Barbarossa’s Victory and Death
The Emperor thoroughly understood the friendly solicitude of his host.
He had had large experience with Greek treachery in little as well as in
great affairs. He was well aware that their greed and their hatred of
the Western Christians would lead them to work against him at every
opportunity. It was easy enough to protect himself against the
fisherman’s hostile designs by killing him or by putting him in safe
custody until his work was accomplished, but he regarded such action as
ungrateful, cowardly, and vile. He knew also that he could purchase the
man’s faithfulness, but he would not debase himself so far as to redeem
his pledge by the use of gold. He must rely, therefore, upon his own
resources. He decided to make no further concealment of his purpose, but
at the same time to be cautious about revealing his identity. He would
defeat any treacherous act the fisherman might be contemplating, by
prompt action, and at the same time astonish his enemy by the boldness
of his exploit, whether he succeeded or perished in the attempt. He
quickly made his plan and lost no time in putting it into execution, for
the moment was favorable.
Quickly donning his armor, helmet, and cloak, he stepped out of the hut.
A little boat was dancing on the gentle waves, and a light wind was
blowing toward the castle. “Everything is propitious,” he said to
himself, delightedly; “now to my work with God’s help.” He sprang into
the boat, seized the oar, and rowed as deftly as if he were an oarsman
by occupation.
The sun was already high and beat down upon our seaman scorchingly.
Great drops of perspiration ran down his face, for he was unused to the
work, and his armor made it all the more laborious; but he did not
lessen his efforts. Now and then he would let the boat glide along of
its own motion, and then, resuming the oar, send it ahead with still
more vigorous strokes.
Gradually he neared the castle, which seemed to emerge from the waves of
the sea in all its hugeness of outline. Looking up, he surveyed the
imposing and colossal work of human industry. With practised eye he
estimated the strength and height of towers and walls, as well as the
size of the enclosure, and tried to ascertain the exact locality of the
door leading from it. The sight before him and the magnitude of the
task, which seemed to transcend human ability, might well have induced
him to abandon his attempt; but a voice within him said: “Thy pledged
word is sacred. Duty calls thee. It is no time for fear or doubt.
Courage and presence of mind alone will aid thee.” He studied the
situation and planned out his method of attack with the same coolness
and composure that characterized him when laying out his movements on
the battlefield. His hand had not trembled, his heart had not wavered in
a hundred battles. It beat undauntedly when all seemed lost at Legnano,
and in many a desperate battle with the Turks. Why, then, should it beat
less resolutely in a contest which must decide in a moment whether
victory or death was to be his fate?
It was a little past midday when our hero reached the castle. The beasts
at that time should have been in deep sleep, but to his astonishment
they were restlessly moving about. From time to time they ran growling
toward the centre of the enclosure as if pursued by some stronger
animal. Then they would go back to their resting-places, but without
showing any disposition to sleep. Then, yawning frightfully and eagerly
licking their lips, they would spring up and rush about again with
wildly gleaming eyes.
The Emperor had not expected such conduct from the beasts, and the
thought occurred to him, Is it due to something besides mere chance? Has
the fisherman actually carried out his treacherous design? It seemed
likely to him. He had to admit to himself that the danger arising from
such a consideration might prove fatal; but even were it so, he decided
to carry out the plan which he had fixed upon, as the best under the
circumstances.
He approached the sea-washed wall as noiselessly as he could, so as not
to attract the attention of the beasts. Bending low, he drove the boat
ahead with short, quick strokes until he reached it; then, laying down
his oar, he examined his sword and dagger, fastened his cloak loosely
about his broad shoulders, clutched the rail running along the wall: a
step, a spring, and he was up.
Not an instant elapsed before he was in the enclosure, confronting the
savage beasts. He realized at the first glance the full extent of his
danger, and decided what to do. He discerned the trap-door at once and
with drawn sword in his right hand rushed to it. At the same instant the
beasts noticed him. The lithe, bloodthirsty monsters emerged from their
lairs at once and advanced upon him in swift leaps. A large panther
outstripped them all. He reached the Emperor from the left side in two
bounds, followed closely by a huge lion from the right. Being still
three paces away from the trap-door, a fearful struggle was unavoidable,
for either of those terrible animals would have been a formidable foe
for one man.
[Illustration: _Redbeard and the Lion._]
With the quickness of lightning the Emperor plunged his sword into the
lion’s breast, at the same time tearing his cloak from his shoulders
with his left hand and throwing it over the panther’s head. The hope of
victory shone in the Emperor’s face; his most cruel enemy was harmless
for the moment. Unopposed by him he advanced to the trap-door in the
midst of numerous smaller but hardly less dangerous beasts seeking to
pounce upon him, each in his own way. As the Emperor stooped to raise
the trap-door, a leopard sprang over him and another was thrown back by
the lifting of the trap-door, the panther still being enveloped in the
cloak. All this took but an instant, but in that instant the Emperor
sprang into a dark passage and the door closed down behind him.
Our hero waited only long enough to make sure that he had securely
fastened the door on the inside, for overhead there was a bedlam of
roars and growls as if all the beasts of Asia and Africa were loose
there. The shrieks and snarls of the smaller mingled with the heavy
roars of the larger beasts. Sharp claws scratched on the door, and the
animals tore at it and hurled themselves against it so furiously that it
seemed as if they would burst it open, and the whole cruel pack fall
upon the bold hero.
Victor over the wild animals, he must now prove himself victor over
human ones. The Emperor proceeded steadily but cautiously. With sword in
hand he tested the floor of the passage lest he should stumble into some
pitfall. He also carefully felt the walls to see if there were any side
passages from which he might be attacked in the rear. He found none, and
at last came to a door. There were several cracks in this door, but not
a gleam of daylight penetrated through them. The passage also grew
wider. Fearing it might lead under the castle and thence out into the
open air again, he calculated the distance from the door in the
enclosure to the castle. He was now sure that the second door must open
directly into the castle, and the masonry on the right and left
confirmed his judgment. With the help of his sword he forced the door
open. He advanced a few steps and, to his infinite astonishment, saw the
Sultan sitting immediately before him with a numerous and brilliant
suite, and the two boys, Raymond and Conrad, on either side of him.
Amazement and defiance were visible on every face. The Emperor was
overcome with surprise. The silence grew so intense and painful that
every one could hear his own heart beat.
The Sultan at last broke the silence:
“I bid thee welcome to my castle, thou great hero.”
A heavy burden was lifted from every heart. Anxiety gave way to pleasant
anticipation as the Sultan continued:
“Have no fear that I shall abuse the power which thy boldness has given
me. I am disarmed, not by terror of thy name, which has made my bravest
tremble, but by thine indomitable courage of arm and lofty magnanimity
of soul. I will henceforth be thine ally; and as a pledge of my faith I
give thee thy dear ones. They are worthy of thee.”
Frederick was deeply moved. His beloved boys fervently embraced him.
They called him their rescuer and second father, and then turned and
warmly expressed their gratitude to the Sultan. Frederick cordially
extended his hand to the generous Turk and the alliance was made.
Thereupon the Sultan joyfully conducted his noble guest to magnificent
apartments on the upper floor of the castle, where everything conducive
to his comfort was provided. The servants were ordered to bring the best
of food and drink at once. The great rooms of the castle, which had been
so empty and desolate, were now full of good cheer. Frederick listened
with lively satisfaction to the story of the chivalrous action of the
boys; and the Sultan in telling it did not omit to mention his threats
and promises and cruel tests. The Emperor closely embraced the boys, and
when the Sultan had finished his story, said to them:
“With God’s help you have accomplished one of the hardest of tasks. You
have secured more respect for the Christian name than I have done with
the sword. Henceforth Turks will have a different opinion of us, and
this is due to your noble achievement with the simple weapons of
Christianity—love of virtue, love of your enemy. God’s blessing will
rest upon such Christian warriors.”
The details of the alliance were soon settled. The Emperor willingly
gave up the spoils he had captured, and the Sultan promised to be a
faithful ally in the future, to assist the Emperor with troops against
Saladin, and to furnish plenty of subsistence. Rustan was ordered to
take his swiftest horse, ride to Iconium and carry the joyful news to
the army and the citizens. He accomplished his errand with an alacrity
which proved how overjoyed he was himself at the happy outcome of the
situation.
After a few days the Emperor took leave of his friendly host. Before he
left he went to look at the animal enclosure. Holding his boys by the
hand, he looked down upon the spot of the terrible encounter, where his
first assailant, the huge panther, was now king of the savage pack, for
the Emperor had disposed of his predecessor, the lion. The boys looked
down apprehensively from their secure position, but the Emperor was
exultant over the memories of victory. They repeatedly expressed their
gratitude to him, but he only pointed upward, saying that their thanks
were due to Him who controls all human destinies.
The three now left the castle upon the fleetest horses in the Sultan’s
stables, gifts from him to his new friends. Their steeds flew over the
long, narrow causeway toward the spot where the army awaited them.
Escorted by a strong guard, they took a shorter route, known to the
natives, and were at their journey’s end in an incredibly short time.
The towers of Iconium were hardly in sight before the roads were crowded
with those who could not wait to welcome the Emperor and tender him
their joyful congratulations. The nearer they came to the city the
greater was the rejoicing. Shouts and cries of welcome from Christians
and Turks alike followed him to his quarters in the city; and when in
sight of the army and the whole city he conferred the honor of
knighthood upon the two boys, it seemed as if the enthusiastic shouts
would never cease, for every one had heard their story from the lips of
Rustan.
The Emperor at once resumed his duties. Astonishment mingled with
admiration was everywhere aroused as the news of his heroic achievement
and the new alliance spread through the country. It also made a deep
impression upon Saladin and his army. Frederick decided to secure
victory or peace before the enthusiasm of his army and the astonishment
of the enemy had subsided. He hoped to win over Saladin also, for he
knew he was a nobler enemy than Kilidj Arslan had been. But he was
deceived in the expectation that he could accomplish it without a
battle. Saladin, perhaps the noblest sovereign in the East since
Mohammed’s time, besides being high-minded, noble-hearted, and a lover
of justice and humanity, was also a very brave and warlike ruler and a
devoted follower of the Prophets. He was called the Eastern Barbarossa.
Thus far he had fought only against Christians, whom he despised because
of their conduct and their faithlessness with each other. He had openly
expressed his contempt for the weak Guido of Lusignan, King of
Jerusalem, and especially for the Templars and Knights of St. John, who
had been treacherous to each other in violation of their vows[32].
The struggle began as soon as the Christian army entered Syria. They
were in position on one side of the insignificant Kalykadnos or Saleph
River; on the other side the enemy was awaiting attack. The Christians
at once began building a bridge. They were continually harassed by the
arrows and javelins of the enemy, but they did not desist. On the
contrary they worked persistently hours at a time.
The old Emperor, however, became impatient. As boldly as if the blood of
youth were still coursing in his veins, he plunged into the river and
tried to swim to the other shore. But he who had overcome so many
dangers, many of them far greater than this, now met his doom. A stroke
of apoplexy ended that life so rich in glorious deeds. He had escaped
the sharp Lombard dagger, the poisoned Saracen arrow, and the tiger’s
cruel tooth, to lose his life in the sluggish waters of the river
Saleph, the name of which was hardly known beyond its banks.
Words cannot describe the sorrow of the Christian host. With Frederick,
an army perished. The world had trembled at his name and the Orient had
been terrified by it. Now he who bore this name was a corpse. His once
strong arm was powerless. His once bold heart was still. They took him
from the water, stark and cold. He would no longer terrify those
enemies, who exulted as if they and not the cold waves of the river had
killed their great adversary.
After the first shock of sorrow the Christians attacked the enemy with
all their power. Frederick of Swabia, the Emperor’s son, led them, but
after some minor successes, the greater part of them succumbed to the
superior numbers of this foe, and the effects of the climate. Of that
well-equipped army of ninety-five thousand men only about five thousand
were left. Starvation swept away many of those who escaped the Turkish
scymitars, and those who escaped both fell victims to strange malignant
diseases and lack of care. The Templars and the Knights of St. John had
many hospitals, which they had built and which were maintained by
contributions from all over Europe; but they never asked the sick if
they were Christians, but if they were Englishmen or Frenchmen. The
Germans were not received. Many a German heart at home was touched with
pity at the unspeakable suffering of so many of their people, and was
filled with indignation, at such unchristian conduct; others busily
engaged themselves in plans for relief. The merchants of Bremen gave the
sails of their vessels to be made into tents for the sick Germans.
Knights who had been in life-long struggle with the Saracens closed
their glorious careers by imitating the example of the merciful
Samaritan. They organized an order for the care of the sick, similar to
those of the Templars and the Knights of St. John.[33] were permitted to
become members, but its charitable ministrations were offered to all
nationalities. Frederick of Swabia gladly gave his assent to the pious
work and did his utmost to secure its recognition by the Pope, as well
as by his brother, King Henry of Germany; but he did not live to see the
work completed. He was a victim of that deadly pestilence which swept
away so many thousands.
Our young friends, who survived all the perils of that unfortunate
crusade and had wept at the grave of the heroic Emperor, now mourned for
his great-hearted son. They deemed it their highest honor to enter the
Teutonic order and in its service to perform the two great Christian
duties:
To strive for the doctrines of Christ; and
To obey his highest command, “Love one another.”
APPENDIX
The following is a chronological statement of the most important events
in the life of Barbarossa:
1123 Birth.
1147 Married Adelaide; succeeded his father as Duke of Swabia;
accompanied the second Crusade.
1152 Received the Crown of Germany.
1153 Divorced Adelaide.
1154 First Italian Campaign.
1155 Crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
1156 Restored the Duchy of Bavaria to Henry the Lion;
married Beatrice, daughter of the Count of Burgundy.
1157 Secured allegiance of Poland and Hungary.
1158 Second Italian Campaign.
1160 Excommunicated by Pope Alexander III.
1164-1174 Italian Campaigns.
1176 Defeated at Legnano.
1177 Made truce for six years with the Italian cities.
1183 Treaty of Constance.
1183 Led the third Crusade with Richard the Lion-Hearted of
England and Philip Augustus of France.
1190 Death in Asia Minor by drowning.
Footnotes
[1]The first Crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land from the
infidels, as they were called, was led by Godfrey of Bouillon
(1096-1099), and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem. The second
(1147-1149), advocated by Saint Bernard, was unsuccessful. The third
(1189-1192), in which Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the
Lion-hearted of England, and Phillip Augustus of France were
associated, failed in the reconquest of Jerusalem, which the
Musssulmans had retaken in 1187. The fourth (1202-1204) resulted in
the establishment of a Latin Empire at Constantinople, under Count
Baldwin of Flanders. The fifth, under Frederick II (1228-1229), the
sixth (1248-1250) and the seventh (1270-1271), under St. Louis of
France, were unsuccessful.
[2]Godfrey of Bouillon was born in Brabant in 1061, and died in
Jerusalem in 1100. He was made Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Germany, in
1088, and joined the Crusade in 1096. He was the leader in the
capture of Jerusalem and was made its King, but preferred to be known
as Protector of the Holy Sepulchre. He completed the conquest of the
Holy Land by defeating the Sultan at Ascalon, 1099.
[3]Saint Bernard, a French ecclesiastic, was born in Burgundy in 1091,
and died at Clairvaux in 1153. He became abbot of Clairvaux in 1115,
and held that position until his death. He had great influence in
ecclesiastical politics, and preached the second Crusade in 1146.
[4]The succession about this period was as follows: The Saxon dynasty
(Henry I, Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III) reigned from 919 to 1002. At
the death of Otto III, no representative of that dynasty was left. He
was succeeded by Henry II, who reigned from 1002 to 1024. After his
death the Franconian dynasty (Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and
Henry V) occupied the throne from 1024 to 1125, the dynasty ending
with the death of Henry V. The latter was succeeded by Lothair, Duke
of Saxony, who reigned from 1125 to 1137. At his death, Conrad III of
the Hohenstaufen dynasty was elected. He reigned from 1137 to 1152,
and was succeeded by Frederick Barbarossa, his nephew, and son of
Frederick, Duke of Swabia, who reigned from 1152 to 1190.
[5]Henry the Lion was the son of Henry the Proud. He was of such haughty
disposition and so ambitious that he was generally disliked, but
Frederick succeeded in making him Duke of Bavaria and Saxony. He did
much for these duchies by building new towns and colonizing them, and
by founding bishoprics.
[6]The Guelphs, or Welfs, as they were called in Germany, were the papal
party in Italy in the Middle Ages. They were the founders of the
house of Brunswick and Hanover to which the present English royal
family belongs. The Ghibellines were the imperial and aristocratic
party in Italy who derived their name from Waiblingen, an estate in
Franconia. The conflict between the two parties was begun in Germany
and transferred to Italy, where it raged until the end of the
fifteenth century.
[7]Conrad’s election had been called hasty and irregular.
[8]Frederick’s appellation, “Barbarossa” in Italian, “Rothbart” in
German, came from his red beard.
[9]This refers to Henry I (919-936) who subdued the Magyars and the
Slavs (including the Bohemians), recovered German territory from
Denmark, and rid Germany of all its enemies.
[10]Tortoria, in the province of Alessandria, Italy, was a conspicuous
sufferer in many wars. It was destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa in
1155, again by the Ghibellines in 1163, and was several times
captured in the War of the Spanish Succession.
[11]Lodi, in the province of Milan, was founded by Barbarossa in place
of the Lodi destroyed in 1158. It is the locality of the great
victory won by the French under Napoleon over the Austrians under
Beaulieu, May 10, 1796. It is now principally famous for its Parmesan
cheese and Majolica ware.
[12]Frederick’s army was composed of 100,000 foot and 15,000 horse.
[13]Crema is in the Province of Cremona and about twenty-four miles from
Milan.
[14]Frederick set out for Germany attended by thirty horsemen, and at
Susa only saved himself by escaping on foot at night with two
followers.
[15]Frederick’s first wife was Adelaide, whom he married in 1147 and
divorced in 1153, upon the pretext of kinship. In 1156 he married
Beatrice, mentioned above, daughter of the Count of Burgundy.
[16]Saladin, the Egyptian Sultan, was born at Tekrit in 1137, and died
at Damascus in 1193. He was made Sultan in 1173, and conquered
Damascus and Syria. He defeated the Christians at Tiberias in 1187,
and also captured Acre, Jerusalem, and Ascalon. The fall of Jerusalem
led to the third Crusade, in which Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the
Lion-hearted of England, and Philip II of France took part. In 1192
Richard forced Saladin to make a three years’ truce. Saladin died
before its expiration.
[17]Guy de Lusignan succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem in 1186, on the
death of Baldwin V. After his capture by Saladin he was released on
renouncing his claims to the throne; but he disregarded his
agreement, and in 1192 transferred his claim to Richard I of England,
in exchange for Cyprus.
[18]Iconium is the ancient name of Konièh, a vilayet in Turkish Asia
Minor. It was captured by Barbarossa in 1190, and was incorporated
with the Turkish Empire at the close of the fourteenth century.
[19]Bela II succeeded Stephen II, and reigned from 1131 to 1141.
[20]Isaac Angelus was one of the early Grecian tyrants. His reign was so
oppressive that some of his subjects rose in revolt, and, uniting
with the Bulgarians, formed what is called the Bulgaro-Wallachian
Kingdom. It existed until the Turks established sovereignty in
Greece.
[21]The German name for Ratisbon, capital of the upper palatinate of
Bavaria.
[22]Capital of the County of Presburg, Hungary.
[23]Capital of the County of Gran, and famous for its fine Cathedral.
[24]Philippopolis is now the capital of Eastern Rumelia, which is a part
of Bulgaria. It was named after Philip II of Macedon.
[25]A town in Rumelia, a few miles south of Adrianople.
[26]Adrianople was founded by the Emperor Hadrian, A. D. 125, and has
been the scene of many assaults. It has been stormed and taken by
Bulgarians, Turks, Crusaders, and Russians.
[27]In ancient geography, Mysia was bounded on the north by the
Propontis, south by Lydia, east by Bithynia, and Phrygia, and west by
the Ægean; Caria, north by Lydia, south and west by the Ægean, east
by Phygia; Lycia, west by the Mediterranean, north, south, and east
by Caria, Phrygia, and Pamphylia; Paphlagonia, north by the Black
Sea, south by Galatia, east by Pontus, and west by Bithynia;
Bithynia, north by the Propontis, Bosphorus, and Euxine, south by
Phrygia and Galatia, east by Paphlagonia, and west by Mysia. Lydia,
on the west coast of Asia Minor, was the mightiest of all these
provinces. Its King, referred to above, was Crœsus, who was captured
by the Persians, under Cyrus, 546 B. C.
[28]Nicomedia was the capital of Bithynia. It was the residence of
Diocletian, Constantine, and other Roman emperors.
[29]“Giaour,” a Turkish word, meaning “infidel.” It has also an added
signification of contempt and hate, and was applied by the Turks to
designate adherents of other religions than Mohammedanism.
[30]The handjar, an obsolete weapon, was a sword with very broad blade,
and leaf-shaped. It was sometimes used as a projectile.
[31]“Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not
fall on the ground without your Father.” _Matthew_ x, 29.
[32]The Templars were a military order, taking their name from the
temple of Solomon, where they had their early headquarters in
Jerusalem. The order was founded in 1118, and its object was to
protect pilgrims on the way to the shrines in the Holy Land. They
spread rapidly and rose to great power; but after being charged with
heresy, immorality, and other offences, the order was suppressed by
the Council of Vienne in 1312.
The Knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem were organized
early in the twelfth century. The order was a religious and
charitable body, and was also semi-military in character.
Associations which trace their origin to this order are still in
existence, among them the “Johannites” in Germany, and the Knights of
St. John in England.
[33]This was the Teutonic Order, or Teutonic Knights of St. Mary’s
Hospital at Jerusalem. Its name is derived from a German hospital
founded at Jerusalem in 1128. It at one time played an important part
in the political history of northern Europe and it had much to do
with the spread of Christianity and German national life. About all
left of the order now is a semi-religious knighthood in Austria
presided over by an archduke, which was restored in 1840, after
Napoleon suppressed the whole order (1809).
LIFE STORIES FOR _YOUNG PEOPLE_
_BIOGRAPHICAL ROMANCES
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY_
GEORGE P. UPTON
_A new, interesting, and very useful series that will be found especially
suitable for school libraries and for supplementary reading_
The books in this series are translated from the German, because in that
country a specialty is made of really desirable reading for the young.
Eight titles are now ready and more will follow.
Their simplicity and accuracy make them very useful for every school
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For parents who feel disposed to give their children books that provide
a mild element of historical information, as well as first-class
entertainment, the little books will prove a veritable find.
The “life-stories” retain the story form throughout, and embody in each
chapter a stirring event in the life of the hero or the action of the
time. The dramatis personæ are actual characters, and the facts in the
main are historically correct. They are therefore both entertaining and
instructive, and present biography in its most attractive form for the
young.
A FULL LIST OF THE TITLES IS GIVEN ON THE NEXT PAGE
The work of translation has been done by Mr. George P. Upton, whose
“Memories” and Lives of Beethoven, Haydn, and Liszt, from the German of
Max Mueller and Dr. Nohl, have been so successful.
_Each is a small square 16mo in uniform binding, with four
illustrations. Each 60 cents net._
_FULL LIST OF TITLES_
Barbarossa
William of Orange
Beethoven
Mozart
Johann Sebastian Bach
Maria Theresa
Gudrun
The Nibelungs
The Maid of Orleans
William Tell
Frederick the Great
The Little Dauphin
“These narratives have been well calculated for youthful minds past
infancy, and Mr. Upton’s version is easy and idiomatic.”—_The Nation._
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everything to which he puts his hand. He has translated these little
histories from the German in a way that the reader knows has conserved
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will be read with delight by the young people for whose benefit they
have been prepared.”—_Chicago Tribune._
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volumes are compact and neat, and are illustrated sufficiently but not
too elaborately.”—_Springfield Republican._
“These books are most entertaining and vastly more wholesome than the
story books with which the appetites of young readers are for the most
part satisfied.”—_Indianapolis Journal._
_OF ALL BOOKSELLERS OR OF THE PUBLISHERS_
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LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE
_Translated from the German by
GEORGE P. UPTON_
12 Vols. Ready
Beethoven
Mozart
Bach
Maid of Orleans
William Tell
The Little Dauphin
Frederick the Great
Maria Theresa
Barbarossa
William of Orange
Gudrun
The Nibelungs
_Illustrated, each 60 cents net_
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