intestines is liable to be followed by Founder, owing to the similarity
in the sensitive structure of the foot, skin, and mucous membranes.
Horses with weak feet are predisposed to Founder, but it may also occur
in strong-footed animals. Founder is also produced by driving an animal
on a hot summer day and then placing in the stable where the sweat is
suddenly checked by drafts, etc.
SYMPTOMS.—The horse is stiff, and moves with great difficulty; he will
generally, though not always, remain standing. Throws weight upon the
heel of the foot to relieve the toe, and if an effort is made to back him
he will drag his feet. Excessive heat is present at the top of the hoof,
and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt. When the fore feet only are
affected, the horse will relieve them of as much weight as possible when
walking by placing the hind feet well under the body, which results in
a peculiar jumping motion. Founder may occur in all four feet, but the
fore feet are more often affected than the hind ones. Mares sometimes
founder after giving birth to a colt, due to inflammation of the womb;
symptoms correspond to those of common Founder. Founder may be mistaken
for disease of the lungs or kidneys, owing to the standing position and
arched back.
TREATMENT.—In all cases of Founder, administer Potassi Iodide, one ounce;
Soda Bicarbonate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces. Mix and give
two tablespoonfuls in drinking water every six hours. If the animal will
not take it in its water, place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule
gun.
Find out the true cause of the disease, if possible, and perhaps a physic
will be indicated, containing Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams; place
it in a capsule and give with capsule gun. If desired results are not
obtained in eighteen hours, repeat the dose until there is an action of
the bowels. Founder following excessive irritation of the stomach and
intestines, or mares heavy with foal, should not receive physics. Feed
food that is easily digested, as carrots, kale, apples, potatoes, hot
bran mashes, or steamed rolled oats, etc.
It is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal injections of
Warm Water and Glycerine. Stand in mud or water, or apply bags containing
mud, bran or ice; in fact, anything that will have a cool, moist effect
on the feet.
After the inflammation of the feet has subsided, and the animal walks
fairly well, you should apply a blister containing Red Iodide of Mercury,
two drams; Lard, two ounces, around the top of the hoofs, and rub in well
twice forty-eight hours apart. In some cases of Founder it is recommended
to bleed the animal in the foot. If this is attempted, good disinfectants
should be used, as lock-jaw might follow.
GALLS.
CAUSE.—Injuries from ill-fitting collars, saddles, harness, hobbles and
scalping-boots.
TREATMENT.—Remove the cause. Never wash a Gall with water, as this
prevents its healing, nor use oils or salves, as they accumulate dirt,
dust and germs, which may cause infection. The following application
makes a very valuable dressing for Galls: Boracic Acid, one ounce; Corn
Starch, one ounce; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Iodoform, one dram.
Powder finely and place in sifter-top can. Dust on Gall before going to
work and on retiring. This heals and refreshes the Galls and wounds by
forming a smooth surface over the part, which permits it to heal while
the horse works.
GREASE HEEL.
CAUSE.—Parasitic fungi invading cracked heels.
SYMPTOMS.—Offensive discharge from the glands under the skin, and if not
properly treated, red spots will appear, and the yellow discharge will
form a hard crust sticking to the roots of the hair.
TREATMENT.—Cleanliness is one of the most important measures. Also, good
nourishing food. If the skin is swollen and tender, poultice with hot
Flaxseed Meal or bran. After the swelling and tenderness have abated,
wash well with good Castile Soap and Warm Water. Dry with clean cloth
and apply the following mixture: Calomel, one dram; Iodoform, one dram;
Boracic Acid, one ounce. Mix well and apply two to three times a day.
Feed green grass, carrots, kale, apples, or potatoes if possible, also
feed hot bran mashes. In all cases of Grease Heel give the following
physic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, two drams. Place in a capsule
and give with capsule gun. A physic has a very good effect on the blood,
which assists materially in healing the cracks and nodules that appear in
Grease Heel.
GLANDERS OR FARCY.
CAUSE.—Due to a specific germ called the Bacillus Malleii, or Bacillus of
Glanders. Glanders, or Farcy, is very contagious, and is transmissible to
man as well as animals. Cattle and sheep alone are immune. The disease
may be contracted at watering troughs, stables, horseshoeing shops, in
boats, trains and by harness, bits, curry combs, bedding, pails, etc., as
well as by direct contact with a diseased animal.
SYMPTOMS.—Animal does not thrive although the appetite is good at
times; loss of flesh, and is subject to sweats, the hair looks rough,
the temperature increasing slightly, perhaps two degrees, a cough is
generally present. Legs and abdomen are swollen; discharge from the nose,
sometimes tinged with blood and very sticky, the membranes of the nose
look dusty, and ulcers or spots are visible if closely examined. The
glands under the back of the ears and between the jaws are hard, lumpy
and swollen.
In addition to the above symptoms, Farcy affects the skin by producing
swellings, or nodules, varying from the size of a pea to that of a
hickory nut (called Farcy buds, or Farcy buttons), which are found inside
of the hind legs under the abdomen, on the side of the chest, shoulder
and neck, also around the nose, lips and face. Generally there is a
discharge of greenish-yellow pus, which is very sticky.
Glanders, or Farcy, may be mistaken for nasal catarrh, nasal gleet,
ulcerated teeth, nettle rash, lymphangitis, distemper, etc. Fortunately,
this dreaded disease is not very prevalent in this country, as every
precaution has been taken to stamp it out.
NO TREATMENT.—If at any time you have reason to think one of your animals
has the disease, or even a neighbor’s, or a transient horse, exhibits the
symptoms, it is your duty to report the fact to the State Veterinarian
at once. You will do this if you have your own welfare and that of your
neighborhood at heart.
HEAVES.
(_Emphysema of the Lungs_)
CAUSE.—Fast or heavy work. It may follow Lung Fever or Pleurisy, or the
animal may inherit weakness in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs.
A very common cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay, or bulky food. Horses
that are accustomed to eating ravenously are often victims of Heaves.
SYMPTOMS.—Disease may develop slowly or rapidly. When the animal is at
rest, the air is taken into the lungs in a more or less normal manner,
but is expelled by two distinct efforts, the abdominal muscles aiding
the lungs in expiration, as may be seen by the heaving of the flank;
the movement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely noticeable in a heavy
horse. A healthy animal, when at rest, will throw the air from the lungs
in a single effort. The difficulty in breathing is constant and increases
in proportion to the amount of food in the stomach and intestines. At the
beginning of the attack there is a spasmodic cough, which is more or less
intermittent; this develops later into a short, weak, suppressed cough,
as if the animal lacked strength in his chest to expel a full breath,
often accompanied by expulsion of wind from the anus, which is somewhat
protruded.
TREATMENT.—Feed good, nourishing food, but nothing that is of a bulky
nature. Feed more grain and less hay, which should be dampened with water
if dusty. Do not feed dusty, musty or bulky food, but give plenty of
potatoes, apples, kale and green grass. Have your druggist make up one
quart of Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, omitting the Tincture of Lavender.
This is soothing to the organs of breathing, and should be given two
tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed. After a week or ten days
you might increase the dose slightly. Although this will make the horse
work much better, do not give it with the hope of effecting a complete
cure, as very few cases recover fully from this disease.
INFLUENZA.
(_Pink Eye—Epizootic Catarrh_)
CAUSE.—Influenza is a specific and infectious fever, which shows a marked
tendency to spread rapidly over a large area of country. It generally
appears suddenly, without preliminary symptoms, and may become fully
developed in twenty-four hours.
SYMPTOMS.—The usual symptoms are those of Catarrh, although the
bowels, lungs and brain complications may be present, either singly or
combined. It always gives rise to great weakness. The distinguishing
characteristics of Influenza from Distemper, Sore Throat, and other
diseases affecting the organs of breathing, are the suddenness of the
attack, rise of temperature, varying from 103° to 106° F., pulse feeble
and fast, and a pinkish, swollen appearance of the inside of the eyelids.
The animal is dull, in some cases almost unconscious. Sometimes the legs
are very stiff and swollen, and there is great difficulty in moving about.
TREATMENT.—Place the affected animal in a clean, well ventilated stall,
avoid drafts, give pure water to drink with chill taken off, in small
quantities but often. Blanket if the weather is chilly, hand rub the legs
and bandage, give Quinine, two drams, in a gelatin capsule with capsule
gun every four hours. In addition to the above, administer the treatment
recommended for Acute and Chronic Coughs.
Feed good, nutritious food that has a laxative effect on the bowels, as
it is dangerous to give horses physic with this disease. Hot bran mashes,
steamed rolled oats and vegetables are very beneficial.
LAMPAS.
CAUSE.—In young horses it is commonly caused by cutting teeth. In older
animals it is usually due to indigestion.
SYMPTOMS.—A puffy swelling and redness of the gums. The animal may have
difficulty in eating.
TREATMENT.—In young animals, when cutting teeth, let nature take its
course, but when an animal is five years or over, place two drams of
Aloin, and two drams of Pulv. Ginger, in a gelatin capsule and administer
with capsule gun. Then tone up the digestive organs by mixing one ounce
of Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce of Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces of
Bicarbonate of Soda. Make into eight powders and give one powder in feed
twice daily, or place in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun.
LEECHES.
(_Haemopis_)
The leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be divided into two
classes, the external parasites which attach themselves to the skin of
the legs and adjacent parts of the horse, and the Haemopis Sanguisuga,
and others of this class, which, not being able to penetrate the skin,
endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the horse when he is drinking
or grazing in wet and leech-infected pastures. They sometimes cling to
the mucous membrane of the eyes. The horse leech, which lives in the
water, usually gains access to the mouth and nostrils of the animal, when
young and not more than one-tenth of an inch long. They rarely go beyond
the air and food passages, generally fastening themselves to the walls of
the windpipe and gullet, where they cling till the animal dies from loss
of blood or suffocation. They often cause bleeding from the mouth and
nostrils, and may be seen by close examination.
TREATMENT.—Endeavor to build up the condition of the animal with suitable
food. Also feed liberal quantities of rock salt. Where the leeches cling
tightly to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils, it is well to
cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot water containing turpentine.
LOCK-JAW.
(_Tetanus_)
CAUSE.—The bacilli of Tetanus are widely distributed and can be found in
practically every part of the globe. Their favorite place of production,
however, is in barn yards and marshy ground. They are frequently
swallowed by stock along with forage, and can often be found in recently
expelled feces. The most favorable temperature for their development is
about 70° F. They act by means of extremely virulent poisons which they
produce, and which causes the terrible symptoms that are characteristic
of the disease.
SYMPTOMS.—The muscles of expression are usually the first brought under
the continual spasm of tetanus, and when thus affected give the face of
the animal a pinched and drawn-in appearance. The other muscles of the
head and those of the neck are next attacked. The mouth is closed, the
nose poked out, the head elevated. The muscles of breathing, and those
of the limbs, become contracted so that the neck is hollowed, and the
tail is raised, the horse stands with outstretched limbs. The animal
shows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted movements. The eyes are
sunken, and when startled or excited, the breathing is quickened and the
flanks have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance. Death may quickly occur
from continuous spasms of the muscles of the throat. Another sign is the
flying up of the accessory eyelid when the animal is excited.
TREATMENT.—Almost every medicine in the pharmacopoeia has been tried in
the treatment of tetanus, certain remedies meeting with great success
in the hands of some practitioners, and proving total failures in the
hands of others. It is, however, generally admitted by the members of
the profession that perfect quietness is of greatest importance in the
treatment of tetanus. Place the patient in a dry, well ventilated,
loose box stall, slightly darkened, if possible, in an out-of-the-way
place, and fill the ears with cotton-wool. Administer a full dose of
purgative medicine (aloes eight drams) and follow with belladonna in a
capsule or bolus. The body should be lightly clothed, and the animal
placed in slings. Never give drench if it produces excitement. When the
wound can be discovered, powerful antiseptics should be continually
applied to its lowest depths. Arsenious acid, chloroform, hyoscyamus,
digitalis, belladonna, chloral hydrate, morphine, potassium bromide,
carbolic acid, and many other medicines have been used, and some of
them have been found beneficial. Belladonna is probably as good as any,
and should be given freely. Inhalations of chloroform temporarily abate
spasm, but the reaction afterwards is usually severe. Medicines which
can be given in the drinking-water may be administered in that way. The
food should consist of milk, eggs, beef-tea, wine gruel, and food of
that description, easily taken and of a very nutritious character. Too
great care or attention cannot possibly be bestowed upon the animal.
The after-treatment consists of allowing a liberal quantity of good
nutritious food—green food is preferable. Exercise daily for some time
after recovery has taken place, and the work should be light and slow for
a month or two.
PREVENTIVE TREATMENT.—An antitoxin serum, if injected under the skin
of a patient before a surgical operation, or immediately after the
infection of a wound, is a most reliable safeguard against tetanus. It
should always be used in districts where tetanus is prevalent. Its value
subcutaneously is solely preventive, not curative; and it is of no use
when once the disease has gained a foothold.
LUNG FEVER.
(_Pneumonia_)
CAUSE.—Predisposition is largely accountable for this disease, which
is more common to young horses than old; also, changes of temperature,
introduction of foreign bodies or liquids into the trachea (windpipe) and
the bronchial tubes, inhalation of smoke or irritating gases, excitement,
exposure to cold after clipping, turning out to pasture from a warm
stable, or injury to chest or ribs from being struck with a pole, etc.
SYMPTOMS.—Dullness in spirit; animal usually shivers or trembles; when
this ceases the temperature rises to perhaps 103° to 106° F., pulse
increases to sixty or ninety per minute, full and bounding; breathing
short and labored and abnormally quick, increasing to perhaps fifty
inspirations per minute, whereas in health it does not exceed twelve
or thirteen per minute. A cough is also likely to be present, and the
animals remain standing until they are on the road to recovery, or until
death takes place. Other symptoms are constipation, feces covered with
mucus or slime; urination frequent, scanty and dark in color; appetite
poor, but thirst great; the eyes look glassy and the membranes have an
inflamed appearance. It is a good sign if the animal looks about freely.
When the critical stage is past the temperature and pulse gradually
fall, the appetite returns and the urine becomes more abundant, and takes
on its natural color, the cough loosens, and the discharge from the lungs
is profuse, and of a yellowish color, and the breathing becomes normal.
TREATMENT.—Good care is of the utmost importance. Place the horse in a
comfortable, well ventilated stall, being careful to exclude drafts. Hand
rub and bandage the legs with woolen cloth. Blanket the animal, give
plenty of bedding and keep pure water before him at all times. Internally
administer Quinine, two ounces; Iodide of Ammonia, two ounces; Ammonia
Bicarbonate, two ounces. Mix well and make into sixteen powders. Place
powder in gelatin capsule, and give with capsule gun every four hours. It
is quite necessary that the above remedy should be placed in capsule, as
drugs of this nature tend to irritate the throat. Do not give physics,
as it is much safer to give laxative food, as hot bran mashes, steam
rolled oats or some vegetables, in fact anything the animal will eat, i.
e., that has food values. It is advisable to apply over the chest the
following liniment: Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Turpentine, four
ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and shake well before applying
each time over the chest cavity.
In case the animal is constipated, give rectal injections of soap and
warm water containing a few drops of Turpentine.
MANGE.
(_Scabies_)
CAUSE.—Mange is a contagious disease, produced by the presence of a small
parasite that varies in length from a fiftieth to a hundredth of an inch,
according to the species, of which there are three: Sarcoptes, which
generally affects the withers; Symbiotes Communis, affecting the legs,
and the Psoroptes Communis, which affects horses about the root of the
tail and mane. The latter is one most commonly found affecting horses.
They multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy horses by
their bodies coming in contact with one another, or by corrals, stables,
railroad cars, etc., recently occupied by mangy horses.
SYMPTOMS.—The mange mite attacks the skin and produces a thickness of its
outer surface, covering it with crusts and scabs, with a consequent loss
of hair. Intense itching accompanies the disease, and affected horses
continually bite and rub themselves.
Psoroptic Mange commences at the root of the tail, or at the roots of the
mane on the neck or withers, and gradually spreads over the back, up to
the head, over the sides, and finally affects the entire body. In cases
of long standing the skin becomes ulcerated, the animal becomes greatly
weakened, emaciated and finally dies.
TREATMENT.—When a large number of horses are affected (in one locality)
it is best to prepare a vat and dip them, under the supervision of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry. When just a few horses become
affected, the following has proven very effective: Sulphur, eight ounces;
Oil of Tar, eight ounces; Sweet Oil, two quarts. Mix and apply liberally
to the parts affected. A few applications are generally sufficient to
eradicate the disease.
LYMPHANGITIS.
CAUSE.—This ailment is common with hard working horses, and is caused by
confining them in the stable and allowing their usual amount of food.
More nutriment is consumed than can be taken up by the system, which
causes an irritation. It is frequently found in certain stables on Monday
morning, hence its name—Monday Morning Disease.
SYMPTOMS.—Swelling and lameness, most usually affecting the hind leg
instead of the thigh and extending down the leg in a hard ridge. It
will pit on pressure, and cause intense pain; the horse will have
difficulty in extending the limb forward, the swelling may surround the
leg entirely. Pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute, temperature 102°
to 104° F., breathing will be faster than normal. The animal has great
thirst, but the appetite is very poor; usually remains standing; if he
lies down will have great difficulty in getting up.
TREATMENT.—In this particular disease apply hot fomentations to the
affected limb or limbs, for one hour, then rub dry and apply Camphorated
Liniment. Give Nitrate Potassi, Chlorate of Potassi, Iodide Potassi,
each four ounces. Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder
three times a day in drinking water or in a gelatin capsule and give with
capsule gun.
In most cases it is advisable to give a physic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv.
Gentian Root, one dram; Ginger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and
give with capsule gun.
MUD FEVER.
CAUSE.—Horses driven over muddy roads during the day and exposed to
freezing weather at night, or driving them over muddy roads, then washing
the limbs and not drying them properly, often produces a superficial
inflammation of the legs.
SYMPTOMS.—The legs are swollen, extremely hot and tender, the horse is
stiff, the hair comes off the legs easily and if the cause is not removed
severe complications may follow, as the secretions of the skin become
greatly affected.
TREATMENT.—Prevention. Horses that are driven over muddy, wet roads
should have their legs rubbed dry when stabling them for any length of
time. When the legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm water
and castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth. Then apply
Zinc Oxide Ointment or a lotion made from Acetate of Lead, one ounce;
Zinc Sulphate, one-half ounce. Place in a quart of clean water and apply
twice daily. Either application is very beneficial in the treatment
of Mud Fever. Feed the animal wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats,
vegetables, etc., as they have a very good effect on the system which
aids in relieving the inflammation of the skin.
NASAL GLEET.
(_Chronic Catarrh_)
CAUSE.—Exposure to cold followed by neglect, and lack of nourishing
food; bruise or fracture of the frontal bones of the head; injury of
the blood-vessels inside the bones, or an ulcerated tooth. May also be
caused by tumor, or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavities.
Sometimes dried pus in the nostrils, resulting from a cold, will cause
nasal gleet.
SYMPTOMS.—A white or yellowish discharge from one or both of the
nostrils, the quantity varying with the severity of the attack and the
length of time the disease has been established. If, when tapping over
the nose below the eye, a dull sound is produced, it is safe to conclude
that the cavities are filled with pus; to make certain, compare the sick
animal with a healthy one; in some cases you will notice that even the
bones of the nose below the eye are slightly elevated. The lining of the
nose may be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots, as in
Glanders. The animal may continue in good spirits and work well for a
time but as the case develops he becomes lean in flesh and what is termed
hide-bound. Always examine the teeth. In a case of long standing, the
discharge has a fetid smell, differing in this respect also from Glanders.