To change his weariness of the place, Durtal one sunny afternoon went to
the further end of Chartres, to visit the ancient church of Saint Martin
du Val. It dated from the tenth century, and had served as the chapel by
turns of a Benedictine House and of a Capuchin convent. Restored without
any too flagrant heresies, it was now included in the precincts of an
Asylum, and was reached by crossing a yard where blind folk in white
cotton caps sat nodding on benches in the shade of a few trees.
Its small, squat doorway and three little belfries, as if it had been
built for a village of dwarfs, attested its Romanesque origin; and, as
at Saint Radegonde at Poitiers and Notre Dame de la Couture at le Mans,
the interior opened, under an altar very much raised above the ground,
into a crypt lighted by loopholes borrowing their light from the
ambulatory of the choir. The capitals of the columns, coarsely carved,
resembled the idols of Oceania; under the pavement and in the tombs lay
many of the Bishops of Chartres, and newly-consecrated prelates were
supposed to spend the first night of their arrival at the See in prayer
before these tombs, so as to imbue themselves with the virtues of their
predecessors and enlist their support.
"The Manes of these Bishops might very well have whispered to their
present successor, Monseigneur des Mofflaines, some plan for purifying
the House of the Virgin by turning out the vile musician who degrades
the Sanctuary on Sundays to the level of a music hall!" sighed Durtal.
'But, alas! nothing disturbs the inertia of that aged, and invalid
shepherd, who is, indeed, never to be seen either in his garden, in the
cathedral, or in the town.
"Ah! But this is something better than all the vocal flourishes of the
choristers!" said Durtal to himself as he listened to the bells aroused
from silence to shed the blessed drops of sound over the city.
He called to mind the meanings ascribed to bells by the early
symbolists. Durand of Mende compares the hardness of the metal to the
power of the preacher, and thinks that the blows of the tongue against
the side, aim at showing the orator that he should punish himself and
correct his own vices before he blames those of others. The wooden
crossbeam to which the bell is suspended resembles in form the Cross of
Christ, and the rope pulled by the ringer to set the bell going is
allegorical of the knowledge of the Scripture which depends on the Cross
itself.
According to Hugh of Saint Victor, the tongue of the bell is the
sacerdotal tongue, which, striking on both sides of the body, declares
the truth of both Testaments. Finally, to others the bell itself is the
mouth of the Liturgy, and the tongue its tongue.
"In fact, the bell is the Church's herald, its outer voice, as the
priest is its inward voice," Durtal concluded.
While meditating in this wise, he had reached the cathedral, and for the
hundredth time stood to admire those powerful abutments throwing out,
with the strong curve of a projectile, flying buttresses like spoked
wheels, and, as usual, he was amazed by the flight of the parabola, the
grace of the trajectory, the sober strength of those curved supports.
"Still," said he to himself, as he studied the parapet raised above
them, bordering the roof of the nave, "the architect who was content to
stamp out those trefoil arches, as if they were punched in that stone
parapet, was less happily inspired than certain other master-masons or
stone-workers who enclosed the little gutter-path they made round church
roofs with scriptural or symbolical images. Such an one was he who built
the cathedral at Troyes, where the top parapet is carved alternately
into fleur de lys and Saint Peter's keys; and he who at Caudebec
sculptured the edge into gothic letters of a delightfully decorative
character, spelling a hymn to the Virgin, thus crowning the church with
a garland of prayer, wreathing its head with a white chaplet of
aspiration."
Durtal left the north side of the cathedral, went past the royal door
and round the corner of the old tower. With one hand he held on his hat,
and with the other grasped the skirts of his coat, which flapped about
his legs. The storm blew permanently on this spot. There might be not a
breath of air anywhere else in the town, but here, at this corner,
winter and summer, there was always a blast that caught cloaks and
skirts and lashed the face with icy thongs.
"That perhaps is the reason why the statues of the neighbouring north
door, which are so incessantly scourged by the wind, stand in such
shivering attitudes with narrow and tightly-drawn raiment, their arms
and legs held close," thought Durtal, with a smile. "And is it not the
same with that strange figure dwelling in companionship with a sow
spinning--though it is not in fact a sow, but a hog--and an ass playing
on a hurdy-gurdy on the storm-beaten wall of the old tower?"
These two animals, whose careless herd he seems to be, represent in
their merry guise the old popular sayings: _Ne sus Minerveum_, and
_Asinus ad lyram_, which may be freely rendered by "Every man to his
trade," and "Never force a talent;" for we should but be as inept as a
pig trying to be wise or an ass trying to strike the lyre.
But this angel with a nimbus, standing barefoot under a canopy,
supporting a sun-dial against his breast, what does he mean, what is he
doing?
A descendant of the royal women of the north porch, for he is like them
in his slender shape, sheathed in a clinging robe with string-like
pleats, he looks over our heads, and we wonder whether he is very impure
or very chaste.
The upper part of the face is innocent, the hair cropped round the head;
the face is beardless and the expression monastic, but between the nose
and mouth there is a broad slope, and the lips, parting in a straight
gash, wear a smile, which as we look seems just a little impudent, just
a little vulgar, and we wonder what manner of angel this may be.
There is in this figure something of the recalcitrant seminarist, and
also something of the virtuous postulant. If the sculptor took a young
Brother for his model, he certainly did not choose a docile novice, such
as he who no doubt served for the study of Joseph standing under the
north door; he must have worked from one of the religious _Gyrovagoi_
who so tormented St. Benedict. A strange figure is this angel, who has a
father at Laon, behind the cathedral, and who anticipated by many
centuries the puzzling seraphic types of the Renaissance.
"What a wind!" muttered Durtal, hastening back to the west front, where
he went up the steps and pushed the door open.
The entrance to this immense and obscure church is always coercive; we
instinctively bend the head and advance cautiously under the oppressive
majesty of its vault. Durtal stopped when he had gone a few steps,
dazzled by the illumination of the choir in contrast with the dark alley
of the nave, which only gained a little light where it joined the
transepts. The Christ had the legs and feet in shadow, the body in
subdued light, and the head bathed in a torrent of glory; Durtal gazed
up in the air at the motionless ranks of Patriarchs, and Apostles, and
Bishops, and Saints in a glow as of dying fires, dimly lighted glass,
guarding the Sacred Body at their feet, below them; they stood in rows
along the upper storey in huge pointed settings, with wheels above them,
showing to Jesus, nailed to earth, His army of faithful soldiers, His
legions as enumerated in the Scriptures, the Legends, the Martyrology;
Durtal could identify in the armed throng of the painted windows St.
Laurence, St. Stephen, St. Giles, St. Nicholas of Myra, St. Martin, St.
George of Cappadocia, St. Symphorian, St. Philip, St. Foix, St. Laumer,
and how many more whose names he could not recollect--and paused in
admiration near the transept, in front of a figure of Abraham fixed for
ever in a threatening gesture, holding a sword over a crouching Isaac,
the blade shining brightly against the infinite blue.
He stood admiring the conceptions and the craftsmanship of those
thirteenth century glass-workers, their emphatic language, necessary at
such great heights, the way in which they had made the pictures legible
from a distance by introducing a single figure in each, whenever that
was possible, and painting it in massive outline, with contrasting
colours, so as to be easily taken in at a glance when seen from below.
But the triumph of this art was neither in the choir, nor in the
transepts of the church, nor in the nave; it was at the entrance, on the
inner side of the wall, where on the outside stood the statues of the
nameless queens. Durtal delighted in this glorious show, but he always
postponed it a little to excite himself by expectancy, and revel in the
leap of joy it gave him, repetition of the sensation not having yet
availed to weaken it.
On this particular day, under a sunny sky, these three windows of the
twelfth century blazed with splendour with their broad short blades, the
blade of a claymore, flat wide panels of glass under the rose that held
the most prominent place over the west door.
It was a twinkling sheet of cornflowers and sparks, a shifting maze of
blue flames--a paler blue than that in which Abraham, at the end of the
nave, brandished his knife; this pale, limpid blue resembled the flames
of burning punch and of the ignited powder of sulphur, and the lightning
flash of sapphires, but of quite young sapphires, as it were, still
infantine and tremulous. And in the right hand pointed window he could
distinguish in burning red the Stem of Jesse--figures piled up espalier
fashion, in the blue fire of the sky; while to the left and in the
middle, scenes were shown from the Life of Jesus--the Annunciation, Palm
Sunday, the Transfiguration, the Last Supper, and the Supper at Emmaus;
and above these three windows Christ hurled thunder from the heart of
the great rose, the dead emerged from their graves at the trumpet-call,
and St. Michael weighed souls.
"How did the glass-makers discover and compound that twelfth century
blue?" wondered Durtal. "And why have their successors so long lost it,
as well as their red?
"In the twelfth century glass-painters made use chiefly of three
colours; first, blue--that ineffable, uncertain sky-blue which is the
glory of the Chartres windows; then red--a purplish red, full and
important; and green--inferior in quality to the two others. For white
they preferred a greenish tinge.
"In the following century the palette is more extensive, but the stain
is darker; the glass, too, is thicker. And yet, what a glowing blue of
pure, bold sapphire tone the artists of the furnace had at their
command, and what a fine red they used, the colour of fresh blood!
Yellow, of which they were less lavish, was, if I may judge from the
robe of a king near the Abraham, in a window by the transept, a daring
hue of bright lemon. But apart from these three colours, which have a
sort of resonance, and burst forth like songs of joy in these
transparent pictures, others grow more sober; the violets are like
Orleans plums or purple egg-fruit, the browns are of the hue of burnt
sugar, the chive-coloured greens turn dark.
"But what masterpieces of colour they achieved by the harmony and
contrast of these tones, and with what skill did they handle the
lead-lines, emphasizing certain details, punctuating and dividing these
paragraphs of flame as if with lines of ink.
"And another thing which is amazing is the perfect agreement of all
these various crafts, practised side by side, treating the same
subjects, or supplementing each other--each, by its own mode of
expression, under one guiding mind, contributing to the whole; with what
a sense of fitness, with what skill were the posts distributed, the
places assigned to each as beseemed the purpose of his craft, the
requirements of his art.
"Architecture having finished the lower portion of the edifice, retires
into the background to make way for Sculpture, giving it the fine
opportunity of the doorways; and Sculpture, hitherto invisible at
excessive heights, as a mere accessory, suddenly finds itself supreme.
With due sense of justice it now comes forward where it can be seen, and
the sister art retires, leaving it to address the multitude, giving it
the noblest framework in those arched doorways, imitating a deeper
perspective by their concentric arches, diminishing and retreating to
the door-frames.
"In other instances Architecture does not give everything to one art,
but divides the bounty of her great _façade_ between sculpture and
painting; reserving to the former the hollows and nooks where statues
may find niches, and giving to glass-painters the tympanum of the great
door, where at Chartres the image-maker has displayed the Triumph of
Christ. This we see in the great west doors of Tours and of Reims.
"This plan of substituting glass for bas-reliefs had its disadvantages;
seen from outside--their wrong side--these diaphanous pictures look like
spiders' nets on an enormous scale and thick with dust. With the light
on them the windows are, in fact, grey or black; it is only by going
inside and looking back that their fire can be seen flashing; the
outside is here sacrificed to the inside. Why?
"Perhaps," said Durtal, answering himself, "it is symbolical of the soul
having light inwardly, an allegory of the spiritual life--"
He took in all the windows of the nave with a rapid glance, and it
struck him that their effect was a combination of the prison and the
grave, with their coals of fire burning behind iron bars, some crossed
like the windows of a gaol, and others twisting like black twigs and
branches. Is not glass painting of all arts that in which God does most
to help the artist, the art which man, unaided, can never make perfect,
since the sky alone can give life to the colours by a beam of sunshine,
and lend movement to the lines? In short, man fashions the form,
prepares the body, and must wait till God infuses the soul.
"It is to-day a high-day of light and the Sun of Justice is visiting His
Mother," he went on, as he walked to where the pillared thicket of the
choir ended at the south transept, to look at the window known as Notre
Dame de la belle Verrière, the figure, in blue, relieved against a
mingled background of dead-leaf olive, brown, iris violet, plum-green;
She gazed out with her sad and pensive pout--a pout very cleverly
restored by a modern glass-painter; and Durtal remembered that people
had come to pray to Her, as he now went to pray to the Virgin of the
Pillar and Notre Dame de Sous Terre.
Such devotion was a thing of the past; the men of our time need, it
would seem, a more tangible, a more material Virgin than this slender,
fragile image, hardly visible in dark weather; nevertheless, a few
peasants still kept up the habit of kneeling and offering a taper before
Her, and Durtal, who loved these old neglected Madonnas, joined them and
invoked Her too.
Two other windows also appealed to him by the singularity of the
figures, perched very high up, in the depths of the apse, and serving as
attendant pages, at a distance, to the Virgin holding Her Son in the
centre light commanding the whole perspective of the cathedral; these
each contained in a light-toned lancet, a barbarous and grotesque
seraph, with sharply-marked features, white wings full of eyes, and
robes with jagged, strap-like edges of a pale green colour; their legs
were bare, and they were represented as floating. These two angels had
jujube yellow aureoles tilted to the back like sailors' hats; and this
ragged attire, the feathers folded over the breast, the hat of glory,
with their general expression of refractory wilfulness, suggested the
idea that these beings were at once paupers, Apaches or Mohicans, and
seamen.
As to the remaining windows, especially those which included several
figures and were divided into several pictures, it would have needed a
telescope and have taken many days of study only to make out the story
they told, and discover the details; and months would not have sufficed
for the task, since the glass had been in many cases repaired and often
replaced without regard to order, so that it was especially difficult to
decipher it.
An attempt had been made to count the number of figures represented in
the cathedral windows; they were as many as 3889; in the mediæval times
everybody had been eager to present a glass picture to the Virgin. Not
cardinals only, kings, bishops and princes, canons and nobles, but the
corporations of the town also had contributed these panels of fire; the
richest, such as the Guilds of Drapers and Furriers, of Goldsmiths and
Money-changers, had each presented five to Our Lady, while the poorer
companies of the Master Scavengers and Water-carriers, the Porters and
Rag-pickers, each gave one.
Pondering on these things, Durtal wandered round the ambulatory and
paused in front of a small stone Virgin ensconced at the foot of the
stairs leading up to the chapel of Saint Piat, constructed in the
fourteenth century as a sort of outbuilding behind the apse. This
Virgin, dating from the same period, had shrunk into the shade, effacing
Herself, deferentially leaving the more important places to the senior
Madonnas.
She carried an Infant playing with a bird, in allusion, no doubt, to the
passage in the apocryphal Gospels of the Infancy, and of Thomas the
Israelite, which shows us the Child Jesus amusing Himself by modelling
birds out of clay, and giving them life by breathing upon them.
Then Durtal continued his walk through the chapels; stopping only to
look at one which contained relics of opposite utility and double
purpose: the shrines of Saint Piat and Saint Taurinus. The bones of the
former saint were displayed to secure dry weather in times of rain, and
those of the second to invoke rain in times of drought. But what was
far less comforting and more irritating even than this array of
side-chapels, with their wretched adornment--with names that had been
changed since their first dedication so that the tutelary protection
earned by centuries of service had ceased to exist--was the choir,
battered, dirty, degraded as if on purpose.
In 1763 the old Chapter had thought fit to deface the Gothic columns,
and to have them colour-washed by a Milanese lime-washer, of a yellowish
pink speckled with grey; then they had abandoned to the town-museum some
magnificent pieces of Flemish tapestry that screened the inner circuit
of the choir aisles, and had put in their place bas-reliefs in marble
executed by the dreadful bungler who had crushed the altar under the
gigantic group of the Virgin. And mischance had helped. In 1789 the
Sansculottes were intending to destroy this mountainous Assumption, and
some ill-starred idiot saved it by placing a cap of liberty on the
Virgin's head!
To think that some beautiful windows were knocked out in order to get a
better light for this mass of lard! If only there were the slightest
hope of ever getting rid of it; but alas! all such hopes are vain. Some
years ago, when Monseigneur Régnault was Bishop, the idea was indeed
suggested--not of making away with this petrified lump of tallow, but at
least of getting rid of the bas-reliefs.
Then the prelate--who stuffed his ears with cotton for fear of taking
cold--set his face against it; and for reasons of equal importance, no
doubt, the sacrilegious hideousness of this Assumption must be for ever
endured, and the marble screens as well.
But though the interior of this choir was a disgrace, the groups round
the ambulatory of the apse and the outer wall of the choir were well
worth lingering over.
These figures under canopies and tabernacles carved by Jehan de Beauce
began on the right by the south transept, went round the horse-shoe
behind the altar, and ended at the north transept where the Black Virgin
of the Pillar stands.
The subjects were the same as those treated in the small capitals of the
royal doorway, outside the church, above the panegyric of the kings,
saints, and queens. They were taken from the Apocryphal legends, the
Gospel of the Childhood of Mary, and the Protoevangelist James the Less.
The first of these groups was executed by an artist named Jehan Soulas.
The contract, dated January 2nd, 1518, between this sculptor and the
delegates of the authorities conducting the works of the church, still
existed. It set forth that Jehan Soulas, a master image-maker, dwelling
in Paris at the cemetery of Saint Jehan in the parish of Saint Jehan en
Grève, pledged himself to execute in good stone of the Tonnerre quarry,
and better than the images that are round about the choir of Notre Dame
de Paris, the four first groups, of which the subjects were prescribed
and explained; in consideration of the sum of two hundred and eighty
_livres Tournois_, which the Chapter of Chartres undertook to pay him as
he might require.
Soulas, who had undoubtedly learned his craft from some Flemish artist,
produced certain little _genre_ pictures well adapted, by their spirit
and liveliness, to cheer the soul that the solemnity of the windows
might have depressed; for in this aisle they really seemed to let the
light filter through Indian shawl-stuff, admitting only a few dull
sparks and smoky gleams.
The second group, representing Saint Anna receiving from an unseen angel
an order to go to meet Joachim at the Golden Gate, was a marvel of grace
and subtle observation; the saint stood listening attentive in front of
her fald-stool, by which lay a little dog; and a waiting-maid, seen in
profile, carrying an empty pitcher, smiled with a knowing air and a wink
in her eye. And in the next scene, where the husband and wife were
embracing each other with the trepidation of a worthy old couple,
stammering with joy and clasping trembling hands, the same woman, seen
full-face this time, was so delighted at their happiness that she could
not keep still, but, holding up her skirts, was almost in the act of
dancing.
A little further on, the image-maker had represented the birth of Mary,
a thoroughly Flemish scene: in the background, a bed with curtains, on
which Saint Anna reclined, watched by a maid, while the midwife and her
attendant washed the infant in a basin.
But another of these bas-reliefs, close to the Renaissance clock, which
interrupts the series of this history told in the choir-aisle, was even
more astonishing. In this Mary was sewing at baby-clothes while reading,
and Saint Joseph, asleep in a chair, his head resting on his hand, was
instructed in a dream of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin. And he
not only had his eyes shut, he was sleeping so soundly, so really, that
one could see him breathe, one felt his body stretching, relaxing, in
the perfect abandonment of his whole being. And how diligently the young
mother stitched while she was absorbed in prayers, her nose in her book!
Never, certainly, was life more closely apprehended, or expressed with
greater certainty and truth to life caught in the act, at the instant,
ere it moved.
Next to this domestic scene, and the Adoration of the Shepherds and
Angels, came the Circumcision of Jesus, with a white paper apron pasted
on by some low jester; then the Adoration of the Magi; and Jehan de
Soulas and the pupils of his studio had finished the work on their side.
They were succeeded by inferior craftsmen, François Marchant of Orleans,
and Nicolas Guybert of Chartres; and after them art went on sinking
lower and lower, down to one Sieur Boudin, who had dared to sign his
miserable puppets, down to the stupid conventionality of Jean de Dieu,
Legros, Tuby, and Mazières, to the cold and pagan work of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. But there was an improvement in
the eight last groups opposite the Virgin of the Pillar--some simple
figures carved by the pupils of Soulas; these, however, were to some
extent wasted, since they stood in the shadow, and it was almost
impossible to judge of them in that half-dead light.
In reviewing this ambulatory, in parts so pleasing and in others so
unseemly, Durtal could not help recalling the details of a similar but
more complete work--one that had not been wrought in succeeding ages and
disfigured by discrepancies of talent and date. This work was at Amiens,
and it, likewise, was the decoration of the outer aisle of a cathedral
choir.
This story of the life of Saint Firmin, the first Bishop and patron
saint of the city, and of the discovery and translation of his relics by
Saint Salvo, was told in a series of groups that had been gilt and
painted; then, to complete the circuit of the sanctuary, the life of the
second patron of Amiens had been added, Saint John the Baptist; and in
the scene of the Baptism of Christ a fair-haired angel was represented
holding a napkin, an ingenuous and arch being, one of the most adorable
seraphic faces ever carved or painted by Flemish art in France.
This legend of Saint Firmin was set forth, like that of the Birth of the
Virgin at Chartres, in separate chapters of stone, surmounted in the
same way with gothic canopies or tabernacles; and in the compartment
where Saint Salvo, surrounded by the multitude, discerns the beams which
radiate from a cloud to indicate the spot where the lost body of the
Martyr had been buried, a man on his knees with clasped hands, seems to
pant, uplifted in prayer, burning, projected by the leap of his soul,
his face transfigured, turning a mere rustic into a saint in ecstasy,
already dwelling in God far above the earth.
This worshipper was the masterpiece of the ambulatory at Amiens, as the
sleeping Saint Joseph was of the bas-reliefs at Chartres.
"Take it for all in all," said Durtal to himself, "that work in the
Picardy Cathedral is more explicit, more complete, more various, more
eloquent even than that of the church in La Beauce. Irrespective of the
fact that the unknown image-maker who created it was as highly gifted as
Soulas with acute observation, and persuasive and decided
simple-mindedness and spirit, he had besides a peculiar and more noble
vein of feeling. And then his subjects were not restricted to the
presentment of two or three personages; he frequently grouped a swarming
crowd, in which each man, woman, or child differed in individual
character and feature from every other, and was conspicuously marked by
that unlikeness, so clear and living was the realism of each small
figure!
"After all," thought Durtal, looking once more at the choir aisles as he
turned away, "though Soulas maybe inferior to the sculptor of Amiens, he
is none the less a delightful artist and a true master, and his groups
may console us for the ignominious work of Bridan and the atrocious
decoration of the choir."
He then went to kneel before the Black Virgin, and returning to the
North transept near which She stands, he gazed once more in amazement at
the incandescent flowers of the windows; again he was captivated and
moved by the five pointed windows under the rose, in which, on each side
of the Mauresque Saint Anna, stood David and Solomon, a forbidding pair,
in a furnace of purple, and Melchizedec and Aaron with tawny complexions
and hairy faces, with enormous colourless eyes standing out passionless
in a blaze of daylight.
The radiating rose-window above them was not of the vast diameter of
those in Notre Dame de Paris, nor of the incomparable elegance of the
star-patterned rose at Amiens. It was smaller and heavier, sparkling
with flowers like saxifrages of flame, opening in the pierced wall.
Durtal turned on his heel to look at the South transept, where five
great windows faced those on the North. There he saw, blazing like
torches on each side of the Virgin placed exactly opposite Saint Anna,
the four Evangelists borne on the shoulders of the four greater
Prophets--Saint Matthew on Isaiah, Saint Luke on Jeremiah, Saint John on
Ezekiel, Saint Mark on Daniel--each stranger than the other, with their
eyes like the lenses of opera-glasses, their hair in ripples, their
beards like the up-torn roots of trees; excepting Saint John, who was
always represented as a beardless youth in the Latin Mediæval Church, to
symbolize his virginity; but the most grotesque of these giants' was
perhaps Saint Luke, who, perched on Jeremiah's back, gently scratches
the prophet's head, as if he were a parrot, while turning woeful,
meditative eyes up to Heaven.
Durtal went down the nave, darker than the choir; the pavement sloped
gently to the door, for in the Middle Ages it was washed every morning
after the departure of the crowds who slept on it; and he looked down,
in the middle, on the labyrinth marked out on the ground in lines of
white stone and ribbons of blue stone, twisting in a spiral, like a
watch-spring. This path our fathers devoutly paced, repeating special
prayers during the hour they spent in doing so, and thus performing an
imaginary pilgrimage to the Holy Land to earn indulgences.
When he was out in the square once more, he turned back to take in the
splendid effect of the whole before going home.
He felt at once happy and awe-stricken, carried out of himself by the
tremendous and yet beautiful aspect of the church.
How grandiose and how aerial was this cathedral, sprung like a jet from
the soul of a man who had formed it in his own image, to record his
ascent in mystic paths, up and up by degrees in the light; passing
through the contemplative life in the transept, soaring in the choir
into the full glory of the unitive life, far away now from the
purgatorial life, the dark passage of the nave.
And this assumption of a soul was attended, supported, by the bands of
angels, the apostles, the prophets, and the righteous, all arrayed in
their glorified bodies of flame, an escort of honour to the Cross lying
low on the stones, and the image of the Mother enthroned in all the high
places of this vast reliquary, opening the walls, as it seemed, to
present to Her, as for a perpetual festival, their posies of gems that
had blossomed in the fiery heat of the glass windows.
Nowhere else was the Virgin so well cared for, so cherished, so
emphatically proclaimed the absolute mistress of the realm thus offered
to Her; and one detail proved this. In every other cathedral kings,
saints, bishops, and benefactors lay buried in the depths of the soil;
not so at Chartres. Not a body had ever been buried there; this church
had never been made a sarcophagus, because, as one of its
historians--old Rouillard--says, "it has the preeminent distinction of
being the couch or bed of the Virgin."
Thus it was Her home; here She was supreme amid the court of Her Elect,
watching over the sacramental Body of Her Son in the sanctuary of the
inmost chapel, where lamps were ever burning, guarding Him as She had
done in His infancy; holding Him on Her knee in every carving, every
painted window; seen in every storey of the building, between the ranks
of saints, and sitting at last on a pillar, revealing herself to the
poof and lowly, under the humble aspect of a sunburnt woman, scorched by
the dog-days, tanned by wind and rain. Nay, She went lower still, down
to the cellars of Her palace, waiting in the crypt to give audience to
the waverers, the timid souls who were abashed by the sunlit splendour
of Her Court.
How completely does this sanctuary--where the sweet and awful presence
is ever felt of the Child who never leaves His Mother--lift the spirit
above all realities, into the secret rapture of pure beauty!
"And how good must They both be," Durtal said to himself, as he looked
round and found himself alone, "never to abandon this desert, never to
weary of waiting for worshippers! But for the honest country folk who
come at all hours to kiss the pillar, what a solitude it would be, even
on Sunday, for this cathedral is never full. However, to be just, at the
nine o'clock mass on Sundays the lower end of the nave is thronged," and
he smiled, remembering that end of the church packed with little girls
brought in schools by Sisters, and with peasant women who, not being
able to see there to read their prayers, would light ends of taper and
crowd together closely, several looking over one book.
This familiarity, this childlike simplicity of piety, which the dreadful
sacristans of Paris would never endure in a church, were' so natural at
Chartres, so thoroughly in harmony with the homely and unceremonious
welcome of Our Lady!
"A thing to be ascertained," said Durtal, starting on a new line of
thought, "is whether this church has preserved its surface uninjured, or
whether it may not have been coloured in the thirteenth century. Some
writers assert that, in Mediæval times, the interiors of cathedrals were
always painted. Is that the fact? Or, admitting that the statement is
correct as to all Romanesque churches, is it equally so with regard to
Gothic churches?
"For my part, I like to believe that the sanctuary of Chartres was never
befooled with gaudiness, such as we have to endure at Saint Germain des
Près, in Paris, and Notre Dame la Grande at Poitiers. In fact such
colour can only be conceived of--if at all--as used in small chapels;
why stain the walls of a cathedral with motley? For this tattooing, so
to speak, reduces the sense of space, brings down the roof, and makes
the pillars clumsy; in short, it eliminates the mysterious soul of the
nave, and destroys the sober majesty of the aisle with its feebly vulgar
fret or guilloche, lozenges or crosses, scattered over the pillars and
walls, in a paste of treacly yellow, endive-green, vinous purple, lava
drab, brick red--a whole range of dull and dirty colours; to say nothing
of the horror of a vault dotted with stars that look as if they had been
cut out of gilt paper and stuck against a smalt background, a sky of
washing-blue!
"It is endurable--if it must be--in the Sainte-Chapelle, because it is
very small, an oratory, a shrine; it might even be intelligible in that
wonderful church at Brou, which is a boudoir; its vaulting and pendants
are in polychrome and gold, and the ground has been paved with enamelled
tiles, of which visible traces remain round the tombs. This gaudiness of
the roof and floor was in harmony with the filagree tracery of the
walls, the heraldic glass, and the clear windows, the profusion of
lace-like carving and coats of arms in the stone-work, blossoming with
bunches of daisies mingling with labels, mottoes, monograms, Saint
Francis' girdles and knots. The colouring was in keeping with the
alabaster retables, the black marble tombs, the pinnacled tabernacles
with their crockets of curled and dentate foliage. We can then quite
easily imagine the columns and walls painted, the ribs and bosses washed
with gold, and making a harmonious whole of this _bonbonnière_, which
indeed is a piece of jewelry rather than of architecture.
"This building at Brou was the last effort of mediæval times, the last
rocket flung up by the flamboyant Gothic style--a Gothic which though
fallen from its glory struggled against death, fought against returning
paganism and the invading Renaissance. The era of the great cathedrals
ended in the production of this exquisite abortion, which was in its way
a masterpiece, a gem of prettiness, of ingenuity, of tormented and
coquettish taste.
"It was emblematic of the soul of the sixteenth century, already devoid
of reserve; the sanctuary, too brightly lighted, was secularized; we
here see it fully blown, and it never folded up or veiled itself again.
We discern in this a lady's bower, all paint and gold; the little
chapels (or pews) with chimney-places where Margaret of Austria could
warm herself as she heard Mass, furnished with scented cushions,
provided with sweetmeats and toys and dogs.
"Brou is a fine lady's drawing-room, not the house for all comers. Then,
naturally, with its screen-work, and the carving of the rood-loft
stretching like a lace portal across the entrance to the choir, it
invites, it almost requires some skilful tinting of the details, the
touches of colour that complete it, and harmonize it finally with the
elegance of the founder, the Princess Marguerite, whose presence is far
more conspicuous in this little church than is that of the Virgin.
"Even then it would be satisfactory to know whether the walls and
pillars at Brou ever were really painted; the contrary seems proven. But
in any case, though a touch of _rouge_ might not ill beseem this curious
sanctum, it would not be so at Chartres, for the only suitable hue is
the shining, greasy patina, grey turning to silver, stone-colour turning
buff--the colouring given by age, by time helped by accumulated vapours
of prayer and the fumes of incense and tapers!"
And Durtal, arguing over his own reflections, ended by reverting, as he
always did, to his own person, saying to himself,--
"Who knows that I may not some day bitterly regret this cathedral and
all the sweet meditations it suggests; for, after all, I shall have no
more opportunities for such long loitering, such relaxation of mind,
since I shall be subject to the discipline of bells ringing for
conventual drill if I suffer myself to be locked up in a cloister!
"Who knows whether, in the silence of a cell, I should not miss even the
foolish cawing of those black jackdaws that croak without pause," he
went on, looking up with a smile at the cloud of birds that settled on
the towers; and he recalled a legend which tells that since the fire in
1836 these birds quit the cathedral every evening at the very hour when
the conflagration began, and do not return till dawn, after spending the
night in a wood at three leagues from Chartres.
This tale is as absurd as another, also dear to the old wives of the
city, and which tells that if you spit on a certain square of stone, set
with black cement into the pavement behind the choir, blood will exude.
"Hah, it is you, Madame Bavoil."
"Yes, our friend, I myself. I have just been on an errand for the
Father, and am going home again to make the soup. And you, are you
packing your trunks?"
"My trunks?"
"Why, are not you going off to a convent?" said she, laughing.
"Would not you like to see it?" exclaimed Durtal. "Catch me at that!
Enlisting as a private subject to a pious drill, one of a poor squad,
whose every movement must mark time, and who, though he is not expected
to keep his hands over the seam of his trowsers, is required to hide
them under his scapulary--"
"Ta, ta, ta," interrupted the housekeeper, "I tell you once more, you
are grudging, bargaining with God--"
"But before coming to so serious a decision it is quite necessary that I
should argue all the pros and cons; in such a case some mental
litigation is clearly permissible."
She shrugged her shoulders; and there was such peace in her face, such a
glow of flame lurked behind the liquid blackness of her eyes, that
Durtal stood looking at her, admiring the honesty and purity of a soul
which could thus rise to the threshold of her eyes and come forth in her
look.
"How happy you are!" he exclaimed.
A cloud dimmed her eyes, and she looked down.
"Envy no one, our friend," said she, "for each has his own struggles and
griefs."
And when he had parted from her, Durtal, as he went home, thought of the
disasters she had confessed, the cessation of her intercourse with
Heaven, the fall of a soul that had been wont to soar above the clouds.
How she must suffer!
"No, no," he said, "the service of the Lord is not all roses. If we
study the lives of the Saints we see these Elect tormented by dreadful
maladies, and the most painful trials. No, holiness on earth is no
child's play, life is not amusement. To Saints, indeed, even on earth
excessive suffering finds compensation in excessive joys; but to other
Christians, such small fry as we are, what distress and trouble! We
question the everlasting silence and none answers; we wait and none
comes. In vain do we proclaim Him as Illimitable, Incomprehensible,
Unthinkable, and confess that every effort of our reason is vain, we
cannot cease to wonder, and still less cease to suffer! And yet--and yet
if we consider, the darkness about us is not absolutely impenetrable,
there is light in places and we can discern some truths, such as this:
"God treats us as He treats plants. He is, in a certain sense, the
soul's year; but a year in which the order of the seasons is reversed;
for the spiritual seasons begin with spring, followed by winter, and
then autumn comes, followed by summer.
"The moment of conversion is the spring, the soul is joyful and Christ
sows the good seed; then comes the cold and all is dark, the
terror-stricken soul believes itself forsaken and bewails itself; but
without its feeling it during the trials of the purgatorial life, the
seed germinates in the contemplative peace of autumn and flourishes in
the summer life of Union.
"Aye; but each one must be the helping gardener of his own soul,
listening to the instructions of the Master who plans the task and
directs the work. Alas, we are no more the humble labourers of the
Middle Ages, who toiled, giving God thanks, who submitted without
discussion to the Master's orders. We, by our little faith, have
exhausted the value of prayer, the panacea of aspirations; consequently
many things seem to us unjust and cruel, and we rebel, we ask for
pledges; we hesitate to begin our task, we want to be paid in advance,
and our distrust makes us vile!--O Lord, give us grace to pray, and
never dream of demanding an earnest of Thy favours! Give us grace to
obey and be silent!
"And I may add," said Durtal to himself as he smiled on Madame Mesurat,
who opened the door in answer to his ring, "Grant me, Lord, the grace
not to be too much irritated by the buzzing of this great fly, the
inexhaustible flow of this good woman's tongue!"