ETHNOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF AÍR.
The name Aír, exactly as it is written and pronounced by the natives
at the present day, first occurs in the description of Leo, which was
written in 1526. The country Káher, mentioned by the traveller Ebn
Batúta on his home journey from Tekádda by way of the wells of Asïu, is
evidently somewhere hereabouts, but seems rather to denote the region
a few days’ journey west from Tin-téllust, and to be identical with
the “Ghir” of Leo, though this extended more to the south-west. The
name being written by the Arabs with an _h_ (Ahír), most historical
geographers have erroneously concluded that this is the true indigenous
form of the name.
Aïr, however, does not appear to be the original name of the country,
but seems to have been introduced by the Berber conquerors, the former
name being Asben or Absen, as it is still called by the black and the
mixed population. Asben was formerly the country of the Góberáwa, the
most considerable and noble portion of the Háusa nation, which does not
seem to belong to the pure Negro races, but to have originally had some
relationship with North Africa; and from this point of view the statement
of Sultan Bello cannot be regarded as absurd, when in the introduction
to his historical work on the conquests of the Fulbe, “Infák él misúri
fi fat hah el Tekrúri,” he calls the people of Góber Copts, though only
one family is generally considered by the learned men of the country as
of foreign origin. The capital of this kingdom of Asben, at least since
the sixteenth century, was Tin-shamán, at present a village a little to
the west of the road from Aúderas to Ágades, and about twenty miles from
the latter place. The name is evidently a Berber one; and the Berber
influence is still more evident from the fact that a portion, at least,
of the population of the town were Masúfa, a well-known Berber tribe
who in former times were the chief guides on the road from Sejilmésa
to Waláta. Be this as it may, several learned men, inhabitants of this
place, are mentioned by the native historians of Negroland, which shows
that there existed in it some degree of comparative civilization. In
the middle of the fourteenth century not only Tekádda, but even Káhír
was in the hands of the Berbers, as we see from Batúta’s narrative; and
this eminent traveller mentions a curious custom with regard to the
Berber prince, whom he styles el Gérgeri, or Tegérgeri, which even at
the present moment is in full operation in this country, viz. that the
succession went not to his own sons, but to his sister’s sons. This
remarkable fact is a certain proof that it was not a pure Berber state,
but rather a Berber dominion engrafted upon a Negro population, exactly
as was the case in his time in Waláta. Leo, who first calls the country
by its present Berber name Aïr, states also expressly that it was then
occupied by Tuarek, “Targa populo;” and we learn also from him that the
ruler of Ágades (a town first mentioned by him) was likewise a Berber; so
that it might seem as if the state of the country at that time was pretty
nearly the same as it is now; but such was not the case.
The name of the Kél-owí is not mentioned either by Leo or any other
writer before the time of Horneman, who, before he set out from Fezzán on
his journey to Bórnu, obtained some very perspicuous information about
these people, as well as about their country, Asben. At that time, before
the rise of the Fulbe under their reformer (el Jihádi), Othmán, the son
of Fódiye, it was a powerful kingdom, to which Góber was tributary. From
Horneman’s expression it would seem that the Kél-owí had conquered the
country only at a comparatively recent date; and this agrees perfectly
with the results of my inquiries, from which I conclude that it took
place about A.D. 1740. However, we have seen that four centuries before
that time the country was in the hands of the Berbers.
It appears that the Kél-owí are traceable from the north-west, and the
nobler part of them belong to the once very powerful and numerous tribe
of the Aurághen, whence their dialect is called Auraghíye even at the
present day. Their name signifies “the people settled in (the district
or valley of) Owí;” for “kél” is exactly identical with the Arabic word
áhel, and seems besides to be applied with especial propriety to indicate
the settled, in opposition to the nomadic tribes. For in general the
characteristic mark of the Kél-owí and their kinsmen is, that they live
in villages consisting of fixed and immovable huts, and not in tents made
of skins, like the other tribes, or in movable huts made of mats, like
the Tagáma and many of the Imghád of the Awelímmiden. With this prefix
kél may be formed the name of the inhabitants of any place or country:
Ferwán, Kél-ferwán; Bághzen, Kél-bághzen; Afélle (the north), Kél-afélle,
“the people of the north,” whom the Arabs in Timbúktu call Áhel eʾ
Sáhel; and no doubt a Targi, at least of the tribe of the Awelímmiden or
Kél-owí, would call the inhabitants of London Kél-london or Kél-londra,
just as he says Kél-ghadámes, Kél-tawát.
But there is something indeterminate in the name Kél-owí, which has both
a narrower and a wider sense, as is frequently the case with the names of
those tribes which, having become predominant, have grouped around them
and, to a certain extent, even incorporated with themselves many other
tribes which did not originally belong to them. In this wider sense the
name Kél-owí comprises a great many tribes, or rather sections, generally
named after their respective settlements.
I have already observed that the Berbers, in conquering this country from
the Negro, or I should rather say the sub-Libyan race (the Leucæthiopes
of the ancients), did not entirely destroy the latter, but rather mingled
with them by intermarriage with the females, thereby modifying the
original type of their race, and blending the severe and austere manners
and the fine figure of the Berber with the cheerful and playful character
and the darker colour of the African. The way in which they settled in
this country seems to have been very similar to that in which the ancient
Greeks settled in Lycia. For the women appear to have the superiority
over the male sex in the country of Asben, at least to a certain extent;
so that when a ba-Ásbenchi marries a woman of another village she does
not leave her dwelling-place to follow her husband, but he must come to
her in her own village. The same principle is shown in the regulation
that the chief of the Kél-owí must not marry a woman of the Targi blood,
but can rear children only from black women or female slaves.
With respect to the custom that the hereditary power does not descend
from the father to the son, but to the sister’s son—a custom well
known to be very prevalent not only in many parts of Negroland, but
also in India, at least in Malabar—it may be supposed to have belonged
originally to the Berber race; for the Azkár, who have preserved their
original manners tolerably pure, have the same custom, but they also
might have adopted it from those tribes (now their subjects—the Imghád)
who conquered the country from the black natives. It may therefore seem
doubtful whether, in the mixed empires of Ghánata, Melle, and Waláta,
this custom belonged to the black natives or was introduced by the
Berbers. Be this as it may, it is certain that the noble tribe of the
Awelímmiden deem the custom in question shameful, as exhibiting only
the man’s mistrust of his wife’s fidelity; for such is certainly its
foundation.
As for the male portion of the ancient population of Asben, I suppose it
to have been for the most part exterminated, while the rest was degraded
into the state of domestic slavery, with the distinct understanding that
neither they nor their children should ever be sold out of the country.
The consequence of this covenant has been an entire mixture between the
Berber conquerors and the female part of the former population, changing
the original Berber character entirely, as well in manners and language
as in features and complexion. Indeed, the Háusa language is as familiar
to these people as their Auraghíye, although the men, when speaking among
themselves, generally make use of the latter. The consequence is that the
Kél-owí are regarded with a sort of contempt by the purer Berber tribes,
who call them slaves (íkelán). But there is another class of people, not
so numerous, indeed, in Asben itself as in the districts bordering upon
it; these are the Búzawe, or Abogelíte, a mixed race, with generally more
marked Berber features than the Kél-owí, but of darker colour and lower
stature, while in manners they are generally debased, having lost almost
entirely the noble carriage which distinguishes even the most lawless
vagabond of pure Targi blood. These people, who infest all the regions
southwards and south-eastwards from Asben, are the offspring of Tuarek
females with black people, and may, belong either to the Háusa or to the
Sónghay race.
What I have here said sets forth the historical view of the state of
things in this country, and is well known to all the enlightened natives.
The vulgar account of the origin of the Kél-owí from the female slave
of a Tinýlkum who came to Asben, where she gave birth to a boy who was
the progenitor of the Kél-owí, is obviously nothing but a popular tale,
indicating, at the utmost, only some slight connection of this tribe with
the Tinýlkum.
Having thus preliminarily discussed the name of the tribe and the way
in which it settled in the country, I now proceed to give a list, as
complete as possible, of all the divisions or tiúsi (_sing._ tausit)
which compose the great community of the Kél-owí.
The most noble (that is to say, the most elevated, not by purity of
blood, but by authority and rank) of the subdivisions of this tribe at
the present time are the Irólangh, the Amanókalen or Sultan family, to
which belongs Ánnur, with no other title than that of Sheikh or Elder
(the original meaning of the word)—“sófo” in Háusa, “ámaghár” or “ámghár”
in Temáshight. The superiority of this section seems to date only from
the time of the present chief’s predecessor, the Kél-ferwán appearing to
have had the ascendency in earlier times. Though the head of this family
has no title but that of Sheikh, he has nevertheless far greater power
than the amanókal or titular Sultan of the Kél-owí, who resides in Ásodi,
and who is at present really nothing more than a prince in name. The next
in authority to Ánnur is Háj ʿAbdúwa, the son of Ánnur’s eldest sister,
and who resides in Táfidet.
The family or clan of the Irólangh, which, in the stricter sense of the
word, is called Kél-owí, is settled in ten or more villages lying to the
east and the south-east of Tin-téllust, the residence of Ánnur, and has
formed an alliance with two other influential and powerful families,
viz. the Kél-azanéres, or people of Azanéres, a village, as I shall have
occasion to explain further on, of great importance, on account of its
situation in connection with the salt lakes near Bilma, which constitute
the wealth and the vital principle of this community. On account of
this alliance, the section of the Kél-azanéres affected by it is called
Irólangh wuén Kél-azanéres; and to this section belongs the powerful
chief Lúsu, or, properly, el Úsu, who is in reality the second man in the
country on the score of influence.
On the other side, the Irólangh have formed alliance and relationship
with the powerful and numerous tribe of the Ikázkezan, or Ikéshkeshen,
who seem likewise to have sprung from the Aurághen; and on this account
the greater, or at least the more influential, part of the tribe,
including the powerful chief Mghás, is sometimes called Irólangh wuén
Ikázkezan, while, with regard to their dwelling-place, Támar, they bear
the name Kél-támar. But this is only one portion of the Ikázkezan.
Another very numerous section of them is partly scattered about Damerghú,
partly settled in a place called Elákwas (or, as it is generally
pronounced, Alákkos), a place between Damerghú and Múnio, together with a
mixed race called Kél-elákwas. The Ikázkezan of this latter section bear,
in their beautiful manly figure and fine complexion, much more evident
traces of the pure Berber blood than the Irólangh; but they lead a very
lawless life, and harass the districts on the borders of Háusa and Bórnu
with predatory incursions, especially those settled in Elákwas.
There are three tribes whose political relations give them greater
importance, namely, the Kél-táfidet, the Kél-n-Néggaru, and the
Kél-fares. The first of these three, to whom belongs the above-mentioned
Háj ʿAbdúwa, live in Táfidet, a group of three villages lying at the
foot of a considerable mountain chain thirty miles to the south-east
of Tin-téllust, and at the distance of only five good days’ march from
Bilma. The Kél-n-Néggaru form an important family originally settled in
Néggaru, a district to the north of Selúfiet; but at present they live
in Ásodi and in the village Eghellál, and some of them lead a nomadic
life in the valleys of Tin-téggana and Ásada. On account of the present
Sultan (who belongs to them) being called Astáfidet, they are now also
named Aushi-n-Astáfidet (the tribe of Astáfidet). The Kél-fares, to whom
belongs the great, mʿallem Azóri, who, on account of his learning, is
respected as a prince in the whole country, live in Tin-téyyat, a village
about thirty-five miles east-north-east from Tin-téllust.
The nominal chief of the Kél-owí is the amanókal residing in Asodi;
but there is now another greater association or confederation, formed
by the Kél-owí, the Kél-gerés, and the Itísan, and some other smaller
tribes combined together; and the head of this confederation is the
great amanókal residing in Ágades. This league, which at present hardly
subsists (the Kél-gerés and Itísan having been driven by the Kél-owí from
their original settlements, and being opposed to them almost constantly
in open hostility), was evidently in former times very strong and close.
But before speaking of the Kél-gerés and their intimate friends the
Itísan, I shall mention those small tribes which, though not regarded as
belonging to the body of the Kél-owí and placed under the special and
direct supremacy or government of the Sultan of Ágades, are nevertheless
more intimately related to them than to the other great tribes. These
are, besides the Ém-egédesen, or the inhabitants of Ágades or Agadez,
of whom I shall speak in the account of my journey to that interesting
place, the three tribes of the Kél-fadaye, the Kél-ferwán and the
Izeráren.
As for the Kél-fadaye they are the original and real inhabitants of the
district Fáde-ang, which lies round Tághajít; while the Éfadaye, who have
been called after the same district, are rather a mixture of vagabonds
flocking here from different quarters, and principally from that of the
Azkár. But the Kél-fadaye, who, as well as their neighbours the Éfadaye,
took part in the ghazzia against the expedition on the frontiers of Aïr,
are a very turbulent set of people, being regarded in this light by the
natives themselves, as appears from the letter of the Sultan of Ágades
to the chiefs Ánnur and Lúsu, of which I brought back a copy, wherein
they are called Mehárebín, or freebooters. Nevertheless they are of pure
and noble Berber blood, and renowned for their valour; and I was greatly
astonished to learn afterwards from my noble and intimate friend and
protector the sheikh Sídi Ahmed el Bakáy, that he had married one of
their daughters, and, had long resided amongst them. Even from the letter
of the Sultan of Ágades it appears that they have some relations with the
Awelímmiden. The name of their chief is Shúrwa.
The Kél-ferwán, though they are called after the fine and fertile place
Iferwán, in one of the valleys to the east of Tintágh-odé, where a
good deal of millet is sown, and where there are plenty of date-trees,
do not all reside there at present, a numerous portion of them having
settled in the neighbourhood of Ágades, whence they make continual
marauding expeditions, or “égehen,” upon the Timbúktu road, and against
the Awelímmiden. Nevertheless the Kél-ferwán, as the kinsmen of the
Aurághen, and the Amanókalen (that is to say the clan to which, before
the different tribes came to the decision of fetching their Sultan from
Sókoto, the family of the Sultan belonged) are of nobler and purer blood
than any of the rest. As an evidence of their former nobility, the custom
still remains that when the Sultan of Ágades leaves the town for any
length of time his deputy or lieutenant in the place is the chief of the
Kél-ferwán.
The third tribe of those who are under the direct authority of the Sultan
of Ágades, viz. the Izeráren, live between Ágades and Damerghú. But I did
not come into contact with them.
The Kél-gerés and Itísan seem to have been originally situated in the
fertile and partially beautiful districts round the Bághzen, or (as these
southern tribes pronounce the name in their dialect) Mághzem, where, on
our journey towards Damerghú, we found the well-built stone houses in
which they had formerly dwelt.
On being driven out of their original seats by the Kél-owí, about
twenty-five or thirty years ago, they settled towards the west and
south-west of Ágades, in a territory which was probably given them by the
Awelímmiden, with an intention hostile to the Kél-owí. From that time
they have been alternately in bloody feud or on amicable terms with the
Kél-owí; but a sanguinary war has recently (in 1854) broken out again
between these tribes, which seems to have consumed the very sources of
their strength, and cost the lives of many of my friends, and among them
that of Hámma, the son-in-law of Ánnur. The principal dwelling-place
of the Kél-gerés is Arar, while their chief market-place is said to be
Jóbeli, on the road from Ágades to Sókoto.
The Kél-gerés and the Itísan together are equal in effective strength to
the Kél-owí, though they are not so numerous, the latter being certainly
able to collect a force of at least ten thousand armed men, all mounted,
besides their slaves, while the former are scarcely able to furnish half
as many. But the Kél-gerés and Itísan have the advantage of greater
unity, while the interests of the various tribes of the Kél-owí are
continually clashing, and very rarely allow the whole body to collect
together, though exceptions occur, as in the expedition against the Welád
Slimán, when they drove away all the camels (according to report, not
less than fifty thousand), and took possession of the salt lakes near
Bilma.
Moreover, the Kél-gerés and Itísan, having preserved their Berber
character in a purer state, are much more warlike. Their force consists
for the greater part of well-mounted cavalry, while the Kél-owí, with the
exception of the Ikázkezan, can muster but few horses; and of course the
advantage of the horseman over the camel-driver is very great either in
open or close fight. The Kél-gerés have repeatedly fought with success
even against the Awelímmiden, by whom they are called Aráuwen. They have
even killed their last famous chief, Eʾ Nábegha. The Kél-gerés came under
the notice of Clapperton, on account of the unfortunate expedition which
they undertook against the territories of the Fulbe in the year 1823,
though it seems that the expedition consisted chiefly of Tagáma, and that
they were the principal sufferers in that wholesale destruction by Sultan
Bello.
Their arms in general are the same as those of the Kél-owí, even the men
on horseback bearing (besides the spear, the sword, and the dagger) the
immense shield of antelope-hide with which they very expertly protect
themselves and their horses; but some of them use bows and arrows even
on horseback, like many of the Fulbe, in the same way as the ancient
Assyrians. A few only have muskets, and those few keep them rather for
show than for actual use.
The Itísan (who seem to be the nobler tribe of the two, and, as far as I
was able to judge, are a very fine race of men, with expressive, sharply
cut features, and a very light complexion) have a chief or amanókal of
their own, whose position seems to resemble closely that of the Sultan
of the Kél-owí, while the real influence and authority rests with the
war-chiefs, támbelis, or támberis, the most powerful among whom were, in
1853, Wanagóda, who resides in Tswáji, near Góber, on the side of the
Kél-gerés, and Maiwa, or Mʿoáwíya, in Gulluntsúna, on the side of the
Itísan. The name of the present amanókal is Ghámbelu.
I must here state that, in political respects, another tribe at present
is closely related with the Kél-gerés, viz. that section of the
Awelímmiden (the “Surka” of Mungo Park) which is called Awelímmiden wuén
Bodhál; but as these belong rather to the Tuarek or Imóshagh of the west,
I shall treat of them in the narrative of my journey to Timbúktu. Other
tribes settled near Ágades, and more particularly the very remarkable
tribe of the Íghdalén, will, in consequence of the influence exerted on
them by the Sónghay race, be spoken of in my account of that place.
Many valleys of Aír or Asben might produce much more than they do at
present; but as almost the whole supply of provision is imported, as well
as all the clothing material, it is evident that the population could not
be so numerous as it is were it not sustained by the salt trade of Bilma,
which furnishes the people with the means of bartering advantageously
with Háusa. As far as I was able to learn from personal information, it
would seem that this trade did not take the road by way of Ásben till
about a century ago, consequently not before the country was occupied
by the Kél-owí. It is natural to suppose that so long as the Tébu, or
rather Tedá, retained political strength, they would not allow strangers
to reap the whole advantage of such natural wealth. At present the whole
authority of Ánnur as well as Lúsu seems to be based upon this trade, of
which they are the steady protectors, while many of their nation deem
this trade rather a degrading occupation, and incline much more to a
roving life. I now return to our encampment near Tin-téllust, reserving a
brief account of the general features of the country till the moment when
we are about to leave it.