Jaroslav Goll (born 1846). Professor Goll is one of the shining lights
of the new Bohemian University, and his historical works are very
valuable. Dr. Goll studied for a time at the German University of
Göttingen, which was then, in consequence of the presence of the great
historian Waitz, a centre of historical study in Germany. Somewhat
later Goll for a short time acted as secretary to the historian
Bancroft, then Minister of the United States in Berlin. These and
other visits to foreign countries enabled Goll to acquire a thorough
acquaintance with foreign languages. He has proved his knowledge
of French by the translation of the _Fleurs du mal_ of Baudelaire,
which he published jointly with the poet Vrchlický. Goll subsequently
devoted himself entirely to historical research. His studies, dealing
with the formerly little-known community of the Bohemian brethren,
which appeared both as separate works and in the columns of the
_Časopis Musea Českého_ ("Journal of the Bohemian Museum"), are of
great importance to the history of Bohemia. Of great and fascinating
interest also is Dr. Goll's _Čechy a Prusy_, a work which deals
with the little-known relations between Bohemia and Prussia in the
Middle Ages. Together with Professor Pekář--also a distinguished
historian--Professor Goll edits the _Česky Časopis historický_, a
review whose purpose is similar to that of the English historical
review.
Dr. Anton Rezek (born 1853) is one of the prominent historians of
Bohemia, though political duties--he was for some time a member of the
Austrian Cabinet--and latterly ill-health, have somewhat interfered
with his historical studies. His works deal mainly with the history of
Bohemia during the earlier part of the sixteenth century--a momentous
period; for it was then, in 1526, that the permanent rule of the
house of Habsburg over Bohemia began. Many of Rezek's works have been
published in the _Časopis Musea Českého_, and some have appeared in
German also.
Dr. Joseph Truhlář has devoted himself successfully to the interesting
subject of humanism in Bohemia. The humanist movement, suspected both
as coming from Rome and as having what were believed to be pagan
tendencies, reached Bohemia late. Its principal adherent in that
country was Bohuslav of Lobkovic, whose letters Dr. Truhlář has edited
and published. He is also the author of the interesting work entitled
_Humanismus a Humaniste v Čechach za Krále Vladislava II._
Professor Sigismund Winter (born 1846) is the author of interesting
works dealing with the internal condition of Bohemia in ancient times.
His history of the University of Prague, his _Život cirkevni_, a study
of the ecclesiastical condition of Bohemia in the Hussite period, and
indeed all his writings, are indispensable to the student of Bohemian
history.
Of younger Bohemian historians Dr. Wenceslas Flajšhans deserves
mention. He has devoted much time and talent to the study of the
life and works of Hus, of whom he has recently written an excellent
biography. Dr. Flajšhans is also the author of a history of Bohemian
literature, to which I here gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness.
Mr. Jaroslav Vlček, who, together with Mr. Hladík, edits the review
_Lumir_, has also begun a history of Bohemian literature that is of
great interest.
The study of philology has recently been greatly developed in Bohemia.
One of the greatest living Bohemian philologists is Professor Gebauer,
to whose writings it is principally due that the genuineness of the
MSS. of Zelená Hora and Králové Dvur is now generally considered
doubtful. Professor Gebauer has now begun the publication of a
historical grammar of the Bohemian language on a large scale. Only Part
I. and Part III. (consisting of two volumes) have as yet appeared.
Another of the principal opponents of the genuineness of the MSS. was
Professor Tomas Masaryk (born 1850). Besides being a philologist, Dr.
Masaryk is also a distinguished writer on philosophical subjects.
Of great value to Bohemian philology and early literature are the
labours of Mr. Adolphus Patera, formerly head librarian of the Bohemian
Museum at Prague. For many years Mr. Patera has employed his annual
holidays in searching for early Bohemian MSS., many of which, though
forgotten, still exist in the libraries of the towns and monasteries of
Bohemia and Moravia. Mr. Patera has been indefatigable in deciphering
these very ancient MSS., and has published the results of his work in
the _Časopsis Musea Království Českého_. The very interesting but
long-neglected study of Bohemian folklore has been greatly assisted
by the labours of Mr. Patera's successor, Dr. Zibrt, librarian of the
Bohemian Museum. He has published many of the results of his researches
in the periodical _Česky Lid_ ("The Bohemian People"). To render his
studies accessible to a larger number of readers, Dr. Zibrt very wisely
publishes a French edition of his periodical. Professor Mourek, who
has mainly studied philological subjects, has enriched the literature
of his country by very valuable Bohemian-English and Anglo-Bohemian
dictionaries. The learned professor is a thorough master of the
English language. Dr. Jaromir Čelakovský (born 1846), up to recently
archivist of the city of Prague, a son of the poet Čelakovský, is
the author of many valuable studies concerning the ancient judicial
and constitutional institutions of Bohemia. Dr. Augustine Sedláček
(born 1843) is the author of a monumental illustrated work entitled
_Hrady a zámky české_ ("Strongholds and Castles of Bohemia"), of which
thirteen volumes have already appeared, and which is invaluable for the
student of Bohemian history and archaeology. The prehistoric antiquity
of Bohemia has recently been the subject of erudite works by Dr. Píč
(_Starožitnost země české_, "The Antiquities of the Bohemian Land")
and Dr. Niederle (_Starožitnosti české_, "The Antiquities of Bohemia").
Novelists are at present very numerous in Bohemia and, as already
mentioned, the extension of the national language enables the authors
of the present day to write in a fashion more lifelike than was that
of their predecessors. Of the older novelists I will first mention
Wenceslas Vlček (born 1839). Of his numerous novels _Věnce vavrinovy_
("The Wreath of Laurels") is, I think rightly, considered the best.
Jacob Arbes (born 1840) is, like most Bohemian authors, a very fruitful
writer. Of his many works his _Romanetta_, a collection of short and
very striking tales, is perhaps the best. Alois Jirasek (born 1851)
has, like so many Bohemian writers devoted himself to historical
romances, which have a natural fascination for the inhabitants of
a country with a great past. In justice to Mr. Jirasek it should
be stated that in contrast from minor writers he has succeeded in
portraying in a masterly manner the period of Hus and the Taborites.
Of his historical novels, the scene of which is laid in this period,
I may mention the three volumes which Jirasek has named _Mezi proudy_
("In the Midst of the Stream"), and the book entitled _Proti Vsem_
("Against All"), a "Page from the Bohemian Epic". A novel entitled
_Psohlavci_, which treats of a later period, that in which, after the
battle of the White Mountain, the Bohemian peasants were deprived of
their last vestiges of liberty, is among Jirasek's most popular works.
Jirasek has also appeared before the public as a dramatist, and his
powerful tragedy, _Jan Zǐžka_, which has been often and brilliantly
produced at the National Theatre of Prague, appeals to me more than any
of his historical novels. The last scene of the fourth act, in which
Zǐžka addresses the faithless city of Prague, has an almost unrivalled
beauty. William Mrštik is the author of several clever novels. Of
younger writers, Wenceslas Hladík (born 1868) deserves mention. He is
the author of a considerable number of novels and dramas. Hladík has
very skilfully represented the life and scenery of Prague in a somewhat
impressionist manner. His countrymen have sometimes accused him of
imitating too closely the modern "decadent" French novelists. To me
his novels have often recalled the works of Mr. George Moore. Of Mr.
Hladík's novels the best is, I think, the recently published _Evžen
Voldan_, and of his plays I admire most _Zavrat_ ("Vertigo"), in which
the ancient subject of conjugal infidelity is treated in a brilliant
and original manner. Francis Herites (born 1851) is a fruitful writer
of novels and short sketches, and has contributed largely to many
Bohemian reviews. Of his many works I will mention one of the older
ones, entitled _Z mého herbáře_. It contains a short tale, _Kokotice_;
which is one of the most touching expressions of Bohemian national
feeling that I have ever read.
I will now refer to a group of writers whose fame--though many of them
have also written in prose--is mainly founded on their poetry. The
critics of the future will probably consider as the greatest Bohemian
poet of the day Jaroslav Vrchlický, though some now prefer Svatopluk
Čech to him. Jaroslav Vrchlický--the pseudonym of Mr. Emil Frida--was
born at Loun in Bohemia in 1853. He began writing at an early age,
and has continued doing so uninterruptedly up to the present day.
Like Victor Hugo, to whom he has been compared, and who certainly has
greatly influenced him, Vrchlický has produced an enormous number
of works. His writings, which include lyric and epic poems, dramas,
numerous translations, and a few works in prose, had in 1903 already
reached a total of 185 volumes. The principal characteristic of
Vrchlický's poetry is his mastership of the Bohemian language, which
he can almost be said to have raised to a higher level. As the late
Dr. Albert wrote, "He works on his language as Paganini or Ondřiček on
their violins." This is particularly obvious in Vrchlický's numerous
translations from the works of English, German, French, Italian,
and Spanish writers. To mention but one example, his rendering of
Browning's _Toccata of Galuppi_ is masterly. I wish, however, to
devote to Vrchlický's original work the short space that remains
to me. The poet visited Italy early in life, and soon acquired a
thorough knowledge of the language of that country. He also studied
the literatures of France and Spain. A new current of thought was a
result of these studies introduced into the Bohemian language, for the
writers of an earlier period, brought up in the Bohemian schools, which
were then almost entirely German, had been with scarcely an exception
under the influence of German literature. Of Vrchlický's early works
I will mention _Z Hlubin_ ("From the Depths"), which appeared in 1875,
_Rok na jihu_ ("A Year in the South"), which contains reminiscences
of the poet's Italian travels, and _Bodlaci z Parnasu_ ("Thorns
from Parnassus "), in which is included that truly beautiful poem,
_Krumlovská Legenda_. Vrchlický is a master of the difficult art of
the sonnet, and his _Sonety samotare_ (_i.e._ of a recluse) and _Nové_
_sonety samotare_ are among his finest works. One of the poet's latest
books, entitled _Episody_, contains some beautiful poems referring
to the period of the Hussite wars. That period, as is natural, has
inspired the greatest works of many of the greatest Bohemian writers.
Vrchlický has also obtained fame as a dramatist His _Noc na Karlštejne_
("A Night at the Karlštejn"), the scene of which is laid in the time of
Charles IV., has deservedly had great success, and figures frequently
in the repertoire of the National Theatre of Prague. Vrchlický's
_Julian Apostata_ deals with its difficult though fascinating subject
in a very striking manner. This brilliant play well bears comparison
with Ibsen's book on the same subject, and Merežkovsky's _Death of
the Gods_. Of Vrchlický's many other works his Trilogy on the Greek
tale of Hippodamia deserves mention. It is quite impossible to give
in a few words even a fairly sufficient appreciation of the work of
Vrchlický.[166] Some of the finest writings of the poet have recently
been translated into German.
Svatopluk Čech, born in 1846 at Ostředek in Bohemia, ranks with
Vrchlický as one of the greatest of modern Bohemian poets. I consider
it useless to enter into the invidious and foolish question, to which
of the two great poets the primacy should be awarded. Svatopluk Čech is
truly great as a writer of epic poems, and here he may be considered
as unrivalled by modern writers, even in larger and better known
countries than his own. His first epic poem, _Adamite_, deals with a
strange, well-known episode in Bohemian history. The _Smith of Lešetin_
(Lešetinský Kovář), portrays in an admirable manner the life of the
Bohemian peasantry. But the masterpiece of Čech is, I think, the epic
poem entitled _Václav z Michalovic_. The hero of the poem is a young
Bohemian, a son of one of the nobles who were decapitated in Prague
after the disaster of the White Mountain. Some parts of this poem,
such as the prologue and the speech to the people of Prague, which
Michalovic delivers in the Salvator Church, are of unrivalled beauty.
Criticism can obviously be founded only on individual impressions; and
I do not hesitate to state that no work of modern Bohemian literature
has impressed me as strongly as _Václav z Michalovic_. Of Čech's other
poetical works, his sad, pessimistic, and--alas--truthful _Písně
Otroka_ ("Songs of a Slave") should be mentioned. Svatopluk Čech has
also published a considerable number of prose works. His _Povidky,
Arabesky a Humoresky_, in four volumes, have had a great success.
Of minor poets I will first mention Adolph Heyduk, born in 1835 at
Richenburg in Bohemia. Of his many poetical works, _Cymbal a husle_,
a tale of the life of the Slavic inhabitants of Northern Hungary, has
the greatest value. Heyduk's _Drěvorubec_ ("The Wood-cutter"), in
which, as in many others of the poet's works, the scene is laid in
the Sumava (the so-called Bohemian woods), has also obtained great
success. J. V. Sládek (born 1845), formerly editor of the _Lumir_
review, has translated several works of Shakespeare and Byron, as well
as some of the Polish writings of Mickiewicz, into Bohemian. A talented
younger writer is J. S. Machar (born 1864). His _Tristium Vindobona_
is a very powerful work, which brilliantly describes the depression
while dwelling in Vienna, and the antipathy to that city, which appear
almost innate in a Bohemian. Recently a friend of Machar, V. A. Jung,
has published an admirable Bohemian translation of part of Byron's
_Don Juan_. It is to be hoped that the writer will complete his task.
Mrs. Kose (whose pseudonym is Tereza Dubrovská) has recently published
a clever volume of poems entitled _Písně_ (poems). Miss Hurych, who
writes under the name Marie Kalma, has produced several novels that
have had considerable success. Mr. George Karasek ze Lvovic has
recently published several works both in prose and in verse. Of these,
his drama entitled _Apollonius z Tyany_ is perhaps the best.
FOOTNOTES:
[142] See later.
[143] See Chapter I.
[144] A minor Bohemian writer of the period. Though Ziegler was a
professor of theology, love is the subject of some of his songs.
[145] A proverbial Bohemian expression signifying "one and all".
[146] In Bohemian, "Mi hodně mnoho dávaji." The Bohemian colloquialism
can here be literally translated by an English colloquial expression.
[147] A Bohemian nobleman who owned estates near Leitmeritz.
[148] This alludes to the now uncontested fact that countrymen and
literary rivals of Jungmann had denounced Jungmann's writings to the
Austrian Government, attributing to them a political tendency, from
which in reality they were absolutely free.
[149] The few Bohemian books that appeared in the eighteenth, and even
at the beginning of the nineteenth century, were printed in German
(Gothic) characters, and it was hoped that the Latin characters would
be unintelligible to many people of the lower classes, from whom the
censors wished to withhold the chronicle.
[150] Thus written by Jungmann. The person referred to is Sir John
Bowring.
[151] Writing for English readers, it is scarcely necessary to mention
that there was not in the year 1827 a wide-spread enthusiasm in
England for learning Slavic languages. Jungmann, sanguine, like all
the Bohemian patriots of his time, generalised on the strength of some
statements of English philologists whom he may have met at Prague.
[152] In Croatia, early in the present century, a national movement
sprung up similar to that of Bohemia, but its results were smaller and
less enduring. Gay, the leader of this movement, was persecuted by the
Hungarians, just as the Bohemians were by the German officials.
[153] In German "Moldau."
[154] Kollar refers to those who, though of Slav origin, identified
themselves with the Germans.
[155] This is still perfectly true. In Mecklenburg and some parts of
Prussia the names of many towns and villages are obviously of Slav
origin, as are the family names of some of the oldest families which
are derived from localities.
[156] See later.
[157] References to ancient Bohemian legends.
[158] This was written some years ago, when the enthusiasm for the
works of Tolstoy, Dostoievsky, Tourguenev, Goncharov, and others was at
its height in Paris.
[159] See my article on the "Bohemian Question," _Nineteenth Century_,
December 1898.
[160] I have dwelt with more detail on this subject in a (Bohemian)
essay on "Some references to Palacký in the Works of English Writers,"
which appeared in the _Pamatnik Palackého_ (Palacký Memorial),
published in 1898 on the occasion of the centenary of Palacký's birth.
[161] Professor Kalousek, in the interesting essay on the "Leading Idea
of Palacký's Historical Work," which he contributed to the Palacký
Memorial, has noted that the principles according to which Palacký's
_History of Bohemia_ is written are in complete accordance with
the rules established by Blair in his thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth
lecture, _On Historical Writing_.
[162] Since the above was written, Mr. Morfill has published an
admirable "Grammar of the Bohemian Language," the first ever written in
English. I can strongly recommend it to readers who wish to acquire the
Bohemian language.
[163] In his (German) work, _Zur Böhmischen Geschichischreibung_.
[164] For further particulars I must again refer my readers to my
article on "The Bohemian Question", published in the _Nineteenth
Century_, December 1898.
[165] Mrs. Malybrok-Stieler has recently translated _Vyšehrad_ into
German (Prague Rivnác, 1898).
[166] The late Dr. Albrecht, in his _Neuere Poesie aus Böhmen_ and
_Neueste Poesie aus Böhmen_, published many German translations from
Svatopluk Čech and Vrchlický. To the latter Dr. Albrecht devoted a
whole volume.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Not unnecessarily to extend this list, I have enumerated only a few
books, dealing either with Bohemian literature as a whole, or with
considerable portions of it. Bohemian books have increased rapidly
within the last few years. I have therefore left unmentioned many
valuable monographs, which are indispensable to those who wish to
acquire a more thorough knowledge of Bohemian literature than I have
been able to give in this book. Literature and history are very closely
connected in Bohemia, and many of the modern historians, such as
Palacký, Gindely, Goll, Tieftrunk, Kalousek, and Flajšhans, throw a
great deal of light also on the literature of Bohemia. Much valuable
information on Bohemian literature is also contained in the numerous
editions of ancient Bohemian writings--frequently mentioned in these
pages--which appeared in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Most
of them contain valuable commentaries and biographies. Besides the
Journal of the Bohemian Museum, the yearly publications of the Bohemian
Society of Sciences and of the Bohemian Academy incidentally devote
their attention to the literature of the country. Periodicals such as
the _Česky Časopis historický_, _Lumir_, _Světozor_, _Osvěta_, and
others contain many interesting articles on Bohemian literature.
* * * * *
ČASOPIS MUSEA KRÁLOVSTVÍ ČESKÉHO. Journal of the Museum of the Bohemian
Kingdom. Published annually since 1827.
DOBROVSKÝ (Joseph). Geschichte der Böhmischen Sprache und Literatur.
Prag, 1818.
FLAJŠHANS (Dr. Václav). Pisemnictvi České (Bohemian Literature).
Prague, 1901.
JEŘÁBEK (Dr. F. V.). Stará doba romantického básnictvi (The Ancient
Period of Romantic Poetry). Prague, 1883.
JIREČEK (Dr. Joseph). Rukovět k dejinám literatury české do Konce
XVIII. věku (Handbook of the History of Bohemian Literature up to the
End of the Eighteenth Century). Prague, 1875 and 1876.
JUNGMANN (Joseph). Historie Literatury České (History of Bohemian
Literature). Second enlarged edition. Prague, 1849.
LÉGER (Professor Louis). Le Monde Slave [1 vol.], Études Slaves [3
vols.], Russes et Slaves [2 vols.]. Professor Léger has devoted more
than thirty years to the study of the Slavic race. All the books
mentioned contain valuable essays on Bohemian literature.
LÜTZOW (Count). Ancient Bohemian Literature (New Review, February 1897).
LÜTZOW (Count). Lectures on the Historians of Bohemia; being the
Ilchester Lectures for the Year 1904.
MORFILL (W. R., M.A.). Slavonic Literature. Contains in a few pages a
concise and interesting account of the literature of Bohemia.
MURKO (Dr. Matthias). Anfänge der böhmischen Romantik. A very
interesting work. Murko, however, attempts to prove too much when he
maintains that the Bohemian patriots mainly imitated the Germans in
their desire of national development.
PALACKÝ (Franz). Würdigung der alten böhmischen Geschichtschreiber. New
edition. Prague, 1869.
PALACKÝ (Franz). Die Vorläufer des Hussitenthums. New edition. Prague,
1869.
PYPIN (a. N.) and SPASOVIČ; (V. D.). Geschichte der Slavischen
Literaturen. Written in Russian, Translated into German by Traugott
Pech. Nearly a whole volume is devoted to the history of Bohemian
literature.
ŠAFAŘIK (Paul Joseph). Geschichte der slavischen Sprache und
Literatur, New edition. Prague, 1869.
TALVIJ (Mrs. Robinson). Historical View of the Slavic Language and
its Various Dialects. This is not an original work, but an extract
From Šafařik's Book That Has Just Been Mentioned. Palacký And Šafařik
himself pointed this out many years ago.
TIEFTRUNK (Karel). Historie Literatury České (History of Bohemian
Literature). Second edition. Prague, 1880.
VLČEK (Jaroslav). Dejiny Literatury České (History of Bohemian
Literature). This work is still incomplete, and appears in short parts
at considerable intervals.
WRATISLAW (Rev. A. H.). The Native Literature of Bohemia in the
Fourteenth Century.
With the exception of Messrs. Pypin and Spasovič's work, I have quoted
the titles of these books in the language in which they were published,
adding an English translation of books published in Bohemian.
INDEX
Albert of Uničov, Archbishop of Prague, 104
Alexander V., decree against heresy, 99
Alexander V. recognised as Pope, 98
Alexander VI. appoints Cardinal of Monreale to see of Olmütz, 177
_Alexandreis_--
Account of, 18
Account of festivities when Alexander entered Babylon, 23
Extract from battle-piece, 22
Amos, Brother, theological treatises, 228
Andrew of Duba, author of early legal work, 51
Arbes, Jacob, _Romanetta_, 408
Arnold, Nicholas, antagonist of Komenský, 276
Augusta, Bishop--
Hymns, 231
Sketch of career, 228
_Summary_, 230
Austi, John of, Hus retires to his castle, 107
Balbin (Balbinus)--
Account of Milič of Kremsier, 59
_Miscellanea_ and other works, 356
Bartoš Pisář, _Chronicles of Prague_, 299
Bayle, judgment of Komenský, 249, 273
Bechin, Wenceslas of, lays articles from Wycliffe's writings before
assembly at Prague, 91
Benedict XIII., 95
Benes of Weitmil, Canon, incorporates Charles IV.'s notes in his
chronicle, 49, 50
"Bible of Kralice," 248
Bienenberg, Joseph, _Alterthümer in Königreiche Böhmen_ and
_History of the Town of Königgrätz_, 357
Bilek, account of Bishop Augusta's prison life, 299, 311
Quotation from, 312
Blahoslav--
Account of _Summary_, 230
_Filipika_, 233
_Grammatika Česká_, 239
_History of the Unity_ lost, 296, 311
Knowledge of writings of Humanists, 175
_Replika proti Misomusūm_ extract from, 237
Sketch of career, 232
Visits Sigismund Gelenius, 185
Bohemia--
Březan's account of social condition of, 319
Chivalrous poetry, 17
Clergy, 58
Greek and Latin ritual in, 13
Humanist movement in, 174
Intellectual activity at beginning of sixteenth century, 295
Invaded by troops of Margrave of Meissen, 90
Prosperous during reign of Charles IV., 57
Religious sects in, 143, 152
Bohemian books burnt, 354
Bohemian Brethren ("Unity")--
Conferences of two parties, 216
Cromwell's suggestion for, 274
Decide to abandon Bohemia, 256
Discord among, 215
Effect on Bohemian literature, 201, 296
"First persecution," 205
Foundation of, 174
Historians of, 310
Historical archives, 296
Institutions modelled on Waldenses', 219
Luther's teaching affecting, 221
Bohemian language and literature, development of, 174, 295, 354, 403, 406
Bohemian lyric poems, 25
Bohemian writings, character of early, 8
Borč; directs Hanka's attention to manuscript, 2
Bořivoj, Prince, concession of, 45
Brand, Erasmus and Sebastian, 189
Březan, Wenceslas, _History of House of Rosenberg_, 314
Březova, Laurence of, 50
_Chronicon_, record of Hussite wars, 147
"Brothers of Chilčic," 15;
join community of Kunwald, 205
Brünn, account of St. Catherine's martyrdom in Church of St. Jacob, 10
Budovec, Wenceslas, of Budova--
_Anti-Alkoran_, 243, 244
Letters, 247
Sketch of, 242
State papers, 247
Views of, 192
Calixtines (Utraquists), party of Hussites, 143
"Canon of Vyšehrad," chronicle of, 46
_Cantio Zavisonis_, extract from, 28
_Cato_, adaptation from Latin, 41
Čech appears in Bohemia, 32
Čech, Svatopluk, 419
Čechs, account of their establishment in Bohemia, 44
Čelakovský, Ladislav, collections of national songs, 404
Charles IV.--
As Bohemian historian, 48
Establishes Slavonic monks at Prague, 13
Invites Conrad Waldhauser to Bohemia, 58
Chatillon, Philip Gaultier (Walter)de, Latin poem of, 18
Chelčicky, Peter, 153
Character of writings, 157
Influence on "Bohemian Brethren," 171
_Net of Faith_; summary of, 166 _seqq._
Opinion of towns, 215
Originator of "Unity," 202
_Postilla_, 159
_Reply to Nicholas_, 148, 158
_Reply to Rokycan_, quoted, 155, 170
Socialism, 153
Chlum, John of, accompanies Hus to Constance, 110
_Chronicle of Dalimil._ See _Dalimil's Chronicle_
_Chronicle of Troy_, 56
first Bohemian work printed, 57
_Chronicon Boemorum_--
Continuations of, 46
Described, 44
Early prose Latin work, 42
Numerous MSS. of, 46
Quoted in _Dalimil's Chronicle_, 31
Cimburg, Ctibor, of Tovačov, _Book of Law_, 172
Colloredo, Count, owner of estate of Grüneberg, 6
Colonna, Cardinal, rejects appeal of Hus, 103
Comenius. See Komenský
Constance, Council of, 108
Cosmas, "the father of Bohemian history," 42
_Chronicon Boemorum_. See that title
On "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8
Sketch of his life, 42
Tales of Crocus, Libussa, Premysl, and "war of the maidens," 45
Cromwell's suggestion for Bohemian Brethren, 274
Curtius, Quintus, _Alexandreis_ based on work of, 18
_Dalimil's Chronicle_, account of, 29
Preface quoted, 31
_De Ecclesia_, summary of (_See_ also under Hus.)
De Geers, Lawrence, invites Komenský to Amsterdam, 275
De Geers, Louis, correspondence with Komenský, 268
Des Marets, Samuel, antagonist of Komenský, 276
Dietmar, Bishop of Prague, "Gospodi pomiluj ny" sung at his
installation, 8
Dobrovský, Joseph, "patriarch of Slavic philology," 359
_Detailed Grammar of Bohemian Language_, 360
_History of Bohemian Language and its Older Literature_, 360
Obtains appointment of archivist for Palacký, 389
Opinion of "MS. of Grüneberg," 361
Drabik, influence over Komenský, 252, 271
Prophecies, 272
Duba, Wenceslas of, accompanies Hus to Constance, 110
Eastern and Roman ritual, rivalry between, 13, 14
Erasmus of Rotterdam, and apology of "Unity," 220
Erben, Charles Jaromir, as editor and poet, 406
Edited and published books _Of General Christian Matters_, 65
Ernest of Pardubic, Archbishop of Prague, 36, 60, 93
Flajšhans, Dr., history of Bohemian literature, 409
Flaška, Smil--
_Advice of a Father to his Son_, 36
_Groom and the Scholar_, 40
_New Council_, account of, 38
Sketch of career, 36
Francis, Provost of Prague, chronicle of, 48
Frederick II., Emperor, circular to princes, 139
Gebauer, Professor, writings on philology, 409
Gelenius, Gregory, 175;
translations of classical works into Bohemian, 184
Gelenius, Sigismund, sketch of, 185
George, King of Bohemia, 204
Germany, war between Charles V, and Protestants, 229
Gindely, Dr. Anton--
Historical works, 408
Opinion of Jaffet's list of ordinations, 241
Glagolitic alphabet employed, 13
Goethe, adaptation of _Kytice_, 2
Goll, Professor--
History of Bohemian Brethren, 412
Investigations on Bohemia and Greek Church, 137
On authorship of "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8
On torture inflicted on Gregory, 206
Goll, Professor--
Researches into life of Chelčicky, 156
Gregory, Brother,
founder of "Unity," 203; St. Kunwald, 205
Controversy with Lucas of Prague, 217
Followers, 205, 207
_Letters to Rokycan_, extract from _Fourth_, 208
Tortured (?), 206
Gregory XII. recognised as Pope by Prague University, 95
Habernfeld, Andreas ab, _Bellum Bohemicum_, 353
Halek, minor poet, 404
Hanka, Venceslas--
And falsification of manuscripts, 8
Collection of Bohemian songs, 403
Discoverer of MS. of Königinhof, 2, 403
Publishes _Tkadleček the Weaver_, 51
Harant, Christopher, of Polžic--
Classical erudition, 298
_Journey to Venice, Holy Land, and Egypt_; extract from, 329, 333
Sketch of career, 326 _seqq._
Views of, 192
Harasser, Walter, and articles from Wycliffe's writings, 91
Hartlib, Samuel, interested in Komenský's "Pansophy," 260, 269
Hattala, Professor, edition of _Reči Besedni_, 73, 75
Hayek, semi-mythical tales, 32
Henry of Baltenhagen recognises Gregory XII. as Pope, 95
Henry of Carinthia, 29
Heyduk, Adolphus, 408
Hilferding on Bohemians and Greek Church, 137
Hladík, Wenceslas, 417
Hlavsa, John, Bartoš's account of, 302
Hodic, George, Lord of, and Charles of Žerotin, 323
Höfler, Professor, criticism of Palacký, 402
Horaždovic, Minorite monastery of, 242
Hradil discovers MS. of _Grammatika Česká_, 239
Hübner, John, makes selections from Wycliffe's writings, 91
Humanist movement, growth of, and development of Bohemian language, 174
Hurych, Miss, 421
Hus, John--
Affection for national language, 122
Attends Council of Constance--
forebodings, 109
Character, 140
_Dcerka_, 127
_De Ecclesia_, 111, 113;
summary of, 119
Expositions (_Výklad_), 123 _seqq._
Influence of Wycliffe on, 137
Latin and Bohemian letters, 131 _seqq._
Letter to Richard Wyche, 131
_O Savtokupectví_, treatise on simony, 127
On indulgences, 105, 129
_Postilla_, 130
Relations with Archbishop Zbynek, 93, 94, 98
Summary of career, 87 _seqq._
Works, Bohemian and Latin, 57, 107, 117
Huska, Martin ("Loquis"), sketch of, 153
Hussite movement and development of Bohemian language, 297
Hussite wars, 143 _seqq._
War songs, 9
Innocent IV. deposes Emperor Frederick II., 139
Institoris, Henry, works against "Unity," 294
Jacobellus of Mies--
_Articles of Prague_, 146
Maintained necessity of communion in two kinds, 112, 145
Jaffet, Brother, writings of, 241
Jagič, Professor, on influence of Chelčicky's works, 153
Janov, Matthew of--
Precursor of Hus, 79
Recantation, 81
Sketch of, 80
Theological works, 81, 82, 83
Writings influenced by schism, 80
Jarloch, Abbot of Muhlhausen, chronicle of, 47
Jerome of Prague--
Connection with Hus, 141
Letter to Lord Lacek of Kravář, 142
Jirasek, Alois, 416
Jireček, Dr.--
Biography of Lucas of Prague, 222
_Handbook of History of Bohemian Literature_, 406
John, King, dislike to Bohemian language, 296
John of Luxemburg, cosmopolitanism of, 29
John XXII.--
And Hus, 102
Crusade against King Ladislas of Naples, 105
Deposed, 113
Joseph II. excluded Bohemian language from schools, 358
"Joys of St. Mary," legend of, 16
_Judas, Legend of_, 10
Jung, V. A., translator, 421
Jungmann, Joseph--
History of Bohemian literature, 143, 364
Letters to Marek, 367
Sketch of life, 362
Translations from English, 363
Justinus, Bishop, Komenský succeeds, 270
Kalousek, Josef--
_České Statni Pravo_, 412
Investigations on Bohemia and Greek Church, 137
Kbel, John, lays articles from Wycliffe's writings before Assembly
at Prague, 91
Keatinge--
Account of Komenský's reception in London, 262
On prophecies of Drabik, 273
Klicpera, Wenceslas, plays of, 405
_Kniha starého pána z Rožmberka_, oldest prose work in Bohemia, 51
Kollar, John--
Correspondence with Jungmann, Safařik, and Palacký, 382
_Daughter of Sláva_, 372;
"fore-song" quoted, 376;
sonnets quote, 379
Sketch of career, 371
Kolovrat, Count, MS. of Grüneberg sent to, 6;
one of founders of Bohemian Museum, 370
Komenský--
"Christian Academy of Pansophy," plan of founding, 267, 290
_Didactica Magna_, 250, 287
Educational works, 251, 260, 286
Impressions of England, 262
_Janua Linguarum_, 261; account of, 287
_Labyrinth of the World_, 251, 262;
summary of, 277 _seqq._
Last Bishop of Bohemian Brethren, 270, 276
_Lux in Tenebris_, 276, 293
Pansophic works, 261, 269, 289, 293
_Physica_, 260
Sketch of life, 250, 252 seqq.
_Via Lucis_, 268, 290
Konáč, Nicolas (Finitor), _The Book of Lamentation and Complaint of
Justice_, 189
Konias burns Bohemian books, 354
Königinhof, discovery of manuscript at, 2
Kose, Mrs., 421
Kotter, Christopher, Komenský's belief in, 256
Koubek, minor poet, 404
Kovár, John, declared he found manuscript of Grüneberg, 6
Králové Dvur, Königinhof, 2
Krasonický, works of, 227
Križ founds Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, 88
Krok, adventures of, 32
Kuthen, Martin, Utraquist historian, 307
Kutna Hora (Kuttenberg), decrees of, 97, 98
Lacenbok, Henry of, accompanies Hus to Constance, 110
Ladislas, King of Naples, incurs enmity of Pope John XXIII., 105
Ladislas Posthumus, King, hostile to Utraquist creed, 202
Latin used by writers, 42
_Laurin_, epic poem, 25
Lažan, Henry of, Lord, adherent of Hus, 107
Lechler, Dr.--
On Hus's letter to Archbishop Zbynek, 94
On works of Janov, 83
Opinion of lectures of John Hus, 88
Legends. (_See_ names of various saints.)
Léger, Professor--
On Slav language, 381
Translates account of Zižka's campaigns, 172
Lenfant, _Histoire des Guerres Hussites_, 305
Lescynski, Bohuslav, protects Bohemian Brethren, 262
Lescynski, Count Raphael, member of "Unity", 256
"Letter of Majesty" granted to Protestants, 243
Libočan, Hajek of, _Bohemian Chronicles_, 304
Account of Zižka's death, 305
Date of commencement, 35
Judgment of Hus and Jerome of Prague, 308
Libussa, adventures of, 32
Lissa occupied by Swedes
Lobkovic, Bohuslav of, "ultramontane" Bohemian humanist--
Influence on Bohemian literature, 180
Letter to John of Domoslav, 178
Relations with Victorin Cornelius ze Všehrd, 179
Sketch of career, 176
Works in Latin, 179
Lobkovic, John of, _True Bohemian Mentor_, written in Bohemian,
quoted, 181
Lobkovic, Nicholas of, influence over Wenceslas, 97
Lomnický, Simon, of Budeč "founder of Bohemian song," 191
_Advice to a Young Landowner_, 192
Ballad on executions at Prague quoted, 199
_Cupid's Arrow_, 194
Dirge on Peter of Rosenberg, 318; quotations from, 196, 197
Smaller poems, 195
Loserth, Professor, on Wycliffe's influence on Hus's writings, 138
Lucas of Prague--
Appeal to Erasmus, 220
Controversies, 217, 224
Mission to Waldenses, 219
Relations with Luther, 221, 222
_The Bark_, 219, 223
Lucas of Prague--
Witnesses death of Savonarola, 220, 227
Works, 222
Lupáč, Prokop, _History of Emperor Charles IV., King of Bohemia_, 310
Luther, Martin, and Lucas of Prague, 221
Lützow, Count Rudolph, obtains permission for Palacký to examine
MSS. at Rome, 392
Lvovic, George Karasek ze, 421
Macha, imitated Byron, 404
Machar, J. S., 421
Manuscript of Grüneberg, 5--
A falsification, 6
"Judgment of Libussa," 7
Sent to Francis, Count Kolovrat-Liebsteinsky, 6
"The Decree of Domestic Law," 7
Manuscript of Königinhof--
Ballads in, 4
Discovered in tower of church, 2
Genuineness, 3, 5
Locutions traced to Moravian dialect, 4
"The Cuckoo," translation of, 5
Translations, 2
Manuscript of Königgrätz, 3, 9
Legend of St. Prokop in, 12
Manuscript of St. Vitus, 3, 9
Manuscripts of beginning of present century, 7
Marek, Jungmann's friend, 404
Maria Teresa, Empress, excluded Bohemian language from schools, 358
Marsiglio of Padua, _Defensor Fidei_, 139
Masaryk, Professor Thomas, 415
Michael of Deutschbrod (de Causis)--
Complaint against Hus, 106
Draws up accusation of Hus, 111
Milheim, John of, founds Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, 88
Milič of Kremsier, sketch of, 59;
sermons in Bohemian, 60
Mladenovič, Peter of--
Account of Hus's journey, imprisonment and death, 116, 145
On accusation of Hus, 112
Record of Hus's journey, trial and death, 110
"Monk of Sazava," chronicle of, 47
Morfill, on Journal of Bohemian Museum, 391
Mourek, Bohemian-English and Anglo-Bohemian dictionaries, 410
Mrštik, William, novelist, 417
Mühlberg, Protestants defeated at, 229
Nassau University, 253
Neander studies works of Janov, 82
Němcova, Mrs. Božena, _Babička_ (Grandmother), 405
_New Council_, beast-epic, 35;
account of, 38
Niederle, Dr., 416
Novikov, Eugene, on Bohemians and Greek Church, 137
_Ottokar and Zavis_, 35
Ottokar II., account of reign of, 33
Oxenstiern, Chancellor, Komenský's interview with, 269
Palacký, Francis--
Defends Ottokar II., 33
Edits Journal of Bohemian Museum, 391
Examines early Bohemian histories, 46
Examines Rosenberg archives, 317
_History of Bohemia_, 390, 396;
censors and, 397
Investigations on Greek Church and Bohemia, 137
Latin and Bohemian documents, 402
Minor works, 400
Opinion of Manuscript of Königinhof, 2
Palacký, Francis--
Opinion of Skála ze Zhoře, 335
Opinion of Štitný, 74
Reply to Höfler's criticisms, 402
Reply to invitation to German National Assembly, Frankfort, 392
Sketch of career, 388 _seqq._
Speech at banquet quoted, 395
Paleč, Stephen--
Abandons Hus, 106
Banished by Wenceslas, 108
Draws up accusation of Hus, 111
Pardubic, William of, 36
Pasěk, John, Bartoš's account of, 301
Patera, Adolphus, searches for early Bohemian MSS., 409
Payne, Peter, English Hussite, adversary of John of Přibram, 144
Sketch of, 146
Pelhřimov, Nicholas of ("Biskupec"), work of, 148
Pešina, Tomas, Latin works treating of Moravia, 357
Peter the Great conversing with nobles at Prague, 355
Pfauser mediates between Maximilian and Blahoslav, 233
Píč, Dr., 416
"Pickharts" or "Beghards," 205
Pisecký (Wenceslas Hladič)--
Greek studies, 184, 186
Sketch of career, 185
Podlipská, Sophia, 405
Ponatovská, Christina--
Influence on Komenský, 79
"Prophecies" of, 227
Ponatovská, Julian, 257
Prague--
Account of foundation of, 45
Wycliffe's works burned at, 101
Prague University--
Articles from Wycliffe's works condemned by, 91, 106
Change in organisation, 97
Divisions, 91, 97
Recognises Gregory XII. as Pope, 95
Wycliffe's writings discussed at, 91
Prague University and development of Bohemian language, 297
Precursors of Hus, 57
Prefat, Ulrick, of Vlkanov, descriptions of Holy Land, 325
Premysl, adventures of, 32
Presl, John, account of, 405
Přibik. (_See_ Pulkava.)
Přibram, John of, champion of moderate Utraquists, 144
Works, 144
Prokop of Neuhaus (Jindřichuv Hradec), theological writer of
"Unity," 215, 217
Works in Bohemian, 218
Pulkava, account of his Bohemian chronicle, 49
Pypin and Spasovič, _History of Slav Literatures_, 386
Queen Kunegund, 28
Queen Sophia--
Friendly to Hus, 98, 136
Letter to Pope protesting against severity to Hus, 103
"Question of the Manuscripts," 1
Rakoczy, George, Prince of Transylvania, invites Komenský to visit
him, 271
Ranke studies archives of Vatican, 392
Rezek, Anton, historical works, 413
Rokycan, Archbishop, leader of advanced Calixtine party, 148
Originator of "Unity," 202
_Postilla_, 147
Relations with Gregory, 204, 206
Teaching of, 202
Romanist song, "Woe to you, Hus," 172
Rosenberg Library, Stockholm, legend of St. Catherine discovered in, 10
Rosenberg, Lords of, Březan's history of, 314
Rosenberg, Peter of--
Important part in Bohemian politics, 318
Love of literature, 298
Rubes, popular song of, 404
Rudolph II. grants "Letter of Majesty" to Protestants, 243
_Rukopis Kralodvorsky._ (_See_ Manuscript of Königinhof.)
Šafařik, Paul Joseph--
Opinion of Manuscript of Königinhof, 2
Sketch of career, 383
_Starožitnosti Slovanské_ (Slavic Antiquity), 386
Works on Slav language and race, 382, 383, 387
St. Anselm, legend of, 17
St. Bridget, visions of, and Štitný, 79
St. Catherine, account of her martyrdom, 10
St. Catherine, legends of, 10
St. Cyrillus as author of "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8
St. Cyrillus introduces Greek ritual into Bohemia, 13
St. Dorothy, legend of, 11
St. George, legend of, 17
St. Methodius as author of "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8
St. Methodius introduces Greek ritual into Bohemia, 13
St. Prokop, legend of, 12, 47
St. Venceslas, hymn to, 8
St. Vitus, legend of St. Dorothy in, 11
_Satires on Trades_, 41
Sazava, monastery on, 13
Sedláček, Dr. Augustine, 416
Severus, Provost of Mélnik, _Chronicon Boemorum_ dedicated to, 44
Sigismund, King, conduct towards Hus, 109, 111
Sixt of Ottersdorf--
_History of the Troubled Years in Bohemia_, 304
Political career, 303
Skála ze Zhoře--
Account of executions of Prague, 342
_Chronology of the Church_, 336;
extracts from, 337, 339, 341
_Historie Cirkevni_ (History of the Church), 336
Sketch of career, 335
Sládek, J. V., translations of English poets, 407
Slavata, William Count--
Account of Count Thurn's banquet to Turkish embassy, 244, 348
_Historické Spisovani_ (Historical Works), 352
_Paměty_, 346
Sketch of life, 345
Šlechta, John, "ze Všehrd"--
_Microcosmus_, 188
Sketch of, 187
_Songs at Daybreak_ (Svitanicka), 25;
translation of one, 26
Spencer, Henry, Bishop of Norwich, Flemish crusade opposed by
Wycliffe, 106
Stanislaus of Znaym, abandons Hus, 106
Banished by Wenceslas, 108
"Staři Letopisove Cešti," ancient Bohemian chroniclers, 171
Sternberg, Count Francis, protects Palacký, 390
Sternberg, Count Kaspar, President of Bohemian Museum, 390
Štitný, Thomas of--
_Of General Christian Manners_, contents of, 65 _seqq._
Precursor of Hus, employs native language, 42, 57, 63, 74
Štitný, Thomas of--
_Reči Besedni_, "Learned Entertainments," 73 _seqq._
Sketch of career, 63
Stransky, Paul--
On Bohemians adhering to Greek Church, 137
_Respublica Bojema_, 353
Sturm, Venceslas, theological works, 294
Světla, Karolina, novelist, 408
Swinburne, poem on St. Dorothy, 11
Sylvius, Ænæas (Pius II.)--
Account of visit to Tabor, 148
Account of Zižka's death, 152
Work on Bohemia destroyed, 355
Tabor City, Ænæas Sylvius' account of visit to, 148
Taborites, advanced Hussites, 143
_Tale of Alexander the Great_, 56
_Tandarius and Floribella_, 25
"Tears of Mary Magdalene," legend of, 16
"Tears of St. Mary," legend of, 16
_The Contest of the Body and the Soul_, 17
_The Death of King John_, 35
_The Garden of Roses_, 25
_The Painted Monks_, written from Roman standpoint, 173
Theobaldus, _Hussitenkrieg_, 305
Theodoric, legends about, 25
Thurloe, suggestion for Bohemian Brethren, 274
Thurn, Count, pamphlet on assassination of Wallenstein, 346, 351
_Tkadleček the Weaver_, account of, 51
Lament to Misfortune quoted, 53
Misfortune's reply, extract from, 56
Tieftrunk, Karl, historical works, 408
Tiem, Wenceslas, Dean of Passau, preaches crusade at Prague, 105
Tomek, Wenceslas--
Historical works, 408
On letter of safe conduct given to Hus, 109
_Travels of Sir John Mandeville_, translated into Bohemian by
Březova, 147
Treaty of Westphalia and Komenský, 271
Třebizky, Benes, historical novels, 405
_Tristram_ similar to _Morte d'Arthur_, 25
Truhlář, Professor Joseph, collection of Latin letters of
Bohuslav, 177;
_Humanismus v Čechach_, 414
_Truth_, allegorical poem, 17
Tyl, Joseph, dramatic works, 404
Ulrick, Prince, description of his meeting Bozena, 32
"Unity." (_See_ Bohemian Brethren.)
Urban, Pope, and Milič of Kremsier, 61
"Utraquist Church," 300
Utraquists (Calixtines) party of Hussites, 143
Velenovic, Nicholas, Hus defends, 94
Veleslavin, Adam Daniel, sketch of career and works, 189
Veleslavin, Adam Samuel, sketch of career, 190
Venceslas, Prince, descriptions of murder of, 32
Victorin Cornelius ze Všehrd--
Relations with Bohuslav, 176
Sketch of, 183
_Ten Books on the Rights of the Bohemian Land_, 183
_Vita Caroli_ translated into Bohemian, 49
Vlček, Jaroslav, 414
Vlček, Wenceslas, novelist, 416
Vodnan, John of, works of, 294
Vratislav, Venceslas, of Mitrovic, account of travels and adventures, 326
Vrchlický, Jaroslav (Emil Frida), dramas and other works, 418
_Výklad na pravo zemske_, early legal work, 51
Waldenses' influence on Hussite movement, 166
Waldensian consecrating priest of "Unity," 207
Waldhauser, Conrad--
Latin _Postilla_, 159
Sketch of, 58
Works, 59
Wallenstein, Christina Ponatovská prophesies his death, 258
_Weaver._ (See _Tkadleček the Weaver_.)
Wenceslas IV.--
Attitude towards Popes, 95, 96, 98
Publishes "Decrees of Kutna Hora," 97
Struggle with Bohemian nobles, 36
White Mountain, battle of--
Misery of Bohemia after, 354
Political results of, 298
_William of Zajic_, 35
Winter, Sigismund, 414
Winthrop, Richard Charles, suggestions to Komenský, 268
Wratislaw, Rev. A. H.--
Biography of John Hus, 86
On Hus's treatise on simony, 128
On resemblance between _Tristram_ and _Morte d'Arthur_, 25
On works of Janov, 83
Wyche, Richard, letter to Hus, 102, 131;
reply, 131
Wycliffe's--
Articles condemned, 113
Works burned at Prague, 101
Works quoted by Hus, 57
Writings discussed at Prague, 91
Zajic, Zbyněk, of Hasenburg, Archbishop of Prague--
Excommunicates Hus and his adherents, 101
Recognises Alexander V. as Pope, 99
Sketch of, 92
Zavis of Falkenstein, 28
Zelená Hora. (_See_ Manuscript of Grüneberg.)
Žerotin, Charles of, 254, 257
_Obrana_ or _Apology_, extract from, 323
Sketch of career, 321
Žerotin, John of, pupil of Blahoslav, 232
Zeyer, Julius, 410
Zibrt, Dr., study of Bohemian folklore, 409
Židek, Paul, 294
Zittau, Peter of, chronicle, 48
Zǐžka, John, of Trocnov, leader of moderate Taborites, 144, 149
Accounts of his death, 152
_Regulations of War_, Letters, 149
Taborite war-song quoted, 151
Zwicker, Daniel, antagonist of Komenský, 276
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End of Project Gutenberg's A History of Bohemian Literature, by Count Lützow