cardinal Gibbons, _op. cit._, p. 434.
[490] Leo XIII to the Bishops of Brazil in a Letter dated Rome, May 5,
1888. Among the strong opponents of slavery before and during the
Civil War in America was the noted Catholic philosopher and publicist,
Orestes A. Brownson. His views on slavery and allied questions are
found in his "Works," Vol. XVII, edited by his son, Henry F. Brownson.
[491] Lecky, "History of Rationalism," Vol. II, pp. 31-32.
[492] Guizot, "History of Civilization," Lect. VI.
[493] Blyden, "Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race," p. 46. A
recent work entitled "Slavery in Germanic Society During the Middle
Ages," by Dr. Agnes Wergeland, late professor of history in the
University of Wyoming, throws light on the work of the Church in
behalf of the oppressed and enslaved. In the preface of this book
Prof. J. F. Jameson, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
declares that "we cannot hope to attain a true understanding of
American slavery in some of its essential aspects unless we are
somehow made mindful of the history of slavery as a whole."
[494] Mark, 16-15.
[495] Details of this expedition are found in "The Franciscans in
Arizona," by Fr. Zephyrim Englehardt, O.F.M.
[496] French "Historical Collections of Louisiana," Vol. III, p. 89.
[497] Russell, "Maryland, The Land of Sanctuary," p. 268.
[498] Woodson, "The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861," pp. 23-42.
[499] _African Repository_, XI, 294-295.
[500] Woodson, "The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861," pp. 99,
121.
[501] Johnston, "The Negro in the New World," pp. 142-401.
[502] Woodson, "The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861," p. 139,
quoting Special Report of U. S. Com. of Ed., 1871, pp. 205-206.
[503] McElrone, Memoir to "Bishop England's Works," Vol. I, XIV.
[504] Acts and Decrees of the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, p.
xxviii; also No. 484, p. 244.
[505] Acts and Decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, No.
239, p. 134.
[506] This brings to mind the fact that, in one burial lot in Calvary
Cemetery, Memphis, Tennessee, lie the bodies of twenty-one priests and
some fifty Catholic Sisters who fell victims of yellow fever, while
nursing the sick during the great epidemics which raged in that city
during 1873 and 1878.
[507] Reilly, "Life and Times of Cardinal Gibbons," Vol. II, p. 47.
[508] Riley, "Passing Events in the Life of Cardinal Gibbons," App. X.
[509] Will, "Life of Cardinal Gibbons," p. 361.
[510] Judge Thomas Lee, in "America," p. 495, New York, March, 1917.
[511] Bragg, "Men of Maryland," p. 131.
[512] Riley, "Passing Events in the Life of Cardinal Gibbons," p. 365.