POLITICS AND REVOLUTIONS
The Constitution of Uruguay--Government of the Republic--Deputies
and senators--Their duties--The Civil Code--Marriage--Rights of
foreigners--Law--The Commission of Charity and Public
Welfare--Hospitals--Orphan asylums--Infirmaries--The charity
hospital lottery--The distribution of political parties--The
Colorados and the Blancos--Policy of both--Feud between the
parties--Old-standing strife--Explanation of the
nomenclature--Origin of the feud--Rivera and Oribe--Inherited
views--Attitude of the foreigners--Revolutions--Manner of their
outbreak--Government precautions--The need of finance and
arms--Some rebellious devices--Rifles as Manchester goods--The
importance of horses--Difficulties that attend a revolutionary
movement--The sweeping up of horses--Equine concentration
camps--A powerful weapon in the hands of the authorities--First
signs of an outbreak--Sylvan rendezvous--The question of
reinforcements--Some desperate ventures--Their accustomed
end--Chieftains of the north--Effect of a revolution upon local
industries--Needs of the army--Estancia hands as troopers--Hasty
equipment--Manner in which actual hostilities are conducted--"The
Purple Land that England lost"--The spirit of modernism and the
internal struggle--Tendency to localise the fields of
strife--Power of the Colorado party--Whence the respective
partisans are drawn--Distinguishing insignia--Some necessary
precautions on the part of the foreigner--Adventures derived from
colour in clothes--Some ludicrous episodes--The expense of
revolution.
The Constitution of Uruguay has now stood the test of eighty years,
and thus claims to be the oldest in South America, or, at all events,
the one that has suffered no modification for the longest period of
time. The basis on which this is composed is liberal in the extreme,
and the laws undoubtedly concede to Oriental subjects an amount of
freedom that can be surpassed in few other countries.
The Republic possesses two chambers, one of deputies elected by the
direct vote of the people, the other of senators. In addition to their
legislative functions it is the duty of these chambers to elect the
President of the nation, whose term of office lasts for four years.
The chambers also nominate the judges of the High Court, who, in turn,
select the magistrates of the lower courts.
The civil code is largely based upon the Napoleonic model. It may be
as well to note rapidly a few of its more salient features. From the
point of view of the resident foreigner it is admirable in at least
one respect, since it makes no distinction between the civil rights
accorded to Uruguayans and those to foreigners. Civil marriage is
obligatory, the offspring of a union contracted solely by the Church
being considered illegitimate. In commerce the system of arrest for
debt is not admitted, the only cases of the kind in which imprisonment
is imposed being those in which an element of fraud has entered. In
criminal law the death penalty has been abolished, and the various
modes of punishment consist of solitary imprisonment, exile,
deprivations, suspension from public employment, ordinary
imprisonment, and fines.
On the whole, there is a satisfactory absence of red-tape in Uruguayan
administrative and municipal affairs. It is true that in litigation
the delays are occasionally lengthy; but the popular idea on this
point has been much exaggerated, and the dispatch of legal business is
far more satisfactory than is generally supposed. The great majority
of officials, moreover, discharge their duties in a reasonable and
fair-minded fashion that has been heartily acknowledged by many a
resident foreigner.
Uruguay possesses comparatively few paupers. Indeed, it would be
strange were this otherwise in a land the resources of which are in
excess of the population. Nevertheless a certain proportion of the
lame, blind, halt, and indigent is inevitable, and these unfortunate
human elements are well cared for. Public assistance towards this end
is chiefly in the hands of a Commission of Charity and Public Welfare,
formed of twenty-one members, two-thirds of whom must be citizens of
the Republic.
The powers of this Commission are considerable, and they control a
number of important institutions, such as hospitals, orphan asylums,
and establishments of refuge for the infirm, indigent, and insane.
These are, almost without exception, exceedingly well-organised, and
conducted on the most modern humanitarian lines. The financial support
necessary for the upkeep of these charities is derived to a large
extent from rates and taxes. In addition to this a special lottery has
been instituted that is known as the "Charity Hospital Lottery."
Twenty-five per cent. of its proceeds are devoted to the institution
in question. The support at present derived from this source is not
inconsiderable, as will be evident when it is explained that the
amount it rendered in 1809 exceeded eight hundred thousand dollars.
We now arrive at the political affairs of Uruguay--a subject that
calls for explanation at some length. So far as the distribution of
parties is concerned, the matter is simple enough. Shifting parties,
fusions and splits between contending sections, and the general
complications that attend changing political programmes are to all
intents and purposes absent here. The rival parties of Uruguay are the
Colorados (reds) and the Blancos (whites). The policy of both is
equally well-defined, and, indeed, is amazingly simple. It is to
govern! The national programme would almost certainly remain exactly
the same whichever were in power. Thus the aim of the party that is
"out" is to obtain power in the first place, and to declare their
policy of government afterwards.
The feud between the parties is one of old-standing. It commenced with
the final wars of liberation, became strongly marked with the
establishment of the Republic over eighty years ago, and has continued
without intermission from that day to this. The origin of the party
terms dates from the war of liberation. General Oribe was the founder
of the Blanco party and General Rivera that of the Colorado. The
former was wont to ride a white horse, the latter a bay, and the
distinguishing colours of the lance pennons of their followers were
respectively white and red.
It is a little curious to consider that the present-day party strife
in Uruguay is the direct legacy of the disputes between these two
generals that broke out in the first instance ere the Banda Oriental
had even been proclaimed a nation! In 1830 Rivera was elected first
Constitutional President of the Republic; he was succeeded on March 1,
1835, by his rival, Manuel Oribe, and in 1838 there broke out what is
known as the _Grande Guerra_, which lasted, with varying results,
until 1852. In 1853 a triumvirate was formed, consisting of Rivera,
Lavalleja, and Flores, and in the following year the last named, on
the death of his two colleagues, was elected Constitutional President.
Since that time there have been no less than twenty-three presidents,
constitutional and provisional, of whom only two, Perreira and Berro,
from 1856 to 1864, have been Blancos. In that year the Colorado party
got into office, and have maintained themselves, in spite of the
forcible efforts of the Blancos to expel them.
It will be seen that no political principle divides the two parties;
men are simply Blanco or Colorado because their fathers and
grandfathers were so before them, but they cling to their respective
parties with a strange courage and high sense of honour. In the case
of foreign immigrants whose sons, born in the country, become Oriental
subjects, but who have no Blanco or Colorado traditions to inherit,
what happens is this: the youths go to school, form boyish
friendships, and by pure accident become ardent supporters of one or
other of the two parties. Two brothers may thus chance to become
bitter political opponents, and when a revolution breaks out they are
to be found fighting on opposite sides. The situation may savour a
little of the Gilbertian, but it is sufficiently serious for the
families involved. It must be admitted that many revolutions in
Uruguay are curious affairs. To one not in close touch with the
national movements an outbreak of the kind may appear to burst forth
spontaneously, whereas it has probably been anticipated by the
Government as well as by the revolutionaries for months beforehand. In
these days even the most casual insurrection is not to be effected
without a certain amount of forethought. First of all financial sinews
are indispensable, and, these once obtained, it follows that a supply
of arms is equally essential.
The introduction of these is the most difficult feat of all to
accomplish, since the Government adopts methods of precaution, and
keeps a sharp look-out for any possible importations of the kind. Thus
as a rule the weapons are either smuggled across the Brazilian
frontier or over some of the more lonely stretches of the River
Uruguay. Occasionally a device is tried similar to that which met with
success in the Transvaal Colony previous to the South African War.
When I was in Uruguay at the end of 1910 many indications were at
hand that went to prove the imminence of a revolution, and the
authorities, not only in Uruguay but in the neighbouring countries,
were on the alert for any development that might arise. At this period
a large number of innocent-looking packing-cases, purporting to
contain Manchester goods, were in transit through Argentina destined
for one of the northern Oriental ports on the Uruguay River. Through
some cause or other the cases came under suspicion, and they were
opened ere they had crossed the Argentine frontier. In place of the
Manchester goods reposed thousands of grim Mauser rifles and millions
of cartridges! The discovery of these weapons must have dealt a bitter
blow to the insurrectionist cause; nevertheless, as anticipated, the
revolution broke out a few weeks later.
I have said that both weapons and cash are essential for the purpose
of a revolution--which is obvious enough in almost every country as
well as in Uruguay. But there is a third requisite that is quite as
indispensable as either of the former. The Uruguayan is a born
cavalryman, and a horse is necessary to him, not only for the
partaking in the actions but for the covering of the lengthy distances
that have to be traversed. A score of leagues and more frequently lie
between a man and his appointed rendezvous. A pedestrian in the midst
of the hills and valleys would be a lost and negligible unit.
[Illustration: OX WAGON ON THE CAMPO.]
[Illustration: CROSS COUNTRY TRAVELLING.
To face p. 316.]
It might be imagined that the matter was simple enough, and that all a
revolutionist had to do when the time for the outbreak arrived was to
mount his horse, and to ride away over the hills to join his fellows.
In actual fact a rising is not to be started in this fashion. It is
inevitable in the first place that numerous preparations must occur
ere the time for active operations has ripened, and it is equally
inevitable that an organisation of the kind, with whatever attempt at
secrecy it may be conducted, cannot proceed without becoming known to
the Government.
The eve of an outbreak is, in consequence, marked by tremendous
vigilance on the part of the authorities. Troopers and police are
dispatched to strategic positions throughout the country, and then for
a while the nation waits in anxious expectation while the tension
increases. With the first hint of the actual banding together of the
revolutionary companies the authorities strike a blow--not at the men
themselves, but at their means of transport. The troopers and police
ride hastily in all directions, and scour the countryside in search of
every horse that is available. When the districts have been swept
quite clear of their equine population the horses are driven together
to the various headquarters, where they remain, strongly guarded.
This very practical measure naturally provides the authorities with a
power with which it is difficult for the revolutionists to cope. It is
distinctly fatal to a premature or to a belated move on their part,
and even should they chance to strike upon the most favourable moment,
the horse-gathering policy militates strongly against any likelihood
of eventual success. Should the malcontents determine to proceed with
the affair in the face of this discouragement, they, of course, follow
the lead of the Government, and endeavour to annex all the mounts that
the authorities have been unable to carry off in time.
So far as the militant programme of the revolutionists is concerned,
the first sign of an outbreak is invariably the riding away of a
number of men from townships and estancias to the woods in the remoter
and more lonely districts. These sylvan rendezvous are, of course,
known to the party in general beforehand, and here the leaders of the
movement lie hidden in order to await the advent of reinforcements.
The first move is simple enough; but it is the arrival of the
necessary reinforcements that is frequently frustrated by the
precautionary measures of the Government.
Should the matter appear quite hopeless, it is even then possible for
the insurrectionists to disperse and to return to their homes ere the
shedding of blood has occurred. The Uruguayan, however, is not noted
without reason for his spirit of reckless daring. It frequently
happens that a forlorn band, once gathered, will refuse to disperse,
and then the result of the campaign is usually short and sharp. In the
ordinary course of events the adventurers will lie hidden until a
sufficient force has come in, one by one, or in parties of three and
four. Then they will ride out and commence active operations, of which
the end in these days is invariably the defeat of the party.
Many of the attributes of these revolutions are not a little quaint
and picturesque--reminiscent, in fact, of the times when personality
counted more and system less. In the remote country districts, more
especially in those of the north, are many prominent men who occupy
more or less the position of chieftains, or that of the old Caudillos
who have left so great a mark on Uruguayan history. Each of these is a
power in himself, according to the extent of his following; for each
can count upon his own particular body of armed men just as surely as
could the feudal knights upon their mediæval retainers. These
personalities are naturally marked, and their movements are closely
watched in a period of unrest.
A Uruguayan revolution, even when in full blast, has this to be said
in its favour, that it does not in the least interfere with the
liberty or with the movements of a resident foreigner. If he be an
estanciero, however, and should the tide of campaign flow into his
district, it is likely enough that it will affect him materially in
much the same fashion that a strike influences the fortunes of
dwellers in industrial districts. It is obvious enough that when the
Government is in need of recruits the claims of neither the pastures
nor the shearing-shed can rival those of the cause. Unfortunately for
the estanciero, there is almost certainly not a man in his employ who
is not admirably adapted for a trooper, and none are more alive to
this fact than the Government recruiting-officers. Thus, when the
official party arrives its members will be polite but firm, and a
short while afterwards the station hands will be bearing rifles
instead of lassos, and a _capataz_ or two--the foremen on the
estate--will find their heads raised a little higher in the air
beneath the support of a military title, although it is possible that
this may be effected a little at the expense of their pockets, since
the pay is not in proportion to the temporary rank.
In the circumstances of haste that obtain at such moments it may be
imagined that, with the exception of the Government regular forces,
the equipment on both sides knows little of the accepted insignia of
military pomp. Indeed, a rifle and a badge in the majority of cases
alone distinguish the militant from the ordinary civilian. But at such
periods it must be admitted that, putting aside the foreigners, very
few ordinary civilians are left in the disturbed areas, since, when
the tide of warfare rolls his way, it is practically impossible for an
Oriental to remain neutral. Even were he so inclined, it is doubtful
whether he would be given the opportunity.
In order to obtain an insight into the manner in which the actual
hostilities are conducted no better means could be adopted than the
perusal of a novel, "The Purple Land that England Lost," from the pen
of a great authority on the River Plate, Mr. W. H. Hudson. It is true
that the descriptions deal with a period when the present prosperity
of the Banda Oriental had not yet come into existence; but the vivid
local colouring must hold good for all the contemporary softening of
the national methods.
The spirit of modernism that is now evident in Uruguay has entered to
a certain extent into the waging of these internal struggles that
themselves by rights should belong to the past. The Oriental is
perfectly willing to acknowledge that the dispute concerns himself
alone, and the tendency to localise the fields of strife and to
respect private property is becoming more and more marked. A certain
amount of inevitable damage, however, ensues. In districts where fuel
is scarce fence-posts and even railway-sleepers are apt to be employed
for the purpose of the camp fires.
So far as the parties themselves are concerned, the tenacity of the
Uruguayan character is clearly evidenced in the continued struggles of
the Blancos. In view of the fact that this party has not been in
office since 1864, it might be thought that forty-seven years of
unsuccessful attempts would have cured it of an ambition that has been
so costly both in life and purse. Nevertheless, whether openly or
covertly, the contest continues with much the same amount of
bitterness that characterised it from the start.
[Illustration: PEDIGREE CATTLE.]
[Illustration: OVEN BIRD'S NEST.
To face p. 320.]
Broadly speaking, it may be said that the Colorado party is made up of
the dwellers in the towns and more populous centres, while the Blancos
are represented to a large extent by the dwellers in the Campo and the
clerical party. Of course, no hard-and-fast rule can be laid down on
the subject: there are Blancos in plenty to be met with in the towns,
and numbers of the opposing section to be found in the country; but
in the main the distinction applies.
The districts in which the Blancos are most strongly represented of
all are those of the northern provinces of Tacuarembó and Rivera, more
especially the latter, since it offers in case of need the refuge of
the Brazilian frontier. Party feeling at all times runs high, and in
these districts that are almost altogether given over to the Blanco
cause a certain amount of caution is necessary should a revolution
actually be in progress. Much stress, for instance, is laid on the
insignia that--in the absence of regular military uniforms--distinguish
the adherents of one side from those of the other. In a Blanco
district, when trouble is seething, it may be laid down as a
hard-and-fast maxim that the traveller should wear no trace of red
about his person. The precaution may seem grotesque, yet many
ludicrous mistakes have occurred through a failure to observe it.
One of the numerous instances of the kind was provided me by a mining
engineer, who had himself undergone the experience. Appointed as
manager to a goldmine in the far north of the Republic, he happened to
arrive, a stranger to the country, during the period of unrest in
1904. Nearing his destination, he had left the railway-line, and was
completing the last few leagues of his journey by coach, when he
stopped for refreshment at a small _pulperia_, or rural inn.
The place was fairly well filled with _peones_, and with the various
types of the local labourer, and no sooner had he entered the doors
than it became obvious to the traveller that his advent had caused a
deep sensation amongst these folk. The landlord served him with
reluctance and a visible show of embarrassment, while the black looks
of the rest grew deeper, until the demeanour of a certain number
became actually threatening. The mining engineer turned in amazement
to the _pulpero_, who in mute accusation pointed a finger at the tie
he wore. It was a vivid red! The traveller had learned sufficient of
the country's situation to enable him to understand something of the
situation. The group of Blancos were fully under the impression that
one of their hated political enemies had defiantly come to beard them
in their very midst. Explanations produced only a minor result, since
these hardy dwellers in the back-blocks were wont to judge by deeds
rather than by words. So, perceiving that no other remedy remained,
the wearer of the hated badge hurried out to his coach, unstrapped one
of his bags, and entered the pulperia once more, bearing beneath his
collar a standard of neutrality and peace in the shape of a black tie!
On this the local patrons of the inn expressed their entire
satisfaction, and profound peace reigned in the pulperia.
It would be possible to mention a number of similar episodes. There
have even been cases when the colouring of surveyor's poles has given
an unpleasantly political significance to instruments that were never
more misjudged. But even such ludicrous side-issues serve to show the
amount of bitterness that exists amongst the humblest members of
either cause. Such determined struggles, it is true, are not a little
eloquent of the virility and energy of a nation. Nevertheless, it will
be a bright day for Uruguay when the country can look upon its
revolutions as past history. As I have said elsewhere, these minor
wars have not succeeded in arresting the forward march of the
Republic. Yet their cessation could not fail to produce an even
greater acceleration in the present rate of progress. Since every
thoughtful Uruguayan admits this to the full, and openly deplores
these periodical outbursts of unrest, it is to be hoped that the days
of internal peace will not be much longer delayed.
APPENDIX
FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL STATISTICS
The increase in Uruguay's trade with foreign countries since
1862--Trade with foreign countries in 1908--Imports of articles
destined for commercial purposes--Imports of articles destined
for industrial purposes--Ports to which Uruguayan wool was
chiefly exported during 1908--Values of imports from foreign
countries--Values of exports to foreign countries--Values of
goods handled by the various ports since 1909--Proportion of
cultivated soil compared with the area of departments--Live stock
census of the Republic in 1900, showing the amounts owned by
Uruguayan and foreign proprietors--The distribution of live stock
in the various departments--Principal articles exported from
Uruguay to the United Kingdom in 1909--Principal articles
exported from the United Kingdom to Uruguay in 1909--Uruguay's
Budget--Distribution of expenditure among the various
departments--Services provided for by special revenues--Principal
sources from which the revenues are derived--The development of
the State Bank during the years 1897-1909--Balance-sheet--Cereal
production in tons--Cereal harvest for the year 1908-9--Cable,
telegraph, and telephone systems--Postal service.
TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE IN URUGUAY'S TRADE WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
SINCE 1862
------+-------------+-------------+------------+
Year. | Imports. | Exports. | Total. |
------+-------------+-------------+------------+
1862 | $8,151,802 | $8,804,442 |$16,956,244 |
1864 | 8,384,167 | 6,334,706 | 14,718,873 |
1866 | 14,608,091 | 10,665,040 | 25,273,131 |
1867 | 17,657,918 | 12,077,795 | 29,735,713 |
1868 | 16,102,465 | 12,139,720 | 28,242,195 |
1869 | 16,830,078 | 13,930,827 | 30,760,705 |
1870 | 15,003,342 | 12,779,051 | 27,782,393 |
1871 | 14,864,247 | 13,334,224 | 28,198,471 |
1872 | 18,859,794 | 15,489,532 | 34,349,256 |
1873 | 21,075,446 | 16,301,772 | 37,377,218 |
1874 | 17,481,672 | 15,244,785 | 32,426,455 |
1875 | 12,431,408 | 12,693,610 | 25,125,018 |
1876 | 12,500,000 | 13,727,000 | 26,527,000 |
1877 | 15,045,846 | 15,899,405 | 30,945,251 |
1878 | 15,927,974 | 17,492,159 | 33,420,153 |
1879 | 15,949,303 | 16,645,961 | 32,595,864 |
1880 | 19,478,868 | 19,752,201 | 39,231,069 |
1881 | 17,918,884 | 20,229,512 | 38,148,396 |
1882 | 18,174,800 | 22,062,934 | 40,237,734 |
1883 | 20,322,311 | 25,221,664 | 35,543,975 |
1884 | 24,550,674 | 24,759,485 | 49,309,559 |
1885 | 25,275,476 | 25,253,036 | 50,528,512 |
1886 | 20,194,655 | 23,811,986 | 44,006,641 |
1887 | 24,615,944 | 18,671,996 | 43,287,940 |
1888 | 29,477,448 | 28,008,254 | 57,485,702 |
1889 | 36,823,863 | 25,954,107 | 62,777,970 |
1890 | 32,364,627 | 29,085,519 | 61,450,146 |
1891 | 18,978,420 | 26,998,270 | 45,976,690 |
1892 | 18,404,296 | 25,915,819 | 44,356,115 |
1893 | 19,671,640 | 27,681,373 | 47,353,013 |
1894 | 23,800,370 | 33,470,511 | 57,279,881 |
1895 | 24,596,193 | 32,543,643 | 57,279,881 |
1896 | 25,530,185 | 30,403,084 | 55,933,269 |
1897 | 19,512,216 | 29,219,573 | 48,831,789 |
1898 | 24,784,361 | 30,276,916 | 55,061,277 |
1899 | 25,552,800 | 36,574,164 | 62,226,964 |
1900 | 23,978,206 | 29,410,862 | 53,389,068 |
1901 | 23,691,932 | 27,731,126 | 51,423,058 |
1902 | 23,517,347 | 33,602,512 | 57,119,859 |
1903 | 26,103,966 | 37,317,909 | 62,421,975 |
1904 | 21,217,000 | 38,485,000 | 59,702,000 |
1905 | 30,778,000 | 30,805,000 | 61,583,000 |
1906 | 34,455,000 | 33,402,000 | 67,857,000 |
1907 | 37,470,715 | 34,912,072 | 72,382,787 |
1908 | 36,188,723 | 40,296,367 | 76,485,090 |
1909 | 37,136,764 | 45,789,703 | 82,946,467 |
------+-------------+-------------+------------+
URUGUAY'S TRADE WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN 1908. A COMPARISON WITH THAT
OF SOME OTHER CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN STATES
Uruguay $76,485,090
Peru 49,585,000
Bolivia 33,837,000
Columbia 28,512,636
Venezuela 26,540,905
Ecuador 15,296,627
Santo Domingo 14,613,807
Costa Rica 13,386,930
Guatemala 12,567,729
San Salvador 10,028,237
Panama 9,563,946
Haiti 8,180,008
Paraguay 7,661,468
Nicaragua 7,500,000
Honduras 4,664,039
URUGUAY'S IMPORTS OF ARTICLES DESTINED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES
----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
| Yearly | | |
|average from | 1905. | 1906. | 1907.
|1898 to 1902.| | |
----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
Various foods | $4,938,000 | $5,293,397 | $6,966,500 | $6,530,700
Beverages | 2,359,000 | 1,724,185 | 1,808,500 | 2,097,000
Tobacco | 218,000 | 306,142 | 280,109 | 697,000
Cotton manufactures | 3,265,000 | 4,900,000 | 4,400,000 | 4,555,000
Woollen " | 1,203,000 | 1,523,600 | 1,814,000 | 1,879,800
Thread " | 155,000 | 170,086 | 166,000 | 226,100
Silk " | 276,000 | 303,286 | 364,000 | 521,500
Other " | 344,000 | 1,727,492 | 1,587,000 | 955,000
Chemical and | | | |
pharmaceutical | | | |
products | 507,000 | 751,993 | 718,000 | 1,178,000
Musical instruments | 61,000 | 93,873 | 106,800 | 116,600
Paper and cardboard | 496,000 | 615,617 | 675,100 | 709,300
Manufactured metal | 707,000 | 1,072,426 | 1,078,100 | 593,600
China and earthenware | 84,000 | 163,000 | 186,800 | 185,400
Jewels, crystals, &c. | 373,000 | 494,815 | 546,000 | 724,000
Various articles | 1,271,000 | 1,635,203 | 1,948,800 | 1,384,315
|-------------+------------+------------+-----------
Total | $17,271,000 |$20,775,651 |$22,645,700 |$22,353,615
----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
URUGUAY'S IMPORTS OF ARTICLES DESTINED FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
-----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
| Yearly | | |
|average from | 1905. | 1906. | 1907.
|1898 to 1902.| | |
-----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
Livestock | $1,388,000 | $1,822,452 | $990,000 | $754,000
Machine oil | 533,000 | 691,860 | 781,400 | 841,400
Coal | 1,128,000 | 1,366,564 | 1,723,000 | 1,879,000
Paints and inks | 139,000 | 224,784 | 223,000 | 320,000
Timber | 1,112,000 | 1,605,410 | 1,526,000 | 1,620,000
Wooden manufactures | 134,000 | 308,175 | 349,000 | 418,700
Tanned hides | 211,030 | 310,756 | 379,000 | 258,000
Iron and steel | 420,000 | 684,959 | 883,000 | 1,688,500
Agricultural machinery | | | |
and instruments | 235,000 | 299,146 | 241,300 | 180,300
Industrial machinery | | | |
and implements | 149,000 | 247,116 | 338,000 | 847,600
Wire fencing | 506,000 | 976,490 | 721,000 | 793,700
Manufactured iron | 403,000 | 619,749 | 737,000 | 470,000
Portland cement | 103,000 | 237,437 | 347,000 | 479,600
Tiles | 41,000 | 59,601 | 73,000 | 74,500
Railway and tramway | | | |
material | 490,009 | 275,889 | 2,089,000 | 3,194,000
General factory | | | |
material | 72,000 | 275,564 | 407,600 | 1,295,700
|-------------+------------+------------+-----------
Total | $7,064,000 |$10,001,952 |$11,808,300 |$15,117,100
-----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
PORTS TO WHICH URUGUAYAN WOOL WAS CHIEFLY EXPORTED DURING 1908
Bales.
Marseilles 94,418
Hamburg and Bremen 28,003
Dunkirk 21,901
Ambères 17,926
Havre 12,953
Liverpool 7,003
VALUES OF IMPORTS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES
----------------+-------------+------------+-------------
| Yearly | |
|average from | 1907. | Difference.
|1898 to 1902.| |
----------------+-------------+------------+-------------
Great Britain | $6,447,764 | $11,572,152| + $5,124,388
Germany | 2,932,965 | 6,079,498| + 3,146,533
France | 2,290,174 | 3,924,069| + 1,633,885
United States | 2,091,209 | 3,439,445| + 1,348,236
Italy | 2,218,844 | 2,898,391| + 679,547
Belgium | 1,456,469 | 2,688,520| + 1,232,051
Argentina | 3,151,345 | 2,563,186| - 588,158
Brazil | 1,518,800 | 1,743,731| + 224,931
Spain | 1,837,603 | 1,725,198| - 112,405
Holland | 3,625 | 233,968| + 230,343
Paraguay | 145,431 | 187,989| + 42,558
Australia | -- | 130,559| + 130,539
Cuba | 105,932 | 121,040| + 15,108
Chile | 106,608 | 108,342| + 1,734
Portugal | 15,087 | 32,668| + 17,281
Austria | 3,071 | 22,178| + 19,107
|-------------+------------+-------------
Total | $24,324,927 | $37,470,615| +$13,145,688
----------------+-------------+------------+-------------
URUGUAYAN EXPORTS TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES
--------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------
| Yearly | |
|average from | |
|1898 to 1902.| 1907. | 1908.
--------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------
Germany | $3,401,642 | $4,647,866 | $5,454,661
England | 2,592,613 | 2,954,529 | 2,987,759
Argentina | 5,194,663 | 7,295,195 | 8,143,029
Australia | -- | 12,750 | 4,400
Austria | -- | 116,880 | 528,568
Belgium | 5,084,554 | 5,551,763 | 6,138,059
Brazil | 6,908,427 | 2,759,863 | 3,467,283
Cuba | 439,040 | 1,092,966 | 848,858
Chile | 282,015 | 289,239 | 170,924
Scotland | -- | 38,625 | 58,846
Spain | 531,793 | 533,674 | 524,066
United States | 1,886,372 | 1,603,330 | 2,336,201
France | 5,137,192 | 6,441,631 | 7,699,927
Italy | 663,097 | 1,155,704 | 1,310,811
Holland | 34,977 | 11,910 | 6,071
Paraguay | 192,024 | 9,343 | 21,618
Peru | 106 | -- | --
Porto Rico | -- | -- | 51,070
Portugal | -- | 101,784 | 133,170
Prussia | 18,911 | -- | 100,002
Barbadoes | 816 | 330 | 1,570
Canary Islands | 14,234 | 5,971 | 2,475
Falkland Islands | 3,739 | 1,483 | 511
Trinidad | 2,051 | 3,794 | 1,541
South Africa | 2,760 | -- | 12,195
Provisions for | | |
vessels | 164,400 | 293,502 | 291,150
|-------------+-------------+-----------
Total | $31,555,422 | $34,912,072 |$40,296,347
--------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------
VALUES OF GOODS HANDLED BY THE VARIOUS PORTS DURING 1909
--------------+-------------+------------
| Imports. | Exports.
--------------+-------------+------------
Montevideo | $34,251,069 | $32,685,267
Paysandú | 924,112 | 2,933,884
Salto | 571,371 | 2,000,038
Fray Bentos | 272,535 | 2,538,870
Colonia | 513,684 | 2,770,862
Mercedes | 226,789 | 1,547,081
Maldonado | 21,404 | --
Rocha | 45,800 | --
Cerro Largo | 155,000 | 780,000
Various | 175,000 | 533,700
|-------------+------------
Total | $37,156,764 | $45,789,703
--------------+-------------+------------
PROPORTION OF CULTIVATED SOIL COMPARED WITH THE AREA OF DEPARTMENTS
---------------+-----------+------------+-----------
| | | Portion of
| Area in | Cultivated | Cultivated
Departments. |Kilometres.| Area | Area to
| | Hectares. | the whole.
---------------+-----------+------------+-----------
Montevideo | 664 | 1,074 | 1·61
Artigas | 11,378 | 1,321 | 0·11
Canelones | 4,751 | 139,721 | 29·40
Cerro Largo | 14,928 | 11,129 | 0·74
Colonia | 5,681 | 107,815 | 18·98
Durazno | 14,314 | 5,100 | 0·35
Flores | 4,518 | 3,842 | 0·85
Florida | 12,107 | 33,382 | 2·75
Maldonado | 4,111 | 11,530 | 2·80
Minas | 12,484 | 31,079 | 2·49
Paysandú | 13,252 | 5,707 | 0·43
Rio Negro | 8,470 | 1,727 | 0·20
Rivera | 9,828 | 3,986 | 0·40
Rocha | 11,088 | 7,662 | 0·69
Salto | 12,603 | 2,202 | 0·17
San José | 6,962 | 102,866 | 14·77
Soriano | 9,223 | 21,487 | 2·33
Tacuarembó | 21,015 | 2,385 | 0·11
Treinta y Tres | 9,539 | 6,329 | 0·66
|-----------+------------+-----------
Total | 186,929 | 500,347 | 2·67
---------------+-----------+------------+-----------
LIVE STOCK CENSUS OF THE REPUBLIC IN 1900, SHOWING THE AMOUNTS OWNED
BY URUGUAYAN AND FOREIGN PROPRIETORS
-----------+---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+----------
| Cattle. |Horses.| Sheep. | Mules.| Goats.| Pigs.| Total.
-----------+---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+----------
Uruguayans |3,135,152|304,381|10,782,057| 8,952| 15,059|54,877|14,301,378
Argentines | 126,796| 10,963| 347,271| 168| 219| 508| 485,925
Brazilians |1,968,188|131,733| 2,370,920| 7,812| 2,522|10,755| 4,492,230
Paraguayans| 609| 112| 4,887| -- | 4| 54| 5,656
Chilians | 11,338| 140| 3,550| -- | -- | 13| 16,041
Mexicans | 65| 13| -- | -- | 2| -- | 80
North | | | | | | |
Americans| 6,990| 337| 5,989| -- | 2| 27| 13,345
Spaniards | 823,226| 58,905| 2,769,364| 4,080| 1,276|15,351| 8,672,242
Portuguese | 23,122| 1,434| 36,848| 43| 6| 159| 16,612
French | 240,494| 17,223| 1,141,881| 564| 382| 2,339| 1,402,883
English | 275,183| 15,055| 514,835| 410| 119| 257| 806,859
German | 39,544| 3,488| 121,747| 90| 54| 297| 165,220
Swiss | 15,033| 1,146| 23,181| 12| 12| 555| 39,939
Italians | 158,310| 16,226| 479,122| 836| 771| 8,631| 663,896
Austrians | 1,955| 203| 4,445| 21| -- | 89| 6,713
Dutch | 25| 13| 550| -- | -- | -- | 586
Danes | 15| 12| -- | 4| -- | 6| 37
Belgians | 10| 3| -- | -- | -- | 5| 18
Norwegians | 25| 8| 180| -- | -- | -- | 213
Russians | 6| 4| -- | -- | -- | -- | 10
Arabs | 2| 9| -- | -- | -- | -- | 11
|---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+----------
Total |6,827,428|561,408|18,618,717| 22,992| 20,428|93,923|26,134,896
-----------+---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+----------
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE STOCK IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS
------------+---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+----------
Departments.| Cattle. |Horses.| Sheep. |Mules.| Goats.| Pigs. | Total.
------------+---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+----------
Artigas | 514,328| 43,489| 791,969| 6,060| 1,296| 1,501| 1,358,643
Salto | 614,806| 45,819| 1,076,878| 3,234| 1,622| 2,957| 1,746,316
Paysandú | 686,159| 44,685| 1,071,382| 1,881| 330| 1,734| 1,806,171
Rio Negro | 525,086| 22,346| 1,060,344| 769| 419| 934| 1,609,898
Tacuarembó | 560,406| 38,468| 922,081| 1,683| 874| 4,406| 1,527,918
Rivera | 292,704| 28,993| 207,236| 1,063| 983| 3,234| 534,213
Treinta y | | | | | | |
Tres | 382,803| 29,160| 892,815| 384| 265| 4,158| 1,309,585
Cerro Largo | 591,007| 30,999| 662,184| 629| 67| 5,247| 1,290,133
Minas | 369,172| 34,074| 1,334,916| 290| 3,184| 6,314| 1,847,950
Rocha | 336,426| 36,735| 1,257,495| 314| 918| 8,483| 1,640,371
Maldinado | 121,176| 17,894| 695,833| 182| 1,629| 5,472| 842,186
Durazno | 429,451| 31,762| 1,978,391| 950| 140| 2,217| 2,442,911
Flores | 154,776| 16,719| 1,474,664| 154| 104| 1,346| 1,647,763
San José | 142,130| 12,518| 482,436| 517| 158| 1,799| 639,558
Florida | 338,012| 25,037| 1,654,940| 536| 186| 2,723| 2,021,434
Soriano | 407,037| 35,968| 2,056,795| 688| 229| 1,170| 2,501,887
Colonia | 225,475| 28,868| 785,697| 1,039| 422| 4,499| 1,043,209
Canelones | 112,651| 20,808| 99,152| 917| 1,935| 29,355| 264,818
|---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+----------
Total |6,827,428|561,408|18,608,717|22,992| 20,428| 93,923|26,134,896
------------+---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+----------
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM URUGUAY TO THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1909
Meat (chilled, frozen, extracts), &c. 732,125
Wool 173,738
Hides and skins (including sealskins, £8,440) 62,703
Bones 10,089
Tallow 76,688
Wheat 20,054
Maize 7,160
Flax seed 26,721
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM TO URUGUAY IN 1909
Coal 699,260
Coke 11,339
Woollens, Manchester and Bradford goods 712,067
Galvanised iron 141,184
Drugs, &c. 70,460
Machinery 337,304
Hardware 26,614
Glass and china 39,105
Jute goods 63,209
Cement 16,000
Stationery 14,000
Paints, &c. 19,140
Metals (excluding iron and steel) 23,675
Hats and millinery 11,335
Woollen articles 29,737
URUGUAY'S BUDGET. DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENDITURE AMONG THE VARIOUS
DEPARTMENTS
----------------------+---------------+---------+---------------+---------
| Budget of | | Budget of |
| 1908-9. | | 1910-11. |
----------------------+---------------+---------+---------------+---------
|Dollars. Cents.| £ |Dollars. Cents.| £
Legislature | 541,476 61 | 115,208| 558,864 33 | 118,907
Presidency of the | | | |
Republic | 77,938 21 | 16,582| 76,471 40 | 16,270
Ministry of Foreign | | | |
Affairs | 473,280 50 | 100,698| 534,898 37 | 113,808
Ministry of Interior | 2,997,013 36 | 637,662| 3,412,250 88 | 726,011
Ministry of Finance | 1,371,455 84 | 291,799| 1,523,842 57 | 324,222
Industry, labour, and | | | |
public construction | 1,572,257 46 | 334,523| 2,308,793 75 | 491,232
Ministry of Public | | | |
Works | 283,887 20 | 60,401| 374,321 91 | 79,643
Ministry of War | | | |
and Marine | 3,057,377 67 | 650,506| 3,580,739 89 | 761,859
Administration | | | |
of justice | 445,286 54 | 94,742| 323,353 80 | 68,800
National obligations |10,255,357 35 |2,181,991|10,639,723 80 |2,263,771
|---------------+---------+---------------+---------
Total |21,075,330 74 |4,484,113|23,333,260 70 |4,964,523
----------------------+---------------+---------+---------------+---------
SERVICES PROVIDED FOR BY SPECIAL REVENUES
$
Municipal Budget } 1,520,000
Montevideo }
Interior 930,000
National Commission of Charity 1,850,000
University, application of special revenue 140,000
Port works, application of additional duty 1,400,000
National Council of Hygiene 33,000
Miscellaneous 1,200,000
----------
Total 7,073,000
PRINCIPAL SOURCES FROM WHICH THE REVENUES ARE DERIVED
-------------------------------------+------------+----------
| $ | £
-------------------------------------+------------+----------
Customs Revenue | 13,620,000 | 2,897,872
Property tax-- | |
Montevideo | 1,090,000 | 231,915
Provinces | 1,720,000 | 365,957
Licensing taxes-- | |
Montevideo | 783,000 | 166,595
Provinces | 571,000 | 121,489
Profits of the Bank of the Republic | 770,000 | 163,829
Internal taxes on home | |
manufactures--_i.e._, alcohol, | |
matches, beer, artificial wines, | |
tobacco, &c. | 1,408,000 | 299,574
Stamps and stamped paper | 830,000 | 176,596
Post and telegraphs | 570,000 | 121,276
Consumption tax on imported produce | 380,000 | 80,851
Consular fees | 233,000 | 47,449
Lighthouse dues | 85,000 | 18,085
-------------------------------------+------------+----------
TABLE SHOWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE BANK DURING THE YEARS
1897-1909
-----+----------+------------+---------+----------+---------+-------+---------
| | Notes | | | |Reserve|
Year.| Cash. | in |Deposits.|Advances. |Capital. | Fund. |Dividend.
| |Circulation.| | | | |
-----+----------+------------+---------+----------+---------+-------+---------
| $ | | $ | $ | $ | $ |
1897 | 1,659,098| 892,430 | 524,982| 2,849,586|5,000,000| -- | 2·649
1898 | 3,095,343| 2,691,652 | 834,339| 3,418,435|5,020,303| 20,303| 2·762
1899 | 4,431,313| 4,551,419 |1,604,669| 4,527,312|5,037,633| 37,633| 3·273
1900 | 4,739.788| 5,010,388 |2,427,891| 5,936,920|5,058,243| 58,243| 4·030
1901 | 4,633,957| 5,223,569 |2,704,441| 6,353,506|5,083,713| 80,713| 5·504
1902 | 6,541,015| 6,008,603 |3,345,939| 7,012,434|5,118,692|118,692| 5·410
1903 | 7,616,593| 6,862,538 |4,111,762| 7,352,943|5,153,302|153,302| 5·596
1904 | 6,120,185| 5,256,811 |2,472,016| 5,460,727|5,223,118|223,118| 7·044
1905 | 9,382,287| 8,195,477 |4,109,257| 6,608,587|5,255,118|255,118| 7·107
1906 |10,339,651| 10,396,740 |4,730,672| 8,971,758|5,281,626|281,626| 6·736
1907 |11,362,879| 12,323,869 |5,032,657|12,483,812|6,326,600|326,600| 9·209
1908 |13,080,825| 13,773,633 |5,455,804|15,345,513|6,399,425|399,425| 12·754
1909 |17,598,920| 15,936,961 |8,001,301|16,223,624|6,857,901|501,446| 11·217
-----+----------+------------+---------+----------+---------+-------+---------
NOTE.--Rate of Exchange: $4.70 = £1.
The following is the balance-sheet of December 31, 1909:
ASSETS.
$
Cash 20,036,564
Advances 18,921,606
Foreign correspondents 2,927,139
Capital not realised 5,045,947
Sundry stocks and discounts 940,007
National savings bank 400,000
Stocks, &c., for guarantees of judicial and
administrative deposits 842,671
Properties 540,596
Branches 4,657,167
Stocks and shares deposited 22,798,736
----------
Total 77,110,433
£
Equivalent in sterling 16,406,475
----------
LIABILITIES.
$
Authorised capital 12,000,000
Judicial and administrative deposits 703,641
Notes in circulation 16,692,413
Deposit certificates and silver cheque
"conformes" 1,633,000
Reserve Fund 597,599
Deposits 11,000,423
Supreme Government 6,047,270
Dividends (payable to State) 769,221
Branches 4,807,854
Sundries 60,276
Depositors of stocks and shares 22,798,736
-----------
Total 77,110,433
£
Equivalent in sterling 16,406,475
----------
CEREAL PRODUCTION IN TONS
-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+---------+--------
Year.| Wheat. |Linseed.| Oats. |Barley.|Birdseed.| Maize.
-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+---------+--------
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons.
| | | | | |
1900 | 187,553 | 1,009 | 33 | 424 | 518 | 77,093
1901 | 99,719 | 2,313 | 68 | 438 | 709 | 141,647
1902 | 206,936 | 8,757 | 115 | 1,016 | 1,103 | 128,539
1903 | 142,611 | 20,767 | 149 | 658 | 323 | 134,335
1905 | 205,888 | 14,046 | 525 | 588 | 1,745 | 121,862
1906 | 124,344 | 10,782 | 543 | 786 | 1,908 | 81,956
1907 | 186,884 | 21,930 | 1,752 | 1,576 | 1,638 | 13,613
1908 | 202,208 | 18,372 | 3,467 | 1,889 | 223 | --
1909 | 233,910 | 13,259 | 6,710 | 3,072 | 119 | 169,464
-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+---------+--------
CEREAL HARVEST FOR THE YEAR 1908-9
------------+------------+-----------+------------
|Amount Sown.| Area |Total Yield.
| |Cultivated.|
------------+------------+-----------+------------
| Kilos. | Hectares. | Kilos.
| | |
Wheat | 18,915,529 | 276,787 | 233,910,034
Linseed | 592,959 | 18,341 | 13,259,821
Oats | 458,156 | 6,891 | 6,710,645
Barley | 238,089 | 3,487 | 3,072,202
Canary seed | 5,319 | 141 | 119,130
Maize | 2,534,739 | 203,268 | 169,464,099
------------+------------+-----------+------------
CABLE, TELEGRAPH, AND TELEPHONE SYSTEMS IN URUGUAY
CABLES.
MILES.
Western Telegraph Company 470
River Plate Telegraph Company 180
Telegraph and Telephone Company of the River Plate 205
National Government cable 10
------
Total 865
TELEGRAPHS.
MILES.
National Government Telegraphs 1,740
Oriental Telegraph Company 1,030
River Plate Telegraph Company 328
Telegraph and Telephone Company of the River Plate 300
------
Total 3,398
TELEGRAPHS (RAILWAY SYSTEM).
MILES.
Central Uruguay Railway Company 2,138
Midland Railway Company 198
Northern Railway Company 71
North Western Railway Company 112
Eastern Railway Company 32
Local companies 39
------
Total 2,590
TELEPHONES.
MILES.
Montevideo Telephone Company (British) 10,845
The Co-operative Telephone Company (Uruguayan) 4,375
National Government lines for police service 2,188
------
Total 17,408
SUMMARY
MILES.
Cables (Telegraphs) 865
Public service 3,398
Railway service 2,590
Telephones 17,408
------
Total 24,261
POSTAL SERVICE
The Revenue from the Postal Services for the year 1909 amounts to
£132,307, and the expenditure as authorised by the Government
£106,085.
[Illustration: URUGUAY
London: T. Fisher Unwin]
INDEX
A
Aborigines (138-150);
various tribes, 138;
character of, 139;
ethics, 140;
marriage, 141;
warfare, 142;
weapons, 143;
burial, 143-4;
superstitions, 144-5;
question of cannibalism, 145-6;
introduction of horses to, 147;
hostility to whites, 147
Administration, 312-3.
_Agnes C. Donohoe_, Canadian sealing-schooner,
seized, 295
Agricultural societies, 259
Agriculture (_See Estancias_, _Industries_, _Cereals_);
proportion of soil in cultivation, 331
Alfalfa, 205
Alvear, defeats Otorgues, 70;
deposed by Thomas, 72
Amethysts, 235, 289
Aguirre, President, 121
Arachanes Indians, 150
Architecture, 193-4, 201, 208, 216
Argentina, provinces, occupied by Lopes, 122
Argentine, the, relations with Uruguay, 30, 63-4.
See _Buenos Aires_, _Rosas_
Artigas (78-96), central figure of the Revolution, 57;
joins patriots, 58;
defeats Spaniards at Las Piedras, 59;
besieges Montevideo, 60;
superseded in command, 61;
heads exodus to Argentine, 63;
insists on Uruguayan autonomy, 64;
separates from Argentine, 65;
elected President, 67;
raises siege of Montevideo, is outlawed by Argentina,
but raises revolt in provinces, 68;
demands surrender of Montevideo, 69;
ruler of Uruguay, 71;
returns hostages to Thomas, 72;
defeated by Brazilians, 75;
declares war upon Buenos Aires, 75;
deserted by leaders, 76;
escapes to Paraguay, 77;
history of, 78-96;
character, 79-80;
early life, 81-3;
ruler of Uruguay, 88;
expels Spaniards, 89;
horrors committed in camp, 91;
simplicity of manners, 91-4
B
Banda Oriental, 27;
subject to Artigas, 90
Barley, 285
Bathing-places, 167
Batlle, President, 123, 126
Beef Trust of United States, 280-1;
attempt to capture South American refrigerating
industry, 282
Belgrano, makes treaty with Portuguese, 64
"Blancos," or Whites, the, a political clan, 32;
assassinate Flores, 123;
assassinate Borda, 125;
origin of term, 313, 314-5, 321-3
Bohanes Indians, 148
Borda, President, assassinated, 125
Brazil, relations with, 30-1;
invades Uruguay in 1817, 75;
annexes Uruguay, 77;
alliance with Uruguay against Rosas, 117;
sends troops to assist Flores, 120;
alliance with Uruguay in Paraguayan War, 122
British: capital, 276;
popularity of, 33;
enterprise, 296-7;
invade Uruguay and evacuate it, 55.
_See England._
Brown, Admiral, destroys Spanish fleet, 68;
destroys Uruguayan fleet, 114
Budget, the, 335
Buenos Aires, taken by British, 55;
Junta of, 56;
action of Government during revolution, 62, 64;
refuses to recognise Congress of Uruguay, 67;
evacuates Montevideo, 70, 71;
sends forces against Artigas which revolt and depose
Alvear, 72;
offers to acknowledge Uruguayan independence
in return for Transplatine provinces, 73
Bull-fighting, 133-4, 223-4
Burnett, Mr. Henry, British Vice-Consul, 203
Bustamente, President, 120
C
Cabildo, official, 73
Cabot founds San Sebastian, 38
Campo, the, 72, 114, 175-7, 137, 237-45
Canaries, immigrants from, 48-9, 53
Canelones, 265
_Caudillo_, severity of, 74
Carlos II. of Spain, surrenders Colonia to
Portugal, 42
Carlota, Queen of Portugal, 61
Casas, Padre de las, recommends introduction of negro
slaves, 44
Cattle, introduced by Hernandarias, 40;
superabundance of, 153, 247-8, 250, 254-264;
census, 332;
distribution of, 333
Cereals, 284-5
_Changadores_, or early buccaneers, 40
Charity, Commission of, 313
Charrúa Indians, kill de Solis, 37;
destroy S. Sebastian, 38;
attempt to sack Montevideo, 49;
practically exterminated, 110, 139-47
Cheese, 175
Chilled meat. See _Refrigerating Industry_
Cholera, 124
Civil War, 28;
after War of Independence, 108;
Rosas intervenes, 112;
the French intervene, 113.
_See Revolution_, _Revolutions_
Climate, 272
Clubs, 158-9
Colón, 166
Colonia, foundation of, 42;
in hands of Portuguese, 43;
captured by Spanish, 44;
given back to Portugal by Philip V., 44;
besieged by Salcedo, 49;
exchanged for Jesuit missions, 50;
again becomes Portuguese, is retaken, and again
falls to Portuguese, 51;
captured by Ceballos, 53;
siege of, during Revolution, 60
Colonia, department, 267
Colonia Suiza, 211-5
Colonies, 212-3, 220-244
"Colorados" or Reds, a political clan, 32;
formation of, 120;
origin of, 313, 314-5, 321-3
Communications, 296-308. _See Railways_, _Shipping_
"Conciliation Ministry," the, 125
Constitution of Uruguay, 109, 311
Coronilla, seal islands, 294
Corrales, goldfields, 287
Costume, 180
Cuestas, 125
Culta, besieges Montevideo, 65
Customs revenue, 336
Customs service, 83
D
Dairies, 214, 261
Darwin, discovers fulgurites at Maldonado, 203
Departments, 265;
budgets of, 335
Diamonds, 288
Diaz, General, revolt of, 119;
policy of, 120;
second revolt and execution, 121
Dolores, taken by the Thirty-Three, 101
Domestics, 180-1
Durazno, department, 266
E
Eden, 185
Education, 32, 165
Elio, appeals to Queen Carlota for help during siege
of Montevideo, 61, 88
England, intervenes during Rosas' invasion, 116;
exports to, 334;
exports from, 334.
_See British._
English colony, the, 159
Estancias, 246-53
Exports, 277, 329;
general, 330;
to England, 334
F
_Faeneros_, early trafficking in hides by, 40
Fauna of Uruguay, 273-5
Ferdinand VI. of Spain, cedes northern Uruguay and the
Missions to Portugal in return for Colonia, 50
Feuds, 137.
_See Politics_, _Revolutions_
Finance, a crisis, 124;
increased cost of living, 131-2;
English capital, 276;
imports and exports, 277;
the Budget, 335;
special revenue, 336;
principal sources of revenue, 336
Flores, Dictator, 120-1;
assassinated, 123
Florida, department, 205
Football, 133
Foreigners, position of, 32
France, blockades Buenos Aires, 113;
forms armistice with Rosas, 114;
intervenes during invasion by Rosas, 116
Francia, Dictator of Paraguay, 77
Fray Bentos, 229
Frigorifica Uruguaya, 263
Frozen Meat trade, 263, 280-2
Fulgurites, 203
G
Garay, Juan de, defeats Zapicán, 39
Garibaldi, as privateer, 114
Garro, de, Governor of Buenos Aires, expels Portuguese
from Colonia, 42;
removed from post and promoted, 43
Gauchos, 240-2, 251-3
Gems, 288-9
Giro, fourth President, 119
Gold, 287
Government, policy of, 35;
established by Lavalleja, 104
Guarani Indians, 149
Guenoa Indians, 149
H
Hares, 207
Herán, Padre, Jesuit, 49
Hernandarias, defeated by Charrúa Indians, 39;
ships cattle and horses to Colonia to breed in
wild state, 40
Hervidero, headquarters of Artigas, 90
Highways, 195-6
History, 37-127
Horses, introduced by Hernandarias, 40, 256, 258
Hotels, 159-60
I
Immigration, modern methods in use in eighteenth century, 48
Imports, 277;
commercial, 327;
industrial, 328;
value of, 329
Independence, War of, 28.
_See History_, _Revolutions_
Indians, Charrúas, 37;
become carnivorous and equestrians, 42;
campaign against, 43;
rising crushed, 50;
they resist treaty of 1750, 50.
_See Aborigines_
International troubles, 28
Irala orders Romero to settle Uruguay, 38
J
Jesuits, in Uruguay, 50;
expelled by Carlos III., 51
K
Kennedy, Mr. R. J., British Minister Plenipotentiary, 34
L
Landscape, of Uruguay, 173-5, 184-7, 197, 206-7, 222;
of the Campo, 238-45, 251
Latorre, dictator, 124
Lavalleja, Juan Antonio, liberator of Uruguay, 98;
head of the Thirty-Three, 99;
takes Dolores, 100-2;
besieges Montevideo with 100 men, 102;
sets up Government, 103;
General-in-Chief of Army of Liberation, 104;
deposes Junta, 105;
character as ruler, 108;
turns upon Rivera, 109-110;
enters Montevideo but is forced to retire;
appointed President, the appointment is refused by
Assembly, 110;
takes refuge in Brazil, 111;
supports Oribe, 112;
death of, 117
Law, 312
Lemco, 229, 283
Liebig. _See Lemco_
Livestock, census of, 255;
cattle census, 332;
distribution, 333;
Lopes, Dictator of Paraguay, declares war upon Brazil,
Uruguay, and Argentina, 123
Lottery, 313
Luxury, Uruguayan free from common South American
habit, 133
M
Magellan, 38
Maldonado department, fulgurites in dunes of, 203, 270-1;
mines and mineral products of, 288
Manners and customs, 128-137
Marriage, laws of, 312
Meat, dried, 261-2, 278-9.
_See Tasajo_
Meat, frozen. _See Refrigerating_
Meat trade, the, 261-2, 278, 279, 280-2.
_See Beef Trust_
Mercedes, captured by Gauchos, 58, 205, 208-9;
port of, 210
Minas, department, 271
Minuanes, Indians, 150
Monte Caseros, battle of, 117
Montevideo, city of, 46, 48-9;
a Governor appointed, 50;
seat of Viceroy after the revolution of Buenos Aires, 56;
siege during revolution, 60, 62;
a fresh siege 64-5;
capitulation, 68;
occupied by Alvear, 70;
evacuated, 70;
entered by Otorgues, 71;
captured by Brazilians, 75;
besieged by the Thirty-Three, 103;
entered by provisional Government, 106;
in revolt, 110;
the Nine Years' Siege, 114-5;
revolution of 1851, 120;
seized by the Colorados, 121;
population of, 151;
description of, 152-60;
surroundings of, 161-2;
port works, 304
Montevideo, department, 271
Moreau, French adventurer, 45
Museum at Montevideo, 157
Mutton, despised, 156
N
National Assembly, confirms and then vetoes appointment
of Lavalleja, 111
Negroes, first introduced into Uruguay, 44, 243;
troops, 243;
treatment of, in slavery, 245
O
Oats, 285
Oribe, General, 108;
second President, 111;
deprives Rivera of command, 112;
resigns upon intervention of France, 113;
joins Rosas, 114, 120, 314
Ostentation, common South American failing, not found
in Uruguay, 133
Ostrich, the, 275-6
Otorgues, enters Montevideo, 71;
captured, 75
P
Palomas, seal islands, 295
Pan de Azucar, 201
Pando, agricultural centre, 197-8
Paraguay, 28;
appealed to during Revolution, 64;
the Paraguayan War, 122-3
Paysandú, centre of meat industry, 32, 58, 321-2
Paysandú, department, 268
Pelota, 223
Pereira, President, 120-1
Philip V. cedes Colonia to Portuguese, 44
Pines, 203
Piracy in eighteenth century, 45
Piria, Señor, 199-200, 202
Piriapolis, 197
Plata, La, River Plate, delineation of boundaries,
34, 45
Police, 136-7
Politics, 311-23;
conduct of revolutions, 316-17
Portuguese, rivalry of, with Spain, 38;
founders of Colonia, 42;
attempt to obtain Uruguay, 46;
invade Rio Grande, 49;
trouble with, 50-55;
invade Uruguay during Revolution, 61;
again invade Uruguay, 73.
_See Brazil_
Posts, Telegraphs, Telephones, 340-1
Prado, the, 162
Privateering, 45;
Uruguayan privateers in European waters, 75;
Garibaldi, 114
Progress, 36
R
Race-meetings, 131
Railways, 176-80, 206-7, 297-308;
companies and stock, 302, 308
Ramirez, deserts and defeats Artigas, 76
Ranchos, primitive, 177, 211
Rats, in Montevideo, 155
Real de San Carlo, 223
Refrigerating industry, 263, 280-2
Republican Constitution, the, 312
Revenue, tables of, 335-6
Revolutions: the War of Independence commences at
Paysandú, 58;
Portuguese intervention, 64;
independence proclaimed, 71;
independence recognised after expulsion of the
Brazilians, 103;
revolution of 1853, 119;
military revolution of 1875, 124;
lesser revolutions, 311-23
Rhodesia, 283
Rio Negro, department, 267
Rivera, department, 269;
goldfields, 287-8
Rivera, General, joins the Thirty-Three, 102;
jealousy of Lavalleja, 104;
accused of treason and imprisoned, 105;
attacked by Lavalleja, 109;
elected President, 109;
escapes from Lavalleja's attempt at capture, 110;
chases Lavalleja into Brazil, 110;
deprived of rank by Oribe, 112;
returns to power assisted by French, 113;
attacked by Oribe and defeated, 114;
further defeat, 115;
appointed as Minister to Paraguay, 116;
return to power, 116;
death, 117
Rivera, town, 193
Rondeau, defeats Portuguese, 55;
at siege of Montevideo, 61, 65;
made Governor, 108, 314
Rosario, 53
Rosas, Dictator of Argentina, 110;
supports Lavalleja, 111-2;
invades Uruguay, 113;
armistice with French, 114;
nine years' siege of Montevideo, 114;
final defeat and flight, 117
S
_Saladeros_, dried meat factories, 261
Salto, department, 268
Salto, town, 234
San José, 207
San Juan, department, 266
San Juan, estancia, 248-9
Santa Ana, 193-4
Santa Lucia, 207
Santos, 125
Seal fisheries, 291-5
Sheep, 258
Shipping, 308-9
Sierra de Mal Abrigo, 207
Slaves, introduction of, 44, 243, 245.
_See Negroes_
Solis, Juan Dias de, discoverer of Uruguay, killed by
Indians, 37-8
Soriano, department, 267
Spain, turns attention to Uruguay, 38;
during Revolution, 38-68;
fall of Spanish power in Uruguay, 68;
fall of Spanish power in America, 72;
State Bank, 337-8
Steamer traffic. _See Shipping._
Suárez, 115
Swine, 258
Swiss Colony, 212
T
Tacuarembo, department, 269
Tacuarembo, town, 187
Tajes, President, 125
Tambores, 178-9
_Tasajo_, dried meat, 261-2, 278-9
Tea-Garden Restaurant, 166-7
Theatres, 131
Thomas, General Alvarez, deposes Alvear and becomes Director
of Buenos Aires, 72
Topaz, 235, 289
Trade, 277;
exports, 277, 329;
general, 330;
to England, 334;
table of increase, 326;
comparative trade in 1908, table, 327;
table of commercial imports, 327;
value of, 331
_Treinta y Tres_, the "Thirty-Three," set out from Buenos
Aires, 99;
capture Dolores, 101;
win over Rivera, 102;
besiege Montevideo, 102;
obtain general support, 103
Treinta y Tres, department, 270
Triumvirate, the abortive, 119
Tunnel, Bañada de Rocha, 191
U
Urquiza, General, defeats Rivera, 115;
defeats Rosas, 117
Uruguay: general description of, 27-36;
history of, 37-127;
manners and customs, 128-137;
continued warfare in the past, 29;
present conditions, 34;
War of Independence, 38, _et seq._;
independence proclaimed, 71;
evils of new regime, 71;
partitioned, 73;
invaded by Portuguese, 73;
annexed to Brazil, 77;
Lavalleja sets up National Government, 104;
independence recognised, 105;
alliance with France, 113;
at mercy of Rosas, 116;
alliance with Brazil and defeat of Rosas, 117;
warlike history of, 126;
life in, 138;
landscape, 174-5;
the Campo, 237-246;
departments of, 265
Uruguayans, heroism of, 29;
fighting qualities, 31;
character as troops, 94-5;
character of people, 128;
hospitality and democratic feeling, 115, 130-3;
physique of, 133;
honesty, 136;
sobriety, 137;
types of, 181-90;
a Paladin of the Campo, 190
V
Varela, Dictator, 124
Vidal, President, 124-5
Vigodet, 65
Villa del Cerro, 168
Viticulture, 289-91
W
War of Independence, 58.
_See Revolutions_
Water-stone, 235
Whale fishery, 54
Wheat, 278
Whitelocke, General, incapacity of, 55
Wild, A., dealer in gems, 289
Williman, President, 126
Wines, 289-291
Women, Uruguayan, 135, 180
Y
Yaros Indians, 148
Z
Zapicán, famous Indian chief, defeats Zarate,
is defeated and killed by J. de Garay, 39
Zarate, founds a settlement, and is defeated by Zapicán, 39
Zavala, captures Montevideo, 47
The Gresham Press.
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Transcriber's note:
Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.
=M= indicates a bold letter "M".
Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained
except in obvious cases of typographical error.
The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the
transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
The ad page has been moved from the beginning to the end of the book.
The images on pages 38 and 192 were rearranged to match the list of
illustrations.