TRANSPORT MACHINERY TO THE MINE--THE CARPENTER JUDGE, AND CONSTABLE
ROWE--CUT-THROAT JACK--GREASERS--FRENCH MINERS--JOHN
CHINAMAN--CHINESE FEROCITY--THE FEAST OF LANTERNS--CHINESE
DESPOTISM--FALSE SYMPATHY.
_November, 1851._
In the course of three months we had collected two or three hundred tons
of ore, and as the tests we daily made still bore out our preconceived
opinions of the value of the mine, I proceeded to San Francisco for the
purpose of procuring the steam power and machinery requisite for a trial
of the metal we had quarried.
The life of the quartz miner at this date was tortured by doubts; he was
ever in doubt as to the value of his rock; he was ever in doubt as to
the depth of his vein; and he was ever in doubt as to the machinery best
adapted for securing gold; nor is his position, taken generally, much
happier in these respects at the present time; and I will be bound, sir,
that the directors who led to your victimization,[20] and the
subordinates that they employed, are as much trammelled by these doubts
as any quartz miners I could mention.
I was profoundly meditative on the subject of machinery as I jogged
along on the Old Soldier to Stockton. I recalled to mind that for
pulverising the rock we had stampers, rollers, grinders, and
triturators, which you pleased; that for amalgamating the gold with
quicksilver we had “trapiches,” “erasteros,” wooden tubs, and iron
basins, which you pleased also. That we had design No. 1, that had been
so successfully employed by Professor A, in the Ural Mountains; design
No. 2, that Professor B had made his fortune with (by selling the patent
though), and which had never failed in the Swiss Cantons, where gold was
rather scarce than otherwise; and design No. 3, an infallible invention
by Professor C, an American gentleman, who hadn’t sold his patent yet,
but was quite ready to part with it for a consideration. All this I
knew, but I was also aware that none of these plans had been attended
with complete success; some were too simple in construction and too
slow, others were too complicated in mechanism and too fast and furious.
One machine would catch every metal the quartz contained except the
gold; another would allow everything to give it the go by, except the
refuse tailings that were not wanted; none secured the gold but those
which required _more manual labour_ than it would have been profitable
to employ.
When, therefore, I arrived at San Francisco I determined on trying a
newly invented machine which had not yet been proved in the mines, but
which looked very promising for my experimental work; with this, and an
eight horse power steam engine, I returned to Tuttle Town.
It was hard work to get the boiler of the engine over the mountains, for
the rains had commenced to fall, and in many places the mud was very
deep. Three or four days’ rain entirely change the character of the
Sonora road; and wherever there is a hollow in which the water can
accumulate, there, throughout the winter, you have a quagmire which
becomes deeper as each fresh waggon or mule passes through it, until at
last having become impassable, it is avoided by a circuit, which one
traveller having made every other traveller from that day follows.
Although I had given the boiler two or three days’ start, I found it on
arriving at Table Mountain, with the worst part of the journey still
before it; however, we had sixteen yoke of oxen, and after a couple of
days of great trouble, the machinery was at length safely planted in
Tuttle Town. Its arrival created great sensation, and the town increased
in size and importance on the strength of it. A French baker and a
butcher established themselves in our main street; and at the first
general election a justice of the peace and constable were legally
elected; the former was a worthy carpenter of good education; the latter
post was filled by Rowe. Whenever we saw Rowe buckling on his pistols in
a decisive manner preparatory to a start, we knew that he was proceeding
to collect a debt due to some Tuttletonian, and this active constable
invariably brought back either the money or the man. And although our
own small population was very peaceful, our justice of the peace had
ample employment from the surrounding miners, and dispensed a great
amount of justice in a very firm but off-hand manner; and so much
respect was felt for the sagacity and impartiality of our carpenter,
that his decisions in those disputes that came before his notice were
invariably received with satisfaction on all sides. The following
incident will illustrate the summary process by which one judge and one
constable could force obedience to the law amongst an armed population
in the mountains. One evening as our “judge” was putting the finishing
touch to a shanty he had been engaged in repairing, a messenger
informed him that a murder had just been committed at an adjacent
digging; the judge thereupon threw down his hammer, and, after taking
the depositions, issued a warrant for the arrest of the murderer, who
was a well-known desperado. Constable Rowe was to serve this warrant and
capture the delinquent; consequently, the whole population of Tuttle
Town (about fifteen) armed themselves to protect constable Rowe, and
accompanied him to the diggings in question. Arrived there, the accused
was found to have entrenched himself in his house, with desperate
intentions of firing his revolver at the law in whatever form it might
summon him. I was not sorry to find on our arrival that he abandoned
this design and surrendered himself at discretion, so we marched him off
to Tuttle Town. The judge heard all that was to be said, and that was
sufficient for the committal of the prisoner to the jail at Sonora to
await a trial; so we mounted our horses, took him at once into the town,
and had him locked up. Whatever became of him afterwards I don’t know,
but he never returned to our vicinity, and this was the way that the law
was put in force in every case that came under the authority of our
carpenter judge.
A Sonorian was found one day in possession of a mule not his own.
Whilst the culprit quakes in the grip of our constable, our judge
exhorts the villain to be more honest in his dealings. I have this scene
before me so vividly that I’ll place it on the wood at once before I
write another line.
[Illustration]
So! now if there is less benevolence beaming from the eyes of our
carpenter than I would have you believe existed in his heart, the fault
is in the spectacles.
We rid ourselves about this time of a bad character. There was a fierce
brute of a man who often visited our camp, who was known to have
committed a cold-blooded murder, although the law had acquitted him. He
was called “Cut-throat Jack,” nor did he object to the appellation; he
was more feared in the mines than I should have supposed any man to have
been, but he was always in a reckless, half-drunken state, and those who
preferred to avoid a deadly quarrel would leave any house he entered. He
was invariably armed, and always boastful.
One night as Thomas was watching a stack-fire near the tents, in which a
mass of quartz was being purposely brought to a white heat for
experimental purposes, Cut-throat Jack swaggered up to him, and informed
him that he intended to pass the night in our shanty (Rowe and I being
at Sonora). To this Thomas objected, upon which Cut-throat made such a
warlike demonstration that Thomas very properly knocked him down. “Jack”
unfortunately fell on the red-hot quartz, and the sensation was so new
to him that, as soon as he could withdraw himself, he drew neither
pistol nor knife, but was instantly lost to sight in the surrounding
gloom, and never swaggered into our camp again from that night forth.
[Illustration]
In our immediate neighbourhood we had three classes of miners, Mexicans,
French, and Chinese, and their peculiarities of race were so marked that
I shall record them.
The “Greasers,” which term includes all Spanish Americans, will pass the
night and early morning in working at their claims, and then devote the
day to gambling and sleeping, and the evening to a Fandango or a
horse-stealing excursion; a Mexican in the mines has no idea of saving
money, but, like the water-carrier of Bagdad, he will work one half of
the day that he may spend the other half in indulgence.
The French, among whom are many Parisians, will work in a quiet and
tolerably steady manner if nothing unusual occurs to disturb them; but,
if by chance a strange Frenchman should arrive in their camp, or an old
copy of the “Moniteur” should reach them, the picks and spades are
relinquished for the day, and all devote themselves to discussion. Often
I have passed some solitary Frenchman at a gulch, who, whilst elevating
a tin pannikin of vin ordinaire, would be shouting out “L’Amour et la
Patrie.” Probably some of his countrymen had that day passed on the
road, something of course had been said in allusion to the beautiful
France, and the poor fellow was as happy under the influence of
reawakened associations, as if he had already reached his native
vineyards to settle there for life, with a well-lined purse.
The Chinese are a strong contrast to the thriftless Mexicans and joyous
Gauls.
The Celestial digger, with a grave, elongated face, is up with the dawn
and at work, forgetting to perform his ablutions in his hurry. No laugh
proceeds from his lantern jaws, but his thoughts are steadily bent on
the pursuit before him; if ever he chuckles, it must be inwardly, to
think how fast he is putting by the nice gold, and how cheaply he is
living every day upon six pennyworth of rice and salt worms, whilst
those around him are gambling away their substance. But the Chinaman is
none the less a gambler, the only difference is that he plays for a
small stake, and is, in fact, a good economist, for as he watches the
wavering fortunes of his farthing, he enjoys pleasurable excitement if
he wins, and is not materially damaged if he loses. Hundreds of these
gambling houses are to be found in the Chinese “quartier” of San
Francisco, and there is one or more at every Chinese digging, but with
the exception of an occasional silver dollar, I never saw any thing
change hands in them but the copper _pice_ the Chinese bring with them
to the country.
These people must feel very happy whilst daily fingering the Californian
soil, where they acquire more gold in a week, than at home they would
see in a year. John Chinaman knows the value of a dollar so well, that
he will do anything rather than be without it: to gain so much, then, at
such little trouble must indeed be a treat.
[Illustration]
When a couple of Chinese dispute over the right to a claim, the noise
and gesticulations are frightful; arms (corporeal) are elevated on all
sides; fingers are extended in indication of numbers, days, or dates,
whilst each disputant being supported by his friends, all talk at once
so rapidly, that the wonder is how they can sustain the altercation, and
it is only when breath is exhausted on all sides, that the argument is
at last made comprehensible. Chinamen are a long time coming to blows,
and I have seen them at Amoy and other towns, stand almost nose to nose,
with arms extended, as if preparatory to a deadly struggle that was to
end only with life; but, further than making a dreadful uproar, no harm
came of these rencontres.
A real fight, accompanied by loss of life, occurred in a Chinese digging
in the north, but this was attributable principally to the fact, that a
small party of Tartars compelled a larger body of Chinese, either to
fight or relinquish the gold field, and this was driving poor “John”
into a corner indeed.
Many of the Chinese at the mines have abolished tails, and when their
hair has grown in its natural manner, it is astonishing how villanous an
appearance they present. Their hair grows low down on the forehead, and
is invariably straight.
An ordinary Chinaman, in his loose dress, with his head shaved and hair
drawn back, is rather an intellectual looking being, at the first
glance, but take the same man, and allow his hair to grow, and divest
him of a picturesque costume, and in place of an apparent mild
benevolence, you are struck at once with the small cunning-looking eyes
and low forehead, which in the other garb escaped notice.
A Chinaman is supposed to regard his tail in a religious light, but
those who have dispensed voluntarily with them in California, do not
seem by any means to have placed themselves without the pale of
society.
[Illustration]
Some of them adopt the European costume, and patronise patent leather
boots and gold watch-chains. I remember a very beautiful drawing, I
think by Allom, of the “Feast of Lanterns” in China; the same festive
day is observed at San Francisco, and if the accompanying sketch of two
Americo-Chinese, celebrating this fête, on hired hacks, is less
picturesque than the drawing alluded to, it is none the less a faithful
delineation of the appearance of civilised Celestials.
All the Chinamen of San Francisco are fond of riding out on these feast
days, and in whatever costume they may be, they invariably pursue one
mode of horsemanship, that is, to ride at full gallop, shouting or
screaming, and then to tumble off into the sand or mud, the last act
being involuntary. There is no doubt that these people are excellent
colonists as regards their own interests, for they have learnt the first
art of colonisation, a systematic obedience to a chief, and wherever
they go, they quietly submit to the code of discipline established among
themselves, and submit even when this authority is abused, by the
imposition of taxes and extortions, by their own head men. Part of
Sacramento Street is entirely occupied by Chinese retail merchants, and
it is similar in appearance to the Old Bazaar at Hong-Kong. Immediately
a ship arrives in port with Chinese emigrants, these are taken in charge
by the head men, and are supplied with stores and packed off to the
mines, with great precision and regularity, there to pay a tax to these
self-constituted chiefs as long as they are in the mines.
I have already alluded to the existence of a combination of three or
four of the most powerful of the Chinese merchants, which being
discovered, was interfered with ineffectually by the police. Now I have
no doubt that this clique of wealthy Chinese not only supply the Chinese
emigrants, as aforesaid, looking to their labour in the mines for a
profit, but that they also invest money in chartering ships to bring the
poorer classes of their nation to California, thus exercising a monopoly
in the gold fields.
Much has been said and argued relative to checking by law the Chinese
emigration to California, and believing, as I do, from such facts as I
could gather, that this system of private taxation is on the increase, I
wonder at the forbearance that has hitherto been shown by the
authorities. “Live, and let live,” is a capital creed, properly carried
out, but when the mines of California are overrun with bands of poor
fishermen, whose profits serve to enrich a clique, and these latter
remove the money from the country as fast as they collect it, the
principle is an unfair one, injurious to the country, and antagonistic
to the principles which have made it a free state as regards black
slavery.
An instance of the power these head men attempt to exercise came under
my notice, for whilst staying with an English friend in the suburbs of
San Francisco, there arrived one day a carriage, from which a gorgeously
dressed “John” emerged. He stated in tolerable English that he was a
“lawyer,” and that he had come for a Chinese woman who, for many years,
had been in my friend’s service, and who, he said, had complained of
being confined against her will. The woman had saved a large sum in
wages, and could speak no language but her own, but she resolutely
declined to go when an interpreter was procured. The Celestial lawyer
was consequently well kicked for his pains, and departed, but we had no
doubt that all that was wanted of the old woman was the money she had
saved, and it was fortunate for her, that her master was a Hong Kong
merchant, and knew something of the wiles of John Chinaman.
Much has been said, also, at home here, relative to the conversion of
the Chinese, and no one would more gladly see this brought about than
myself, provided it is done with _Chinese money_.
The Chinaman is highly intelligent, inventive, laborious and patient, be
he where he will, but he is ever avaricious; it may or may not be that
those are right who, knowing something of his character, hold that he
would worship any god if thereby he can better worship mammon;[21] but I
confine my opinion to this, that it is time enough to build colleges for
the Chinese, when we have suitably provided for the instruction of our
own ignorant poor, and until this is done, I humbly submit, with every
respect for the Missionaries among the Heathen, that every sixpence that
leaves our country for the conversion of the Chinese, is an injustice to
those at home, whose claims upon our charity ring daily in our ears,
with a truth that ought to be more forcible than the energetic appeals
that are raised for John Chinaman, but which unfortunately is not always
so.
Never doubting that it is our first duty as a Christian nation to
disseminate those truths that come from an inspired source, why should
we, under the influence of a false sympathy, strive to do for the
Chinese what so many of our own people yet require. The Chinese have an
advantage over many of our lower classes; they are intelligent and
reflective, and have Confucian maxims daily brought even in the highways
before their notice, that enjoin most of the social duties that render
man’s life more in accordance with the Divine wish. _Morally_ at least,
the Chinaman is cared for; and although a heathen, ignorant in this
respect he cannot be said to be. Let him therefore, for the present,
study from gilded sign-posts the Confucian maxims that ordain him to be
charitable, honest, and reverent to his parents; and let us first instil
these commands given from a holier source to those around us who have
never heard them, who could not read them if they were written up, and
who are too ignorant, too poverty-stricken, and too much at war with the
life that has entailed nothing but misery upon them, to accept them
even as truths, until they first see charity in a more substantial
form. This done,[22] we may build colleges for the Chinese, in a full
hope that He who has ordained us to love our brother, may bless the work
of CONVERSION.