BERNE IMPRESSIONS: ARTISTIC, MUSICAL, AND
SOCIAL UNDER WAR CONDITIONS
The nucleus proper of Berne (the old mediæval town) is situate on a
promontory running between two arms of the River Aare, high above it,
however, and connected on three sides, by long-spanned bridges, to the
newer outlying portions of the town, where are to be found the more
modern residential quarters. Along the southern side of the promontory,
facing a splendid view of the Bernese Alps in the distance, with the
river running below in the immediate foreground, stretch the handsome
buildings of the Federal Palace and other Government offices, flanked on
either side by the two most modern hotels, the Bellevue Palace and the
Bernerhof, where, when not occupying private residences, members of the
Diplomatic Corps and Bernese society congregate. Further along the
promontory, beyond the Kirchenfeld Bridge, runs one of the most
interesting old streets of Berne, a relic of the Middle Ages, the Rue
des Gentilshommes, where many of the houses date back to the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, and several, I believe, even to the
fifteenth. This street, in times gone by, was the residential quarter of
the old Bernese noblesse, and walking down now under the old arcades,
past the Cathedral Square and Terrace, one can still see the dates and
emblazoned arms indicating when such and such a house was occupied by
the d'Erlachs, the de Wattenwyls, or some other illustrious family.
Indeed, many delightful hours can be spent evoking, and peopling with
old world silhouettes, the now deserted street, where only stone and
beam remain to tell the tale. The very silence, perchance, induces one
to note the care evinced in the preservation of every old house, sign,
knocker, and quaint bell, evidence of the feeling in which the Bernese
hold their departed glories and traditions. The same families still
inhabit many of these old houses, but gradually the advantages offered
by the more open and modern residential quarters are drawing them
slowly, but surely, away.
In matters artistic, especially musical, Berne, though small in
comparison, offers many of the advantages of larger capitals. It
possesses a fine concert hall and a good theatre, visited, especially
during the war, by the best European as well as Swiss talent. Owing to
Switzerland having maintained her neutrality, and being situated
geographically at the very centre of the main belligerent countries, and
therefore easily accessible from these, she has become, par excellence,
the focus of artistic as well as other propaganda from all quarters.
To begin with the most popular form of artistic propaganda, the cinemas
presented films of the war in an ever increasing number, the Germans
making great use of this means of impressing the public, but sometimes
with a result the reverse of that which they had intended. In this
connection the _Moewe_ film, given all over Switzerland, and portraying
the exploits of that pirate ship in sinking numbers of British and
Allied vessels, may be mentioned. This was one long succession of views
of merchantment and beautiful sailing vessels riding the waves, to be
seen the next moment struck, and slowly disappearing beneath the
surface. The most revolting part, however, of an altogether revolting
film, was the brutality and delight evinced by the crew of the _Moewe_,
who continued their sports and dancing in sight of their drowning
victims. If the Germans hoped to impress the Swiss by their prowess and
merciless inhumanity, or by showing them how easy a thing it was to
accomplish the starvation of the Allies, and especially Great Britain,
they utterly failed in their aim, for the public in general, mostly
Swiss, was horrified at the sight of the destruction of so much
constructive human endeavour, and, above all, at the brutality and
disregard evinced towards the unfortunate crews of the doomed or sunken
vessels. All over Switzerland the impression conveyed in the main by
this film was one of disgust and horror, and comment bore more than all
else on the entire absence of anything to indicate so much as the
slightest endeavour to save human life. In a word, the Germans could not
have chosen a subject more unfavourable to themselves, or done better
propaganda work in favour of the Allies, than by exhibiting their
_Moewe_ film.
When, later, the British _Battle of the Somme_ film was given in Berne,
in 1916, in the huge Concert Hall of the Casino, the contrast in the
spirit of the whole performance was all the more noticeable when the
feelings of horror evoked by the _Moewe_ performance are recalled to
mind. Amongst other films, the remembrance of which stands out, the
_Champagne_, the Italian _Izonzo_, the _Tank_, and _England's Effort_,
all of which were very fine productions, may be noted.
As regards painting, not many exhibitions took place, owing mainly,
presumably, to the ever increasing difficulties of transport. During
1916, however, the Society of Belgian Artists sent a number of paintings
done at the Front; and the French held an exhibition of old engravings
and woodcuts. In 1917 the Musée du Luxembourg organized a magnificent
collection of about 200 pictures of the "chefs-d'œuvre" of the École de
Barbizon, which represented most of the leaders of this great school:
Corot, Cézanne, Daubigny, Degas, Monet, Manet, Millet, and many others.
This exhibition was opened at the Musée d'Art in Geneva, and created a
good deal of stir, and when I left Berne it was just about to be
transferred to that place. Another exhibition of interest was that of
the works of Franz Hodler, the great Swiss painter, one of whose
canvasses fetched in America, it is said, the enormous sum of frs.
500,000.
It was, however, in matters musical that Berne offered the greatest
artistic enjoyment. Not only were a series of concerts given by the
"Liedertafel" and "Cäcilien Verein" and the Berne "Stadt Orchestra,"
which, in the winter of 1917, under the conductorship of M. Brun, gave
excellent interpretations of the complete nine Symphonies of Beethoven,
but we also had a visit from the famous "Orchestre du Conservatoire de
Paris," as well as recitals by Risler, Louis Vierne and others. With
reference to the visit of the "Orchestre du Conservatoire de Paris," a
rather amusing incident occurred, typical of the spirit of war that had
so insidiously, during forty years of military preparation, made its way
into the very heart of intellectual and artistic Germany, and even
Austria, prostituting these, also, to the ends of "Deutschland über
Alles." The French Orchestra had, for some time past, announced their
arrival for a certain date, together with their programme, when
suddenly, a few days before the event, which was creating a good deal of
interest, Weingärtner, with his Philharmonic Orchestra of Vienna,
advertised a concert to take place just three days prior to the French
performance, and with an almost identical programme. This naturally
created excitement, but, judging by the overflowing hall and tremendous
enthusiasm displayed at the French concert, left the palm of victory in
the hands of the French musicians. In a word, the Germano-Austrian
artistic tours in Switzerland were throughout marked by a competitive
spirit, and every detail of them was, I understand, arranged under the
ægis of high German officials.
Many were the artists of European renown who visited Berne during the
war: Mesdames Réjane, Leblanc Maeterlinck, the Russian dancer, Nijinski,
as well as those of the Central Empires, such as Moïssi (who gave
"Hamlet"), Nikish, and others.
Of all artistic enjoyments, however, two series of operatic and dramatic
performances remain pre-eminent: the Wagnerian series of operas given by
a Swiss company, and the series of classic and romantic drama presented
by members of the "Comédie Française" of Paris. The vocal rendering of
the Wagner operas could scarcely have been excelled. Herr Rudolph Jung,
a young Swiss tenor, interpreted in turn Lohengrin, Tannhäuser, Tristan,
Hans Sachs, and Parsifal, and not only was his tone one of perfect
purity and beauty, but, what is rare, his physique lent itself to the
glamour of knightly armour as harmoniously as his interpretation was
satisfying mentally and emotionally. Unless I am much mistaken, this
young man is destined to become one of the world's greatest singers and
artists. He had made his the spirit of knighthood, the spirit evoked by
Wagner as opposed to the old German ideal of brute force, a fact which
appears to have entirely escaped the German public and critics. It is
always of knighthood that Wagner sings, of knights in conflict with
material forces; and if he rescued from oblivion the sagas of a dawn of
civilization, it was but as the forces against which his knights hurled
themselves in the true spirit of knightly honour and disinterested
service. Lohengrin rescues Elsa from false and deadly intrigue;
Tannhäuser, his soul from the snares of the Venusberg; and Parsifal,
proof against all false allurements, reaches the serene heights of
absolute command over himself and life.
Whether aware of it or not, Herr Jung ideally portrayed the knightly
spirit, to save which practically the whole world is fighting the
Central Empires in this terrible war. It is a trite saying: "No one is a
prophet in his own country." Assuredly Wagner was not in the way he
intended, as an apostle of World-Brotherhood; and perchance it was for
this reason that he was banned and exiled, and forced to spend most of
his life away from his native land. As to the life-work of Wagner and
the lessons it teaches—fully explained in his writings—Germany appears
merely to have extolled his evocations of the past, the nebulous
historical sagas, and to have deified these, the better, presumably, to
serve her one end and aim of conquest.
Another series of performances, well worthy of remembrance, was that
given by members of the "Comédie Française," with Madame Bartet and
Messieurs Paul Mounet and Lambert in the title rôles. These artists
scored great successes, Monsieur Lambert being recalled no less than
eight times in Berne, and sixteen in Zürich, the very centre of German
influence. With regard to these performances, it may be of interest to
note a passage in the Third Act of "Les Horaces et Curiaces." In Horace
Corneille typifies the Roman ideal, and in Curiace the Gallic. When, in
the Third Act, the two friends and brothers-in-law, chosen by their
respective States to fight each other to the death, meet in a last
farewell interview, Horace brutally says to Curiace: "Rome a besoin de
moi—je ne te connais plus." (Rome needs me—I know thee no more.) Curiace
answers with emotion: "Et moi—je te connais encore, et c'est cela qui me
tue." (And I—I know thee still, and it is that that is killing me.)
Could any words better portray the two fundamentally differing attitudes
of mind between the Roman and the Gaul, or better illustrate the brutal,
if heroic, insentience of the Roman, or the tender and no less heroic
(for the Gaul overthrows the Roman) humanity of the Gaul?
It is said that one nation, in the absence of means of contact, to a
great extent estimates other nations by what it sees of these on the
stage; and doubtless a good deal of truth lies hidden in this saying. To
those who understand both the English and French "théâtre pour rire,"
the realistic farce provides an evening's desultory laugh, the memory of
which dies with the last joke; but to foreign eyes and ears strained,
whether consciously or not, to catch traits of character, a farce may
give birth to very wrong impressions, and become a positive
international danger through false estimates of values. For this reason,
chiefly, it was with the keenest pleasure one welcomed the advent in
Switzerland of the "Comédie Française," the embodiment of all that is
best, highest, and most ideal in France.
During the first days of the war, and the ensuing unprecedented
situation, before the horror of it had become uppermost, many were the
incidents of awkwardness whispered from ear to ear. Berne being a small
capital, certain sets in it meet daily, and the Diplomatic Corps assumes
almost the aspect of a "vie de famille." Many of its members were on
intimate terms, friends often of years' standing, when the curtain
descended on the old order of things on those fateful August days of
1914. One night perchance the French were dining with their Austrian
colleagues, or the British with the Germans, and the next morning were
to meet as strangers. The situation seemed unreal and impossible, and
naturally led to much groping and questionings to find a new "modus
vivendi." In one case a Minister's wife meeting her Austrian colleague,
whom the day before she had called by her Christian name, would be at a
loss to know what to do, the result culminating on both sides in a
half-nod with averted eyes; or an Allied caller at a Swiss house would
unavoidably come face to face with a new enemy—an erstwhile familiar
friend. Such incidents were at first of daily occurrence. I remember one
especially, more humorously long drawn out. An Allied Military Attaché
was calling on Swiss friends, when the servant came in, and, with a
perplexed look, whispered something in the ear of the hostess. "Be
quick," said the latter to her Allied caller, "the servant has said I am
in; but if you go through my boudoir here to the left, you will escape
an awkward meeting." The caller, following directions, tiptoed through
the boudoir to a door leading to a passage, but only to find himself
confronted by the Austrian Military Attaché, who, conducted by the no
less tactful servant, had also made the same détour. The Allied caller,
quickly closing the door with the hope that he had not been recognized,
retraced his steps to fly by the usual entrance—only to meet his new
enemy again. This time escape was impossible, the Austrian ejaculating:
"Well, Colonel, bad luck this time!" at which both laughed and passed on.
In a very short time, however, events in Belgium and France made too
deep an impression for any room to be left to the lighter side of
things, and such incidents were avoided by more careful forethought and
organization. The Swiss and other Neutrals held separate reception days
for the Allies and their antagonists, and official receptions at the
Palais Fédéral were accurately scheduled as to time, so as to avoid any
untoward meetings of the representatives of the belligerent nations. The
severance became complete, though it required a little time to
accomplish. The Diplomatic Tennis Club, for instance—a favourite resort
for tennis in summer and skating in winter—had likewise to modify its
rules to meet the changed conditions. As a mode of partition between the
Allies and the Central Empires the even dates were allotted to one side,
the uneven to the other. How it came about no one exactly knew, but the
Central Empires secured the uneven, thus gaining the advantage of seven
extra days in the year, as the least calculating found out in the course
of time. Gradually the new "modus vivendi" became established; and,
indeed, the news reaching Berne of the urgent demands from many quarters
for help developing the instinctive desire to be of some service in the
struggle at hand, more and more restricted the purely social functions.
When the idea of the "B.L.R.C.O." was suggested by Lady Grant Duff, she,
together with Mme. Pageot, organized a "Thé-Tombola," the first social
function started in German Switzerland for charitable purposes in the
Allied cause. The success of this so far exceeded all calculations, that
arrangements for tea made for about 300 visitors were called upon to
provide for more than double that number, the net result in funds
amounting to the gratifying total of frs. 22,000 towards French and
British Red Cross work. Later, again, when the prisoners of war had
arrived and been interned some little time in Switzerland, and had
accumulated a good deal of work to be disposed of, a series of bazaars
was held in the large towns by the French and Swiss. In these the
British took part, their stall of carpets, arranged by Miss Martin,
making a handsome and very successful exhibit amongst others, such as
bookbinding, leather work, etc. It was a pleasure, too, to see some,
however few, lovely wooden box designs, one with figures and animals in
high relief. Wood-carving was a talent I had no idea our men possessed,
but which these samples conclusively proved they did.
It was at the bazaar of this series held in Berne that the Scottish
dancers carried off the palm of attraction. The long hall set aside for
the buffet had a stage at one end, and long before the afternoon
performance was to take place every tea-table was occupied. This in
itself meant 200 spectators, but by the time the dancing began, every
available inch of room was crammed, tremendous cheering greeting the
Scotsmen. The same thing occurred in the evening, when my wife, who was
in charge of the buffet arrangements, and had fortunately had the doors
closed until eight o'clock so as to allow holders of reserved tables to
reach their seats, was warned that some 400 people were massed outside.
On the doors being opened, the effect was like that of a river breaking
a dam and flooding the entire hall. The success of our Scotsmen was
phenomenal, and their services, always attended with the same results,
were never dispensed with at any bazaar later on.
Another scheme put in motion for the disposal of Allied Interned work
was that afterwards called the "Suisse-Amérique." This consisted in
disposing of some of the work in America, and received its practical
application through Mme. Grouitch, wife of the Serbian Minister to
Switzerland, and American by birth. Mme. Grouitch had just returned from
the United States, and suggested organizing a Pavilion of Allied
Interned "Ps. of W." work at the great war bazaars taking place yearly
in some of the large towns in the States, such as New York, Washington,
St. Louis, Chicago, and Philadelphia. A Committee was at once formed
called the "Suisse-Amérique," under the ægis of Mme. Schulthess, wife of
the President of the Swiss Confederation, as President. Mrs. Stovall,
wife of the American Minister to Switzerland, and Mme. de Sprecher, wife
of the Swiss Chief of Staff. Some 300,000 and more articles were
despatched to the States, Mme. Grouitch graciously volunteering to
return thither to act as delegate of the Committee. If, fortunately for
the Allied cause, America shortly after entered the war, it was not so
fortunate for the scheme in hand, as only one of these bazaars—that in
New York—was held during the winter of 1917, when, no doubt rightly, the
scheme, now that America had entered the struggle, was stopped by the
U.S. Government. At this one bazaar about $600,000 were taken in entry
fees alone, so that it was a blow to hear of the cancelling of the
others. Owing, however, to the splendid energy and spirit of Mme.
Grouitch, who at once took other measures for the disposal of the
consignments, no loss occurred to the venture. To meet the initial
outlay required by the despatch of the Interned work to America, my wife
was asked to organize another "Thé-Tombola" at Berne, and was much
touched by the support and sympathy shown by the Allies and Neutrals,
more especially by Russians who had been hard hit by the revolution in
their country. This "Thé-Tombola" made a clear profit of frs. 8,000.
These activities, together with the daily office routine, occupied much
of our time, so that little was left for other social distractions,
which had diminished proportionately. Small dinners, teas, soirées and
bridge, with an occasional amateur dramatic performance for some war
need or other, filled to overflowing the remainder. One eventful
evening, however, I cannot pass without mention—that of the arrival of
General Leman, the heroic defender of Liége, who, it will be remembered,
when unable to offer further resistance to the Germans, had had the
fortress mined, and ordered it to be blown up, himself remaining in it,
preferring death to surrender. That he was still alive when rescued from
the debris is one of the marvels of the war. What the Allies owe General
Leman for that heroic resistance to the first German onrush will
probably be only generally known and valued when history has made the
facts clear, but on the night of his arrival, the sight of his small and
compact figure, very like Lord Roberts in build, was well-nigh
overwhelming. The enthusiasm of his reception at the station and _en
route_ to the Hôtel Bernerhof could be gauged by the echoes of the
cheers reaching us in the Central Hall, where we had congregated. Many
Germans, mostly members of the Diplomatic Corps, were present at the
time, and were sitting at various tables over after-dinner coffee, when
the General appeared, surrounded by compatriots: members of his own and
Allied Legations. Every one rose as at some magic signal—even all the
Germans, men and women alike, their faces reflecting curiosity and
wonder, quite different from their usual supercilious expression. Deep
was the general emotion. Of all present, however, General Leman was
probably the only one unaware of the depth of the feeling he evoked.
Especially agreeable and sympathetic is the remembrance of the charming
hospitality of Swiss friends, whose salons have an old world atmosphere
peculiarly their own. One is tempted to believe that, owing to their
forming more or less a society, removed from the excitements and stress
of larger capitals, they have been able to maintain an atmosphere of
quiet conducive to thought and sentiment regarding the more abstract
interests of life.
Looking back from this distance, the first months of the Great War
appear to have passed in a strange semi-hypnotic state of mind, made up
of surprise, anxiety, and horror. Mentally unprepared for the inhuman
catastrophe—a "lèse-humanité" in its truest sense—one felt as must a
tree at blows levelling its growth and blossom to the ground. At the
same time, a deep sense of indignation little by little restored the
mental balance, which was soon to enable one to return to a sense of the
immediate and growing necessities of the situation, and endeavour to
meet these as they arose; and one cannot but feel a great thankfulness
at having been privileged to find work in the many war activities in
Switzerland, herein detailed, towards the relief of our suffering
brotherhood.
As I mentioned at the opening of these chapters, I little thought when
taking up our residence in Berne that it would be for four consecutive
years. Yet, looking back, these long years appear to have passed as a
flash, so great was the anxiety, so full the daily task, so steady the
conviction of an ultimate successful issue to the horrible drama of the
World War.
INDEX
Ador, Monsieur Gustave, President of the Swiss Confederation, 1918;
President of the International Red Cross Society of Geneva, 27, 133
Allied Military Attachés in Switzerland, 1914, 14
Annan, Miss, 176, 177
Arago, Monsieur, French Deputy, 52
Armée-Sanitäts-Anstalt (A.S.A.) (Lucerne), 108
Arndt, Dr. (Berne), 103, 107
Artificial limbs, 116
Austin-Lee, Sir Henry, Hon. Attaché British Embassy, Paris, 42
Bohny, Colonel Dr., Chief of Swiss Military Red Cross Department, 72,
73, 77
British Hospitals, Boulogne, Calais, etc., 42
British Interned, Mürren (Magazine) "B.I.M.," 189, 190
British Legation Red Cross Organization in Switzerland (B.L.R.C.O.),
34, 40-46, 49, 77, 101, 103, 146-148, 155, 174, 181, 182, 189, 203
British Red Cross Society, London (B.R.C.S.), 45, 46, 70, 108, 110, 115,
146, 151, 153, 156, 158, 175, 176, 185
"British Section" of the Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre,
57-61, 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 182
Brüstlein, Captain Dr., 102, 126
Bureau de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 54, 56, 68
Central Prisoners of War Committee, 45, 63, 64, 71, 153, 183, 184
Charley, Major H. R., Assistant B.R.C.S. Commissioner, 70, 150, 153,
155, 189, 190
Chaux, Captain Dr. de la (Swiss Army), 35, 120
Civilian Refugees, French and Belgian, 51
Clement, Captain Dr. (Fribourg), 107, 111, 169, 172
Comité Bernois, 54, 56
Conference between British Navigation Interests, Bagdad Railway Company,
and Deutsche Bank, 3
Cook-Daniels, Mrs. C., Founder of Carpet Workshop Gunten, 43, 146,
147, 182
Egli, Colonel C. H., État-Major Général (Swiss), 16-18
Favre, Major Edouard, Swiss Medical Staff, 169, 186
Foreign Office, London, 3, 5, 57
Garnett, Dr., Advisor for Technical Instruction of Interned, 40,
137-139, 149-153
Gillespie, Lieut.-Colonel A. K., 43, 181, 182
Grand Blessés, 27, 47-49, 112
Grand d'Hauteville, Mr. Paul, Hon. Sec. British Section Bureau
de Secours aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 56, 68, 69
Grant-Duff, Sir Evelyn, K.C.M.G., H.M.'s Minister to Switzerland 1913-1916,
9-13, 54, 59, 60, 82
Grant-Duff, Lady, 34, 39-42, 44, 54-58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68, 71, 77,
82, 203
"Gray" Hut Château d'Oex, 175
Group Presidents of the B.L.R.C.O., names of, 42, 43
Harpe, Major de la, Swiss Staff Officer for British Interned, 93
Hauser, Colonel, "Médecin d'Armée," principal medical officer
of Swiss Army, 30, 32, 36, 72, 73, 77, 85, 90, 92, 93, 99, 100,
102, 104, 107, 110, 111, 113, 114, 119, 121, 123, 125, 130, 131,
133, 135, 140, 188
Hobday, Mr., Secretary Y.M.C.A. in Switzerland, 167, 179, 180, 182
Hoffmann, Monsieur, President of the Swiss Confederation (1914), 30
Holy See, 27-29, 178
Hôpitaux Militaires, 41
Imperial Conference, Potsdam, July 5, 1914, 4, 5
International Red Cross Society of Geneva, 27, 39, 133
Itinerant Commission of Swiss Doctors, 31-33, 99, 112
Itinerant Court Martial (Swiss), 96
Jameson, Sir Starr, B.R.C.S., London, 175
Jones, Lieut.-Colonel, Sir Robert, R.A.M.C., 125-130
Julliard, Dr. (Geneva), 107, 108
Kitchener of Khartoum, Field Marshal, Viscount, O.M., etc., 24, 25
Kocher, Professor (Berne), 105-107
Kühlmann, Herr von, 3-5
"La Croix Rouge Suisse," 38, 47, 49, 54
"La Ligue Pro Captivis," 38, 133-135
"La Société du Mogen David Rouge," 38, 160
"La Société Suisse des Aumôniers," 38
"La Société Suisse le Bien du Soldat," 38
"Les Unions Chrétiennes des Jeunes Gens de la Suisse" (Swiss Y.M.C.A.),
38, 182
"L'Œuvre Universitaire Suisse," 142, 143
Law, Mr. W. I., L.D.S., 115
Lawley, Sir Arthur, Report on British Section, Bureau de Secours
aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 67
Leman, Général (Belgian), 206, 207
Llopart, Captain Dr., Swiss Medical Officer, 91, 92, 116
London Polytechnic Society, 108
Machard, Dr. (Geneva), 107, 108
Manneville, Comte de, in charge French Interned, 111, 135
Marchetti, Mgr., Delegate of the Holy See, 29, 178
Martin, Miss, Founder Carpet Workshop, Gunten, 147, 182, 203
Matti, Dr. (Berne), 107, 109, 130
Mercanton, Major Dr., Directing Medical Officer
Château d'Oex Region, 89, 120
Metcalfe, Miss, 170
Millerand, Monsieur, French Minister of War, 27
Ministers of Religion to the Interned, names of, 159-164
Mitchell, Major, Representative of the Ministry of Pensions, 151, 152
Montmollin, Colonel George, 142
Morgenthau, Mr., American Ambassador Constantinople, 4
Neish, Lieut.-Colonel F. H., S.B.O., Mürren, 91, 145-147
Northcliffe, Lord, 45, 183, 185
"Œuvre des Éclopés" (Paris), 41
Pageot, Madame, Founder of the Bureau de Secours
aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 54, 65, 203
Patriotic League (Lausanne), 174
Picot, Mrs. M. D., 8, 10, 43, 49, 63, 82
Picot, Miss R., 1, 10, 44, 49, 69, 82
Poinsard, Monsieur, Founder of the Bureau de Secours
aux Prisonniers de Guerre, 54, 56, 65
Prisoners of War Help Committee, 57, 62
Propaganda in Switzerland, 22, 193-200
Proposals for Internment of Prisoners of War, 20, 24-30
Roux, Dr. (Lausanne), 106, 107
Rowan, The Rev. Father D.V., Professor University at Fribourg, 162, 163
Rumbold, Sir Horace, Bart., H.M.'s Minister in Switzerland 1916-1919, 49
Rumbold, Lady, 42, 43, 49, 71, 175, 179
Sandwich, The Earl of, K.C.V.O., Central Prisoners of War
Committee, 151-153
Santucci, Comte Charles, Envoy of the Holy See, 28
Savoy, Captain Aumônier Herbert, Chaplain-General to R.C. Interned,
159, 160
Sawyer, Miss Nesta, 69
Sewell, The Rev. A. H, Army Chaplain C. of E., 163, 164
Simpkin, Miss, Manor Farm, Interlaken, 106, 107
"Special Branch" for Interned of B.L.R.C.O., 44, 45
Sprecher von Bernegg, Colonel, Chief of Staff of the Swiss Army, 14
Sprecher von Bernegg, Madame, 133, 135, 205
State of men arriving from Germany, 33, 34
"Suisse Amérique" (Committee for sale of Interned work), 204, 205
Sutherland, the Rev. A. M., Presbyterian Church, 162, 164, 174-176, 188
Swiss Army, 13-18, 35, 36, 38, 84, 94, 97, 100, 113, 187
Swiss Doctors in service of Interned, 107
Swiss Economics, 19, 20, 22, 23, 104, 136, 140, 141, 145
Swiss Sanitary Service (for Interned), 84-89, 100, 102-104, 109,
117, 118, 124
Trench, Colonel, late British Military Attaché in Berlin, 6-8
Tscharner, Monsieur Louis de, 26
Urgency Case Hospital, 41
Valentin, Madame, Founder of the Comité Bernois, 54
Voluntary workers of the British Section Bureau de Secours
aux Prisonniers de Guerre, names of, 69, 70
Wallis, Lieut. C. E., Founder Motor Workshop, Vevey, 146, 148, 152-156
Wangenheim, Baron von, German Ambassador in Constantinople, 4
Whitwell, Mr., Representative of Y.M.C.A. in Switzerland, 177, 178,
180, 182
Wille, Général Ulrich, Commander-in-Chief of the Swiss Army, 13, 14
Woods, Mr. Joseph A., M.D.S., L.D.S., 113, 114, 116
Wyndham, Colonel, British Military Attaché in Switzerland (1916-1918),
25
Y.M.C.A., 45, 174, 177-182
Y.W.C.A., 184
_Printed in Great Britain by_
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON
End of Project Gutenberg's The British Interned in Switzerland, by H. P. Picot