This idea, which had taken firm possession of him for a few minutes,
seemed to fade away, and by the morrow there only remained a startled
excitement which nothing could account for; he now shrugged his
shoulders, but still, at the bottom of his soul a vague sense of dread
would surge up.
Was not the very absurdity of it a proof that this notion was one of the
presentiments that we sometimes feel without understanding it? Was it
not, again, for lack of a command plainly given by some inward voice, a
warning, a direct and secret hint, that he should be on his guard not to
think of this visit to a cloister as a mere pleasure trip?
"But this is monstrous!" Durtal exclaimed at last. "When I went to La
Trappe for my great purification, I was not harassed by apprehensions of
this kind; when I have gone there again several times since, it never
occurred to me that I should really bury myself in a monastery; and now
that it is a matter merely of a short visit to a Benedictine monastery,
I am trembling and recalcitrant.
"Such a commotion is quite childish! And yet no, not so very childish,"
he suddenly told himself. "When I have been to Notre-Dame de l'Atre I
have been sure that I should not remain, since I knew that I could not
endure more than a month of their austere Rule; so there was nothing to
fear; whereas in a Benedictine Abbey, where the Rule is lighter, I am
not certain that I could not stay.
"In that case--well, well, so much the better! for after all sooner or
later I must decide, I must make up my mind as to what I really mean;
have some definite notion of the value of my promissory notes, of the
greater or less strength of my energy, my fitness, my limitations.
"A few months ago I longed for the monastic life, that is beyond
doubt--and now I am wavering. I have abortive gushes of feeling,
ineffectual projects, inclinations which fail, wishes which come
short--I will and I will not. Still it is needful to understand oneself;
but of what use is it for me to try to sound the well of my own soul? If
I go down into it, I find everything dark and cold and empty.
"I am beginning to think that by dint of staring into that darkness I am
becoming like a child that fixes its eyes on the blackness of night; I
end by creating phantoms and inventing terrors. That is certainly the
case as regards this excursion to Solesmes, for there is nothing,
absolutely nothing to justify my alarms.
"How silly this all is; how much simpler it would be to allow myself to
live, and, above all, to be led!"
"I have hit it," he went on after a moment's reflection. "The cause of
this turmoil is evident. It is my lack of self-abandonment, my want of
confidence in God--yes, and my little love, my dryness of spirit, which
have brought me to this state.
"In the lapse of time this disorder has brought on the malady from which
I am suffering, an utter anæmia of the soul, aggravated by the patient's
terrors, since he, unaware of the nature of the complaint, exaggerates
its importance.
"Thus stands my balance-sheet since I came to Chartres.
"The position is very different from what it was in Paris. For the phase
I am going through is the very contrary to that in which I previously
lived; in Paris my soul was not dry and friable, but dank and soft; it
was saponaceous; the foot sank in it. In short, I was melting away, in a
state of langour, more painful perhaps than this state of drought which
is toughening me to horniness. Still on close examination, though the
symptoms have changed, the evil persists; softness or dryness, the
results are identical.
"At the same time it seems strange that this spiritual anæmia should now
exhibit such opposite symptoms. On one hand I am conscious of weariness,
indifference, and torpor in prayer; it seems to me, bitter, vain, and
hollow, so badly do I pray; I am inclined to let everything go, to cease
the attempt, to wait for a glow of fervour which I cannot hope for; on
the other hand, I am at the same time conscious of a persistent and
obstinate yearning, an invisible touch, a craving for prayer, a
constant invitation from God keeping me alert. And there are times, too,
when, though I can prove to myself that I am not stirring, I fancy I am
trembling and shall be swept away by a tide.
"That is very much of what I feel. In this frame of mind, half
stay-at-home, half gipsy-like, if I take up a book of the higher
mysticism--Saint Theresa or Saint Angela--that subtle touch gains
definiteness, I am aware of shocks running through me; I fancy that my
soul is convalescent, that it is young again, and breathes once more;
but if I try to take advantage of this lucid moment to collect myself
and to pray, it is all over--I flee from myself--nothing will work. What
misery, and how pitiable!
"The Abbé Gévresin has guided me so far, but how?
"He has trusted chiefly to the method of expectancy, restricting himself
to combating my generally flaccid state, and invigorating me rather than
contending with details. He has prescribed the heroic remedies of the
soul, desiring me to communicate when he found me weak. But, if I am not
mistaken, he is now turning his batteries. Either he is giving up a line
of attack which has failed, or else, on the contrary, he is improving
it, his treatment having produced, without my being aware of it, the
effects he was aiming at; in either case, to promote or complete the
cure, he wants to send me to a convent.
"The plan seems to be, indeed, part of his system, for he did the same
thing when he was helping in my conversion. He sent me off to a health
resort for the soul--and the waters were powerful indeed and terrible;
now he thinks I no longer need have so severe a treatment inflicted on
me, and he is persuading me to stay in a more restful place, a less
bracing air--is that it?
"Even his way of coming up unexpectedly and hurling his opinion at me is
not quite the same as it was. This time, it was, indeed, not he who
undertook to crystallize my irresolution by announcing my departure for
Solesmes; but it comes to the same thing. For, after all, there is
something not quite above board in this affair. Why did the Abbé Plomb
promise the Benedictines that he would take me with him?
"He certainly acted on the request of the Abbé Gévresin. There can have
been no other reason for his talking of me to the Fathers. I have,
indeed, spoken to him of my distress of mind, of my vague craving for
retirement, and my love for monasteries. But I certainly did not suggest
that he should thus take the lead, and hurry matters on so!
"Here I am, as usual, imagining plots and schemes, looking for things
that never existed, and discerning motives where perhaps there are none.
And even if there were! Is it not for my benefit that these good friends
are laying their heads together?
"I have only to hear and obey. Now to have done with this and return to
the Bestiary; for I want to finish this work before I go." And posting
himself in front of the cathedral, he studied the south porch, which had
most of zoological mysticism and devilries.
But he did not find the monstrosities of his fancy. At Chartres the
Vices and Virtues were not symbolized by more or less chimerical
creatures, but by human faces. After careful search he discovered on
some of the pillars of the middle doorway the Vices embodied in small
carved groups: Lust, as a woman fondling a young man; Drunkenness as a
boor about to hit a bishop; Discord by a husband quarrelling with his
wife, while an empty bottle and a broken distaff lie near them.
By way of infernal monsters, the utmost he could discern,--and that by
dislocating his neck--were two dragons in the right-hand bay, one
exorcised by a monk and the other bridled by a Saint with his stole.
Of divine beasts he could distinguish in the row of Virtues certain
female figures with symbolical creatures by their side: Docility
accompanied by an ox; Chastity by a phoenix; Charity by a sheep;
Meekness by a lamb; Fortitude by a lion; Temperance by a camel. Why
should the phoenix here typify Chastity, for it is not used generally in
that sense in the Bird-books of the Middle Ages?
Somewhat disconcerted by the poverty of the fauna of Chartres, he
comforted himself by a study of this southern porch; it was a match for
that on the north, and repeated, with a variant, the subject of the west
front--the glorification of Christ, but in His function as the Supreme
Judge, and in the person of His Saints.
This front, begun in the time of Philip Augustus, and built at the cost
of the Comte de Dreux and his wife Alice of Brittany, was not completed
till the time of Philippe le Bel. It was divided, like the other two,
into three portions: a central door with a tympanum in a pointed arch
bearing the presentment of the Last Judgment; one on the left devoted to
the Martyrs, and one on the right dedicated to the Confessors.
The central bay suggested the form of a boat set on end, its prow in the
air; its deeply spreading sides contained in their niches six Apostles
on each, and in the middle, between the doors, stood a single statue of
Christ.
This statue, like that at Amiens, was famous; every guidebook sings the
praises of the regular features, the calm expression of the face; in
reality the countenance is particularly fatuous and cold, beautiful but
lifeless. How inferior to that of the twelfth century, the expressive
and living God seated between the symbols of the Tetramorph in the
tympanum of the royal front.
The Apostles were perhaps rather more refined, rather less squat than
the patriarchs and prophets supporting Saint Anne under the north porch,
but their quality as works of art was less striking. They resembled the
Christ, Whom they escorted with decent duty: it was honest work,
phlegmatic sculpture, so to speak.
They held the instruments of their death with placid propriety, like
soldiers presenting arms.
On the right hand stood Saint Peter, holding the cross on which he was
bound head downwards; Saint Andrew, with a Latin cross, however, and not
the X-shaped cross to which he was nailed; then Saint Philip, Saint
Thomas, Saint Matthew, Saint Simon, all armed with the sword, though
Saint Philip was crucified and stoned, Saint Thomas pierced with a
lance, and Saint Simon sawn asunder.
To the left were Saint Paul, substituted for Saint Matthias, chosen to
succeed Judas; he carried a sword; Saint John, bearing his Gospel; Saint
James the Great, with a sword; Saint James the Less, with a fuller's
club; Saint Bartholomew, with the knife that served to flay him, and
Saint Jude with a book.
Perched on twisted columns, they trampled under their feet--bare, in
token of their apostleship--the executioners of their martyrdom. They
had long flowing hair, and forked beards cut into two points, excepting
Saint John, who was beardless, and Saint Paul, who, tradition says, was
bald; and they were all dressed alike in cloaks hanging in formal
curves. Saint James the Great was alone distinguished by a tunic
sprinkled with shells, like that of the pilgrims who were wont to visit
him at Compostella in one of the huge sanctuaries erected in his honour
in Mediæval times.
He was the patron Saint of Spain; but did he really ever preach in those
lands, as Saint Jerome and Saint Isidor assert, and the Toledo Breviary?
Some doubt it. At any rate his story, as related by Durand of Mende, in
the thirteenth century, was as follows: Being sent into Spain to convert
the idolaters, he failed, and returned to Jerusalem, where he was
beheaded by Herod. His body was subsequently carried to Spain, and his
remains performed such miracles as he had never wrought in his lifetime.
"Indeed," reflected Durtal, "we have singularly little information with
regard to the Apostles. They appear, for the most part, only
incidentally in the Gospels; and excepting a few--Saint Peter, Saint
John, and Saint Paul--whose figures are more or less definite, they
float past like shades, lost, veiled as it were, in the halo of glory
shed about Him by Jesus Christ. And after His death they vanish into
thin air, and their very existence is only sketched in a few vague
legends.
"Take Saint Thomas, the Treasure of God, as Saint Bridget calls him:
where was he born? We are not told. What were the circumstances and
reasons of his call? None knows. In what lands did he preach the new
faith? Here disputes begin. Some report him among the Medes, the
Parthians, the Persians, in Ethiopia, in Hindustan. He is commonly
represented with a cubit-measure and a square, for it is said that he
built a church at Meliapore; for which reason he was taken in the Middle
Ages as the patron Saint of architects and masons.
"According to the Roman Breviary he was killed at Calamine by a
spear-thrust; according to the Golden Legend he was killed with the
sword in an uncertainly described place; the Portuguese assert that they
have his relics at Goa, the chief of their Indian possessions.
"In the thirteenth century this saint was regarded as the type of
perverse disbelief. Not satisfied with having failed to believe in
Christ until he had seen and put his finger into His wounds, he was
equally incredulous, if our forefathers are to be believed, when he was
told of the Assumption of the Virgin, and Mary was fain to show Herself
to him and throw down Her girdle to convince him.
"Saint Bartholomew is even more obscure, lost in the thick shade of the
ages. He was the best educated of the Apostles, says Sister Emmerich,
for the others, particularly Peter and Andrew, had preserved rough
manners and a clumsy exterior from their humble origin.
"It is supposed that his name was Bartholomew. The Synoptical Gospels
number him among the Apostles, but Saint John omits him, and mentions in
his place one Nathanael, of whom the other three Evangelists do not
speak.
"It seems tolerably certain that these two were identical, and Saint
Bernard supposed that this Bartholomew or Nathanael was the bridegroom
of the marriage at Cana.
"He is said to have preached in Arabia, in Persia, in Abyssinia, to have
baptized among the Iberi, the races of the Caucasus, and, like Saint
Thomas, in India, but there is no authentic evidence to show this.
According to some writers he was decapitated; others say he was flayed
alive and then crucified, near the frontiers of Armenia.
"This last view was adopted by the Roman Breviary and prevailed; hence
he was chosen as the patron Saint of fleshers, who skin beasts, of
leather-dressers and skinners, shoemakers and binders, who use leather,
and even of tailors, for the early painters represent him with half his
body flayed and carrying his skin over his arm like a coat.
"Stranger and still more puzzling is Saint Jude. He was also called
Thaddæus and Lebbæus, and was the son of Cleophas and of Mary the
Virgin's sister; he is said to have married and had children.
"He is scarcely mentioned in the Gospels, but they point out that he is
not to be confounded with Judas--which, however, was done, actually by
reason of the similarity of name, during the Middle Ages; Christians
rejected him and sorcerers appealed to him.
"He never speaks in the course of the Sacred Narrative but when he
breaks silence at the scene of the Last Supper to ask the Lord a
question as to predestination; and Christ replies beside the mark, or
rather does not answer him at all. He was also the author of a Canonical
Epistle, in which he seems to have been inspired by the Second Epistle
of Saint Peter; and, according to Saint Augustine, it was he who
introduced the dogma of the Resurrection of the flesh into the _Credo_.
"In legend he is associated with Saint Simon; according to the Breviary,
he is said to have evangelized Mesopotamia and to have suffered
martyrdom with his companion Saint in Persia. The Bollandists, on the
other hand, assert that he was the Apostle to Arabia and Idumea, while
the Greek Menology relates that he was shot to death with arrows by the
infidels in Armenia.
"In fact all these accounts differ; and iconography adds to the
confusion by representing Jude with the most various attributes.
Sometimes, as at Amiens, he holds a palm, or, as at Chartres, a book. He
is also seen with a cross, a square, a boat, a wand, an axe, a sword,
and a spear.
"But in spite of the unfortunate reputation earned for him by his
namesake Judas, the symbolists of the Middle Ages regard him as a man of
charity and zeal, and attribute to him the splendour of the purple and
gold fires of the chrysoprase, regarded as emblematical of good works.
"All this is but incoherent," thought Durtal, "and what also strikes me
as strange is that this Saint, so rarely invoked by our forefathers--who
for long never dedicated any altar to him, is twice represented in
effigy at Chartres--supposing the Verlaine of the royal porch to
represent Saint Jude; but then that seems improbable."
"What I should now like to know," he went on, "is why the historians of
this cathedral pronounce the scene of the last Judgment represented on
the tympanum of the door as the most remarkable of its kind in France.
This is utterly false, for it is vulgar, and certainly inferior to many
others.
"The demoniacal half is far less vigorous, more supine, less crowded
than in other churches of the same period. At Chartres, it is true, the
devils with wolves' muzzles and asses' ears, trampling down bishops and
kings, laymen and monks, and driving them into the maw of a dragon
spouting flames--the demons with goats' beards and crescent-shaped jaws
seizing hapless sinners who have wandered to the mouldings of the arch,
are all very skilfully arranged, in well composed groups round the
principal figure; but the Satanic vineyard lacks breadth and its fruit
is insipid. The preying demons are not ferocious enough, they almost
look as if they were monks and were doing it for fun, while the damned
take it very calmly.
"How far more desperate is the devil's festival at Dijon!" Durtal
recalled to mind the church of Notre Dame in that city, so strange a
specimen of thirteenth-century gothic of the Burgundian stamp. The
church was of almost elementary simplicity; above its three porches rose
a straight wall with two storeys of columns forming arcades and
surmounted by grotesque figures. To the right of this front was a small
tower with a pointed roof; and on the roof a "Jacquemart" of iron
tracery, with three puppets that strike the hours; behind, rising from
the transept, was a small tower with four little glazed belfries.
This building, small as compared with great cathedrals, was stamped with
the Flemish hall-mark; it had the homespun peasant expression, the
cheerful faith of the race. It was a domestic sanctuary, very native to
the soil; the folks would hold converse with the Black Virgin standing
there on an altar, tell her all their little concerns, make themselves
at home there in confidential gossiping prayer, quite without ceremony.
But it was not well to trust too much to the benign and genial aspect of
this building, for the long rows of grotesque figures that were ranged
above the doorways and the arcades belied the jovial security of the
rest.
There they were, in high relief, in close array, grinning and jibing; a
motley crowd of demented nuns and mad monks, of bewildered rustics and
outlandish women; hobgoblins writhing with laughter, and hilarious
devils; and in the midst of this mob of the reprobate a figure of a real
woman, held by two demons tormenting her, stood out, leaning forward as
if she wanted to throw herself down. With haggard, dilated eye, and
clasped hands, in terror she beseeches the passer-by, shows him the
place of refuge, and cries to him to enter. Involuntarily he pauses in
amazement to look at that face, distorted with fear, pinched with
anguish, struggling amid this pack of monsters, this vision of frenzied
nightmare. At once fierce and pitying, she threatens and entreats; and
this image of one for ever excommunicate, cast out of the temple and
left to all eternity on the threshold, is as haunting as the memory of
suffering, as a nightmare of terror.
Nowhere, certainly, in the satanic menagerie of La Beauce, is there a
statue of such startling and assertive art.
From another point of view--that of the picture as a whole, and of the
broad view taken of the subject, the Judgment of Souls at Notre Dame de
Chartres is for beneath that of the cathedral at Bourges.
"That, indeed, is, I think, the most wonderful of all," said Durtal to
himself. "The similar scenes at Reims and at Paris, with the gangs of
sinners held in chains tugged by demons, and those of the same kind at
Amiens, have none of them such breadth of scope."
At Bourges, as in all works of this class in the Middle Ages, the dead
are escaping from their sepulchres, and on the uppermost frieze, below a
figure of Christ, with whom the Virgin and Saint John are interceding,
Saint Michael is weighing souls; to the left devils are dragging away
the wicked, and to the right angels are conducting the blessed.
The resurrection of the dead, as it is represented by the image-maker of
Le Berry, is enough to set the noisy prudery of the Catholics neighing,
for the figures are nude, and certain reticences, usually observed at
any rate in the female form, are here omitted. Men and women push up the
lid of the tomb, stride across the edge, leap up, roll over pell mell,
one above another; some ecstatically clasping their hands in prayer,
their eyes fixed on heaven; others anxiously looking about them on all
sides; others praying with terror, throwing up their arms; others,
again, in dejected attitudes, beating their breasts in lamentable
self-accusation; and yet others who are dazzled by the abrupt change
from darkness to light, shaking their numbed limbs and trying to move.
The mad confusion of all these human beings, suddenly awakened, and
brought like owls into the light of day, trembling with fear or with joy
as they see and understand that the day of Judgment is come, is all
expressed with a fulness, a spirit, a certainty of observation which
leave the petty accuracy and mild energy of the Chartres sculptor far
behind them.
In the upper division, again, the weighing of souls goes on in a
magnificent composition; Saint Michael with wide-spread wings holds a
large pair of scales and smiles as he caresses a little child with
folded hands, while a goat-headed devil watches eagerly to seize him if
the Archangel should turn away; and behind this lingering demon begins
the dolorous procession of the outcast. Nor have we here the infernal
courtliness of the scene as represented at Chartres, the doubtful
consideration of an evil spirit gently driving in a nun; it is brutality
in all its horror, the lowest violence; the sometimes comic side of
these struggles is not to be seen here. At Bourges the myrmidons of the
deep work and hit with a will. A devil with a wild beast's muzzle and a
drunkard's face in the middle of his fat stomach, is hammering the skull
of a wretch who struggles, grinding his teeth, while the devil bites his
legs with the end of his tail that bears a serpent's head. Another
monster, with a crushed face and pendant breasts, a man's face in his
stomach and wings springing from his loins, has clasped a priest in his
arms and is pitching him head foremost into a cauldron boiling over the
flames from a dragon's mouth blown up with bellows by two of the devil's
slaves. And in this cauldron sit two figures symbolical of slander and
lust, a monk and a woman writhing and weeping, for enormous toads are
gnawing at the tongue of one and at the heart of the other.
On the other side of Saint Michael the scene is different; a chubby,
smiling angel is playing with a child whom he has perched on one of his
fellow-angels' shoulders, and the infant delightedly waves a bough;
behind him slowly marches a representative group of saints--a woman, a
king, a cenobite, conducted by Saint Peter towards a doorway leading to
a sanctum where sits Abraham, an old man with a cloth spread over his
knees full of little heads all rejoicing--the souls that are saved.
And Durtal, as he recalled the features of Saint Michael and his angels,
perceived that they were the brethren in art of the Saint Anne, Saint
Joseph, and the angel of the great portal at Reims. They were all of the
same peculiar type--a young and yet old countenance, a long sharp nose
and pointed chin; only here, perhaps, a little rounder, a little less
angular than at Reims.
This sort of family likeness gave support to a theory that the same
sculptors or their pupils had worked on the carvings of those two
cathedrals, but not at Chartres, where no similar type is to be seen;
though a certain striking resemblance exists between other statues in
the north porch and some figures, of a different class however, on the
façade at Reims.
"Anyone of these hypotheses may be correct, though there is no chance of
proving their truth, for we can discover no information with regard to
the schools of art of the period," said Durtal to himself, as he turned
his attention to the left-hand bay of the south porch, dedicated to the
martyrs.
There, in the archway of the door, dwelt, side by side, Saint Vincent
the deacon, of Spain; Saint Denys the bishop; Saint Piat the priest; and
Saint George the warrior; all four victims of the ingenious cruelty of
the infidels.
Saint Vincent in his long gown hung a contrite head over his shoulder.
"He," thought Durtal, "was literally butchered and cooked, for we are
told in the legend according to Voragine that his body was torn with
sharp combs of brass till his bowels fell out, and that after this
foretaste, this _hors d'oeuvre_ of torture, he was broiled on a
gridiron, larded with nails, and basted with the sauce of his own blood.
He lay calm, praying while he was being toasted. He remained unmoved,
grilling and praying. When he was dead, Dacian, his persecutor, ordered
that his body should be cast out on a field to be devoured by beasts;
but a raven came to settle by him, and drove away a wolf by pecking at
it. Then a millstone was tied about his neck and he was thrown into the
sea, but his body came to land near some pious women who buried it.
"Saint Denys, the first Bishop of Paris, was thrown to the lions, who
retreated before him; he was then beheaded at Montmartre, with Saint
Eleutherius and Saint Rusticus. The image-maker had not here represented
him, as usual, carrying his head, but had shown him standing with his
crozier and mitre. And he was not humble and pitiable, like his
neighbour, the Spanish Deacon, but upright and imperious, with his hand
uplifted, in the attitude rather of admonishing the faithful than of
blessing them, and Durtal stood lost in thought before this writer,
whose brief book holds so important a place in the series of mystical
writings.
"He, more than any other, and first among the contemplative authors,
had overstepped the threshold of Heaven and brought down to men some
details of what happens there. The knowledge of the angelic ranks dates
from him, for it was he who revealed the organization of the heavenly
host as an order, a hierarchy copied by human beings and parodied in
hell. He was a sort of messenger between Heaven and earth, and was the
explorer of our celestial heritage, as Saint Catherine of Genoa at a
later date was the explorer of purgatory.
"A less interesting personage was Saint Piat, a priest of Tournai,
beheaded by a Roman proconsul. In this assembly of famous saints he was
rather the poor country-cousin, a mere provincial Saint. He figured here
because his relics repose in the cathedral, for historians record the
translation of his remains to Chartres in the ninth century. By his side
was Saint George, arrayed as a knight of the time of Saint Louis, his
head bare with an iron fillet, armed with a lance and shield; standing
as if on guard on a pedestal, showing the wheel which was the instrument
of his martyrdom.
"The companion statue, on the opposite side of the door, was that of
Saint Theodore of Heraclea, wearing a coat of mail, and a surcoat, and
also holding a shield and spear.
"Next to this saint, who was subsequently roasted to death by a slow
fire, in the town of Amasea, were Saint Stephen, Saint Clement, and
Saint Laurence.
"Above this double rank of martyrs the tympanum represented the story of
Saint Stephen disputing with the Doctors and stoned by the Jews; and on
all sides, on the square pillars that supported the roof of the porch,
was carved stone-work representing the tortured bodies of the righteous:
Saint Leger, Saint Laurence, Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Saint Bacchus,
Saint Quentin, and many more; a whole procession of the Blessed, being
blinded, burnt, cut in pieces, flogged with vigorous energy, and
beheaded. But it was all in melancholy decay. The _sans-culottes_, by
amputating more of their limbs in their tempest of fury, had crowned the
martyrdom of these Saints.
"The doorway to the right, dedicated to the Confessors, was a vast hull
set on end; on the sloping side to the left of the door stood Saint
Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra, holding up a gloved hand, and trampling
under foot the cruel host killing the children whose death became a
theme for so many laments; Saint Ambrose, Doctor of the Church and
Bishop of Milan, wearing a singular peaked mitre, like an extinguisher;
Saint Leo, the Pope who defied Attila; and finally Saint Laumer, one of
the glories of the Chartres district.
"He, like Saint Piat in the left-hand bay, is somewhat of a stranger
dragged into this illustrious company. He was of old highly venerated in
La Beauce, having, in his lifetime, had a career which may be briefly
summed up. During his childhood he had kept sheep; he had then been
cellarer to the cathedral; had become first an anchorite, then a monk,
and finally Abbot of the Monastery of Corbion in the forests of the
Orne.
"The opposite slope of the bay sheltered Saint Martin, Bishop of Tours,
Saint Jerome, as a Doctor of the Church, Saint Gregory, Pope and Doctor,
and Saint Avitus.
"What is curious in this door," thought Durtal, "is the parallel of
personages. On one side, to the right, Saint Nicholas, the great
miracle-worker of the East; on the other side, to the left, Saint
Martin, the great miracle-worker of the West. Then, as companion
figures, Saint Ambrose and Saint Jerome;--the first often redundant and
pompous in second-rate prose, but ingenious and delightful in his hymns;
the second who, in the Vulgate, really created the language of Church
use, purifying and airing the Latin of Pagan literature, foul with
lascivious meaning, reeking at once of an old goat and of essence of
roses. Again, face to face, two Popes, Saint Leo and Saint Gregory, and
two Abbots of Monasteries, Saint Laumer and Saint Avitus, who was Prior
of a House founded in the forests of Le Perche."
These two last statues had been added later; their style and costume
betrayed a date subsequent to the thirteenth century; had they, then,
taken the place of others representing the same Monks, or different
Saints?
The tympanum again expressed the same purpose of parallelism, evidently
intended by the master of the work. This was also devoted to two miracle
workers, to a correspondence in this respect of the north and the south.
It represented episodes in the lives of Saint Nicholas and Saint Martin:
Saint Nicholas furnishing a dowry for the daughters of a gentleman who
was dying of hunger, and about to sell their honour, and the sepulchre
of this archbishop exuding an oil of sovereign efficacy in the cure of
diseases; Saint Martin giving half of his cloak to a beggar, and then
beholding Christ wearing the garment.
The remainder of this porch was of secondary interest. In the mouldings
of the arches and in the pillars of the bays the ranks of the Confessors
appeared again, the nine choirs of Angels, the parable of the wise and
foolish Virgins, a replica of the four-and-twenty elders on the royal
front, the Prophets of the Old Testament, the Virtues, the Vices, the
Christian Virgins, and small statues of the Apostles, all more or less
injured and more or less invisible.
This south porch, with its seven hundred and eighty-three statues and
statuettes, spoken of by the guide-books as the most attractive of all,
was to artists, on the contrary, the least absorbing; for, with the
exception of the noble effigies of Saint Theodore and Saint George, the
glorification of the others who dwell there was on the whole, from the
artistic point of view, very inferior in interest to the sculpture on
the twelfth-century west front, or even to that of the north porch--that
complete embodiment of the Two Testaments--where the sculpture, if more
barbarous, was less placid and cold.
And Durtal came to this conclusion: "The exterior of the cathedral of
Chartres may be summed up in three words: _Latvia_, _hyperdulia_, and
_dulia_. _Latria_, the worship of Our Lord, on the west front;
_Hyperdulia_, the worship of the Blessed Virgin, in the north porch;
_Dulia_, the worship of the Saints, in the south porch.
"For although the Redeemer is magnified in this south portal in His
character of Supreme Judge, He seems to make way for the Saints. And
this is quite intelligible, since He is enthroned there for two
purposes, and His true palace, His real throne, is in the triumphal
tympanum of the royal doorway in the west front."
Before quitting this side of the building, as he glanced once more at
the ranks of the Elect, Durtal stopped in front of Saint Clement and
Saint Gregory.
Saint Clement, whose extraordinary death almost casts his life into
oblivion--a life exclusively occupied in harrowing souls. Durtal
recalled the narrative of Voragine. After being exiled to the
Chersonesus, in the reign of Trajan, Clement was cast into the sea with
an anchor tied to his neck, while the assembled Christians kneeling on
the strand besought Heaven to restore his body. Then the sea withdrew
three miles, and the faithful went dry-shod to a chapel which the angels
had just erected beneath the waters, where the body of the saint was
found reposing, lying on a tomb; and for many centuries the sea retired
every year for a week, to allow pilgrims to visit his remains.
Saint Gregory, the first Benedictine to be elected Pope, was the creator
of the Liturgy, the master of plain-song. He was alike devoted to
justice and to charity, and a passionate patron of art; and this
admirable Pope, with his broad and comprehensive spirit, regarded it as
a temptation of the Devil that made the bigots, the Pharisees of his
day, proclaim their determination not to read profane literature; for,
said he, it helps us to understand that which is sacred.
Made Pope against his will, he led a life of anguish, mourning for the
lost peace of his cloister; but he fought none the less with incredible
energy against the inroads of the Barbarians, the heresies of Africa,
the intrigues of Byzantium, and the Simony of his own priests.
He stands out in a dark age, amid a witches' sabbath of shrieking
schisms; he is seen in the midst of these storms, protecting the poor
from the rapacity of the rich, feeding them with his own hands, kissing
their feet, every day; and in spite of this overworked life without a
moment's respite, or a minute for rest, he succeeded in restoring
monastic discipline, and sowing wherever he might the Benedictine seed,
saving the headlong world by the vigilance of his Order.
Though he was not a martyr like Saint Clement, he died nevertheless for
Christ, of exhaustion and fatigue, after living in the constant
suffering of a frame undermined by disease, and weakened by voluntary
maceration and fasting.
"This, no doubt, is the reason why the face of his statue is so sad and
thoughtful," said Durtal to himself. "And yet he is listening to the
dove, the symbol of inspiration which is speaking in his ear, dictating
to him, the legend says, the antiphonal melodies, and undoubtedly
whispering his dialogues, his homilies, his commentaries on the Book of
Job, his pastoral letter--all the works which made him so immensely
famous in the Middle Ages."
As he made his way home, Durtal, still reflecting on this array of the
Righteous, suddenly was struck by this idea: "There is no portrait in
Chartres of a Saint whose present help was of yore desired above all
others: Saint Christopher, whose effigy was usually to be found at the
entrance to a cathedral, standing alone in a spot apart.
"It stood thus, formerly, at the door of Notre-Dame de Paris, and is
still to be seen in one corner of the principal front at Amiens; but in
most places the iconoclasts overthrew it, and the churches where the
statue of Christopher is now to be seen may be easily counted. It must
once have existed at Chartres--but where? The monographs on this
cathedral never allude to it."
Thus, as he walked on, he dreamed of the Saint whose popularity is
easily accounted for, since our forefathers believed that they had only
to look at his image, whether painted or carved, to be protected for a
whole day from disaster, and especially from violent death.
So he was always placed outside in a prominent spot, and very large, so
that he might easily be seen by the wayfarer, even from afar. In some
cases his effigy was found on a gigantic scale, inside the church. Thus
he is represented in the Dom at Erfurt, in a fresco of the fifteenth
century, too much restored.
This colossal figure, five storeys high, extends from the pavement of
the church to the roof. Christopher has a beard which flows in a stream,
and legs as thick as the pillars of the nave. Bending and adoring, he
bears on his shoulders a Child with a round face, as white as the chalk
of a clown, blessing all comers with a smile. The Saint is wading
barefoot through a pool full of little reeds, and imps, and horned
fishes and strange flowers--all represented on a minute scale to
emphasize the mighty stature of the Saint.
"That good friend," thought Durtal, "though venerated by the poor, was
somewhat coldly treated by the Church, for he, with Saint George and
some other martyrs, was among those whose existence remains open to
doubt.
"In Mediæval times Saint Christopher was invoked for the cure of weakly
children, and also as a protector against blindness and the plague.
"But indeed the Saints were the chief healers of that time. Every
disease which the leeches and apothecaries could not alleviate was
brought to the Saints. Some indeed were reputed specialists, and the
ills they cured were known by their names. The gout was known as Saint
Maurus' evil, leprosy as Job's evil, cancer was Saint Giles', chorea
Saint Guy's, colds were Saint Aventinus' ill, a bloody flux Saint
Fiacre's--and I forget the rest.
"Others again remained noted for delivering sufferers from certain
affections they were reputed to heal: Saint Geneviève for the burning
sickness and ophthalmia, Saint Catherine of Alexandria for headache,
Saint Bartholomew for convulsions, Saint Firmin for cramp, Saint
Benedict for erysipelas and the stone, Saint Lupus for pains in the
stomach, Saint Hubert for madness, Saint Appolina, whose statue,
standing in the chapel of the Hospital of Saint John at Bruges, is
graced by way of _ex votos_ with strings of teeth and wax stumps, for
neuralgia and toothache--and how many more.
"And granting," said Durtal, "that medical science is at this day a
greater delusion than ever, I cannot see why we should not revert to the
specific of prayer and the mystical panaceas of the past. If the
interceding Saints should, in certain cases, refuse to cure us, at any
rate they will make us no worse by a mistaken diagnosis and the
exhibition of dangerous remedies. Though after all, even if our modern
practitioners were not ignoramuses, of what use would that be, since the
medicines they prescribe are adulterated?"