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GARDENING FOR PROFIT
In the Market and Family Garden.
BY PETER HENDERSON.
FINELY ILLUSTRATED.
This is the first work on Market Gardening ever published in this country.
Its author is well known as a market gardener of eighteen years'
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MARKET GARDEN.
It is a work for which there has long been a demand, and one which will
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FAMILY GARDEN,
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Every thing is made perfectly plain, and the subject treated in all its
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CONTENTS.
Men fitted for the Business of Gardening.
The Amount of Capital Required, and
Working Force per Acre.
Profits of Market Gardening.
Location, Situation, and Laying Out.
Soils, Drainage, and Preparation.
Manures, Implements.
Uses and Management of Cold Frames.
Formation and Management of Hot-beds.
Forcing Pits or Green-houses.
Seeds and Seed Raising.
How, When, and Where to Sow Seeds.
Transplanting, Insects.
Packing of Vegetables for Shipping.
Preservation of Vegetables in Winter.
Vegetables, their Varieties and Cultivation.
In the last chapter, the most valuable kinds are described, and the
culture proper to each is given in detail.
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THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL ANNUAL
FOR 1870.
A YEAR BOOK
WANTED BY EVERY BODY.
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Almanac and Calendar for 1870. Agricultural and Kindred Journals.
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the Weather. Thorough Drainage. Agricultural Exhibitions. Poultry
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as Farm Stock--by W. Clift. The Stocking of Ponds and Brooks. English
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THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL ANNUAL
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Calendars for each Month in the Year. Astronomical Memoranda. Number of
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Postage on Horticultural Matter. Tables of Quantities of Seed. The
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COMSTOCK. Inarching the Grapevine--By "Al Fresco." Apples in 1869--with
Descriptions of New Varieties--By J. A. WARDER. Pears in 1869--with Notes on
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FOOTNOTES
1 --_Puddling_ is the kneading or rubbing of clay with water, a process
by which it becomes almost impervious, retaining this property until
thoroughly dried, when its close union is broken by the shrinking of
its parts. Puddled clay remains impervious as long as it is
saturated with water, and it does not entirely lose this quality
until it has been pulverized in a dry state.
A small proportion of clay is sufficient to injure the porousness of
the soil by puddling.--A clay subsoil is puddled by being plowed over
when too wet, and the injury is of considerable duration. Rain water
collected in hollows of stiff land, by the simple movement given it
by the wind, so puddles the surface that it holds the water while
the adjacent soil is dry and porous.
The term _puddling_ will often be used in this work, and the reader
will understand, from this explanation, the meaning with which it is
employed.
2 By leaving a space between the wall and the plastering, this
moisture is prevented from being an annoyance, and if the inclosed
space is not open from top to bottom, so as to allow a circulation
of air, but little vapor will come in contact with the wall, and but
an inconsiderable amount will be deposited.
3 The maps in this book are, for convenience, drawn to a scale of 160
feet to the inch.
4 The instrument from which this cut was taken, (as also Fig. 7) was
made by Messrs. Blunt & Nichols, Water st., N. Y.
5 The slight deviations caused by carrying the drains around large
stones, which are found in cutting the ditches, do not affect the
general arrangement of the lines.
6 The low price at which this instrument is sold, $1.50, places it
within the reach of all.
7 Except from quite near to the drain, it is not probable that the
water in the soil runs laterally towards it.
8 Some of the drains in the Central Park have a fall of only 1 in
1,000, and they work perfectly; but they are large mains, laid with
an amount of care, and with certain costly precautions, (including
precisely graded wooden floors,) which could hardly be expected in
private work.
9 The tile has been said, by great authorities, to be broken by
contraction, under some idea that the clay envelops the tile and
presses it when it contracts. That is nonsense. The contraction
would liberate the tile. Drive a stake into wet clay; and when the
clay is dry, observe whether it clasps the stake tighter or has
released it, and you will no longer have any doubt whether expansion
or contraction breaks the tile. Shrink is a better word than
contract.
10 Taking the difference of friction into consideration, 1-1/4 inch
pipes have fully twice the discharging capacity of 1-inch pipes.
11 No. 5 was one inch in diameter; No. 4, about 1-1/3 inches.
12 If the springs, when running at their greatest volume, be found to
require more than 1-1/4-inch tiles, due allowance must be made for
the increase.
13 Owing to the irregularity of the ground, and the necessity for
placing some of the drains at narrower intervals, the total length
of tile exceeds by nearly 50 per cent. what would be required if it
had a uniform slope, and required no collecting drains. It is much
greater than will be required in any ordinary case, as a very
irregular surface has been adopted here for purposes of
illustration.
14 The stakes used may be 18 inches long, and driven one-half of their
length into the ground. They should have one side sufficiently
smooth to be distinctly marked with red chalk.
15 The depth of 4.13, in Fig. 21, as well as the other depths at the
points at which the grade changes, happen to be those found by the
computation, as hereafter described, and they are used here for
illustration.
16 The figures in this table, as well as in the next preceding one, are
adopted for the published profile of drain _C_, Fig. 21, to avoid
confusion. In ordinary cases, the points which are fixed as the
basis of the computation are given in round numbers;--for instance,
the depth at _C3_ would be assumed to be 4.10 or 4.20, instead of
4.13. The fractions given in the table, and in Fig. 21, arise from
the fact that the decimals are not absolutely correct, being carried
out only for two figures.
17 The drains, which are removed a little to one side of the lines of
stakes, may be turned toward the basin from a distance of 3 or 4
feet.
18 The foot of the measuring rod should be shod with iron to prevent
its being worn to less than the proper length.
19 "Talpa, or the Chronicles of a Clay Farm."
20 When chips of tile, or similar matters, are used to cover openings
in the tile-work, it is well to cover them at once with a mortar
made of wet clay, which will keep them in place until the ditches
are filled.
21 Surely such soil ought not to require thorough draining; where men
can go so easily, water ought to find its way alone.
22 The land shown in Fig. 21, is especially irregular, and, for the
purpose of illustrating the principles upon which the work should be
done, an effort has been made to make the work as complete as
possible in all particulars. In actual work on a field similar to
that, it would not probably be good economy to make all the drains
laid in the plan, but as deviations from the plan would depend on
conditions which cannot well be shown on such a small scale, they
are disregarded, and the system of drains is made as it would be if
it were all plain sailing.
23 Klippart's Land Drainage.
24 Klippart's Land Drainage.
25 Drainage des Terres Arables, Paris, 1856.
26 The ends of the work, while the operations are suspended during
spring tides, will need an extra protection of sods, but that lying
out of reach of the eddies that will be formed by the receding water
will not be materially affected.
27 The latest invention of this sort, is that of a series of cast iron
plates, set on edge, riveted together, and driven in to such a depth
as to reach from the top of the dyke to a point below low-water
mark. The best that can be said of this plan is, that its adoption
would do no harm. Unless the plates are driven deeply into the clay
underlying the permeable soil, (and this is sometimes very deep,)
they would not prevent the slight infiltration of water which could
pass under them as well as through any other part of the soil, and
unless the iron were very thick, the corrosive action of salt water
would soon so honeycomb it that the borers would easily penetrate
it; but the great objection to the use of these plates is, that they
would be very costly and ineffectual. A dyke, made as described
above, of the material of the locality, having a ditch only on the
inside, and being well sodded on its outer face, would be far
cheaper and better.