"How many worshippers can the Cathedral contain? Well, nearly 18,000,"
said the Abbé Plomb. "But I need hardly tell you, I suppose, that it is
never full; that even during the season for pilgrimages the vast crowds
of Mediæval times never assemble here. Ah, no! Chartres is not exactly
what you would call a pious town!"
"It strikes me as indifferent to religion, to say the least, if not
actually hostile," said the Abbé Gévresin.
"The citizen of Chartres is money-getting, apathetic, and salacious,"
replied the Abbé Plomb. "Above all, greedy of money, for the passion for
lucre is fierce here, under an inert surface. Really, from my own
experience, I pity the young priest who is sent as a beginner to
evangelize la Beauce.
"He arrives full of illusions, dreaming of Apostolic triumphs, burning
to devote himself--and he drops into silence and the void. If he were
but persecuted he would feel himself alive; but he is met, not with
abuse, but with a smile, which is far worse; and at once he becomes
aware of the futility of all he can do, of the aimlessness of his
efforts, and he is discouraged.
"The clergy here are, it may be said, admirable, composed of good and
saintly priests; but they vegetate, torpid with inaction; they neither
read nor work; their joints become ankylose; they die of weariness in
this provincial spot."
"You do not!" exclaimed Durtal, laughing; "for you make work. Did you
not tell me that you especially devote yourself to ladies who can still
condescend to take an interest in Our Lord in this town?"
"Your satire is scathing," replied the Abbé. "I can assure you that if I
had serving-women and the peasant girls to deal with, I should not
complain; for in simple souls there are qualities and virtues and a
responsive spring, but not in the commercial or the richer classes! You
cannot imagine what those women are. If only they attend Mass on Sunday
and perform their Easter duties they think they may do anything and
everything; and thenceforth their one idea is not so much to avoid
offending the Saviour as to disarm Him by mean subterfuges. They speak
ill of their neighbour, injuring him cruelly, refusing him all help and
pity, and they make excuses for themselves as though these were mere
venial faults; but as to eating meat on a Friday! That is quite another
thing; they are persuaded that this is the unpardonable sin. To them
their stomach is the Holy Ghost; consequently, the great point is to
tack and veer round that particular sin, never to commit it, while only
just avoiding it, and not depriving themselves in the least. What
eloquence they will pour out on me to convince me of the penitential
quality of water-fowl.
"During Lent they are possessed with the idea of giving dinners, and
rack their brains to provide a lenten meal in which there is no meat,
though it would be supposed that there was; and then come interminable
discussions as to teal, wild duck, and cold-blooded birds. They should
consult a naturalist and not a priest on such cases of conscience.
"As to Holy Week, that is another affair; the mania for water-birds
gives way to a hankering for the _Charlotte Russe_. May they, without
offence to God, enjoy a _Charlotte_? There are eggs in it, to be sure,
but so whipped and scourged that the dish is almost ascetic; culinary
explanations are poured into my ear, the confessional becomes a kitchen,
and the priest might be a master-cook.
"But as to the general sin of greediness, they hardly admit that they
are guilty of it. Is it not so, my dear colleague?"
The Abbé Gévresin nodded assent. "They are indeed hollow souls," said
he, "and what is more, impenetrable. They are sealed against every
generous idea, regarding the intercourse they hold with the Redeemer as
beseeming their rank and in good style; but they never seek to know Him
more nearly, and restrict themselves, of deliberate purpose, to calls of
politeness."
"Such visits as we pay to an aged parent on New Year's Day," said
Durtal.
"No, at Easter," corrected Madame Bavoil.
"And among these Fair Penitents," the Abbé Plomb went on, "we have that
terrible variety, the wife of the Député who votes on the wrong side,
and to his wife's objurgations retorts: 'Why, I am at heart a better
Christian than you are!'
"Invariably and every time, she repeats the list of her husband's
private virtues, and deplores his conduct as a public man; and this
history, which is never ending, always leads up to the praises she
awards herself, almost to requiring us to apologize for all the
annoyance the Church occasions her."
The Abbé Gévresin smiled, and said,--
"When I was in Paris, attached to one of the parishes on the left bank
of the Seine, in which there is a huge draper's and fancy shop, I had to
deal with a very curious class of women. Especially on days when there
was a great show of cotton and linen goods, or a sale of bankrupt stock,
there was a perfect rush of well-dressed women to the confessional.
These people lived on the other side of the water; they had come to that
part of the town to buy bargains, and finding the departments of the
shop too full, no doubt, they meant to wait till the crowd should be
thinner, to make their selection in comfort; so then, not knowing what
to be doing, they took refuge in the church, and, tortured by the need
for speech, they asked for the priest whose turn it was to attend, and
to justify themselves, chattered in the confessional as if it had been a
drawing-room, merely to kill time."
"Not being able to go to a _café_ like a man, they go to church," said
Durtal.
"Unless it is," said Madame Bavoil, "that they would rather confide to
an unknown priest the sins it would pain them to confess to their own
director."
"At any rate, this is a new light on things: the influence of big shops
on the tribunal of penance!" exclaimed Durtal.
"And of railway stations," added the Abbé Gévresin.
"How of railway stations?"
"Yes, I assure you that churches situated near railway stations have a
special following of women on their journeys. There it is that our dear
Madame Bavoil's shrewd remark finds justification. Many a country-woman
who has the Curé of her own parish to dinner dares not tell him the tale
of her adultery, because he could too easily guess the name of her
lover, and because the propinquity of a priest living on intimate terms
in her house would be inconvenient; so she takes advantage of an
excursion to Paris to open her heart to another confessor who does not
know her. As a general rule, when a woman speaks ill of her Curé, and
begins the tale of her confession by explaining that he is dull,
uneducated, unsympathetic in understanding and guiding souls, you may be
certain that a confession is coming of sin against the sixth (seventh)
Commandment."
"Well, well; the people who flutter around the Lord are cool hands!"
exclaimed Madame Bavoil.
"They are unhappy creatures, who try to strike a balance between their
duties and their vices.
"But enough of this; let us turn to something more immediate. Have you
brought us the article on the Angelico, as you promised? Read it to us."
Durtal brought out of his pocket the manuscript he had finished, which
was to be posted that evening to Paris.
He seated himself in one of the straw-bottomed arm-chairs in the middle
of the room where they were sitting with the Abbé Gévresin, and began:--
THE CORONATION OF THE VIRGIN.
By Fra Angelico. In the Louvre.
The general arrangement of this picture reminds the spectator of the
tree of Jesse, of which the branches, supporting a human figure on every
twig, spread fan-like as they rise on each side of a throne, while at
the top, on a single stem, the radiant beauty of a Virgin is the
crowning blossom.
In Fra Angelico's 'Coronation of the Virgin,' to the right and left of
the isolated knoll on which Christ sits under a carved stone canopy,
placing the crown He holds with both hands on His Mother's bowed head,
we see a perfect espalier of Apostles, Saints, and Patriarchs, rising in
close and crowded ramification at the lower part of the panel, to burst
into a luxuriant blossoming of angels relieved against the blue sky,
their heads in a sunshine of glories.
The arrangement of the persons represented is as follows:--
At the foot of the throne, under the gothic canopy--to the left, Saint
Nicholas of Myra kneels in prayer, wearing his mitre and clasping his
crozier, from which the maniple hangs like a folded banner; Saint Louis
the King with a crown of fleurs de lys; the monastic saints; St. Antony,
St. Benedict, St. Francis, St. Thomas, who holds an open book in which
we read the first lines of the _Te Deum_, St. Dominic holding a lily,
St. Augustine with a pen. Then, going upwards, St. Mark and St. John
carrying their gospels, St. Bartholomew showing the knife with which he
was flayed; and higher still the lawgiver Moses, ending in the serried
ranks of angels against the azure firmament, each head circled with a
golden nimbus.
On the right, below, by the side of a monk whose back only is
seen--possibly St. Bernard--Mary Magdalene is on her knees with a vase
of spices by her side, robed in vermilion; behind her come St. Cecilia,
crowned with roses, St. Clara or St. Catherine of Sienna, in a blue
hood, patterned with stars, St. Catherine of Alexandria, leaning on her
wheel of martyrdom, St. Agnes, cherishing a lamb in her arms, St. Ursula
flinging an arrow, and others whose names are unknown; all female
saints, facing the Bishop, the King, the Recluses, and the founders of
Orders. By the steps of the throne are St. Stephen, with the green palm
of martyrdom, St. Lawrence, with his gridiron, St. George, wearing a
breastplate, and on his head a helmet, St. Peter the Dominican
recognizable by his split skull; and yet further up St. Matthew, St.
Philip, St. James the Greater, St. Jude, St. Paul, St. Matthias, and
King David. Finally, opposite the angels on the left a group of angels,
whose faces, set in gold discs, are relieved against the pure
ultramarine background.
In spite of injury from the restorations it has endured, this panel,
with its stamped and diapered gold, is splendid in the freshness of its
colours, laid on with white of egg.
As a whole, it represented, so to speak, a stairway for the eye, a
circular stair of two flights, in steps of glorious blue hung with gold.
The lowest to the left is seen in the blue mantle of Saint Louis, and
others lead up through a glimpse of blue drapery, the robe of St. John,
and then, higher still before reaching the blue expanse of the sky, the
robe of the first angel.
The first on the right is the mantle of St. Cecilia; others are the
bodice of St. Agnes, St. Stephen's robe, a prophet's tunic; and above
these, before reaching the lapis-lazuli border of sky, the robe of the
first angel.
Thus blue, which is the predominating colour in the whole, is regularly
piled up in steps and spaced almost identically on the opposite sides of
the throne. This azure hue of the draperies, their folds faintly
indicated with white, is extraordinarily serene, indescribably innocent.
This it is which gives the work its soul of colour--this blue, helped
out by the gold which gleams round the heads, runs or twines on the
black robes of the monks; in Y's on those of St. Thomas; in suns, or
rather in radiating chrysanthemums, on those of St. Antony and St.
Benedict; in stars on St. Clara's hood; in filagree embroidery in the
letters of their names, in brooches and medallions on the bodices of the
other female saints.
At the very bottom of the picture a splash of gorgeous red--the
Magdalen's robe--that finds an echo in the flame-colour of one of the
steps of the throne, and reappears here and there, but softened in
fragmentary glimpses of drapery, or smothered under a running pattern of
gold (as in St. Augustine's cope) serves as a spring-board, as it were,
to start the whole stupendous harmony.
The other colours seem to fill no part, but that of necessary stop-gaps,
indispensable supports. They are too, for the most part, common and ugly
to a degree that is most puzzling. Look at the greens: they range from
boiled endive to olive, ending in the absolute hideousness of two steps
of the throne which lie across the picture--two bars, two streaks of
spinach dipped in tawny mud. The only tolerable green of them all is
that of St. Agnes' mantle, a Parmigiano green, rich in yellow, and made
still richer by the lining which affords the pleasing adjunct of orange.
On the other hand, consider this blue which Angelico uses so sumptuously
in his celestial tones; when he makes it darker it loses its fulness,
and looks almost dull; we see this in St. Clara's hood.
But what is yet more amazing is that this painter, so eloquent in blue,
is but a stammerer when he makes use of the other angelic
hue--rose-pink. In his hands it is neither subtle nor ingenuous; it is
opaque, of the colour of blood thinned with water, or of pink
sticking-plaister, excepting when it trends on the hue of wine-lees,
like that of the Saviour's sleeves.
And it is heaviest of all in the saints' cheeks. It looks glazed, like
the surface of pie-crust; it has the quality of raspberry syrup drowned
in white of egg.
These are in the main the only colours used by Angelico. A magnificent
blue for the sky and another vile blue, white, brilliant red, melancholy
pinks, a light green, dark greens, and gold. No bright yellow like
everlastings, no luminous straw-colour; at most a heavy opaque yellow
for the hair of his female saints; no truly bold orange, no violet,
either tender or strong, unless in the half-hidden lining of a cloak or
in the scarcely visible robe of a saint, cut off by the frame; no brown
that does not lurk in the background. His palette, as may be seen, is
very limited.
And it is symbolical, if we consider it. He has undoubtedly done in his
hues what he has done in the arrangement of the work. His picture is a
hymn to Chastity, and round the central group of Christ and His Mother
he has placed in ranks the Saints who best concentrated this virtue on
earth. St. John the Baptist, beheaded for the bounding impurity of an
Herodias; St. George, who saved a virgin from the emblematic Dragon;
such saints as St. Agnes, St. Clara, and St. Ursula; the heads of the
Orders--St. Benedict and St. Francis; a king like St. Louis, and a
bishop like St. Nicholas of Myra, who hindered the prostitution of three
young girls whom a starving father was fain to sell. Everything, down to
the smallest details, from the attributes of the persons represented to
the steps of the throne, of which the number is nine--that of the choirs
of angels--everything in this picture is symbolical.
It is permissible therefore to assume that he selected his colours for
their allegorical signification.
White: the symbol of the Supreme Being, and of absolute Truth, and
employed by the Church in its adornments for the festival of our Lord
and the Virgin because it signifies Goodness, Virginity, Charity, and is
the splendour, the emblem of Divine Wisdom when it is enhanced to the
pure radiance of silver.
Blue: because it symbolizes Chastity, Innocence, and Guilelessness.
Red: which is the colour adopted for the offices of the Holy Ghost and
of the Passion; the garb of Charity, Suffering and Love.
Rose-pink; the Love of Eternal Wisdom, and, as Saint Mechtildis teaches,
the anguish and torments of Christ.
Green: used liturgically at Seasons of Pilgrimage, and which seems to be
the colour preferred by the Benedictine Sisterhood, interpreting it as
meaning freshness of soul and perennial sap; the green which, in the
hermeneutics of colour, expresses the hopes of the regenerated creature,
the yearning for final repose, and which is likewise the mark of
humility, according to the Anonymous English writer of the thirteenth
century, and of contemplation, according to Durand of Mende.
On the other hand, Angelico has intentionally refrained from introducing
the hues which are emblematic of vices, excepting of course those
adopted for the garb of the Monastic Orders, which altogether changes
their meaning.
Black: the colour of error and the void, the seal of death, and,
according to Sister Emmerich, the image of profaned and wasted gifts.
Brown: which, as the same Sister tells us, is synonymous with agitation,
barrenness and dryness of the spirit, and neglect of duty; brown; which
being composed of black and red--smoke darkening the sacred fire--is
Satanic.
Grey: the ashes of penance, the symbol of tribulation, according to the
Bishop of Mende, the sign of half-mourning formerly used in the Paris
ritual instead of violet in Lent. The mingling of white and black, of
virtue and vice, of joy and grief, the mirror of the soul that is
neither good nor evil, the medium being, the lukewarm creature that God
spueth out, grey can only rise by the infusion of a little purity, a
little blue; but can, when thus converted to pearl grey, become a pious
hue, and attempt a step towards Heaven, an advance in the lower paths of
Mysticism.
Yellow: considered by Sister Emmerich as the colour of idleness, of a
horror of suffering, and often given to Judas in mediæval times, is
significant of treason and envy. Orange: of which Frédéric Portal
speaks as the revelation of Divine Love, the communion of God with man,
mingling the blood of Love to the sinful hue of yellow, may be taken to
bear a worse meaning with the idea of falsehood and torment; and,
especially when it verges on red, expresses the defeat of a soul
over-ridden by its sins, hatred of Love, contempt of Grace, the end of
all things.
Dead leaf colour: speaking of moral degradation, spiritual death, the
hopefulness of green for ever extinct.
Finally, violet: adopted by the Church for the Sundays in Advent and in
Lent, and for penitential services. It was the colour of the
mortuary-shroud of the kings of France; during the Middle Ages it was
the attribute of mourning, and it is at all times the melancholy garb of
the exorcist.
What is certainly far less easy to explain is the limited variety of
countenance the painter has chosen to adopt. Here symbolism is of no
use. Look, for instance, at the men. The Patriarchs with their bearded
faces do not show us the almost translucent texture, as of the
sacramental wafer, in which the bones show through the dry and
diaphanous parchment-like skin, or like the seeds of the cruciferous
flower called _Monnaie du Pape_ (honesty); they have all regular and
pleasant faces, are all healthy, full-blooded personages, attentive and
devout. His monks too have round faces and rosy cheeks; not one of his
Saints looks like a Recluse of the Desert overcome by fasting, or has
the exhausted emaciation of an ascetic; they are all vaguely alike, with
the same solidity and the same complexion. In fact, as we see them in
this picture, they are a contented colony of excellent people.
At least, so they appear at a first glance.
The women, too, are all of one family; sisters more or less exactly
alike; all fair and rosy, with light snuff-coloured eyes, heavy eyelids,
and round faces; they form a train of rather an insipid type round the
Virgin with her long nose and bird-like head kneeling at the feet of
Christ.
Altogether, among all these figures we find scarcely four distinct
types, if we take into consideration their more or less advanced years
and the modifications resulting from the arrangement of their hair,
their being bearded or shaven, and the pose of the head, front face or
profile, which distinguishes them.
The only groups which are not of an almost uniform stamp are the angels,
sexless youths for ever charming. They are of matchless purity, of a
more than human innocence in their blue and rose-pink and green robes
sprigged with gold, with their yellow or red hair, at once aerial and
heavy, their chastely downcast eyes, and flesh as white as pith. Grave,
but in ecstasy, they play on the harp or the theorbo, on the Viol
d'Amore or the rebeck, singing the eternal glory of the most Holy
Mother.
Thus, on the whole, the types used by Angelico are not less restricted
than his colours.
But then, in spite of the exquisite array of angels, is this picture
monotonous and dull? Is this much-talked-of work over-praised?
No, for this Coronation of the Virgin is a masterpiece, and superior to
all that enthusiasm can say about it; indeed, it outstrips painting and
soars through realms which the mystics of the brush had never
penetrated.
Here we have not a mere manual effort, however admirable; this is not
merely a spiritual and truly religious picture such as Roger van der
Weyden and Quentin Matsys could create; it is quite another thing. With
Angelico an unknown being appears on the scene, the soul of a mystic
that has entered on the contemplative life, and breathes it on the
canvas as on a perfect mirror. It is the soul of a marvellous monk that
we see, of a saint, embodied on this coloured mirror, exhaled in a
painted creation. And we can measure how far that soul had advanced on
the path of perfection from the work that reflects it.
He carries his angels and his saints up to the Unifying Life, the
supreme height of Mysticism. There the weariness of their dolorous
ascent is no more; there is the plenitude of tranquil joy, the peace of
man made one with God. Angelico is the painter of the soul immersed in
God, the painter of his own spirit.
None but a monk could attempt such paintings. Matsys, Memling, Dierck
Bouts, Roger van der Weyden were no doubt sincere and pious worthies.
They gave their work a reflection of Heaven; they too reflected their
own soul in the faces they depicted; but though they gave them a
wonderful stamp of art, they could only infuse into them the semblance
of the soul beginning the practice of Christian asceticism; they could
only represent men still detained, like themselves, in the outer
chambers of those Castles of the Soul of which Saint Theresa speaks, and
not in the Hall where, in the centre, Christ sits and sheds His glory.
They were, in my opinion, greater and keener observers, more learned and
more skilful, even better painters than Angelico; but their heart was in
their craft, they lived in the world, they often could not resist giving
their Virgins fine-lady airs, they were hampered by earthly
reminiscences, they could not rise in their work above the trammels of
daily life; in short, they were and remained men. They were admirable;
they gave utterance to the promptings of ardent faith; but they had not
had the specific culture which is practised only in the silence and
peace of the cloister. Hence they could not cross the threshold of the
seraphic realm where roamed the guileless being who never opened his
eyes, closed in prayer, excepting to paint--the monk who had never
looked out on the world, who had seen only within himself.
And what we know of his life is worthy of this work. He was a humble and
tender recluse, who always prayed or ever he took up his brush, and
could not draw the Crucifixion without melting into tears.
Through the veil of his tears his angelic vision poured itself out in
the light of ecstasy, and he created beings that had but the semblance
of human creatures, the earthly husk of our existence, beings whose
souls soared already far from their prison of flesh. Study his picture
attentively, and see how the incomprehensible miracle works of such a
sublimated state of mind.
The types chosen for the Apostles and Saints are, as we have said, quite
ordinary. But gaze firmly at the countenances of these men, and you will
see how little they really take in of the scene before them. Whatever
attitude the painter may have given them, they are all absorbed into
themselves; they behold the scene, not with the eyes of the body, but
with the eyes of the soul. Each is looking into himself. Jesus dwells in
them, and they can gaze on Him better in their inmost heart than on His
throne.
It is the same with his female Saints. I have said that they are
insignificant looking, and it is true; but how their features, too, are
transfigured and effaced under the Divine touch! They are drowned in
adoration, and spring buoyant, though motionless, to meet the Heavenly
Spouse. Only one remains but half escaped from her material shell: Saint
Catherine of Alexandria, who, with upturned eyes of a brackish green, is
neither as simple nor as innocent as her sisters; she still sees the
form of man in Christ; she still is a woman; she is, if one may so, the
sin of the work.
Still, all these spiritual degrees clothed in human figures are but the
accessories of this picture. They are placed there, in the august
assumption of gold and the chaste ascending scale of blue, to lead by a
stair of pure joy to the sublime platform whereon we see the group of
the Saviour and the Virgin.
And here, in the presence of the Mother and Son, the ecstatic painter
overflows. One could imagine that the Lord had merged into him, and
transported him beyond the life of sense, love and chastity are so
perfectly personified in the group above all the means of expression at
the command of man.
No words could express the reverent tenderness, the anxious affection,
the filial and paternal love of the Christ, who smiles as He crowns His
Mother; and She is yet more incomparable. Here the words of adulation
are too weak; the invisible is made visible by the sacramental use of
colour and line. A feeling of infinite deference, of intense but
reserved adoration, flows and spreads about this Virgin, who, with Her
arms crossed over Her bosom, bends Her little dove-like head, with
downcast eyes and a rather long nose, under a veil. She resembles the
Apostle St. John who is just behind her, and might be his daughter; and
she is enigmatic; for that soft, delicate face, which in the hands of
any other painter would be merely charming and trivial, breathes out the
purest innocence. She is not even flesh and blood; the material that
clothes Her swells softly with the breath of the fluid that shapes it.
Mary is a living but a volatilized and glorious body.
We can understand certain ideas of the Abbess of Agréda who declares
that She was exempt from the defilements inflicted on women; we see what
St. Thomas meant who asserted that Her beauty purified instead of
agitating the senses.
Her age is indeterminate; She is not a woman, yet She is no longer a
child. It is hard to say even that She is grown up, just marriageable, a
girl-child, so entirely is She refined above all humanity, beyond the
world, so exquisitely pure and for ever chaste.
She remains incomparable, unapproached in painting. By Her, other
Madonnas are vulgar; they are in every case women; She alone is the
white stem of the divine Ear of corn, the Wheat of the Eucharist. She
alone is indeed the Immaculate, the _Regina Virginum_ of the hymns; and
She is so youthful, so guileless, that the Son seems to be crowning His
Mother before She can have conceived Him.
It is in this that we see the glory of the gentle Friar's superhuman
genius. He painted as others have spoken, inspired by Grace; he painted
what he saw within him just as St. Angela of Foligno related what she
heard within her. Both one and the other were mystics absorbed into God;
thus this picture by Angelico is at the same time a picture by the Holy
Ghost, bolted through a purified sieve of art.
If we consider it, this soul is that of a female saint rather than of a
monk. Turn to his other pictures; those, for instance, in which he
strove to depict Christ's Passion; we are not looking at the stormy
scene represented by Matsys or Grünewald; he has none of their harsh
manliness, nor their gloomy energy, nor their tragic turbulence; he only
weeps with the uncomforted grief of a woman. He is a Sister rather than
a Friar-artist; and it is from this loving sensibility, which in the
mystic vocation is more generally peculiar to women, that he has drawn
the pathetic orisons and tender lamentation of his works.
And was it not also in this spiritual nature, so womanly in its
complexion, that he found, under the impulse of the Spirit, the wholly
angelical gladness, the really glorious apotheosis of Our Lord and His
Mother, as he has painted them in this Coronation of the Virgin, which,
after being revered for centuries in the Dominican Church at Fiesole,
has now found shelter and admiration in the little gallery devoted to
the Italian School at the Louvre.
* * * * *
"Your article is very good," said the Abbé Plomb. "But can the
principles of a ritual of colour which you have discerned in Angelico
be verified with equal strictness in other painters?"
"No, if we look for colour as Angelico received it from his monastic
forefathers, the illuminators of Missals, or as he applied it in its
strictest and most usual acceptation. Yes, if we admit the law of
antagonism, the rules of inversion, and if we know that symbolism
authorizes the system of contraries, allowing the use of the hues which
are appropriated to certain virtues to indicate the vices opposed to
them."
"In a word, an innocent colour may be interpreted in an evil sense, and
vice versâ," said the Abbé Gévresin.
"Precisely. In fact, artists who, though pious, were laymen, spoke a
different language from the monks. On emerging from the cloister the
liturgical meaning of colours was weakened; it lost its original
rigidity and became pliant. Angelico followed the traditions of his
Order to the letter, and he was not less scrupulous in his respect for
the observances of religious art which prevailed in his day. Not for
anything on earth would he have infringed them, for he regarded them as
a liturgical duty, a fixed rule of service. But as soon as profane
painters had emancipated the domain of painting, they gave us more
puzzling versions, more complicated meanings; and the symbolism of
colour, which is so simple in Angelico, became singularly
abstruse--supposing that they even were constantly faithful to it in
their works--and almost impossible to interpret.
"For instance, to select an example: the Antwerp gallery possesses a
tryptich, by Roger van der Werden, known as 'The Sacraments.' In the
centre panel, devoted to the Eucharist, the Sacrifice of the Redeemer is
shown under two aspects, the bleeding form of the Crucifixion and the
mystic form of the pure oblation on the altar; behind the Cross, at the
foot of which we see the weeping Mary, Saint John and the Holy Women, a
priest is celebrating Mass and elevating the Host in the midst of a
cathedral which forms the background of the picture.
"On the left-hand shutter, the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and
Penance are shown, in small detached scenes; and on the right-hand
shutter those of Ordination, Marriage and Extreme Unction.
"This picture, a work of marvellous beauty, with the 'Descent from the
Cross' by Quentin Matsys, are the inestimable glory of the Belgium
gallery; but I will not linger over a full description of this work; I
will omit any reflection suggested by the supreme art of the painter,
and restrict myself to recording that part of the work which bears on
the symbolism of colour."
"But are you sure that Roger van der Weyden intended to ascribe such
meanings to the colours?"
"It is impossible to doubt it, for he has assigned a different hue to
each Sacrament, by introducing above the scenes he depicts, an angel
whose robe is in each instance different in accordance with the ceremony
set forth. His meaning therefore is beyond question; and these are the
colours he affects to the means of Grace consecrated by the Saviour:
"To the Eucharist, green; to Baptism, white; to Confirmation, yellow; to
Penance, red; to Ordination, purple; to Marriage blue; to Extreme
Unction, a violet so deep as to be almost black.
"Well, you will admit that the interpretation of this sacred scheme of
colour is not altogether easy.
"The pictorial imagery of Baptism, Extreme Unction, and Ordination is
quite clear; Marriage even as symbolized by blue may be intelligible to
simple souls; that Communion should blazon its coat with _vert_, is even
more appropriate, since green represents sap and humility, and is
emblematical of the regenerative power. But ought not Confession to
display violet rather than red; and how, in any case, are we to account
for Confirmation being figured in yellow?"
"The colour of the Holy Ghost is certainly red," remarked the Abbé
Plomb.
"Thus there are differences of interpretation between Angelico and Roger
van der Weyden, though they lived at the same time. Still, the monk
seems to me the more trustworthy authority."
"For my part," said the Abbé Gévresin, "I cannot but think of the right
side of the lining of which you were speaking just now."
"This rule of contraries is not peculiar to the ritual of colour; it is
to be seen in almost every part of the science of symbolism. Look at
the emblems derived from the animal world; the eagle alternately
figuring Christ and the Devil; the snake which, while it is one of the
most familiar symbols of the Demon, may nevertheless, as in the brazen
serpent of Moses, prefigure the Saviour."
"The anticipatory symbol of Christian symbolism was the double-faced
Janus of the heathen world," said the Abbé Plomb, laughing.
"Indeed, these allegories of the palette turn completely to the
right-about," said Durtal. "Take red, for instance: we have seen that in
the general acceptation it is to be interpreted as meaning charity,
endurance, and love. This is the right side out; the wrong side,
according to Sister Emmerich, is dulness, and clinging to this world's
goods.
"Grey, the emblem of repentance and sorrow, and at the same time the
image of a lukewarm soul, is also, according to another interpretation,
symbolical of the Resurrection--white, piercing through blackness--light
entering into the Tomb and coming out as a new hue--grey, a mixed colour
still heavy with the gloom of death, but reviving as it gets light by
degrees from the whiteness of day.
"Green, to which the mystics gave favourable meanings, also acquires a
disastrous sense in some cases; it then represents moral degradation and
despair; it borrows melancholy significance from dead leaves, is the
colour given to the bodies of the devils in Stephan Lochner's Last
Judgment, and in the infernal scenes depicted in the glass windows and
pictures of the earliest artists.
"Black and brown, with their inimical suggestions of death and hell,
change their meaning as soon as the founders of religious Orders adopt
them for the garb of the cloister. Black then symbolizes renunciation,
repentance, the mortification of the flesh, according to Durand de
Mende; and brown and even grey suggest poverty and humility.
"Yellow again, so misprized in the formulas of symbolism, becomes
significant of charity; and if we accept the teaching of the English
monk who wrote in about 1220, yellow is enhanced when it changes to
gold, rising to be the symbol of divine Love, the radiant allegory of
eternal Wisdom.
"Violet, finally, when it appears as the distinctive colour of
prelates, divests itself of its usual meaning of self-accusation and
mourning, to assume a certain dignity and simulate a certain pomp.
"On the whole, I find only white and blue which never change."
"In the Middle Ages, according to Yves de Chartres," said the Abbé
Plomb, "blue took the place of violet in the vestments of bishops, to
show them that they should give their minds rather to the things of
Heaven than to the things of earth."
"And how is it," asked Madame Bavoil, "that this colour, which is all
innocence, all purity, the colour of Our Mother Herself, has disappeared
from among the liturgical hues?"
"Blue was used in the Middle Ages for all the services to the Virgin,
and it has only fallen into desuetude since the eighteenth century,"
replied the Abbé Plomb; "and that only in the Latin Church, for the
orthodox Churches of the East still wear it."
"And why this neglect?"
"I do not know, any more than I know why so many colours formerly used
in our services have been forgotten. Where are the colours of the
ancient Paris use: saffron yellow, reserved for the festival of All
Angels; salmon pink, sometimes worn instead of red; ashen grey, which
took the place of violet; and bistre instead of black on certain days.
"Then there was a charming hue which still holds its place in the scale
of colour used in the Roman ritual, though most of the Churches overlook
it--the shade called 'old rose,' a medium between violet and crimson,
between grief and joy, a sort of compromise, a diminished tone, which
the Church adopted for the third Sunday in Advent and the fourth Sunday
in Lent. It thus gave promise, in the penitential season that was
ending, of a beginning of gladness, for the festivals of Christmas and
Easter were at hand.
"It was the idea of the spiritual dawn rising on the night of the soul,
a special impression which violet, now used on those days, could not
give."
"Yes, it is to be regretted that blue and rose-colour have disappeared
from the Churches of the West," said the Abbé Gévresin. "But to return
to the monastic dress which delivered brown, grey, and black from their
melancholy significance, does it not strike you that from the point of
view of emblematic language, that of the Order of the Annunciation was
the most eloquent? Those sisters were habited in grey, white, and red,
the colours of the Passion, and they also wore a blue cape and a black
veil in memory of Our Mother's mourning."
"The image of a perpetual Holy Week!" exclaimed Durtal.
"Here is another question," the Abbé Plomb went on. "In the earliest
religious pictures the cloaks in which the Virgin, the Apostles, and the
Saints are draped almost always show the hue of their lining in
ingeniously contrived folds. It is of course different from that of the
outer side, as you yourself observed just now with regard to the mantle
of Saint Agnes in Angelico's work. Now, do you suppose that, apart from
contrast of colour selected for technical purposes, the monk meant to
express any particular idea by the juxtaposition of the two colours?"
"In accordance with the symbolism of the palette the outer colour would
represent the material creature, and the lining colour the spiritual
being."
"Well, but then what is the significance of Saint Agnes' mantle of green
lined with orange?"
"Obviously," replied Durtal, "green denoting freshness of feeling, the
essence of good, hope; and orange, in its better meaning, being regarded
as representing the act by which God unites Himself to man, we might
conclude from these data that Saint Agnes had attained the life of
union, the possession of the Saviour, by virtue of her innocence and the
fervour of her aspirations. She would thus be the image of virtue
yearning and fulfilled, of hope rewarded, in short.
"But now I must confess that there are many gaps, many obscurities in
this allegorical lore of colours. In the picture in the Louvre, for
instance, the steps of the throne, which are intended to play the part
of veined marble, remain unintelligible. Splashed with dull red, acrid
green, and bilious yellow, what do these steps express, suggesting as
they do by their number the nine choirs of angels?"
"It seems to me difficult to allow that the monk intended to figure the
celestial hierarchies by smears with a dirty brush and these crude
streaks."
"But has the colour of a step ever represented an idea in the science of
symbolism?" asked the Abbé Gévresin.
"Saint Mechtildis says so. When speaking of the three steps in front of
the altar, she propounds that the first should be of gold, to show that
it is impossible to go to God save by charity; the second blue, to
signify meditation on things divine; the third green, to show eager hope
and praise of Heavenly things."
"Bless me!" cried Madame Bavoil, who was getting somewhat scared by this
discussion, "I never saw it in that light. I know that red means fire,
as everybody knows; blue, the air; green, water; and black, the earth.
And this I understand, because each element is shown in its true colour;
but I should never have dreamed that it was so complicated, never have
supposed that there was so much meaning in painters' pictures."
"In some painters'!" cried Durtal. "For since the Middle Ages the
doctrine of emblematic colouring is extinct. At the present day those
painters who attempt religious subjects are ignorant of the first
elements of the symbolism of colours, just as modern architects are
ignorant of the first principles of mystical theology as embodied in
buildings."
"Precious gems are lavishly introduced in the works of the primitive
painters," observed the Abbé Plomb. "They are set in the borders of
dresses, in the necklets and rings of the female saints, and are piled
in triangles of flame on the diadems with which painters of yore were
wont to crown the Virgin. Logically, I believe we ought to seek a
meaning in every gem as well as in the hues of the dresses."
"No doubt," said Durtal, "but the symbolism of gems is much confused.
The reasons which led to the choice of certain stones to be the emblems,
by their colour, water, and brilliancy, of special virtues, are so
far-fetched and so little proven, that one gem might be substituted for
another without greatly modifying the interpretation of the allegory
they present. They form a series of synonyms, each replacing the other
with scarcely a shade of difference.
"In the treasury of the Apocalypse, however, they seem to have been
selected, if not with stricter meaning, with a more impressive breadth
of application, for expositors regard them as coincident with a virtue,
and likewise with the person endowed with it. Nay, these jewellers of
the Bible have gone further; they have given every gem a double
symbolism, making each embody a figure from the Old Testament and one
from the New. They carry out the parallel of the two Books by selecting
in each case a Patriarch and an Apostle, symbolizing them by the
character more especially marked in both.
"Thus, the amethyst, the mirror of humility and almost childlike
simplicity, is applied in the Bible to Zebulon, a man obedient and
devoid of pride, and in the Gospel to St. Matthias, who also was gentle
and guileless; the chalcedony, as an emblem of charity, was ascribed to
Joseph, who was so merciful and pitiful to his brethren, and to St.
James the Great, the first of the Apostles to suffer martyrdom for the
love of Christ; the jasper, emblematical of faith and eternity, was the
attribute of Gad and of St. Peter; the sard, meaning faith and
martyrdom, was given to Reuben and St. Bartholomew; the sapphire, for
hope and contemplation, to Naphtali and St. Andrew, and sometimes,
according to Aretas, to St. Paul; the beryl, meaning sound doctrine,
learning, and long-suffering, to Benjamin and to St. Thomas, and so
forth. There is, indeed, a table of the harmony of gems and their
application to patriarchs, apostles, and virtues, drawn up by Madame
Félicie d'Ayzac, who has written an elaborate paper on the figurative
meaning of gems."
"The avatar of some other Scriptural personages might be equally well
carried out by these emblematical minerals," observed the Abbé Gévresin.
"Obviously; and as I warned you, the analogies are very far-fetched. The
hermeneutics of gems are uncertain, and founded on mere fanciful
resemblances, on the harmonies of ideas hard to assimilate. In mediæval
times this science was principally cultivated by poets."
"Against whom we must be on our guard," said the Abbé Plomb, "since
their interpretations are for the most part heathenish. Marbode, for
example, though he was a Bishop, has left us but a very pagan
interpretation of the language of gems."
"These mystical lapidaries have on the whole chiefly applied, their
ingenuity to explaining the stones of the breastplate of Aaron, and
those that shine in the foundations of the New Jerusalem, as described
by St. John; indeed, the walls of Sion are set with the same jewels as
the High Priest's pectoral, with the exception of the carbuncle, the
ligure, agate, and onyx, which are named in Exodus, and replaced in the
Book of Revelation by chalcedony, sardonyx, chrysoprase, and jacinth."
"Yes, and the symbolist goldsmiths wrought diadems, setting them with
precious stones, to crown Our Lady's brow; but their poems showed little
variety, for they were all borrowed from the _Libellus Corona Virginis_,
an apocryphal work ascribed to St. Ildefonso, and formerly famous in
convents."
The Abbé Gévresin rose and took an old book from the shelf.
"That brings to my mind," said he, "a hymn in honour of the Virgin
composed in rhyme by Conrad of Haimburg, a German monk in the fourteenth
century. Imagine," he continued, as he turned over the pages, "a litany
of gems, each verse symbolizing one of Our Mother's virtues.
"This prayer in minerals opens with a human greeting. The good monk,
kneeling down, begins:--
"'Hail, noble Virgin, meet to become the Bride of the Supreme King!
Accept this ring in pledge of that betrothal, O Mary!'
"And he shows Her the ring, turning it slowly in his fingers, explaining
to Our Lady the meaning of each stone that shines in the gold setting;
beginning with green jasper, symbolical of the faith which led the
Virgin to receive the message of the angelic visitant; then comes the
chalcedony, signifying the fire of charity that fills Her heart; the
emerald, whose transparency signifies Her purity; the sardonyx, with its
pale flame, like the placidity of Her virginal life; the red sard-stone,
one with the Heart that bled on Calvary; the chrysolite, sparkling with
greenish gold, reminding us of Her numberless miracles and Her Wisdom;
the beryl, figurative of Her humility; the topaz, of Her deep
meditations; the chrysoprase of Her fervency; the jacinth of Her
charity; the amethyst, mingling rose and purple, of the love bestowed on
Her by God and men; the pearl, of which the meaning remains vague, not
representing any special virtue; the agate, signifying Her modesty; the
onyx, showing the many perfections of Her grace; the diamond, for
patience and fortitude in sorrow; while the carbuncle, like an eye that
shines in the night, everywhere proclaims that Her glory is eternal.
"Finally the donor points out to the Virgin the interpretation of
certain other matters set in the ring, which in the Middle Ages were
regarded as precious: crystal, emblematic of chastity of body and soul;
ligurite, resembling amber, more especially figurative of the quality of
temperance; lodestone, which attracts iron, as She touches the chords of
repentant hearts with the bow of her loving-kindness.
"And the monk ends his petition by saying: 'This little ring, set with
gems, which we offer Thee as at this time, accept, glorious Bride, in
Thy benevolence. Amen.'"
"It would no doubt be possible," said the Abbé Plomb, "to reproduce
almost exactly the invocations of these Litanies by each stone thus
interpreted." And he reopened the book his friend the priest had just
closed.
"See," he went on, "how close is the concordance between the epithets in
the sentences and the quality assigned to the gems.
"Does not the emerald, which in this sequence is emblematical of
incorruptible purity, reflect in the sparkling mirror of its water the
_Mater Purissima_ of the Litanies to the Virgin? Is not the chrysolite,
the symbol of wisdom, a very exact image of the _Sedes Sapientiae_? The
jacinth, attribute of charity and succour vouchsafed to sinners, is
appropriate to the _Auxilium Christianorum_ and the _refugium
peccatorum_ of the prayers. Is not the diamond, which means strength and
patience, the _Virgo potens_?--the carbuncle, meaning fame, the _Virgo
praedicanda_?--the chrysoprase, for fervour, the _Vas insigne
devotionis_?
"And it is probable," said the Abbé, in conclusion, as he laid the book
down, "that if we took the trouble we could rediscover one by one, in
this rosary of stones, the whole rosary of praise which we tell in
honour of Our Mother."
"Above all," remarked Durtal, "if we did not restrict ourselves to the
narrow limits of this poem, for Conrad's manual is brief, and his
dictionary of analogies small; if we accepted the interpretations of
other symbolists, we could produce a ring similar to his and yet quite
different, for the language of the gems would not be the same. Thus to
St. Bruno of Asti, the venerable Abbot of Monte Cassino, the jasper
symbolizes Our Lord, because it is immutably green, eternal without
possibility of change; and for the same reason the emerald is the image
of the life of the righteous; the chrysoprase means good works; the
diamond, infrangible souls; the sardonyx, which resembles the
blood-stained seed of a pomegranate, is charity; the jacinth, with its
varying blue, is the prudence of the saints; the beryl, whose hue is
that of water running in the sunshine, figures the Scriptures elucidated
by Christ; the chrysolite, attention and patience, because it has the
colour of the gold that mingles in it and lends it its meaning; the
amethyst, the choir of children and virgins, because the blue mixed in
it with rose pink suggests the idea of innocence and modesty.
"Or, again, if we borrow from Pope Innocent III. his ideas as to the
mystical meanings of gems, we find that chalcedony, which is pale in the
light and sparkles in the dark, is synonymous with humility; the topaz
with chastity and the merit of good works, while the chrysoprase, the
queen of minerals, implies wisdom and watchfulness.
"If we do not go quite so far back into past ages, but stop at the end
of the sixteenth century, we find some new interpretations in a
Commentary on the Book of Exodus by Corneille de la Pierre; for he
ascribes truth to the onyx and carbuncle, heroism to the beryl, and to
the ligure, with its delicate and sparkling violet hue, scorn of the
things of earth, and love of heavenly things."
"And then St. Ambrose regards this stone as emblematical of Eucharist,"
the Abbé Gévresin put in.
"Yes; but what is the ligure or ligurite?" asked Durtal. "Conrad of
Haimburg speaks of it as resembling amber; Corneille de la Pierre
believes it to be violet-tinted, and St. Jerome gives us to understand
that it is not identifiable; in fact, that it is but another name for
the jacinth, the image of prudence, with its water of blue like the sky
and changing tints. How are we to make sure?"
"As to blue stones, we must not forget that St. Mechtildis regarded the
sapphire as the very heart of the Virgin," observed the Abbé Plomb.
"We may also add," Durtal went on, "that a new set of variations on the
subject of gems was executed in the seventeenth century by a celebrated
Spanish Abbess, Maria d'Agreda, who applies to Our Mother the virtues of
the precious stones spoken of by St. John in the twenty-first chapter of
the Apocalypse. According to her, the sapphire figures the serenity of
Mary; the chrysolite shows forth Her love for the Church Militant, and
especially for the Law of Grace; the amethyst, Her power against the
hordes of hell; the jasper, Her invincible fortitude; the pearl, Her
inestimable dignity--"
"The pearl," interrupted the Abbé Plomb, "is regarded by St. Eucher as
emblematic of perfection, chastity, and the evangelical doctrine."
"And all this time you are forgetting the meaning of other well-known
gems," cried Madame Bavoil. "The ruby, the garnet, the aqua-marine; are
they speechless?"
"No," replied Durtal. "The ruby speaks of tranquility and patience; the
garnet, Innocent III. tells us, symbolizes charity. St. Bruno and St.
Rupert say that the aqua-marine concentrates in its pale green fire all
theological science. There yet remain two gems, the turquoise and the
opal. The former, little esteemed by the mystics, is to promote joy. As
to the second, of which the name does not occur in treatises on gems, it
may be identified with chalcedony, which is described as a sort of agate
of an opaque quality, dimmed with clouds and flashing fires in the
shadows.
"To have done with this emblematical jewelry, we may add that the series
of stones serves to symbolize the hierarchies of the angels. But here,
again, the meanings commonly received are derived from more or less
forced comparisons and a tissue of notions more or less flimsy and
loose. However, it is so far established that the sard-stone suggests
the Seraphim, the topaz the Cherubim, the jasper means the Thrones, the
chrysolite figures the Dominions, the sapphire the Virtues, the onyx the
Powers, the beryl the Principalities, the ruby the Archangels, and the
emerald the Angels."
"And it is a curious fact," said the Abbé Plomb, "that while beasts,
colours, and flowers are accepted by that symbolists sometimes with a
good meaning and sometimes with an evil one, gems alone never change;
they always express good qualities, and never vices."
"Why is that?"
"St. Hildegarde perhaps affords a clue to this stability when, in the
fourth book, of her treatise on Physics, she says that the Devil hates
them, abhors and scorns them, because he remembers that their splendour
shone in him before his fall, and that some of them are the product of
the fire that is his torment.
"And the saint added, 'God, who deprived him of them, would not that the
stones should lose their virtues; He desired, on the contrary, that they
should ever be held in honour, and used in medicine to the end that
sickness should be cured and ills driven out.' And, in fact, in the
Middle Ages they were highly esteemed and used to effect cures."
"To return to those early pictures," said the Abbé Gévresin, "in which
the Virgin emerges like a flower from amid the gorgeous assemblage of
gems, it may be said as a general thing, that the glow of jewels
declares by visible signs the merits of Her who wears them; but it would
be difficult to say what the painter's purpose may have been when, in
the decoration of a crown or a dress, he placed any particular stone in
one spot rather than another. It is, as a rule, a question of taste or
harmony, and has nothing, or very little, to do with symbolism."
"Of that there can be no doubt," said Durtal, who rose and took leave,
as Madame Bavoil, hearing the cathedral clock strike, handed to the two
priests their hats and breviaries.